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THE NAO LA MOT BAI DAN

CA ?

Nguyen Bach

I. KHAI NIEM VE DAN CA


That kho khi muon tm mot nh ngha thoa ang ve
dan ca. Ngi c goi dan ca la Volkslied 1(tam dch: Bai ca
cua nhan dan), ngi Phap dung 2 nhom t: chanson
populaire2 (tam dch: Bai ca pho cap trong quan chung) hay
chanson folklorique3 (tam dch: Bai ca mang tnh nhan dan),
ngi Anh goi dan la folk song theo ngha nh chanson folkorique,
ngi Y cuoi the ky XX lai dung t Etnofonia (tam dch: Bai
ca mang dan toc hay sac toc) e goi dan ca. Trong mot so
tai lieu ngoai quoc ma chung toi co c, ngay ca trong cac
tai lieu Viet Nam ve dan ca hay cong trnh nghien cu tren
500 trang:Tiep can kho tang Folklore Viet Nam cua Gs. Vu
Ngoc Khanh4 cung khong he thay mot khai niem cu the hay
mot nh ngha cong thc ve dan ca nh cac nh ngha ve
nhng pham tru khac.
e tien cho viec nghien cu, chung toi e ngh he
thong hoa nhng khai niem khac nhau ve dan ca trong nh
ngha tam thi sau: Dan ca la nhng bai hat a i vao
kho tang nghe thuat dan gian bang cach truyen khau
trong nhan dan. Chung luon c bien oi va khong
thuoc ban quyen cua mot tac gia nao t ban au.
Nh vay co the co nhieu d ban khac nhau cho mot bai dan
ca v trong qua trnh lu truyen, nhan dan se co nhng sang
tao bo sung them vao bai ca nguyen thuy.

Theo 3 nha van thuoc trng phai Lang man c Tk. XIX, XX la
Herder, Arnim va Uhrland.
2
Theo cac nha van Lang man Phap Tk. XIX nh: George Sand, Alexandre
Dumas, Prosper Merimee va cac nha ly luan am nhac Phap Tk. XX
nh: Henri Davenson, Norbert Dufourcq.
3
Theo Constantin Brailoiu, Bela Bartok.
4
Nxb Van Hoa va Dan Toc, Ha Noi, 1999.
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II.

E NHAN DANG DAN CA

Qua khai nhiem e ngh tren ay, chung ta co c


nhng ac iem chnh cua dan ca nh sau:
II.1. Dan ca la nhng bai hat cua nhan dan
oi vi nhng ngi dan thuoc tang lp ngheo kho,
thap co be mieng, hay noi chung lp bnh dan, th ca hat
khong phai la hnh thc giai tr, xa x pham ma gan lien vi
tng hoat ong cua i song: lao ong, an uong, ngu ngh,
giai tr, vui buon, au kho,v.v. Ca hat i lien mot cach t
nhien vi ngi lao ong nh hi th. V vay chung ta co cac
the loai dan ca khac nhau5: bai hat lao ong (nh: Ho gia gao,
Ho keo thac, Ho ua thuyen), bai hat le nghi phong tuc (nh
cac bai hat Xoan nh: Hat chuc, Giao trong, Giao phao, Th
nhang, va bai hat Dam nh: Hoa sac, Phong ong, Dang hng),
bai hat giao duyen (cac bai hat Gheo Vnh Phu nh: Hoa
thm, Xe van, Thuyen ai roc rach), bai hat sinh hoat gia nh
va cac sinh hoat khac (nh Ru con, Ly chuc ru, Ly con cua, Ly
bnh voi), bai hat tre em (ong dao).
Co the noi nhng giai ieu len bong xuong tram cua
cac bai dan ca a xuat phat t ay long ho, c sang tac
do kha nang thien phu, va t luc nao chnh ho cung khong
ng, Ho a hat len cho nhau nghe roi ngi nay hoc lay cua
ngi khac e tr thanh nh bai ca cua rieng mnh. Trong cac
bai ca nay tuyet oi khong co nhng g cao xa, kho hieu, v
no khong phu hp vi cam quan cua ngi bnh dan.
II.2. Dan ca la nhng bai hat c truyen khau trong
dan gian
Ngay nay ngi ta tm cach ky am lai cac bai dan ca
bang nhng phng phap ky am hien ai. Tai lieu co nhat
ban ve phng phap ky am dan ca co truyen ma chung toi
biet c la Sach day hat tieng Nam cua cac tac gia
Nguyen Trung Phan, Nguyen Trung Nghe6. o la viec lam ang
khen ngi va mang tnh khoa hoc. Nhng trc kia, dan ca ch
Theo phan tch cua Gs. Tu Ngoc trong Dan ca Ngi Viet, Nxb.
Am nhac, 1994.
6
Nxb. Tieng Dan, Hue, 1928
5

