Cach Giai Hoa Hoc

Ly thuyt hoa hoc
[y la phn ly thuyt hoa hoc 3 nm 10, 11, 12. S lc lai 1 chut, con nhiu
phn na cha a v c. Chuc cac ban hoc tt!]
NHA XUT BAN THN 1 FC

PTX
Ly thuyt hoa hoc PTX
Phng phap giai nhanh hoa hoc: Theo kinh nghim th giai nhanh c bai toan hoa hoc,
chung ta phai hiu c bai, t o co cach nhn nhn, anh gia nh hng lam bai toan
c nhanh nht.
Cac bc giai nh sau:

1. Tom tt bai (bc quan trong nht-thng qua o ta hiu c bai)
2. T bai ta co d liu u vao (o la ta co c g ri n,) t o nh hng d liu ra
(o la phai lam nh th nao co kt qua bai toan). lam c iu nay cac ban cn nh
mt s iu sau:
2.1 Phai hiu ly thuyt hoa hoc [ngha la cht (hp cht) o co tnh cht hoa hoc, vt ly
nh th nao, th nao la phan ng oxi hoa kh, phan ng trao i,].
2.2 Cac phng phap giai nhanh nh: tng giam khi lng, bao toan electron, bao toan
khi lng, phng phap ion,chng han. Mnh th ap dung tng mi phng phap
vao giai bai toan (danh cho ban cha quen),qua o mnh chon c phng phap
thch hp nht lam (t o luyn k nng ri n ky xao cho cac ban o, o la nhn
vao la bit lam theo phng phap nao ri).
2.3 Cac phng trnh phan ng c trng cua mi cht, hp cht,(cn nh cac cht, h
s phan ng cua mi cht- lam bai cho nhanh, khoi phai cn bng lai mt thi gian).
2.4 Luyn cach cn bng, giai toan qua may tnh cho tht nhun nhuyn.
Qua trn cac ban rut ra kinh nghim giai toan cho mnh cha,chuc thanh cng nhe!...
1. Cu hnh e: ns2np5 co 7 e ngoai cung va 1 e c thn.
2. m in: ln nht la Flo (3.98) nho nht la Iot (2.66)
Trong 1 chu k theo chiu tng dn tng hat nhn th m in giam dn, ban knh
nguyn t tng dn. Tnh oxi hoa giam dn t Flo v Iot, tnh kh tng dn t Clo n
Iot.
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3. S oxi hoa:
* F2 khng co phn lp d nn co s oxi hoa duy nht la -1.
* Cac nguyn t con lai, phn lp d con trng nn co cac s oxi hoa nh sau:-1, +1,
+3, +5, +7.
4. Tnh cht vt ly va tnh cht hoa hoc:

Flo
* La cht kh () mau vang

nhat, c manh lit vi nc,
H2, v c va hu c khac.
* iu ch: in phn hn
hp:
Clo
* La cht kh mau vang luc, la cht oxi

hoa mang, co mui xc.
* iu ch: T MnO2, KmnO4, KClO3 tac
dung vi HCl c tao kh Cl2.
* Tac dung vi kim loai:
t
Fe Cl2
FeCl3
H 2O KF HF
DIENPHAN
KOH H 2 F2 * Tac dung vi phi kim tr F2. H2 + Cl2
2HCl. Nu t l s mol nH2 : nCl2 = 1:1 th

hn hp n manh.
* Tac dung vi H2O, kim , mui cua
Halogen khac v du NaBr, NaI,
# Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO dung dch
* Tac dung vi hu ht cac

kim loai (Au, Pt):
F2 Au AuF2
Brom
* La cht long, mau o nu,

d bay hi, c.
* tac dung vi H2: khng gy
n:H2 + Br2 2HBr.
* Tnh oxi hoa:
Br2 2 NaI 2 NaBr I 2
Br2 H 2O HBr HBrO
HBrO: Hirobrom r.
* tnh kh:
0
Br2 Cl2 2 H 2 O
1
2 H Br 2 HCl
* Tac dung vi phi kim tr O2.
# AgBr d phn huy khi gp
tao thanh nay co tnh oxi hoa manh nn
anh sang
N2.
anh sang, 2AgBr
co tnh ty mau. Hn hp NaCl + NaClO

* Phan ng vi H2O:
2Ag
+
Br
,
c
du
n
g
r
a
2
+ H2O la nc Giaven.
2 H 2O 2 F2 4 HF O2
anh.
# Tac dung vi dung dch kim nong:
* Hidro bromua: la cht kh,
3Cl2 6 KOH
khng mau, d tan trong
t
* Hidro florua: iu ch:
5 KCl KClO3 3H 2 O
80 C
250C
nc tao axit manh. iu ch:
H 2 SO4 (dac) CaF2
* Tac dung vi cht kh khac: 2FeCl2 +

thuy phn PBr3, PBr3 +
2 HF (axit yeu ) CaSO4
Cl2 2FeCl3
3H2OHBr + H3PO3
* Hidro clorua: cht kh, khng mau, mui
Phan ng:
# HF SiO2 SiF4 H 2O xc. iu ch:
2HBr+H2SO42H2O+SO2+Br2.
# Phong th nghim:
(n mon thuy tinh)
4HBr+O2Br2+2H2O.
NaCl H 2 SO4 (dam dac)
* Mui AgF d tan trong H2O
* Hp cht co oxi:
HBrO HBrO2 HBrO3 HBrO4
NaHSO HCl
2 NaCl H 2 SO4 (dam dac)

Na2 SO4 2 HCl
# Trong cng nghip: Phng phap

sunfat, tng hp. H2 + Cl2 2HCl
* Mui clorua d tan: NaCl, KCl,..Khng
tan: PbCl2, CuCl, Hg2Cl2 do o nhn
bit HCl dung dung dch AgNO3.
* Cac hp cht co Oxi:
HClO HClO2 HClO3 HClO4
hipoclor clor
Cloric
Tnh axit, tnh bn tng

Tnh oxi hoa tng
Tuy nhin cac hp cht co oxi

cua Brom u yu hn so vi
hp cht co oxi cua clo.
Pecloric
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Tnh axit, tnh bn tng
Tnh oxi hoa tng
1. Oxi:
La cht kh khng mau, khng mui, hoa long -183C, t tan trong H2O.
1.1 Tnh cht hoa hoc:
+ Tac dung vi hu ht cac kim loai (tr Au, Pt,..) va nhiu phi kim (tr Halogen).
+ Tac dung vi nhiu hp cht v c va hu c. S oxi hoa t 0 v -2
1.2 iu ch:
1.2.1 Trong phong th nghim: bng phan ng phn huy hp cht oxi hoa kem bn
KMnO4, KClO3, H2O2,
2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2()
MnO2
t
2 KNO3
2 KNO2 O2 ; 2 KClO3
2 KCl 3O2 () ;
MnO2
H 2O2
2 H 2 O O2 ()
1.2.2 Trong cng nghip: iu ch bng cach chng ct phn oan khng kh long
hoc in phn nc, Al2O3. nhit -196C tach ly N2, nhit -183C
dpnc
4 Al 3O2
tach ly O2. 2 Al2O3
1.2.3 Quang hp cy xanh: 6CO2 6 H 2 O C6 H12O6 6O2 HOC t zn:

tia
t thuong
2O3 ( Mui khet)
O3 2 Ag
Ag 2O O2 ; 3O2
lua dien
O3 2 KI (Dungdich)+H 2 O 2 KOH I 2 O2 (Nhn bit O3 va Iot, so sanh tnh
oxi hoa cua O3 va O2)
2KMnO4 + 5H2O2 + 3H2SO4 2MnO4 +5O2 + K2SO4 +8H2O

Ag2O + H2O22Ag + H2O + O2
t
1.2.4 Nhit phn mui Nitrat: 2 NaNO3
2 NaNO2 O2
1.3 Cac phan ng hoa hoc:
1.3.1 Tac dung vi kim loai:
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 (rn); 2Cu + O2 2CuO (rn en)
3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4 (rn en); 4Ag + 2H2S + O2 2Ag2S + 2H20
1.3.2 Tac dung vi phi kim:
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300 C
N 2 O2
2 NO ; 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 (rn); 2SO2 + O2 2SO3
Oxi khng phan ng vi Flo.
1.3.3 Tac dung vi cac hp cht
CH4 + O2 CO2 + 2H2O ; 6FeO + O2 2Fe3O4; 4Fe3O4 + O2 6Fe2O3
t
t
4 FeS2 11O2
2 Fe2O3 8SO2 ; Cu2 S 3O2
2Cu2 O 2SO2
* Vi dung dch Fe(OH)2 co mau trng xanh th:
1
2 Fe OH 2 O2 H 2 O 2 Fe OH 3 (mau nu o);
2
1
t
2 Fe(OH)3 O2
Fe2 O3 2 H 2O
2
5
* Vi axetilen C2H2 th: C2 H 2 O2 2CO2 H 2O Q . Phan ng toa nhit
2
nn ngi ta dung phan ng nay lam en x axetilen.
1.4 ng dung cua oxi:
Dung luyn thep, cng nghip hoa cht, trong y khoa, han ct kim loai va thuc
n, nhin liu cho tn la.
2. Lu huynh:
c im:
+ Co nhiu trong t, thanh phn du mo, khoi nui la, c th sng.
+ Cht rn mau vang, khng tan trong nc, dn in, dn nhit kem, tan trong dung
mi hu c.
+ n cht lu huynh co s oxi hoa trung gian nn co tnh kh, tnh oxi hoa.
2.1 iu ch:
3
DuOxi
H 2 S O2
SO2 H 2 O ;
2
ThieuOxi
H 2 S Cl2
S 2 HCl ;
t
ThieuOxi
H 2 S O2
2 S 2 H 2O
t
FeS2 2 HCl FeCl2 S H 2 S
2 KMnO4 5 H 2 S 3H 2 SO4 5S 2 MnSO4 K 2 SO4 8 H 2 O
2.2 Tnh cht hoa hoc: Tac dung vi nhiu kim loai va 1 s phi kim
2.2.1 Tnh kh:
t
3SO2 2 H 2O
S O2 SO2 ; S 3F2 SF6 ; S 2 H 2 SO4 ( Dac)
t
S 6 HNO3
H 2 SO4 2 H 2 O 6 NO2
2.2.2 Tnh oxi hoa:
S H 2 H 2 S (Mui trng thi);
* Vi kim loai (tr Au, Ag, Pt,) tao mui sunfua.
t
t
Fe S
FeS (rn en); Cu S
CuS (rn en)
* Tac dung vi Ag nhit thng: Hg + S HgS

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* Vi phi kim tr N2, I2 tao hp cht sunfua.
t
C 2S
CS 2 () ;
2.2.3 Tac dung vi hp cht khac:
t
2 P 5S (r )
P2 S5 (ran)
* Tac dung vi hp cht cha Oxi: KClO3 + 3S 3SO2 + 2KCl

* Tac dung vi bazo: 3S + 6NaOH 2Na2S + Na2SO3 + 3H2O
2.3 ng dung:
90% san xut axit H2SO4, con lai san xut dim, cao su lu hoa,
2.4 Hidrosunfua
2.4.1 c im:
Khng mau, mui trng thi, c hai, t tan trong nc.
Khng co s oxi hoa trung gian do o tch cht hoa hoc la cht kh manh,
axit yu (yu hn axit H2CO3)
2.4.2 Tnh cht hoa hoc:

a) Axit yu:
H 2 S 2 NaOH Na2 S 2 H 2O
H 2 S NaOH NaHS H 2O
b) Tnh kh manh:
350 C
H 2 S2
+ Vi nhit: H 2 S
+ Vi Oxi: nh trn
+ Vi dung dch mui, axit, oxit:
2 FeCl3 H 2 S 2 FeCl2 2 HCl S () Tng t phan ng:

H 2 S 3CuO 3Cu H 2O SO2 ()
H 2 S H 2 SO4 2 H 2 O S () SO 2 ()
H 2 S 4Cl2 4 H 2O H 2 SO4 8 HCl (mat mauclo)
c) Tnh cht mui sunfua.
* Mui cua Na, K, Ca, Ba, nhom I, II (A) tr Be. chung tan trong nc va tac
dung c vi axit HCl, H2SO4 (loang) cho kh H2S ()
* Mui cua Mn, Zn, Fe, khng tan trong nc, tan trong axit loang tao kh
H2S.
* Mui cua Sn, Pb, Cu, Hg, Ag, Au, khng tan trong nc, khng tan trong
axit loang.
d) iu ch:
Trong phong th nghim: FeS 2 HCl FeCl2 H 2 S ()

Trong cng nghip: Khng iu ch.
2.5 Lu huynh ixit.
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2.5.1 c im: Kh c khng mau, mui hc, tan nhiu trong nc.
2.5.2 Tnh cht hoa hoc:
a) Cht kh:
SO2 Br2 2 H 2O 2 HBr H 2 SO4 ;
5SO2 2 KMnO4 2 H 2 O K 2 SO4 2MnSO4 2 H 2 SO4
b) Cht oxi hoa:

2.5.3 iu ch:
Trong phong th nghim: Na2 SO3 H 2 SO4 Na2 SO4 H 2O SO2 ()
Trong cng nghip: t S SO2 hoc 4 FeS2 11O2 2 Fe2O3 8SO2 ()
2.5.4 ng dung:
+ San xut H2SO4
+ Ty trng giy, bt giy

+ Chng nm, mc.
Nguyn ly L Sac t li :
Nu phan ng thun nghch ang xay ra
* Nu tng nhit : Cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu phan ng thu nhit (H >0) ngha la
giam tac ng vic tng nhit .
* Nu giam nhit : Cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu phan ng toa nhit (H <0) ngha
la giam tac ng vic giam nhit .
* Mt phan ng thun nghch ang trang thai cn bng khi chu tac ng t bn ngoai
nh bin i nng , ap sut, nhit th cn bng se chuyn dch theo chiu lam giam
tac ng t bn ngoai o.
* Quy tc:
+ Nng mol: Khi tng hoc giam nng mol cua 1 cht trong cn bng th cn bng
bao gi cung chuyn dch theo chiu giam tac ng cua vic tng hay giam nng .
Lu y: Nu co cht rn th no khng anh hng n cn bng.
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+ Ap sut: Khi tng hoc giam ap sut chung cua h th cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu
lam giam tac ng cua vic tng hoc giam ap sut o. Tng ap sut p th giam s mol n
va ngc lai giam p th tng n.
Lu y: nu h cn bng co s mol kh nh nhau th ap sut khng anh hng n phan

ng.
+ Nhit :
Khi tng nhit cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thu nhit (H >0)
Khi giam nhit cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu toa nhit (H < 0)
+ Cht xuc tac: Ch lam tng tc phan ng, khng lam cn bng chuyn dch
* H s cn bng phan ng hoa hoc:
C D Trong o: [C], [D], [A], [B] la nng

co h s cn bng: K a
b
A B
c
aA bB cC dD
mol cac cht trong phan ng, a, b,c,d la h s cn bng cua phan ng.
Nu la cht rn th khng tnh vao trong hng s cn bng K, Nc (H2O) cung c tnh
vao trong h s K.
* Tm tc phan ng A B:Ta co:

Tc phan ng cht A la: v
C1 C2
C C1
C
2
t2 t1
t2 t1
t
Tc phan ng cht B la: v '
C
C2' C1'
v [B] tng lng
t
t2 t1
Trong o: C1, C2: la nng ban u va sau phan ng cua cht A

C1, C2: la nng ban u va sau phan ng cua cht B
1. c im: la cht long khng mau, la axit manh, ngoai sang lu ngay chuyn sang mau
vang.
2. iu ch:
* Trong phong th nghim: iu ch t mui Nitrat:
t
KNO3 (tinh th) + H2SO4 (c)
KHSO4 + HNO3 (c)
t ,O
O
H O
* Trong cng nghip: Qua 3 giai oan nh sau: NH 3
NO
NO2
HNO3
Pt
O
2
Dung dch thu c co nng 52 -68 % co axit c dung ta chng ct dung dch
HNO3 vi H2SO4 c trong thit b c bit.
3. Tnh cht hoa hoc:
3.1 Tnh axit thng thng: tac dung vi bazo, kim loai, oxit kim loai, phi kim.
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3.2 Tnh oxi hoa manh:
+ phan ng vi axit HNO3 c cho kh NO2, NO, N2O, N2, NH4NO3,

+ Vi HNO3 c ngui th khng co phan ng vi Al, Fe, Cr,
+ Au, Pt ch tan trong nc cng toan (3HCl + 1HNO3) . Ag (bac) khng tan c
trong nc nay v tao kt toa AgCl.
Au + 3HCl + 1HNO3 NO + 2H2O + AuCl3

P + 5HNO3 5NO2 + H2O + H3PO4
3FeCl2 + 4HNO3 (dung dch) NO + 2H2O + 2FeCl3 + Fe(NO3)3
3FeS2 + 20HNO3 (c, nong) 11NO + 10H2O + 6SO2 + 3Fe(NO3)3

3FeS + 12HNO3 (dung dch) 9NO + 6H2O + Fe2(SO4)3 + Fe(NO3)3
3FeCO3+ 10HNO3 (dung dch) NO + 5H2O + 3CO2 + 3Fe(NO3)3
3.3 Mui nitrat
D tan trong nc, in li hoan toan, mt s mui co tnh oxi hoa, co mau do cation
Kim loai tao nn, ion NO3- khng mau. bn cung phu thuc vao cation kim loai tao
nn mui.
t
n
3.3.1 Mui cua kim loai kim: M(NO3)n MNO2 + O2.
2
t
n
3.3.2 Mui cua kim loai t Mg n Cu va Bari: 2M(NO3)n M2O + 2nNO2 + O2.
2
t
n
3.3.3 Mui cua kim loai sau Cu: M(NO3)n M + nNO2 + 2 O2
3.3.4 c bit:
Mui nitrat + H2SO4 + vun Cu tao thanh NO tip tuc + O2 hoa nu trong khng
kh.
2 NO3 H 2 SO4 2HNO3 SO42

4 HNO3 Cu Cu(NO3 ) 2 2 NO2 () 2 H 2 O
3Cu 8 H 2 NO3 3Cu 2 2 NO 4 H 2 O
4Zn 7OH NO3 4ZnO22 NH 3 N 2O2
Tng hp NH3: N 2 3H 2 2NH 3 co H = -92kJ <0: toa nhit do o mun tng

Hiu sut th phai giam nhit , tng ap sut.
1. Tnh cht vt ly: d hut m nn c dung lam kh khng kh m nh SO2, CO2,

Mun pha loang axit loang phai rot t t axit vao nc.
2. iu ch: trong cng nghip c iu ch bng phng phap tip xuc

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V2 O5
H 2O
SO2
SO3
H 2 SO4 Trong o: T hn hp oleum: nSO3 H 2 SO4 H 2 SO4 .n SO3
O2
H 2 SO4 .n SO3 nH 2O (n+1)H 2SO4
3. Tnh cht cua axit loang:
+ Lam i mau quy tm thanh mau o
+ Tac dung vi kim loai hoat ng cho ra kh H2

+ Tac dung vi mui cua axit yu.
+ Tac dung vi oxit bazo va bazo
4. Tnh oxi hoa manh: oxi hoa hu ht cac kim loai (tr Au, Pt), nhiu phi kim C, S, P va nhiu
hp cht khac.
H2SO4 (c, nong) + M M2(SO4)n + SO2 (S, H2S) + H2O
* Kim loai co tnh kh yu, trung bnh: t Fe tr v sau: + H2SO4 (c, nong) cho kh SO2
* Kim loai co tnh kh manh: Kim loai kim, kim th, Al, Zn, + H2SO4 (c, nong) cho
SO2, S, H2S.
* H2SO4 (c, ngui) khng phan ng vi Al, Fe, Cr do tao lp b mt oxit bn vi axit.
t
2 Fe 6 H 2 SO4
Fe 2 (SO 4 )3 3SO2 () 6 H 2 O
t
Cu 2 H 2 SO4
CuSO4 SO2 () 2 H 2 O
t
C 2 H 2 SO4
CO2 2 SO2 2 H 2 O
t
2S 2 H 2 SO4
3SO2 2 H 2 O
H SO Dac
5. Tnh hao nc: CuSO4.5H2O (mau xanh) CuSO4 (mau trng) + 5H2O
2
6. Phan ng vi cac hp cht:
2 Fe(OH )2 4 H 2 SO4 Fe2 ( SO4 )3 4 H 2O

2 FeO 4 H 2 SO4 (dac) Fe2 ( SO4 )3 SO2 4 H 2O
2 HBr H 2 SO4 (dac) Br2 (l ) SO2 () 2 H 2O
Vi axit loang:
Fe3O4 4 H 2 SO4 Fe2 ( SO4 )3 FeSO4 4 H 2O

FeSO4 2 KMnO4 8 H 2 SO4 5Fe2 ( SO4 )3 K 2 SO4 2MnSO4 8H 2O
7. Mui sunfat:
+ Bn vi nhit, Na2SO4: mu thuy tinh. MgSO4: thuc x. (NH4)2SO4: phn am
+ Nhn bit ion SO42- bng ion Ba2+ co trong mui: BaCl2, Ba(NO3)2, Ba(OH)2, (CH3COO)2
Ba.
8. San xut:
S O2
V2O5
H 2O
SO3
H 2 SO4
SO2
O2
FeS2 O2
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1. c im:
Nm chu k 2, th 7 nn co cu hnh e: 1s22s22p3, phn lp 2p tao 3 lin kt cng hoa

tr nguyn t khac nhau.
N N lin kt 3 nay bn chc ch b be gay bng tia sm set do o nito thng tr iu

kin thng v mt hoa hoc.
S oxi hoa: -3, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5
2. Tnh cht hoa hoc:
Tnh oxi hoa
* Vi kim loai (Ca, Mg, Al): tao nitrua kim loai. V

du:
t thuong
6 Li N 2
2 Li3 N
Tnh kh
tia sam set

* 300C N 2 O2 2 NO(monooxit )
* Cac oxit khac(3 oxit: N2O, N2O5, N2O3) khng iu
ch trc tip c t N2 va O2.
t cao
Mg N 2
Mg3 N 2
0
2 N H 3
* Vi H2: N 2 H 2
p
3. iu ch: Do N2 trong t nhin chim n gn 80% th tch khng kh do o:

Trong cng nghip
iu ch bng cach chng ct phn oan

khng kh long -196C thu c N2 va 183C thu c O2.
Trong phong th nghim
NH 4 NO2
N 2 () 2 H 2 O . V NH4NO2 kem bn
c tao thanh t NH4Cl + NaNO2 do o
t
NH 4 Cl NaNO2
N 2 () NaCl 2 H 2 O
t
4. Amoniac (NH3)
4.1 c im: la cht kh, mui khai, tan nhiu trong nc (1lit nc hoa tan c 800 lit
NH3), tac dung manh vi Cl2 tao khoi trng NH4Cl [cu th la NH3 + Cl2 HCl + N2, ri
t o NH3 + HCl NH4Cl (khoi trng)].
4.2.1 Tnh bazo yu:
+ Tac dung vi nc, tac dung vi axit cho NH4Cl, tac dung vi mui cua ion kim
loai tao hidroxit kt tua. V du: Al3+ + NH3 Al(OH)3 + H2O.
+ Phc tan: Zn(OH)2 + NH3 [Zn(NH3)4]( OH)2 (tan) do lin kt cho nhn gia
cp electron cha dung cua nito vi obitan trng kim loai.
4.2.2 Tnh kh:
+ Tac dung vi clo, oxi,
+ Tac dung vi oxit kim loai: 3CuO + 2NH3 Cu + N2 + 3H2O
4.3 iu ch:
Trong cng nghip

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iu ch bng thap tng hp N2 va H2 thu
t ,p
c NH3. N2 + H2
2NH3 co H
xuc tac=Fe
< 0 toa nhit, do o tng hiu sut th

giam nhit
2 NH 4 Cl Ca (OH )2 2 NH 3 () CaCl2 2 H 2 O
lam kh kh NH3 c tao thanh ta dn hi i qua

CaO (vi sng).
5. Mui amoni: Co cac c im sau:
- D tan trong nc, la cht in li manh

- Trong dung dch la axit yu
- Tac dung vi kim, cho NH3

- D b nhit phn huy.
t
( NH 4 ) 2 CO3
NH 3 NH 4 HCO3 => Lam xp banh
t
NH 4 HCO3
NH 3 CO2 H 2O
t
NH 4 NO2
N 2 2H 2O
t
NH 4 NO3
N 2O (dinitooxit) 2 H 2O
6. Phn bon hoa hoc:

Phn am
N2, N2O c iu ch trong phong th nghim.
Phn Ln
* Cung cp cho cy
di dang NO3-, NH4+.
* dinh dng cua
phn am la ham lng
% Nito co trong phn.
* am amoni: NH4Cl,
(NH4)2SO4 , bon cho
t chua.
* am nitrat: NH4NO3,
Ca(NO3)2,d hut m,
chay ra.
* am ur: (NH2)2CO
cha 46% nito.
* Cung cp cho cy di dang PO4

giup la cy khoe, chc hat, qua
cu to.
* dinh dng cua phn Ln la
ham lng % P2O5 co trong phn.
* c san xut t apatit va
photphorit.
* Supephotphat n: 14 20%P2O5.
co 2 mui la CaSO4 (lam rn t) va
Ca(H2PO4)2.
Phn Kali
* Cung cp ion K
chng bnh,
chng ret, tng
tnh chu han cho
cy.
* dinh dng
cua phn Kali la
ham lng % K2O
co trong phn.
* Cac mui KCl,
Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2 2 H 2 SO4
K2SO4 dung
Ca ( H 2 PO4 ) 2 CaSO4 ()
iu ch phn kali
* Supephotphat KEP: 40 50%P2O5. * Tro la loai phn
kali cha K2CO3.
co mui la Ca(H2PO4)2
CO2 2 NH 3
3-
( NH 2 ) 2 CO H 2 O
Ca3 ( PO4 )2 2 H 2 SO4
( NH 2 )2 CO 2 H 2O
H 3 PO4 CaSO4
( NH 4 ) 2 CO3
H 3 PO4 Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2 Ca ( H 2 PO4 ) 2
Phn khac
* Phn hn hp
NPK.
* Phn phc hp
amophot (tao
thanh t NH3 +
H3PO4), gm 2
loai mui:
NH4H2PO4 va
(NH4)2HPO4.
* Phn vi lng
cung cp Bo, Zn,
Mn, Molip en,
1. c im:
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* Phot pho la phi kim tng i hoat ng, co cu hnh e: 1s22s22p63s23p3. Lp ngoai cung co
5e nn co hoa tr la 5 ngoai ra con co hoa tr 3. Cac s oxi hoa: -3, 0, +3, +5.
* Pht pho tn tai trong qung pht pho rt Ca3(PO4)2, apatit 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2.
Pht pho trng
* Mang tinh th phn t mm

* Mi phn t P4 nm nut mang, lin kt vi
nhau bng tng tac yu.
* Hoat ng hoa hoc manh hn pht pho o.
* Chay ra, d hut m bc chay 40C. Ban
m phat quang mau luc nhat trong bong ti.
* Bao quan bng cach ngm trong nc.
250 C
Ptrng
Po
Pht pho o
* Mach polime bn chc.