c truyen ba bang cach truyen khau cung nh cac bai


dan nhac c truyen bang cach truyen ngon.
Cac bai dan ca c sang tac theo kieu tc canh sinh
tnh. Neu ngi nghe thay hay, thay hp vi mnh th nh lay
va truyen lai cho ke khac nh trao tang nhau mot niem vui, chia
se vi nhau mot noi buon. C the bai dan ca nh vet dau
loang toa i khap ni. Va chang ai ngh en viec ghi chep lai
ca. Neu bai dan ca nao xuat sac, co the no c ghi lai
trong sach v nhng ch co li ca, ch giai ieu am nhac th
hoan toan khong. Ma nhng bai hat c ghi lai trong s
sach th a phan la cac bai thuoc loai le nhac, mieu nhac,
ton giao ca ch khong co nhng bai ca ve nhng hoat ong
cua i thng.
II.3. Dan ca la nhng bai hat khong co tac gia ro
rang
Qua viec truyen khau, truyen ngon cac bai dan ca,
dan nhac nguyen ly tap the ket hp het sc bien chng
vi sang tao cua nhan dan. Moi ngi dien xng co quyen
ng tac t do, gop phan sang tao cua mnh vao tac pham
trong qua trnh bieu dien. Cho nen, ho gan nh la ong tac
gia vi ngi sang tac ban au. Ma ngi sang tac ban
au la ai cung kho ro. Mot bai dan ca thng ton tai vi
mot ban coi nh goc, goi la long bani va nhieu ban c
ng tau them hay sa oi, goi la d ban.
oi vi mot bai dan ca khong bao gi thay ghi ten
ngi viet nhac, at li, ngay sang tac, nam xuat ban. Lch
s co nhac ti mot vai bai dan ca co nguon goc, co tac
gia, nhng van thc s la m ho, khong chnh xac. o la
trng hp cua bai Long ngam. Nam 1310, vua Tran Nhan
Tong bang ha. Dan chung keo en coi ong nghet trc ca
en, khong sao mang linh cu cua vua ra c. Ngi ta phai
tap hp binh s lai san Thien Tr gan o, hat len bai Long
Ngam cua quan Trnh Trong T at theo loi Co van e loi
keo dan chung ti o. Nh vay ca en mi thong va
am tang mi tiep tuc c c hanh. Nhng loi Co van nay
do ai sang tac lai khong thay noi ti! Trc o, nam 1203,
theo Kham nh Viet s th vua Cao Tong sang tac ra
ChiemThanh nhac khuc da tren ieu Chiem Thanh. Theo
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nha nghien cu Samuel Baron trong Description du royaume