* Hoat ng hoa hoc yu.
* Chay ra 250C. d hut m, bn trong
khng kh nhit thng.
* Khi lam lanh th Po Ptrng, khi un nong th
Po hi.
* Khng phat quang.
2. Tnh cht hoa hoc:
* V la phi kim tng i hoat ng nn co ca tnh oxi hoa va tnh kh:

Tnh oxi hoa
* Tac dung vi kim loai hoat

ng cho mui photphua kim
loai: 3Ca + 2P Ca3P2
3. ng dung:
Tnh kh
* Tac dung vi phi kim nh O2, Cl2,

2P + 3Cl2(thiu) 2PCl3; 2P + 5Cl2(d) 2PCl5;
hoan toan tng t cho O2:
4P + 3O2(thiu) 2P2O3; 4P + 5O2(d) 2P2O5;
* Phot pho san xut axit H3PO4 t o san xut mui pht phat, phn ln, thuc tr su.
* san xut dim, bom,
4. Axit pht phorit: H3PO4
4.1 c im, tnh cht:

HO
HO
HO
O,
Co s oxi hoa la +5 do o tinh th trong sut, hao nc tng ng axit

H2SO4, d chay ra.
* H3PO4 la axit 3 nc, manh trung bnh, co cac tnh cht cua 1 axit thng thng. Chu
yu la phn li nc 1, nc 2,3 yu hn.
nu n H3PO4 : n NaOH = 1:3 th cho mui Na3PO4.
H3PO4 + NaOH nu n H3PO4 : n NaOH = 1:2 th cho mui Na2HPO4.

nu n H3PO4 : n NaOH = 1:1 th cho mui NaH2PO4.
* khng co tnh oxi hoa nh axit H2SO4 va axit HNO3.
4.2 Nhn bit: nhn bit ion PO43- ta dung mui cha ion Ag+, sau phan ng thu c
kt toa rn Ag3PO4.
4.3 iu ch:
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Trong cng nghip
Ca3(PO4)2 + H2SO4(c) CaSO4 +
H3PO4
P + O2 P2O5 + H2O H3PO4

0
P 5H N O3 H 3 PO 4 5 N O2 H 2 O
1. Kim cng:
La tinh th trong sut, khng mau, khng dn in, dn nhit kem.
Tinh th kim cng thuc loai tinh th nguyn t in hnh. Mi nguyn t cac bon lin kt
vi 4 nguyn t cac bon ln cn nm trn cac nh cua t din bng lin kt cng hoa tr
bn.
Kt lun: kim cng la cht cng nht trong tt ca cac cht.
2. Than ch:
Tinh th xam en, cu truc lp, anh kim, dn in tt nhng nho hn kim loai.
Trong 1 lp: mi nguyn t cac bon lin kt cng hoa tr vi 3 nguyn t cac bon ln cn
nh cua 1 tam giac u. Cac lp lin kt vi nhau bng tng tac yu, d tach khoi nhau.
3. Fluren: C60, C70, cu truc hnh rng 32 mt, 60 nh.
cac loai than cc, than g, than xng, mui,tn tai dang cac bon v nh hnh, xp, co
kha nng hp thu manh cht kh, cht tan trong dung dch.
4. Tnh cht hoa hoc: hoat ng manh hn ca la cac bon v nh hnh (tnh kh manh hn ca)
Tnh kh
* C O2
CO2 C
CO
t
* Tac dung vi hp cht HNO3.
* C H 2
CH 4
Tnh xi hoa
* Tac dung vi kim loai (Al,Fe, )

t
C Al
Al4C3 (nhm cac bua) ; C + Fe Fe3C (ximen
tit)
Khng dung CO2 dp tt am chay Mg, Al v CO2 + Mg MgO + C.
5. Silic:
Silic tinh th
* Cu truc tng t kim cng, tnh ban dn, nong chay
1420C.
Tnh cht hoa hoc:
Tnh kh
* tac dung F2 nhit thng cho SiF4.

* Tac dung vi Cl2, Br2, I2, O2 nhit cao.
* Tac dung vi C, N nhit cao.
Silic v nh hnh
* Cht bt mau nu.
Tnh oxi hoa
* Tac dung vi Ca, Mg, Fe nhit cao cho

silixua kim loai va Mg2Si (magie silixua)
Si + NaOH +H2O Na2SiO3 + 2H2 ()
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* Si + NaOH + H2O Na2SO3 + 2H2 ()
iu ch:
Trong cng nghip

t
t
SiO2 + 2C
SiO2 + 2Mg
Si + 2CO
Si + 2MgO
t
SiO2 + HF
SiF4 + 2H2O phan ng nay dung khc ch trn thuy tinh.
* Thng tin b sung:
+ Than hoat tnh: kha nng hp phu manh do o dung lam mt na phong c
+ Than g: t cui
+ Than cc: nung than mui 1000C trong lo cc, khng co khng kh.
t ,xt
+ Than mui: nhit phn metan: CH 4
C 2H 2
+ San xut CO:
1050C
C H 2O
CO H 2 (kh than t cha 44% CO ngoai ra con co N2, CO2, H2,)
t
CO2 C
2CO (kh than kh hay con goi kh lo gas, cha 25% CO, ngoai ra con co N2,
CO2,)
2 loai kh than trn u c dung lam nhin liu kh.

+ Tn cac qung:
l mt: CaCO3.MgCO3.; Canxi sit: CaCO3;

Cat: SiO2 (thach anh);
Magie xit: MgCO3
Cao lanh: Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O
Xecpentin: 3MgO.2SiO2.2H2O;
Fenspat: na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2
1. Tnh cht vt ly:
* Tan tt trong nc (C1 n C3) , co nhit si cao nht. T C1 C11: cht long. C12 tr
ln la cht rn, khng mau, trong sut.
* Lin kt hidro ni phn t: nhom OH co H phai lin k vi 1 nguyn t co m in ln

hn cua cung phn t.
* C trong C2H5OH la lai hoa sp3 (lin kt dai)
* C trong C6H5OH la lai hoa sp2 (lin kt ngn)
* Lin kt phn t: lin kt gia ancol vi nc, vi ancol, va nc vi nhau

* Nhit si: ancol > Hidrocacbon, este, dn xut halogen,
2. Tnh cht hoa hoc:
2.1 Tac dung vi kim loai Na, K, Ca, cho kh H2.

2.2 Tac dung vi axit tao este:
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2.2.1 Axit v c: HCl, HBr,ROH + HX RX + H2O
V du: C2H5OH + HCl C2H5Cl + H2O
2.2.2 Axit hu c:
H SO (Dac)
CH3COOH + C2H5OH
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
2
H SO (Dac)
RCOOR + H2O y la phan ng este hoa.
RCOOH + ROH
170 C
2
2.3 Phan ng vi ancol: C2H5OH + C2H5OH C2H5O C2H5 + H2O

2.4 phan ng oxi hoa:
t
RCH2OH + CuO
Cu + H2O + RCHO (andehit)
t
RCH2OR + CuO
Cu + H2O + RCOR (x tn)
3. iu ch:
3.1 Cng nc vao anken: CnH2n + H2O CnH2n+1OH
enzim
3.2 Ln men tinh bt: (C6H10O5)n + H2O
n C6H12O6 (glucozo)
enzim
C6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 ()
3.3 Thuy phn dn xut halogen: RX + NaOH ROH + NaX

3.4 Cng H2 vao andehit hoc xeton:
Ni
RCHO H 2
RCH 2OH (R la gc no) y la phan ng kh, RCHO la cht oxi hoa.
Ni
RCOR ' H 2
RCH (OH ) R '
3.5 iu ch metanol:
t , XT
CH 4 H 2O
CO 3H 2 ;
t , xt
CO 3H 2
CH 3OH
p
t , xt
2CH 4 O2
2CH 3OH
p
4. Tn cac cng thc ancol:
Ancol no, mach h: CnH2n+2-m(OH)m vi m n
Ancol cha no, n chc: CnH2n-1OH vi n 3
Ancol no, a chc: CnH2n+2-x(OH)x vi n x 1
1. Tnh cht vt ly: la cht rn khng mau, tan t trong nc, c, la lin kt lin phn t.
2. Tnh cht hoa hoc:
2.1 Tnh axit yu: khng lam i mau quy tm.
C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa (Natri phenolat) + H2O

C6H5ONa + CO2 + H2O C6H5OH + NaHCO3
* Axit picric:
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C6H5OH + 3 HNO2 C6H2(NO2)3OH + 3 H2O
C6H5OH + Na C6H5Ona + H2
* Cng thc ph nol: CnH2n-7OH (n 6)

Ancol thm th: C6H5-xRxOH
C6H5OH + 3Br2 C6H2Br3OH (2,4,6 tribrom phenol)+ 3HBr => phan ng nay nhn
bit ph nol.
Cng thc hoa hoc: CnH2nO la hp cht n chc no, n 1.

Phan ng hoa hoc:
HCHO + 4[Ag(NH3)2]OH (NH4)2CO3 + 4Ag + 2H2O + 6NH3
Ca ( OH )
6 HCHO
C6H12O6 (Glucozo)
2
R(CHO)X + 2xAgNO3 2xAg;
CuO
[O ]
RCHO
RCH 2OH
RCOOH
1. PHAN NG TH:
1.1 Ankyl H 2O nhit phong va ca nhit cao

t
Ankyl OH
b thuy phn
t
RCH 2CH 2 X OH
R CH 2CH 2OH X
1.2 Ankyl b thuy phn ngay khi un si nc.
R CH = CH CH2 X +H2O RCH = CH CH2OH + HX
1.3 Vinyl, phenyl:
H O
Vinyl, phenyl
KHNG XAY RA
O ,t
2
t ,p cao
Vinyl, phenyl + OH-
t ,p cao
C6H5X + 2NaOH
C6H5ONa + NaX + H2O
2. PHAN NG TACH:
H H
H H
OH ,RUOU
R C C C H + KOH
R C = C C H + KX + H2O
t
H H
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* Nu co 2 nguyn t X trong hp cht th khi tach 2 HX cho ra ni 3, con tach 1 HX
cho ra ni i.
1. Stiren:
* la cht long khng mau, nhe hn nc, khng tan trong nc
* lam mt mau nc brom, kali pemanganat => dung nhn bit

* Phan ng cng brom
* Phan ng trung hp va ng trung hp
+ Cao su buna trung hp t butadien: ( CH 2 CH CH CH 2 ) n

+ Cao su buna S: ng trung hp t butadien va stiren:
( CH 2 CH CH CH 2 CH CH 2 ) n
Cao su buna S co bn hn cao su buna.

|
C6 H 5
+ Cao su buna N: ng trung hp t butadien va acrilomitron: tnh chng chy cao.
2. Naphtalen (C10H8):
* La cht rn mau trng, mui c trng bng phin.
* Khng tan trong nc va tan c trong dung mi hu c.

* Co tnh thm do 2 vong benzen giap nhau.
* Co phan ng th vao v tr s 1 () hn so vi benzen, vi xuc tac la axit axetit:

CH3COOH
CH COOH
+ Br2
C10H7Br + HBr
3
+ HNO3
C10H7NO2 + H2O
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CH3CHO
(than a)
CaCO3
CH4
+ H 2O
CaO
+ t
+ than a
lo in
lam
lan
15
hn
00
ha
CaC2
nh
tC, xuc tac
( 2-CHCl-) n
-CH
+ t
p
CH2=CHCl
+ H2 O
CH CH
+ NH4Cl
CuCl, t
CH2=CH-C CH
(cao su buna)
ISO PROPYL
BENZEN
trun g hp
CH(CH3)2
CH2=CHCH3
(cumen)
+ Na
C 4 H6
450 C
C2 H 4
trime hoa
C2H5OH
Al2O3
C 2 H2
+ H2 O
H+
C2 H 4
+ H2
Pd/ PbCO3
+ than hoat tnh

600 C
Zn
KOH
C2H4Br2
(PVC)
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
Cl
+Cl2
( 2-CH=CH-CH2)- n
-CH
+ H2
CO 3
d/ Pb
(ben zen)
C 6 H6
+Br2
=
CH 2
CH
2
C 2 H5
H+
+ Zn
c hi
2
+ H2
C2 H 4
( 2H4)- n
-C
(PE)
(cao su buna)
( 2-CH=CH-CH2)- n
-CH
(cao su cloropen)
( 2-C=CH-CH2)- n
-CH
+ HCl
+ Cl
Pd/ PbCO3
+N
Cl
CH=CH2
Cl
H-
CH4
+ NaOH
CaO
CH2=C-CH=CH2
ClCH2-CH2Cl
+ t
Cl
(vinyl axetilen)
+ HCl
(PVC)
CH3COONa
( 2-CH-) n
-CH
CH2=CH-Cl ap sut p
+ H 2O
+ NaOH
Cl
Al4C3
+ Al2O3
CH3COOH
+H
+ O2
Mn2+
u s a
ng 1
:2
C2H3
CCl2-CH3
1. V tr cac nguyn t:
+ Phn nhom chnh cac nhom I va II (cac nguyn t s tr Hidro)

+ Ho lantan, actini (nguyn t f)
+ Phn nhom phu cac nhom t I VIIIB (cac nguyn t d)

+ Mt phn nhom chnh III, IV, V, VI
2. Cu tao:
2.1 Nguyn t kim loai:
+ Lp ngoai cung t electron (t 1 3e)
+ Ban knh nguyn t tng i ln va in tch hat nhn nho so vi nguyn t phi kim
cung chu k.
+ Nng lng ion hoa thp nn d cho e hoa tr tr thanh ion dng.
2.2 Cu tao n cht kim loai:
+ Lp phng tm khi (68% th tch tinh th)
+ Lp phng tm din va mang luc phng (74% th tch tinh th, c chc hn)
+ Lin kt kim loai la lin kt c sinh ra do cac e t do lin kt vi cac ion dng kim
loai vi nhau.
Tn lin kt
c im
Lin kt kim loai
* Do tt ca cac e t do tham gia

* Do tng tac tnh in gia ion
dng va electron t do
Lin kt ion
* Tng tac tnh

in gia ion
dng va m
Lin kt cng hoa tr
* Do i e t do tao
nn (H2O)
+ Mt e trong kim loai khoang 3.1022 e/1cm3 (bin, my, kh e)
3. Tnh cht vt ly chung:
3.1 Tnh deo: cac lp mang tinh th trt ln nhau, khng tach ri nhau nh cac e t do
lin kt vi nhau thanh cac lp mang.
3.2 Tnh dn in: e t do chuyn t cc m v cc dng

Ag
e .
Cu
Au
Al
Fe,
Chiu giam dn tnh dn in do mt
3.3 Tnh dn nhit: t nong u kim loai, nhng e t do co nng lng ln chuyn ng
n vung thp hn. Truyn nng lng ion dng cho vung thp hn.
Ag
Cu
Al
Fe,
Kt lun: Dn in tt th dn nhit cung tt.
3.4 Anh kim: e t do phan xa nhng tia sang co bc song ma mt nhn thy c do o
kt lun tnh anh kim do cac e t do gy ra, ngoai ra con phu thuc vao bn lin kt
kim loai, kiu mang tinh th, khi lng mol kim loai Mkimloai.
3.5 T khi, khi lng ring, tnh cng khac nhau:
+ Kim loai cng: vonfram(W), Cr,+ Kim loai mm: Na, K,

+Kim loai nng: Osimi (Os) co Dmax, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ag, Hg,co D > 5g/cm3
+ Kim loai nhe: Li co Dmin, Na, K, Mg, Al, co D <5g/cm3
+ Kim loai nhit nong chay cao: W, kim loai nhit nong chay thp: Hg (thuy
ngn)
4. Tnh cht hoa hoc: tnh kh M Mn+ + ne
4.1 Tac dung vi phi kim: kh c phi kim thanh ion m, O2 thanh oxit, Cl2 thanh mui
clorua
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 ;
Cu+ Cl2 CuCl2
4.2 Tac dung vi axit loai 1: ch co tnh axit (kh) v du: HCl, H2SO4 loang
KL + axit loai 1 Mui (hoa tr thp nht KL) + H2 vi KL: ng trc H trong day
hoat ng hoa hoc.
n+
H
M
Mui * M
mmui = mKL + mgc axit
* Gc axit
v du: HCl H+ + Cl- => nCl nH 2nH 2 mmuoi mKL 35.5* 2* nH
HNO3 H + NO
+
=> mmuoi mKL 62* 2* nH mKL 62* nH

2
H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- => nSO nH nH mmuoi mKL 96* nH

2
4
Chu y: mmui > mKL phan ng
1
2
4.3 Tac dung vi axit loai 2: co tnh oxi hoa manh nh HNO3, H2SO4 c
KL + axit loai 2 Mui (hoa tr cao nht KL) + H2O + san phm kh vi KL: moi KL tr
vang, platin,
* San phm kh cua HNO3 co th la:

+ NO2 ():mau vang nu
+ NO: khng mau, d hoa nu trong khng kh NO + O2 NO2

+ N2O, N2: u la kh khng mau, khng mui, khng chay
+ NH4NO3: mui amoni NH4NO3 + NaOH NH3 + H2O + NaNO3

5
4, 2, 1
HNO3
M
M ( NO3 )n M M n ne N y N
x mol x mol xmol x.nmolaymol ymol
HNO3 H+ + NO3- t o ta c ne cho = n.x mol = ne nhn = ay mol

mmui = mM phan ng + 62.ne nhn
* San phm kh cua H2SO4 co th la:

+ SO2: kh khng mau, mui hc
+ S: cht rn
+ H2S: kh khng mau, mui trng thi.

M
M2(SO4)n
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x mol
x mol
=> nSO nx mol mmuoi mKL 96* ne nhan

2
4
1
2
1
2
* Vi H2SO4 va HNO3 c ngui th kim loai Fe, Al, Cr b thu ng, khng tham gia
phan ng, khi co nhit vn co phan ng.
4.4 Tac dung vi nc:
* Kim loai kim manh, kh nc nhit thng: 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 ()

nKL hoa tr 1 = 2nH
* Kim loai tnh kh trung bnh kh c nc nhit cao: Zn, Fe,

t
t
3Fe 4 H 2O
Fe3O4 4 H 2 (); Zn 2 H 2O
Zn(OH ) 2 H 2
nKL hoa tr 2 = nH
* Kim loai co tnh kh yu: Cu, Ag, Hg khng kh c nc du nhit cao
4.5 Tac dung vi mui: kh c ion kim loai khac ra mui tao kim loai t do.
Fe + CuSO4 Cu + FeSO4 ;
* Nhn bit ion sunfat dung ion Ba
2+
Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
* Nhn bit HNO3 dung Cu va H+ c nong dung dch mau xanh lam, kh khng mau
hoa nu trong khng kh.
5. Hp kim: vt liu kim loai cha kim loai c ban va 1 s kim loai, phi kim khac
Li / Li K / K Ba 2 / Ba Ca 2 / Ca Na / Na Mg 2 / Mg Al3 / Al Zn 2 / Zn Fe2 / Fe Ni 2 / Ni
Sn 2 / Sn Pb 2 / Pb Fe3 / Fe 2H / H 2 Cu 2 / Cu Fe3 / Fe 2 Hg 2 / Hg Ag / Ag Pt 2 / Pt Au 2 / Au
1. Khai nim: la qua trnh oxi hoa kh xay ra trn b mt cac in cc khi co dong in 1
chiu i qua.
Pin in hoa
Cc dng: catot: s kh cht oxi hoa

Cc m: anot: s oxi hoa cht kh
in phn
Cc m: catot: s kh cht oxi hoa

Cc dng: anot: s oxi hoa cht kh
* Quy tc catot (cc m):
Nhn ion dng chay v. xay ra qua trnh kh. Cation Mn+, H+, H2O theo trnh t t phai
sang trai. Cation kim loai nhom IA, IIA, Al3+ khng b kh ma nc b oxi hoa
2 H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH-
Cation kim loai sau nhm b kh theo trt t: cht kh yu b kh trc. Noi chung: kim
loai yu b kh trc kim loai manh.
* Quy tc anot (cc dng): anion kim loai v xay ra s oxi hoa.
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anion gc axit co oxi va F khng b oxi hoa SO42 ; NO3 ; PO43 ;... (Tr anion gc axit gc
hu c) ma nc b kh: H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e, nc b kh tao thanh O2 va H+. Trng
hp khac b in phn theo trt t: S 2 I Br Cl OH H 2O qua trnh xay ra
catot va anot ring re nhau, khng an xen, vit s cu th.
2. Phn loai in phn:
in phn nong chay
in phn dung dch
iu ch kim loai hoat ng manh, in phn nong

chay halogenua, bazo kim loai tng ng, dung dch
in phn phai c can.
iu ch kim loai hoat ng trung bnh va yu (co

tham gia cua nc)
in phn in cc tr: platin, than ch khng tham gia phan ng

in phn in cc anot tan: platin, than ch tham gia phan ng.
3. nh lut Faraday:
m
A.I .t
;
F .n
n: s e trao i
suy ra ne trao i
4. Chu y:
I .t
96500
* mcatot tng = mKL tao thanh bam vao, ch ro bam vao 1 hay nhiu cht.
* mdung dch sau = mdung dch sau - mkt toa - mkh bay ra do o: m = m + m
*Cht rn thoat ra la kim loai , cht kt toa kim loai hoc ca hai
* Cht kh thoat ra sau in phn la cht kh thoat ra ca anot va catot, nn xac nh ro kh

in cc nao, hay kh sau in phn.
* in phn dung dch mui n khi catot bt du co kh thoat ra co ngha la in phn

dung dch mui hoan toan.
* Nu cho I, t th tnh ne trao i ri bin lun trt t in phn.
* Nu cho mkh thoat ra, mdung dch thay i, pH,th tnh ne theo lng cht tao thanh t o suy
ra I, t
5. ng dung in phn:
5.1 iu ch kim loai vi cp co EM0
/M
0 Thng in phn nong chay mui clorua.
5.2 iu ch phi kim H2, O2, F2, Cl2,
5.3 iu ch 1 s hp cht: nc gia ven (NaClO + NaCl ) iu ch t NaCl + H2O.

5.4 Hiu sut in phn
; vi mKLLT
100% th s mol dung dch phan ng la
A.I . t
Nu tnh theo l thuyt th H =
n.96500
5.5 in phn dung dch phan ng cha CuSO4 va NaCl th CuSO4 + NaCl Cu + Cl2 +
Na2SO4 , nu Cu2+ d th tip tuc in phn cho H+.
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1. in cc chun Hidro co E20H
/ H2
0.00V => th in cc chun kim loai la sut in ng
cua pin tao bi in cc Hidro chun va tm kim loai nhung vao dung dch mui cua no vi
nng ion kim loai bng 1M.
2. Nu EM0
/M
cang ln th tnh oxi hoa cang manh, tnh kh cang yu va ngc lai.
3. Kim loai trong cp co E0 nho hn kh c cation kim loai trong cp oxi hoa kh co E0 ln
hn. Kim loai trong cp co E0 m kh c ion H+ cua dung dch axit.
4. Phan ng oxi hoa kh xay ra theo quy tc : cht oxi hoa cp E0 ln hn se oxi hoa cht
kh cua cp co E0 nho hn.
5. Sut in ng chun cua pin in hoa:
0
E pin
E0 E0 ; E0 lun dng, trong qua trnh hoat ng cua pin, Nng lng phan ng oxi
hoa kh tao ra in nng.
* Cu mui co tac dung cn bng (trung hoa) in tch, duy tr dong in trong qua trnh hoat
ng cua pin.
6. Cac lu y nho khi giai toan:
Vi bai toan in phn, dung dch sau in phn cho oxit kim loai th dung dch u
con d hoc dung dch u cha gc axit va nc b thuy phn cho axit tao thanh oxit
kim loai.
Dung dch sau in phn co pH > 7: mi trng bazo; Dung dch sau in phn co pH <
7: mi trng axit.
ng dung hp kim:
+ Hp kim nhe, cng, bn, chu nhit va ap sut cao (Al-Si; Al-Cu-Mn-Mg): ch tao
tn la, may bay.
+ Hp kim co tnh bn hoa hoc va c hoc cao: ch tao thit b nganh du mo, CN hoa
cht.
+ Hp kim cng, bn (W-Co; Co-Cr-W-Fe): xy dng, nha ca, cu cng.