Tonquin (Mo ta ve vng quoc Bac ky), th vua Thai Tong a
che ra khuc Ch hau lai trieu e cac nc phien phuc mua
hat. Nhng tat ca tai lieu o ch ke ten bai hat hoac ch
chep li ca ch khong thay ghi ieu nhac7.
II.4. Dan ca la nhng bai hat khong ro xuat x (ni
chon, thi iem)
Nhng bai hat c nhieu ngi a thch th se c
truyen ba i khap ni. Manh me nhat la s truyen ba cua
nhng ngi lam nghe ca hat va nhng ngi thng di
chuyen ay o (ngi hat xam, ke ban thuoc dao, nhng
ngi phai ong quan ni xa que hng, v.v). Ngay nay, khi
khao sat cac bai dan ca c pho bien mot vung nao
o, muon biet c xuat x cua chung, chung ta phai da
mot vai ac iem co trong cac ca khuc o. V du: nhng
tieng a phng (phng ng), nhng a danh, nhng cung bac
ac trng cua mien o (nh trong cac ieu Quan ho, Ca hue,
ieu Oan, v.v).
II.4.1. Tieng a phng
ay la cach de nhat e nhan ra xuat x cua mot
bai dan ca.
Noi chung th trong cac bai dan ca mien Bac thng co
nhng t em nh: rang, th, ch, . Va cac dau giong
(sac, huyen, hoi, nga, nang) c det bi nhng not nhac
sao cho viec phat am chung c ro net. Mot so phu am
c phat am mot cach ac thu nh: r phat am nh d va
gi; s va x phat am giong nhau. Trong cac dan ca mien
Trung th thng co nhng ch ni, n, rang, ra,, dau sac
c oc thanh dau hoi (so vi giong ngi mien Bac), dau
hoi va nga eu c oc giong nhau va tram giong hn ch
khong dau. Nhng bai dan ca mien Nam th thng co cac
ch ma (me), bau (em), ang (c), t (ta nh); ch e
c oc thanh , dau nga oc thanh dau hoi, v.v
II.4.2. a danh
Theo Gs Tran Van Khe trong La Musique vietnamienne
traditionnelle
7

Co khi nhng a danh trong bai hat co the giup ta xac


nh xuat x cua mot bai dan ca. V du cac a danh: Nha
Be, Gia nh, ong Nai trong bai Ho Mien Nam hay cac a
danh Ch Quan, Ch Cau, Nam Pho, Ch Dinh trong bai Ru em
cua mien Trung hoac cac ten ong ang, Ky La, Tam Thanh,
x Lang trong bai Co La cua mien Bac. Tuy nhien co khi
nhng a danh ch c s dung theo ngha bong. Va a danh
ch co ch e xac nh xuat x khi ma no c at trong li
ca goc, tc li ca au tien ch khong phai nhng d ban.
II.4.3. Nhng cung bac ac trng
Nhng that ra chnh cung bac, ieu thc cua bai hat
mi la yeu to quyet nh xuat x cua bai dan ca. Mac du
khi mot ieu hat mien nay c du nhap sang mien khac
se b a phng hoa t nhieu, nhng net chnh van con nhan ra
c.
Nhn chung th cac ieu Bac thng s dung thang am
sau ay vi am sac ti sang, nhe nhang:

V du 15.
Nhng bai dan ca mien Trung th thng co ieu thc
te nh, phc tap hn.
S phc tap va thay oi so vi ieu Bac mot phan do
anh hung cua dau giong khi phat am, mot phan do anh
hng cua nc Chiem Thanh ngay xa. Nhng anh hng
cua nc Chiem vao cac ieu thc mien Trung xay ra trong
mot qua trnh lch s. Ngay t Tk. II, nc Chiem Thanh luc
bay gi con mang ten la Lam Ap thng sang quay nhieu
nc ta, ne ndan dan b thon tnh ke t i nha Tien Ly
(544-602). en thi Chua Nguyen Phuc Chu ho b mat not 2
tnh Phan Rang, Phan R (1697). Nam 982, vua Le ai Hanh sau khi
chiem Chiem Thanh a sai bat mot nha s An o va 100 ca
n, vu n em vao trieu e mua hat. Ti nam 1044, vua
Thai Tong sau khi chem vua Chiem la Sa au cung bat hn
100 cung n em ve Thang Long e mua hat khuc Tay Thien
khi vua ng yen. Nam 1202, vua Ly Cao Tong theo ieu
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ChiemThanh ma sang che ra nhac khuc Chiem Thanh