+ hp kim khng g(Fe-Cr-Mn) ch tao dung cu y t, lam bp(inox).
Dung dch co kim loai sau nhm b in phn cho dung dch co tnh axit
Dung dch ch co nc b in phn th cho dung dch co mi trng mui du thng

pH=7.
in phn mui cua kim loai kim va axit khng co oxi thu c dung dch co tnh bazo
trang thai dung dch, ion kim loai km va a nguyn t khng b in phn.
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1. Khai nim: la s pha huy kim loai hoc hp kim do tac dung cua cac cht xung quanh.
M Mn+ + ne
n mon hoa hoc
n mon in hoa
* Qua trnh oxi hoa kh, cac e cua

kim loai t do c chuyn trc tip
n cac cht trong mi trng.
t
3Fe 4 H 2O
Fe3O4 4 H 2 ()
* Qua trnh oxi hoa kh, kim loai b n mon do tac dung cua
dung dch cht in li, tao nn dong e chuyn di t cc m
v cc dng.
V du: in cc m: anot: Zn Zn2+ + 2e
t
in cc dng: Catot: 2H+ + 2e H2 ()
3Fe 2 O 2
Fe3O4
* n mon in hoa hp kim st, gang thep trong khng kh
t
Fe Cl2
FeCl3
m:
* Xay ra trong thit b lo t, ni
V du: in cc m: anot: Fe Fe2+ + 2e
hi,nhit cao th n mon
in cc dng: Catot: O2 + 2H2O +4e 4OHnhanh
* iu kin in phn:
+ in cc khac ban cht
+ in cc tip xuc trc tip hoc gian tip thng qua dy
dn.
+ Cung tip xuc vi dung dch cht in li
Trong thc t thng xay ra ca n mon in hoa va n mon hoa hoc
2. Chng n mon kim loai:
Phng phap bao v b mt
* Dung cht bn vng phu ln nh lp sn, du

m, trang, ma kim loai khac. V du:
St ty: Fe dung Sn; Tn: Fe dung Zn; vt
bng st: ma niken, crom
Phng phap in hoa
* Tao ra pin in hoa bng vt hi sinh

* ng dn nc, du, kh t: bao v bng
phng phap in hoa
* Tc n mon kem chm
Kh ion kim loai thanh cac kim loai t do (nguyn t)

Cac phng phap:
Tn pp
Nguyn
tc
ng
dung
Thuy luyn
Dung kim loai t do co tnh

kh manh hn kh ion kim
loai co tnh kh yu hn
trong dung dch mui
Dung trong phong th
nghim, iu ch kim loai
co tnh kh yu: Pb, Cu, Ag,
Hg,
v du: Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu
Nhit luyn
Dung cht kh nh CO, H2, C hoc

kim loai Al, kim, kim th kh
ion kim loai trong oxit nhit
cao
in phn
Dung dong in 1 chiu kh ion
kim loai trong hp cht tao kim
loai t do tai catot
* Dung trong cng nghip san sut

* in phn nong chay mui,
kim loai co tnh kh yu, trung
oxit, kim cho kim loai kh
bnh: Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb,
manh.
v du:
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AIt
m nF
trong o:
n It
F
A M
F 96500
n : so etraodoi
t
Fe2O3 3CO
2 Fe 3CO2
Li Al
t
3TiO2 4 Al
3Ti Al2O3
1
dp
NaCl
Na Cl2
2
dp
4 NaOH Na O2 2 H 2O
t
Cr2O3 2 Al
2Cr Al2O3
* Qung sunfua kim loai ZnS,

dp
2 Al2O3
4 Al 3O2
Cu2S, FeS2, chuyn sun fua + O2
t
* in phn dung dch mui cho
oxit kim loai

t
kim
loai kh yu va trung bnh:
2 ZnS 3O2 thua
CuSO4 H 2O
2 ZnO 2 SO2
Cu H 2 SO4 O2
t
ZnO C
CO Zn
CuCl2 (dd) Cu Cl2
1. Cu tao:
+ ban knh nguyn t cua cac nguyn t ln hn so vi cac nguyn t khac trong cung chu
k. Trong cung phn nhom IA, chung co ban knh nguyn t tng dn t Li n Cs.
+ Cu hnh e: ns1. T Li n Cs: co nng lng ion hoa th nht I1m , m in giam dn,
ban knh nguyn t, th in cc chun EM0
/M
tng dn.
+ Cac n cht kim loai u co mang lp phng tm khi, lin kt kim loai trong mang lp
phng tinh th la lin kt kem bn.
+ T Li n Cs: nhit nong chay, nhit si, cng giam dn (co th ct bng dao),
khi lng ring tng dn nhng nho do cu tao mang tinh th kem c kht, ban knh ln.
=> Nguyn nhn: do cu tao kim loai khac nhau.
2. Tnh cht hoa hoc:
Do cu tao kim loai kim la co th in cc chun m, co nng lng ion hoa nho nht nn
chung co tnh kh manh nht. do o thng ngm trong du hoa bao quan.
2.1 Tac dung vi phi kim:
dk thuong
Na + O2
Na2O;
dk t
Na + O2
Na2O2 (r) natri peoxit
kho
Na + HCl NaCl + H2
=> 2M + 2H+ 2M+ + H2 ()
2.2 Phan ng vi axit: phan ng gia kim va axit gy n
V th in cc chun cua kim loai kim rt m so vi H2
2.3 Phan ng vi nc, giai phong H2
Na + H2O NaOH + H2 v th in cc chun kim loai kim nho hn rt nhiu so vi

th in cc chun H, pH = 7 va EH0 O / H 0.41V
2
* Tnh cht cua oxit bazo: phan ng vi nc cho ra dung dch kim
M2O + H2O 2MOH (dung dch kim)
3. ng dung va iu ch:
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3.1 ng dung:
+ Ch tao hp kim co nhit nong chay thp (thit b bao chay,)

+ K, Na lam cht trao i nhit trong lo phan ng hat nhn.
+ Cs: xesi lam t bao quang in, hp kim Li-Al: siu nhe dung trong hang khng
+ iu ch kim loai him bng phng phap nhit luyn
3.2 iu ch: Nguyn tc: kh ion kim loai thanh kim loai t do. in phn nong chay mui
MX hoc hidroxit cua chung
t
V du: in phn nong chay NaCl vach ngn thep NaCl
Na + Cl2
nong chay
dpnc
in phn nong chay MOH: 4MOH
4M + 2H2O + O2
*** chu y ne:
+ Cac kim loai kim khac nhau v s lp e, nhng ging nhau v s e lp ngoai cung
+ Cac nguyn t kim loai thng tn tai dang hp cht trong t nhin
+ Kim loai kim lu ngay trong khng kh th se co t phn tao oxit kim loai. Do o
khi cho manh kim loai nay vao nc th se cac phan ng nh sau:
Kim loai + H2O OH- + H2,
Oxit kim loai + H2O OHOH- + H+ H2O
1. NaOH : cht rn khng mau, hut m, nong chay 322C tan nhiu trong nc, toa nhit
ln khi tan trong nc.
* La bazo manh, trong nc phn li thanh ion: NaOH Na+ + OHDo o no tac dung vi phi kim: 3Cl2 +
5 KCl KClO3 3H 2O
6 KOH
t
6 NaOH (damdac)
5 NaCl NaClO3 3H 2O
Vi NaOH loang th cho nc gia ven (NaCl + NaClO)

* Tac dung vi axit, oxit axit tao mui va nc.
CO2 2OH CO32 H 2O
H OH H 2O; Cu 2 (DD) 2OH Cu (OH )2
NaOH NaHCO3 Na2CO3 H 2O; NaOH 2 NO2 NaNO3 NaNO2 H 2O
* ng dung: quan trong th 2 sau H2SO4:
Dung ch tao xa phong, phm nhum, t nhn tao, tinh ch qung nhm, giy.
* iu ch: in phn dung dch NaCl co mang ngn xp:
dpdd
H2O + NaCl
NaOH + H2 + Cl2 (ngoai ra phan ng nay con c dung
mang ngan
iu ch clo trong phong th nghim).
2. NaHCO3 : la cht rn, mau trng, t tan trong nc, d b nhit phn huy.
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t
2 NaHCO3
Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
* NaHCO3 cha gc HCO3 nhn, nhng proton do o co tnh lng tnh (khng i mau
quy tm). Tuy nhin, tnh bazo chim u th hn.
HCO3 H H 2O CO2 ()
HCO3 OH CO32 H 2O
* ng dung: dung trong y hoc, ch tao bt n, nc giai khat,

* n lai thuyt Brontet:
+ Axit la cht nhng proton H+ v du: CH3COOH, H3O+, NH4+,
+ Bazo la cht nhn proton H+ v du: : CH3COO-, OH-, NH3, CO32- ,
3. Na2CO3: cht rn, mau trng, tan nhiu trong nc, tn tai dang mui ngm nc
(Na2CO3.10H2O), d nong chay 850C, co pH > 7.
* La mui cua axit yu (H2CO3) tac dung c vi nhiu axit.
CO32- + 2H+ H2O + CO2 , nh vy CO32- co tnh cht cua 1 bazo.
* Mui cabonat cua kim loai kim khng b nhit phn nh kim loai kim th.
* ng dung: cng nghip thuy tinh, bt git, phm nhum, s a,
4. KNO3: la tinh th, khng mau, bn trong khng kh, tan nhiu trong nc.
t 333C
2 KNO3
2 KNO2 O2 () DUNG lam phn bon (am, kali), ch tao thuc n.
t
Thuc n: 68% KNO3, 15%S, 17%C: 2 KNO3 + 3C + S
N2 () + 3CO2 + K2S
* Nc gia ven:
NaOH + Cl2 (khng vach ngn) NaCl + NaClO + H2O: nc nay la nc gia ven, tnh ty
mau.
* Hn hng: hn hp cua thuy ngn vi nhiu kim loai khac.

1. Tnh cht vt ly:
+ Ban knh nguyn t KL kim th > nguyn t khac trong 1 chu k (nhng nho hn KL kim).
ban knh tng dn t Be n Ba, nn tnh kh KL tng.
+ Cu hnh e ngoai cung: ns2 d tach 2e.
+ S oxi hoa: +2, m in, I2 giam dn

+ EM0
/M
0 th in cc chun giam dn
+ Mang tinh th:
Luc phng
Be, Mg
Lp phng tm din
Ca, Mg
Lp phng tm khi
Ba
+ Lin kt kim loai bn vng hn so vi kim loai kim.
+ Nhit nong chay, nhit si thp (tr Be), co mau trng bac (tng quan giam)
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+ Khi lng ring nho, nhe hn nhm (t Ba) tng dn t Be n Ba
+ cng thp: mm nn co th dat mong, cng giam dn t Be v Ba

* Nh: quy tc 3 giam, 1 tng: T Be n Ba
Giam
Tng
Nhit si, nhit nong chay, cng
Khi lng ring
2. Tnh cht hoa hoc:
Tnh kh manh nhng yu hn so vi kim loai kim: M M2+ + 2e
2.1 Tac dung vi nc nhit thng: Be, Mg khng kh c nc nhng Ca, Sr, Ba
kh nc manh tao hidroxit tan
t cao
Mg + H2O
MgO + H2 (): tac dung nhanh
t thuong
Mg + 2H2O
Mg(OH)2 + H2 (): tac dung chm
* Mg(OH)2 khng la hidroxit lng tnh, MgO khng la oxit lng tnh do o khng tac
dung c vi bazo.
Khi t chay, tt ca KL kim th bc chay tao oxit: 2M + O2 2MO

v du: 2Ca + O2 CaO
2.3 Tac dung vi axit:
* Kh d dang ion H+ trong dung dch axit thanh H2 t do:

Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2 ()
* Co th kh N trong HNO3 loang thanh N

5
Mg + HNO3 4Mg(NO3)2 + 3 H2O + N H 4 NO3

3
3. ng dung va iu ch:
* Be + phu gia tao thanh hp cht an hi cao, bn chc, khng b n mon
* Mg tao thanh hp kim c cng nhe bn, dung ch tao oto, xe la, may bay, cht
chiu sang tng hp hu c.
* Ca: lam kh hp cht hu c (hut m)
* iu ch: in phn nong chay mui cua chung:

dpnc
vd: MgCl2
Mg + Cl2 ()
1. CaO: la oxit bazo, tac dung vi nc, axit, va oxit axit.
900 950 C
CaO + CO2 + Q (cal)

* iu ch: phn huy CaCO3: CaCO3
Phan ng nay la phan ng thu nhit va thun nghch. Tao san phm CO2.
tng hiu sut phan ng th:
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+ Tng nhit khng qua 1200C
+ [CO2] thp: thng gio hp l trong lo, tao plo cao hn pkh quyn.
+ Tng din tch tip xuc a vi va kh nong.
2. Ca(OH)2: rn, t tan trong nc, yu hn NaOH

2.2 Tac dung vi oxit axit: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 ()+ H2O: giai thch s dung vi xy
nha.
2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2
2.3 Tac dung vi mui:
Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 () + NaOH la phan ng iu ch NaOH trong cng

nghip.
2Ca(OH)2 + Mg(HCO3)2 2CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O

Ca(OH)2 + NH4Cl CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
Khi cho Clo tac dung vi Ca(OH)2 tao clorua vi CaOCl2.

Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 CaOCl2 + H2O
***Chu y: CaCO3: a vi,
Vi sng: CaO;
3. CaCO3: rn, trng b nhit phn huy
Vi ti: Ca(OH)2
+ Tac dung vi axit tao kh CO2.
CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH Ca(COOCH3)2 + H2O + CO2 ()
+ Mui cabonat cua kim loai kim th v nhit phn huy.
+ Tac dung CO2 trong nc tao mui tan Ca(HCO3)2 nhit thp.
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 : giai thch s xm thc nc ma i vi a vi.
4. Ca(HCO3)2: khng bn, tn tai dung dch nhit thng, un nong b phn huy nhit
cao.
Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 () + H2O: giai thch s tao cn trong m un nc, thach nhu
trong a vi.
5. CaSO4:
CaSO4.2H2O: thach cao sng, trong t nhin, bn nhit thng.
t =180 C
CaSO4.1H2O hoc CaSO4.0.5H2O: thach cao nung
thach cao sng
t =350 C
CaSO4: thach cao khan
thach cao sng.
Nc cng la nc cha nhiu ion Ca2+, Mg2+,
Nc mm la nc cha t hoc khng cha ion Ca2+, Mg2+,

Phn loai Nc cng: 3 loai
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Nc cng tam thi
HCO3
Nc cng vnh cu
Cl , SO ,
24
Nc cng toan phn
Nc cng vnh cu + tam thi
Cach lam mm nc cng: loai bo hoc lam giam [Ca2+],[Mg2+] trong nc bng cach chuyn
nhng ion t do va hp cht khng tan hoc thay i chung bng cation khac.
Nc cng tam thi
* Phng phap vi: dung Ca(OH)2 va u trung hoa

mui hidro cacbonat:
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + 2H2O
* Phng phap xut: dung NaOH va u trung hoa mui
HCO3- :
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O
* Phng phap s a: Na2CO3 cho mui canxi kt toa.
Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + NaHCO3
* Phng phap nhit: phn huy mui HCO3- thanh
CaCO3:
t
Ca(HCO3)2
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Cng nghip thuy tinh, xi mng,
gang, thep, soda, vi
Vt liu chu nhit, iu ch

CaC2, cht lam kh.
Nc cng vnh cu
* Phng phap s a: dung dung dch Na2CO3 chuyn

mui sunfat clorua thanh mui cacbonat kt toa.
Ca 2 CO32 CaCO3 ()
* Phng phap photphat: dung dch Na3PO4 chuyn mui

sunfat, clorua thanh mui phot phat kt toa.
2 PO43 3Ca 2 Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2 ()
* Phng phap trao i ion: cho qua trao i ion, nc

mm tao thanh ion Na+, H+,
CaCO3
CaO
CO2
Tao nc giai khat co gas, bnh

cu hoa, Nc a kh
+ H2 O
iu ch NaOH trong phong th
nghim. Thuc th nhn bit CO2
Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaOH
Ca(OH)2
Kh chua t
Nguyn liu cho san xut vt liu xy dng,

cht ty trng, sat trung (clorua vi)
Clorua vi: CaOCl2: Tnh oxi hoa manh

CaOCl2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + Cl2 + H2O
Trong khng kh m: 2CaOCl2 + CO2 + H2O CaCO3 + CaCl2 + 2HClO
CaOCl2: la cht ty trng vai, si giy. X l cht c, tinh ch du mo.

1. V tr cu tao:
Nhom IIIA, trong nhom Al ng di Bo, trong chu k Al ng sau Mg trc Silic.
La nguyn t p. Cu hnh kh him [Ne]3s23p1 nhng 3e tao thanh Al3+.
Nng lng I3 > I1, m in 1.61. Mang tinh th lp phng tm din.
S oxi hoa bn: +3 khng i.
2. Tnh cht vt ly:
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+ Mau trng bac, mm, d keo si, dat mong dung goi thc phm.
+ La kim loai nhe (2.7 g/cm3) nong chay 660C
+ dn in, dn nhit bng 2/3 ng (nhng nhe hn ng 3 ln) bng 3 ln st.
3. Tnh cht hoa hoc: co E Al0
/ Al
1.66V nn co tnh kh manh (yu hn KL kim, kim th)
3.1 Tac dung vi phi kim: O2, Cl2, S
t
4 Al 3O2
2 Al2O3 => do o nhm bn trong khng kh nhit thng, do co
mang Al2O3 mong bn chc bao v
t
2 Al 3S
Al2 S3 H 2O 2 Al (OH)3 3H 2 S
T bc chay vi Clo: 2 Al 3Cl2

2 AlCl3

Do nhm co E Al0
/ Al
1.66V nn
3.2.1 Tac dung vi axit HCl, H2SO4 loang tao H2

2Al + 6H+ 2Al3+ + 3H2 ()
3.2.2 Tac dung vi HNO3, H2SO4 c nong

NO
N O
2
t
Al + 4HNO3 (loang)
+ 2H2O
Al(NO3)3 +
N2
NH 4 NO3
Al + HNO3 (c) NO2 ()
Al + H2SO4 (c) SO2 ()
*** Nhm b thu ng hoa trong HNO3, H2SO4 c, ngui, do axit nay oxi hoa b
mt kim loai thanh mang oxit co tnh tr.
3.3 Tac dung vi mui:
Kim loai ng trc y kim loai ng sau ra khoi dung dch mui.
2Al + 3CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3Cu
***Chu y:
+ Phan ng hoa hp phn huy co th hoc khng la phan ng oxi hoa kh.
+ Phan ng th la phan ng oxi hoa kh
+ Phan ng trao i khng co s thay i s oxi hoa nn khng la phan ng oxi hoa
kh
+ iu kin xay ra phan ng trao i:
Cac cht tham gia phai tan, tr CaCO3 + axit
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Co s tao thanh cac cht d bay hi [NH3, HCl, H2S, H2CO3(CO2+H2O),
H2SO3(SO2+H2O)] hoc cht t phn li hn (cht in li yu: H2O, ru, axit yu:
H2S) hoc cht kt toa (cht t tan hn hoc khng tan).
+ Lut tan: cht tan khi cha 1 trong cac ion sau:
Kim loai kim
Amoni: NH4+ (chu y: MgNH4PO4 kt toa)

nitrat
+ Hp cht lng tnh: Be(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Cr(OH)3, NaHS, NaHSO3

Dang bazo
Dang axit
Be(OH)2
Zn(OH)2
Al(OH)3
Cr(OH)3
H2BeO2
H2BeO2
HAlO2.H2O
HCrO2.H2O
V du: HAlO2 + NaOH NaAlO2 + H2O

3.4 Tac dung vi oxit kim loai:
nhit cao, Al kh Cr2O3, Fe2O3, CuO thanh kim loai t do

t
2Fe + Al2O3
Fe2O3 + 2Al
t
3Cu + Al2O3
3CuO + 2Al
Phan ng nhit nhm lam nong chay kim loai.
3.5 Tac dung vi nc:
Nu pha bo lp oxit trn b mt nhm (tao thanh hn hng Al Hg) th

2Al nong chay + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 ()
phan ng chng to nhm kh c nc nhit thng.
3.6 Tac dung vi kim loai kim:
NaOH + Al + H2O NaAlO2 + 3/2 H2 hay NaOH + Al + 3H2O Na[Al(OH)4] + 3/2H2
4. ng dung va trang thai t nhin:
+ Nhe, bn: ch tao may bay, t , tn la, tau vu tru
+ Trng bac, ep: xy dng nha ca, trang tr ni tht

+ Dn nhit tt khng c: dung cu nha bp
+ Bt Al + bt st oxit tao thanh hn hp tecmit dung phan ng nhit nhm dray

+ Al tn tai dang hp cht: t set: Al2O3.SiO2.2H2O;
Mica:K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2;
Criolit: Na3AlF6
b xit: Al2O3.2H2O
5. San xut nhm: Trong cng nhip, iu ch bng phng phap in phn Al2O3.
2 cng oan gm:
+ Tinh ch qung boxit
+ in phn Al2O3 nong chay s dung criolit. Muc ch s dung criolit:
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Giam nhit nong chay
Ngn can nhm khng b oxi hoa tr lai
Tao ra lng nhm san phm hnh thanh

Tng tnh dn in tt hn.
Cc m: xay ra s kh ion: Al3+ Al; C dng: xay ra s oxi hoa ion O2- O2
*** Lu y bai toan: axit + hn hp kim loai:

mdung dch tng thm = mhn hp rn ban u mH2 (thng xay ra);
ra)
mdung dch axit giam = mkh - mhn hp rn ban u (k xay
1. Al2O3:
1.1 c im:
* La cht rn, mau trng. Khng tan trong nc, tac dung vi nc nong chay 2050C.
Al2O3 + H2O 2Al(OH)3 .Trong t nhin, tn tai dang ngm nc, dang khan:
* Dang ngm nc: thanh phn chu yu cua qung boxit Al2O3.2H2O dung san xut
nhm
* Dang khan: cu tao tinh th a quy, thng gp:
+ Coridon: tinh th trong sut, khng mau, rn dung ch tao a mai, giy nham.
+ Tinh th Al2O3 ln Cr3+ la ngoc mau o rubi dung lam chn knh ng h, k thut laze
+ Tinh th Al2O3 ln Fe2+,Fe3+, Ti4+ la saphia: ngoc mau xanh saphia lam trang sc
+ Bt nhm Oxit dung trong cng nghip san xut cht xuc tac cho tng hp cht hu c.
* Do nhit nong chay cao nn kho b kh thanh Al. Co cu tao mang tinh th rt bn
vng nn khng b H2, CO, C,kh bt k nhit nao
* Tnh lng tnh: axit va kim: Do lin kt Al2O3 va co tnh ion va co tnh cng hoa tr.
+ Tnh bazo: Al2O3 + 6H+ 2Al3+ + 3H2O
+ Tnh axit: Al2O3 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(AlO2)2 + H2O

Al2O3 + 2OH- + 3H2O 2[Al(OH)4]-
t
NH4+ + [Al(OH)4]-
Al(OH)3 + NH3 () + H2O
1.3 iu ch:
t bt Al trong oxi
2Al2O3
4Al + 3O2
t
Nhit phn Al(OH)3
Al2O3 + H2O
Al(OH)3
t
Nhit phn mui Nhm nitrat
t
2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
4Al(NO3)3
2. Al(OH)3:
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2.1 iu ch:
AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl

AlO2- + CO2 + H2O HCO3- + Al(OH)3;
AlO2- + H+ + H2O Al(OH)3
Gia mui nhm va dung dch bazo: Al3+ + 3OH- (Va u) Al(OH)3
H2O +
Al2 S3
Al4C3
Al(OH)3 + CH4
2.2 Tnh cht vt ly: cht rn mau trng, kt toa dang keo. Khng bn, un nong phn huy.
t
Al(OH)3
Al2O3 + H2O
2.3 Tnh cht hoa hoc: la hp cht lng tnh
Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2O: tnh bazo tri hn tnh axit

HAlO2.H2O + OH- AlO2- + 2H2O;
HAlO2.H2O la axit aluminic yu hn axit H2CO3
Al(OH)3 tan trong dung dch kim manh, khng tan trong dung dch kim yu. vd: dd
NH3,.
2Al(OH)3 + Ba(OH)2 Ba(AlO2)2 + 4H2O
Mui AlCl3: 2Al3+ +3CO32- + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2
3. Al2(SO4)3: Khan, tan trong nc, toa nhit lam dung dch nong ln do b hidrat hoa
* Co phan ng trao i, phan ng tac dung vi axit, bazo
* Phen chua: KAl(SO4)2.12H2O Nu thay K+ thanh Li+, Na+, NH4+ thanh phen nhm
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
* Phen chua dung trong nganh cng nghip thuc da, CN giy (giy khng thm nc),
cht lam trong nc uc:
3Al3+ + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 6H+
Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O 2H2SO4 (Loang) + 2Al(OH)3 (kt toa dang keo bam ly vn uc)
4. Nhn bit ion Al3+:
Cho t t NaOH n d vao dung dch Al3+ nu thy xut hin kt toa keo ri tan trong
NaOH d th co ion Al3+
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3;
Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH)4]-
2Al + 3S Al2S3 + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2S
1. c im: nm chu k 4, M = 52, kim loai chuyn tip nguyn t d, m in 1.61, co

0
ECr
0.74V . S oxi hoa thay i t +1 n +6, ph bin la +2, +3, +6.
3
/Cr
* Crom co mau trng bac, D ln hn 5g/cm3, nong chay 1890C. La kim loai cng rach
c thuy tinh.
* 1 electron cua phn lp 4s chuyn sang phn lp 3d, cu hnh ban bao hoa bn hn.
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* Crom la kim loai nng co cu truc lp phng tm khi.
2. Tnh cht hoa hoc: kim loai co tnh kh manh hn Fe, yu hn Zn, Al. Tnh cht hoa hoc
tng t nhm, co nhng hp cht ging hp cht lu huynh.
* nhit thng ch 2Cr + 3F2 2CrF3 do mang oxit mn c chc bao v

* nhit cao: kh c nhiu phi kim
t
4Cr + 3O2
2Cr2O3 ;
t
2Cr + 3S
Cr2S3;
3Cr + N2 Cr3N2
2.2 Tac dung vi nc: Khng xay ra do mang oxit bao v do o ma crom ln st, bao v
sat va con dung crom ch tao thep khng g.
2.3 Tac dung axit:
Khng tan trong dung dch axit loang, ngui. v du: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4
Trong dung dch axit nong, crom con kh ion H+ tao mui Cr (II) va H2
Cr + 2HCl CrCl2 + H2 ()
Crom khng tac dung vi NaOH cho kh H2: y la c im khac so vi crom
3. ng dung:
* Trong cng nghip: san xut thep:
+ 2.8- 3.8%Cr, thep co cng cao, bn, chng g.