am. Va ke t sau cuoc hon nhan gia cong chua Huyen
Tran va vua Chiem la Che Man (1306), nhng cuoc trao oi
van hoa gia 2 nc cang gia tang anh hng lan nhau.
Ngoai ra, tnh trang xa hoi, phong tho, a ly cung an
hng khong t en ieu thc dan gian cua mien Trung.
Chang nhng chu anh hng cua nhng cuoc chien tranh
lien mien vi ngi Chiem Thanh, sau o la nan can qua cua
anh em nha Tay Sn vi Nguyen Phuc Anh. Nhng gian kho
o chong chat len ngi dan mien Trung cung vi nhng
khac nghiet cua kh hau, thi tiet, a ly tao nen ac tnh
tham tram, suy t hn ne nta mhon ngi mien nay. Them
vao o, khi nha Nguyen lap kinh o Tha Thien, bao nhieu
nhan tai u tu trong at nc o ve chon kinh thanh mi
ay. Phong thai cua ngi dan mien Trung tr nen trang trong,
kieu cach, sau sac va tham thuy hn. o la nhng nguyen
nhan tao nen nhng ieu hat tram buon, menh mong, man
mac vi nhng bac am khong co trong ieu Bac. Sau ay la
mot ieu thc thong dung cua mien Trung:

V du 16.
Trong ieu thc tren, am bac III cao hn not Fa bnh,
nhng thap hn Fa thang mot chut; am bac V cao hn hot Si
giang nhng thap hn not Si bnh mot chut.
Ngc lai vi mien Trung, ve phong tho a ly va con
ngi, mien Nam c nhieu u ai hn. Ngi mien Nam on
nhan de dang ca nhng ieu Bac e co cho mnh ieu Nam
Xuan va ca ieu thc buon anh hng Chiem Thanh cua
ngi mien Trung e co c ieu thc Oan ac thu cho am
nhac Nam bo.
ieu Nam. Hi Ai di ay mang ac iem la bac Xang
(bac III, not Fa) rung va luyen len con bac Phan (bac V, not Si

giang) rung. Bac i (bac II, not Mi thap hn not Mi giang thong
thng mot chut)
V du 17.
Trong ieu Nam, Hi Oan, bac i (bac II, not Mi hi non hn
not Mi bnh thong thng mot chut), bac Oan (bac V, not Si hi
non hn not Si bnh thong thng mot chut). ieu Oan mang
ac iem gan giong ieu Ai, nhng am chat buon hn, mang

tnh oan than.


V du 18.
Qua nhng ac iem, e nhan dang dan ca tren ay
chung ta nhan thay ieu thc la ac iem ro net nhat e
phan biet dan ca thuoc mien nao. Tuy nhien, moi mien lai
co nhng bien thien cua ieu thc, chang han co nhieu loai
hi Oan, hi Ai, v.v Mot ac iem khac cua dan ca o la
khong ro c sang tac vao luc nao. Muon biet mot cach
tng oi, chung ta co the da vao li ca e tm nhng yeu
to s lieu hay s kien lch s trong o, neu co. V du trong
cau ho Mien Nam di ay, li ca co the giup chung ta
xac nh rang bai ho nay ra i khoang nam 1802, luc Gia
Long va thong nhat sn ha m hch chieu du dan chung ve
vi mnh. T o co cau:
Nha Be nc chay chia hai,
Ai ve Gia-nh, ong Nai th ve

V du 19.

Tuy nhien yeu to s lieu nh tren thng rat t thay


trong cac bai dan ca. Nhn chung, thi iem ra i cua mot
ban dan ca thng la khong c xac nh, m ho.