+ 18% Cr: thep Inox
+ 25-30%Cr: thep co tnh siu cng du nhit nao

* Crom la kim loai cng, lam thit b rach thuy tinh
4. San xut:
Crom tn tai dang hp cht, qung comit: FeO.Cr2O3 ln Al2O3, SiO2.
t
iu ch bng phng phap nhit nhm: Cr2O3 + 2Al
2Cr + Al2O3 dung trong cng
nghip.
1. Crom (II) oxit: CrO
Tac dung vi oxit bazo hoc axit tao thanh mui: CrO + 2HCl CrCl2 + H2O
Co tnh kh: Trong khng kh b oxi hoa thanh Cr2O3: 4CrO + O2 2Cr2O3
2. Crom hidroxit: Cr(OH)2:
Cht rn, mau vang: iu ch t mui: Cr2+ + 2OH- Cr(OH)2 kt toa vang.
Co tnh kh: Cr(OH)2 + 2HCl CrCl2 + 2H2O
La Mt bazo: 4Cr(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Cr(OH)3
3. Mui crom (II): co tnh kh manh

2CrCl2 + Cl2 2CrCl3;
Cr2+ + O2 + 4H+ Cr3+ + 2H2O

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***Chu y:
Qung olomit: cha CaCO3: iu ch kim loai Ca, CaO, CO2

Qung boxit: iu ch kim loai Al
Qung cromit: iu ch kim loai Cr
Qung hematit: iu ch kim loai St
Qung malakit: iu ch kim loai Magie
4. Hp cht Crom (III) oxit: Cr2O3: cht rn mau luc thm, khng tan trong nc
* La oxit lng tnh, tan trong dung dch axit va kim c
* c dung tao mau luc cho s, thuy tinh
* iu ch:
2Na2CrO4 + C Cr2O3 + 2Na2CO3 + CO () chay c

K2Cr2O7 + S Cr2O3 + K2SO4
t
K2Cr2O7
K2CrO4 + Cr2O3 + 3/2 O2
5. Crom (III) hidroxit: Cr(OH)3 la cht rn mau luc xam, khng tan trong nc.
* La hidroxit lng tnh, tan trong axit va kim:
Cr(OH)3 + NaOH Na[Cr(OH)4] = NaCrO2.2H2O : Cr(OH)3 + OH- [Cr(OH)4]Cr(OH)3 + 3HCl CrCl3 + 3H2O : Cr(OH)3 + 3H+ Cr3+ + 3H2O
* S oxi hoa +3 trung gian => mui Cr3+ va co tnh axit (trong mi trng axit) va co tnh
kh (mi trng bazo)
6. Mui Cr3+: co tnh oxi hoa va tnh kh.
* Mi trng axit: 2 Cr3+ + Zn 2 Cr2++ Zn2+ => co tnh kh

2 Cr3+ + 3Cl2 + 16OH- 2CrO42- + 6Cl- + 8H2O
* Mi trng bazo:
2 Cr3+ + 3Br2 + 16OH- 2CrO42- + 6Br - + 8H2O lam mt mau brom (mau nu) tao thanh dung
dch mau vang cua ion CrO42-
4NaCrO2 + 4NaOH + 3O2 4Na2CrO4 + 2H2O
2NaCrO2- + 3Br2 + 8OH- 2CrO42- + 6Br - + 4H2O => tnh oxi hoa
Mui crom (III) co y ngha quan trong goi la mui sunfat kep crom-kali hay phen crom-kali
K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O KCr(SO4)2.12H2O co mau xanh tm, dung cho nganh cng nghip
thuc da, cht cm mau tng ng vi phen chua K.Al(SO4)2.12H2O
7. Crom (VI) oxit: CrO3: la cht rn, mau o thm: tnh oxi hoa manh
* Oxit axit:
CrO3 + H2O H2CrO4 : axit cromic
2 CrO3 + H2O H2Cr2O7 : axit dicromic
2 axit nay khng tach ra dang t do ma tn tai dang dung

dch
Ngoai ra: CrO3 + 2NaOH Na2CrO4 + H2O va : 2CrO3 + 2NaOH Na2Cr2O7 + H2O
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* Tnh oxi hoa rt manh: hp cht v c, hu c nh S, P, C, NH3, C2H5OH,bc chay khi tip
xuc vi CrO3:
2CrO3 + 2NH3 Cr2O3 + N2 + 3H2O
8. Mui crom (VI): la hp cht bn hn axit cua chung.
K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 2KCl + 7H2O (phan ng iu ch Clo)

* Mui cromat: Na2CrO4, K2CrO4 mau vang cua ion CrO42-
* Mui dicromat: K2Cr2O7, Na2Cr2O7: mau da cam ion Cr2O72- :

t
2Na2Cr2O7
2Na2O + 2Cr2O3 + 3O2
3CH3CH2OH + 2 K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4 2CH3COOH + 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 2K2SO4 + 8H2O
* Mui crom (VI) co tnh oxi hoa manh, trong mi trng axit mui crom (VI) lui v Crom(III)
K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 6FeSO4 3Fe2(SO4)3 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 6KI 3I2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 7H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 3H2S 3S + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O
Cr2O72 H 2O
Tom lai: 2CrO42 2 H
OH
ion cromcit
Mau vang
ion dicromat
Mau da cam
Chu y:
* Dung phan ng H2SO4 c + K2Cr2O7 iu ch CrO3
* Dung phan ng kh K2Cr2O7 bng C, S iu ch Cr2O3

2KCr(OH)4 + 3H2O2 + 2KOH 2K2CrO4 + 8H2O
1. V tr cu tao:
Nhom VIIIB
Kha nng nhng e
* Nm chu k 4, co Z =
26. Co D = 7.9g/cm3, Co
M = 56.
* Cu hnh: [Ar]3d64s2.
la kim loai chuyn tip
nguyn t d
m in, Th cc
chun
* Nhng 2e phn lp * m in: 1.83

0
4s tao ion Fe2+ : [Ar]3d6
EFe
0.44V
2
/ Fe
* Nhng 3e phn lp
0
EFe
0.77V
3
/ Fe2
4s, 3d tao ion Fe3+:
[Ar]3d5
Tnh cht vt ly
* Mau trng hi xam,
deo, nong chay
1540C. Dn in, nhit
tt. c bit la t tnh
manh (nhim t)
2. Tnh cht hoa hoc:
St la kim loai co tnh kh trung bnh: Zn > Cr >Fe: do o st khng bn trong khng kh,
khng co mang oxit mong bao v.
St + Cht oxi hoa yu th b oxi hoa ln st +2
St + Cht oxi hoa manh th b oxi hoa ln st +3
2.1 Tac dung vi phi kim: kh nhiu phi kim tao thanh ion m va b oxi hoa ln st +2, +3
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t
Fe + S
FeS (St II sunfua)
t
St t chay trong khng kh tao thanh st t oxit: 3Fe + 2O2
Fe3O4
t
Fe + 3/2 Cl2
FeCl3
t
3Fe + C
Fe3C (rn) : xementit
2.2.1 Vi HCl, H2SO4 loang: Fe kh ion H+ trong axit thanh H2. Fe b oxi hoa n s oxi hoa
+2
Fe + 2H+ Fe2+ + H2
2.2.2 Vi HNO3, H2SO4 c nong:
Fe kh N ; S v s oxi hoa thp hn. St b oxi hoa n s oxi hoa la +3

5
Fe + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O
Fe b thu ng hoa trong axit HNO3, H2SO4 c ngui
2.3 Tac dung vi dung dch mui:
Kh c ion cua cac kim loai ng sau no trong day in hoa kim loai
Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu
Chu y: Fe + Ag+ Fe2+ + Ag va khi lng cht rn thu c bng s mol bac x 108
(g). Nu Ag+ d th Ag+ + Fe2+ Fe3+ + Ag
2.4 Tac dung vi nc:
nhit thng, khng kh c nc. nhit cao, Fe kh hi nc tao H2,

Fe3O4, FeO.
t <570 C
3Fe + 4H2O
Fe3O4 + 4H2;
3. Trang thai t nhin:
t >570 C
Fe + H2O
FeO + H2
* St chim 5% khi lng vo trai t, ng hang th hai trong cac kim loai sau nhm.
* Tn tai dang hp cht:
+ Trong qung manhetit (Fe3O4 him co) la qung giau Fe nht.

+ Qung hematit o: Fe2O3
+ Qung xiderit: FeCO3
+ Qung hematit nu: Fe2O3.nH2O

+ Qung Pirit: FeS2
+ Tinh th hoa hoc Fe3C goi la xementit

1. Tnh bazo cua cac oxit va hidroxit st
1.1 FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 la oxit bazo nn tac dung vi axit HCl, H2SO4 loang tao mui co hoa
tr khng i.
FeO + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2O;
Fe3O4 + 8HCl FeCl2 + 2FeCl3 + 4H2O
1.2 Tac dung vi HNO3, H2SO4 c nong tao mui Fe3+ (phan ng oxi hoa kh):
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3 FeO + 10 HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O
1.3 Cac hidroxit st: Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3: la bazo khng tan, phn huy nhit cao tao oxit
tng ng.
t
Fe(OH)2
FeO + H2O
t
2Fe(OH)3
Fe2O3 + 3H2O
3Fe(OH)2 + 10 HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 8H2O
2. Tnh oxi hoa kh cua cac hp cht:
* Hp cht st II: Fe2+ nhng 1e tao thanh Fe3+ => tnh kh
2.1 St II oxit (FeO): cht rn mau en, khng co trong t nhin.

3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO() + 5H2O, pt ion:
3FeO NO3 10 H 3Fe3 NO 5 H 2O
(5x-2y)FeO + (16x-6y)HNO3 (5x-2y)Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy() + (8x-3y)H2O

t
4FeO + O2
2Fe2O3
500 C
* Tnh oxi hoa: b kh bi H2, CO, Al
Fe nhit cao.
t
FeO + H2
Fe + H2O;
* iu ch FeO:
t
3FeO + 3Al
3Fe + Al2O3
t
Fe2O3 + CO
FeO + CO2()
2.2 St II hidroxit : Fe(OH)2: cht rn mau trng hi xanh, khng tan trong nc, d hoa
nu o trong khng kh.
3Fe(OH)2 + 10 HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 8H2O
lu trong khng kh: 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O 4Fe(OH)3 () Nu o

Do o mun co Fe(OH)2 tinh khit th phai khng co khng kh.
t
4Fe(OH)2 + O2
2 Fe2O3 + 4H2O
* iu ch Fe(OH)2: FeCl2 + 2NH3 +2H2O Fe(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl
2.3 Mui st II: a s mui tan trong nc, khi kt tinh thng co dang ngm nc. V du:
FeSO4.7H2O;
FeCl2.4H2O,
Mui Fe d b oxi hoa thanh mui Fe3+ do o dung dch mui st II iu ch c cn

2+
dung ngay v d chuyn thanh mui st III

FeCl2 + Cl2 FeCl3;
3FeSO4 + 3/2Cl2 FeCl3 + Fe2(SO4)3
10Fe(NO3)2 + 8 H2SO4 + 2KMnO4 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 6Fe(NO3)3 + 2MnSO4 + 2KNO3 + 8H2O

10FeSO4 + 8 H2SO4 + 2KMnO4 5 Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
PT ion: 5Fe2 MnO42 8H 5Fe3 Mn 2 4 H 2O
3FeCO3 NO3 10 H 3Fe3 3CO2 NO 5 H 2O
* iu ch:
FeCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Fe(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl ;

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PT ion: Fe 2 2 NH 3 2 H 2O Fe OH 2 2 NH 4
Fe2+, Fe, Fe(OH)2,+ H+ tao mui st II va nc.
2 FeCl3 + 2KI 2FeCl2 + I2 +2KCl