III. THAY LI KET


Trong cuoc song hien ai ngay nay, dan ca van khong
mat dan v tr cua no. Nguyen nhan chnh la do ac tnh
khong ro tac gia nen co nhieu d ban. Mot bai dan ca
luon c cac the he sau sa oi, them that, bo sung vao
nhng yeu to am nhac, tham ch ca li ca cho phu hp vi
cuoc song ng ai. Chnh v vay bai dan ca ay luon luon
c tre hoa, luon luon mang bo mat cua thi ai. e roi
t o, co the sinh ra nhieu sang tac dan gian mi. Nhieu
the he sau lai co nhng bai dan ca mi. Nhng kien thc
ve dan ca a va luon c coi trong trong cong tac giao duc,
ao tao the he tre, ac biet the he nhac s tng lai cho at
nc.
Nhng ben canh o lai co nhng ngo nhan ang tiec.
Nhieu ngi goi cac ca khuc mang tnh chat dan gian hay mo
phong lan ieu dan gian c sang tac bi mot so nhac s
la dan ca. Viec ngo nhan o lam cho cac the he tre co cai
nhn khong chnh xac ve nhng ac tnh am nhac (tiet tau,
quang am,) cung nh ac tnh thi ca trong cac bai dan ca.
Ngi ta de lam lan gia mot bai dan ca (folk song) vi mot
bai ca ai chung (popular song, hay c goi tat la pop song).
ieu o cung de hieu v ca hai the loai nay eu c quan
chung on nhan, yeu thch, nuoi dng va pho bien. Vay th
cach e phan biet hai loai nay la da vao nhng ac iem
khac biet cua hai the loai.
Dan ca ton tai va phat trien c nh truyen khau,
khong co ban ky am co nh, nen no co the bien oi
khong ngng. Trong khi o, bai ca ai chung (pop song) c ghi
chep ro rang, co nh ve li ca cung nh am nhac. Tac gia
va nien bieu cua dan ca khong ai quan tam, khong ai ghi chu.
Trai lai mot bai ca ai chung mang ro xuat x, ten tac gia,
thi iem ra i, v.v Trong dan ca, li ca ong vai tro chnh. Giai
ieu luon luon c phat sinh t dau giong li ca nen luon
phu thuoc vao li ca. Chuyen ong giai ieu, s chia cat cau
nhac thanh nhng ve nhac, cau truc cua cau nhac trong toan
bo bai ca eu le thuoc li ca. Trong bai ca ai chung th khong
nh vay. Mot giai ieu co the co nhieu li va li ca phai tuan
theo giai ieu. Ve mat ieu thc, dan ca luon luon da tren
cau truc 5 am (ngu cung), co khi pha tron nhieu cau truc trong
mot bai dan cae co 6 am hay 7 am nhng khong nam trong
mot giong nao co nh. Ve mat hoa am, dan ca ng ben
ngoai anh hng cua nhng luat hoa am ma chung ta a
biet. V the, cau nhac khong b nhng ket hoa am (harmonic
cadence) va ket giai ieu (melodic cadence) chi phoi, gii han.
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Trong nhiem vu bao ton truyen thong va xay dng nen


van hoadan gian mang tnh hien ai, chung ta khong nen bo
qua, coi thng viec bao ton duy tr hnh thc n gian nhat
nay cua dan ca. Cai tng nh tam thng nhat lai co the
la nguon goc cho nhng sang tao phi thng. Nh vay, thai
o ung an cua chung ta nen la hay lam nhng viec
tam thng bang mot bo oc phi thng ch khong
ngc lai. Nhiem vu o la mot van e ma cac nhac s sang
tac cung nh ly luan va cac chuyen nganh khac a va ang
c ao tao tai cac nhac vien can phai quan tam va tm ra
hng i thch hp.

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