FeS + HCl FeCl2 + H2S;
FeS2 + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S() + S(rn)

2
4
8 FeS 26 H 18 NO 8 Fe 8SO 9 N 2O 13H 2O
2.4 Mui FeSO4: dung lam cht dit su bo co hai cho thc vt, pha ch s , mc dung
trong nhum vai.
*** Hp cht st III: ion Fe3+ co kha nng nhn 1e, 3e tao thanh ion Fe2+ hoc Fe => tnh
oxi hoa
2.5 St III oxit (Fe2O3): la cht rn mau o nu, khng tan trong nc
t
* Nhit cao b kh thanh Fe bi CO, H2 : Fe2O3 + 3H2
2Fe + 3H2O
t
Fe2O3 + 3H2O
* iu ch: phn huy Fe(OH)3 nhit cao: 2 Fe(OH)3
Ngoai ra: 2FeS2 + 3H2O Fe2O3 + S + H2S

t
2Fe2O3 + O2 + 8NO2 ()
4Fe(NO3)2
* St III oxit co trong qung hematit dung luyn gang.
2.6 St III hidroxit Fe(OH)3: cht rn, mau nu o, khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong
dung dch axit tao mui Fe3+.
Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl FeCl3 + 3H2O;

8 FeCO3 26 H 2 NO3 8 Fe3 8CO2 N 2O 13H 2O
3
* iu ch: cho dung dch kim tac dung vi Fe3+ : Fe 3OH Fe(OH)3
Hoc 2FeCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O 2 Fe(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2 ()

3
Hoc Fe NH 3 H 2O Fe OH 3 NH 4
2.7 Mui St III: a s tan, thng kt tinh dang ngm nc

* Mui Fe3+ co tnh oxi hoa, d b kh thanh Fe2+:
Ngm Fe trong dung dch mui st III (co mau vang cua ion Fe3+) sau 1 thi gian thanh
dung dch co mau xanh nhat (mau ion Fe2+)
Fe + 2FeCl3 3FeCl2;
Cu + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + CuCl2;
Fe + 2Fe(NO3)3 3Fe(NO3)2
* Nhn bit mui FeCl3:
Fe(NO3)3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4NO3
Cach 1: 2FeCl3 + KI 2FeCl2 + 2KCl + I2
sau o cho I2 + H tinh bt dung dch mau xanh tm
Cach 2: FeCl3 + 3KSCN 3KCl + Fe(SCN)3 ; dung dch Fe(SCN)3 co mau o

* Mt vai phan ng khac:
Fe(NO3)3 + Al Al(NO3)3 + Fe;
2Fe(NO3)3 + 3Zn 3Zn(NO3)2 + 2Fe

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2FeCl3 + H2S 2FeCl2 + 2HCl + S (rn)
2.8 ng dung hp cht St III:
FeCl3: dung lam cht xuc tac trong phan ng hu c, cung vi Fe2O3 pha ch sn
chng g.
Fe2(SO4)3:
trong
phen
st
amoni
mui
kep
(NH4)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O vit gon NH4.Fe(SO4)2.12H2O
st
III
amoni
sunfat.
*** MT VAI DAY CHUYN HOA:
70
>5
Fe3O 4
+C
Fe(NO3)3
+ OH
FeCl3 Na CO Fe(OH)3
3
Fe(NO3)2
+H +
+O
Fe(OH)3
Fe(OH)2
Fe2O3
tC
FeO
tC
MnO-4
+ Cl2
Fe(NO3)3
FeO
Fe2(SO4)3
+ Cu
Bt st d
HCl
+ CO
Fe(NO3)3
+ CO
tC
FeO
Fe(NO3)2
FeCl2
Cl2
+ H2
Na2CO3
gN
O3
Fe3O4
Fe
Fe(NO3)2
FeCl3
Fe
A
O 3,
H2SO4
FeSO4
p dung dch
+ Al, Mg
Fe
FeSO4
H2SO4
Fe2O3
FeO
+ CO
HNO3 nong
l2
+C
H2SO4
tC
2
+O
HN
+ OH-
loa
ng
FeCl2
+ HCl
+ OH-
+ Cl2
HN
O
FeCl3
+ HCl
FeO
O
H2
Fe
Fe2O3
+ H2O
HCl
+ CO
tC
Fe2O3
Na2CO3
FeCO3
+ O2
tC
FeS2
Fe(OH)3
HCl
Fe3O 4
H2 O + O2
HS
2 O
,A
g2 S
1. V tr, cu tao
Nhom IB
Chu k 4, Z = 29. M= 64
O4
Fe2(SO 4)3
+ KI
FeSO4
Kha nng nhng e,

in cc chun
* Nhng 1e tao [Ar]3d10
+ OH-
Fe(OH)2
Tnh cht vt ly
* La KL nng (>5g/cm3), mau o, nong chay
22
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D = 8.98g/cm3. Cu hnh e: * Nhng 2e tao [Ar]3d9
[Ar]3d104s1. La kim loai * m in: 1.9
0
chuyn tip nguyn t d
0.34V
* ECu
2
/ Cu
1083C, d keo si, dat mong.

* dn in, dn nhit cao ch thua Ag va
hn hn cac kim loai khac
* Cu tao mang tinh th lp phng tm
din, c chc co lin kt bn vng.
2. Tnh cht hoa hoc: la kim loai kem hoat ng, tnh kh yu.
* nhit thng tac dung rt yu vi Clo, Brom, oxi tao thanh oxit.
t thuong
Cu + Cl2
CuCl2
* nhit cao, tac dung vi Oxi, lu huynh, khng tac dung vi H2, N2, C.
t
Cu + O2
CuO (rn en);
8001000 C
CuO + Cu
Cu2O (mau o)
* Trong khng kh kh, khng b oxi hoa do mang oxit bao v
*Trong khng kh m, b bao phu bi mang cacbonat bazo mau xanh CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
2.2 Tac dung vi axit: Cu tan trong axit HNO3, H2SO4 c ngui
* ng khng tac dung vi nc, H+ cua axit HCl, H2SO4 loang, nhng khi co mt O2
th: 2Cu + 4HCl + O2 2CuCl2 + 2H2O
* Vi axit HNO3, H2SO4 c, nong: S S ; N N / N

6
3Cu + 8HNO3(c, nong) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
2.3 Tac dung vi mui: KL ng trc y KL ng sau ra khoi dung dch mui:
2AgNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag;
Fe2(SO4)3 + Cu 2FeSO4 + CuSO4
3. ng dung:
Hp kim ng:
Contantan ng thau: Cu-Zn (45%Zn):

cng bn dung ch tao chi
tit may, thit b dung trong
cng nghip
ng
bach:
Cu-Ni
(25%Ni): bn ep,
khng b n mon c
dung trong cng nghip
tau thuy, uc tin
ng thanh:
Cu-Sn: ch
tao may moc,
thit b
Vang 9 cara: CuAu (2/3 Cu; 1/3

Au) uc ng tin
vang, vt trang tr
* CuSO4 khan (mau trng) dung phat hin du vit nc trong cht long.
* Dung dch CuSO4 dung cha bnh mc sng cho ca chua, khoai ty.
t
* CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 pha ch sn v c mau xanh, mau luc
2CuO + CO2 + H2O
4. Hp cht:
CuO
* rn en, khng tan trong nc

*La oxit bazo nn tac dung vi
axit, oxit axit: CuO + HCl
CuCl2 + H2O.
* Tnh oxi hoa: CuO + H2, CO, C
Cu(OH)2
* Rn xanh, khng tan trong nc

* Tnh bazo nn tac dung vi axit:
Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O
* D b nhit phn huy:
t
Cu(OH)2
CuO + H2O
Dung dch mui ng (II)
* dung dch mui co mau xanh.

* ng sunfat kt tinh dang
ngm nc mau xanh di tac
dung nhit chuyn thanh dang
khan mau trng.
23
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t
Cu + H2O
* Kha nng tao phc cht tan:
CuSO4.5H2O
CuSO4 +
t
3CuO + 2NH3
N2 ()+ Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 5H2O
(Nc Sryde)
3Cu + 3H2O
* Cac mui ng u rt c
* iu ch: in phn Cu(OH)2, * iu ch:
Cu 2 2OH Cu (OH ) 2
mui ng
CuO 100C Cu2O

Cu
+ O2
Cu
O2
(Khng kh m)
H2O
Cu2S
Cu
O2 + HCl
Cu(OH)2
[Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
+ H2O, CO2
CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
tC
CuO
pn chay
+ H+
Cu2+
+ NH3
tC
NH3 d
CuCl2 KL manh Cu
+ HCl
+ NH3
[Cu(NH3)4]Cl2
+ CO, C
+ H2
+ H2S
+ Cu
kt tinh
Cu
CuS
+ Cu2S
Cu2O
NH3 + H2O
Cu(OH)2
CuSO4.5H2O
CuNO3.3H2O
+O2
Cu2S
+O2
CuFeS2
khng kh 1000C
24
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Cach Giai Hoa Hoc

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Ly thuyt hoa hoc

NHA XUT BAN THN 1 FC

Ly thuyt hoa hoc PTX

Cac bc giai nh sau:

2. T bai ta co d liu u vao (o la ta co c g ri n,) t o nh hng d liu ra

1. Cu hnh e: ns2np5 co 7 e ngoai cung va 1 e c thn.

2. m in: ln nht la Flo (3.98) nho nht la Iot (2.66)

Ly thuyt hoa hoc PTX

* F2 khng co phn lp d nn co s oxi hoa duy nht la -1.

4. Tnh cht vt ly va tnh cht hoa hoc:

* La cht kh () mau vang

* La cht kh mau vang luc, la cht oxi

KOH H 2 F2 * Tac dung vi phi kim tr F2. H2 + Cl2

2HCl. Nu t l s mol nH2 : nCl2 = 1:1 th

* Tac dung vi hu ht cac

* La cht long, mau o nu,

co tnh ty mau. Hn hp NaCl + NaClO

* Hidro florua: iu ch:

* Tac dung vi cht kh khac: 2FeCl2 +

2 NaCl H 2 SO4 (dam dac)

# Trong cng nghip: Phng phap

Tnh axit, tnh bn tng

Tuy nhin cac hp cht co oxi

Ly thuyt hoa hoc PTX

2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2()

1.2.3 Quang hp cy xanh: 6CO2 6 H 2 O C6 H12O6 6O2 HOC t zn:

O3 2 KI (Dungdich)+H 2 O 2 KOH I 2 O2 (Nhn bit O3 va Iot, so sanh tnh

oxi hoa cua O3 va O2)

2KMnO4 + 5H2O2 + 3H2SO4 2MnO4 +5O2 + K2SO4 +8H2O

1.3 Cac phan ng hoa hoc:

1.3.1 Tac dung vi kim loai:

4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 (rn); 2Cu + O2 2CuO (rn en)

3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4 (rn en); 4Ag + 2H2S + O2 2Ag2S + 2H20

1.3.2 Tac dung vi phi kim:

Ly thuyt hoa hoc PTX

Oxi khng phan ng vi Flo.

1.3.3 Tac dung vi cac hp cht

CH4 + O2 CO2 + 2H2O ; 6FeO + O2 2Fe3O4; 4Fe3O4 + O2 6Fe2O3

* Vi dung dch Fe(OH)2 co mau trng xanh th:

nn ngi ta dung phan ng nay lam en x axetilen.

1.4 ng dung cua oxi:

+ Co nhiu trong t, thanh phn du mo, khoi nui la, c th sng.

FeS2 2 HCl FeCl2 S H 2 S

2 KMnO4 5 H 2 S 3H 2 SO4 5S 2 MnSO4 K 2 SO4 8 H 2 O

2.2.2 Tnh oxi hoa:

S H 2 H 2 S (Mui trng thi);

* Vi kim loai (tr Au, Ag, Pt,) tao mui sunfua.

* Tac dung vi Ag nhit thng: Hg + S HgS

Ly thuyt hoa hoc PTX

2.2.3 Tac dung vi hp cht khac:

* Tac dung vi hp cht cha Oxi: KClO3 + 3S 3SO2 + 2KCl

Khng mau, mui trng thi, c hai, t tan trong nc.

2.4.2 Tnh cht hoa hoc:

+ Vi dung dch mui, axit, oxit:

2 FeCl3 H 2 S 2 FeCl2 2 HCl S () Tng t phan ng:

c) Tnh cht mui sunfua.

Trong phong th nghim: FeS 2 HCl FeCl2 H 2 S ()

2.5 Lu huynh ixit.

Ly thuyt hoa hoc PTX

SO2 Br2 2 H 2O 2 HBr H 2 SO4 ;

5SO2 2 KMnO4 2 H 2 O K 2 SO4 2MnSO4 2 H 2 SO4

b) Cht oxi hoa:

Trong phong th nghim: Na2 SO3 H 2 SO4 Na2 SO4 H 2O SO2 ()

Trong cng nghip: t S SO2 hoc 4 FeS2 11O2 2 Fe2O3 8SO2 ()