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THEERPATISTANAND
NIRANGISTAN.
IntroductionandtranslationbyJamesDarmesteter,SBEV,
1889.

CONTENTS:
FARGARDI.
FIRSTPART(FRAGMENTOFTHEERPATISTAN).
I.19.Thepriestondutyout(Denkard8,ch.28,2?)
II.1018.Thestudentpriest(Dk.ibid.3?).
SECONDPART(NIRANGISTANPROPER).
I.1927.TheZotandtheRaspi(Dk.8,ch.29,1).
II.28.TheDarun(Dk.ibid.2).
III.29,30.Strongdrinkforbiddenduringthesacrifice(Dk.
3).
IV.3137.TherecitationoftheGathas(Dk.4).
V.3840.ThesacrificeperformedbyaZot,oraRaspi,ina
stateofsin(Dk.5,6).
FARGARDII.
I.4145.ThecelebrationoftheGahambars(Dk.7,8).
II.4651.ThelimitsoftheseveralGahs(46,Gah
Ushahin.47,48,GahHawan.49GahRapithwin.50,Gah
Uzerin.51,GahAiwisruthrem.Dk.9).
III.5264.TheofferingsfortheGahambars(Dk.10).
IV.6571.Thelibations(Dk.11).
V.7284.ThefunctionsandplaceoftheZotandRaspisat
thesacrifice(Dk.13,14).
FARGARDIII.
I.8587,9196.TheK6~tiandSadara(Dk.15).

Glossary

II.8890,97104.ThepreparationoftheBaresman(Dk.
16).
III.105109.Thefirewoodandtheimplementsforthe
sacrificeDk.17).

Introduction
OfallthelostNasks,theoneofwhichthelargestfragments
havebeenpreservedistheseventeenthonecalledtheHusparum.It
wascomposedofsixtyfourFargards,ofwhichtwoofthefirstthirty
werecalledErpatistan,'theSacerdotalCode,'andNirangistan,'the
RitualCode'theformerdealingchieflywithclericalorganization,
andthelatterwithaportionoftheritual.Theirgeneralcontentsare
knownfromtheanalysisoftheNasksgivenintheDenkard(Book8,
ch.28,29West,PahlaviTexts,IV,9297).
ThesetwoAvestantreatisesweretreatedliketheVendidad,that
istosay,weretranslatedandcommentedoninPahlavi,atleast
partially.TheyhavenotcometousinanySadamanuscript,butareto
berecoveredfromtheirPahlaviexpansion,thesocalledPahlavi
Nirangistan,1whichpresentsnearlythesameaspectasthePahlavi
Vendidad,thatistosay,itcontainstheAvestanoriginaltextwitha
Pahlavitranslation,andalengthycommentary,inwhichlattermany
connectedquestionsaretreatedandaconsiderablenumberof
AvestanquotationsfromotherNasksareadduced.Thefirstthingto
doistodistinguishwhatbelongstotheprincipaltext,whichisthe
objectofthecommentary,andwhataretheAvestanquotations
adducedfromelsewherebythecommentator.Thedistinctionofthe
twocomponentsiseasilyseen,astheprincipaltextisalways
accompaniedbyatranslation,whereasthequotationsarenot.They
areeitherformulasrecitedduringtheperformanceoftheceremonies,
ortextsadducedasdemonstrativeorexplanatoryofsuchorsuch
statement.2Thesequotationsonceremoved,thereremainsa
continuoustextwhichanswerscloselytotheanalysisintheDenkard.
Butacomparisonwiththatanalysis,aswellasinternalevidence,
showsthatonlyapartoftheoriginaltextispreserved,andthatthe
Pahlavimanuscript,asithascometous,isthejuxtapositionof
portionsoftwoindependentbooks,theErpatistanandtheNirangistan
proper,thebeginningandendofbothbeinglost.Inotherterms,it
containsapartinthemiddleoftheErpatistan3andthegreaterpartof
theNirangistan,theendofthelatterbeinglostaswellasashort
passageatitsbeginning.4AllthemanuscriptsoftheNirangistan
knowntobeinexistence,presentthesamejuxtaposition,astheyare
descendedfromoneandthesamemanuscript,ofwhichthecopyist,
havinginhishandsafragmentoftheErpatistanandamorecomplete
Nirangistan,copiedthetwoasoneandthesamebook,whichtookthe
nameofthelargerfragment.Thisleavesroomtohopeforthefurther
discoveryofolderindependentmanuscriptsofeitherbook.

1.Ithasbeenlongknown
underthattitle,butoughttobe
called'Erpatistanand
Nirangistan.'
2.Theyareadducedwith
theuniformwords...min...padtak
yahvunet,'itappearsfromthe
passage:...'
3.118belongtothe
Erpatistan.
4.Ofthetwentyfive
paragraphsintheDenkart
analysis,partof1,thewholeof
216,andpartof17are
representedintheextant
Nirangistan.Butonemustbearin
mindthattheanalysisinthe
Denkardwasnotbasedonthe
AvestanNasks,butontheir
Pahlavicommentaries,sothatit
refersoccasionallytomatternot
treatedofintheSadatext.

Theinterpretationofthesetextsisbesetwithnoordinary
difficulties,thefirstbeingthetechnicalcharacterofthemattertreated
of,whichnoamountofphilologicalingenuitylefttoitsowndevices,
canelucidate,thenthecorruptstateofthetext.Nostandard
translationoftheAvestancanbeexpectedtillthe.wholeofthe
PahlaviNirangistanhasbeendecipheredandtranslated.However,
withthehelpoftheDenkardanalysisandofthePahlaviNirangistan,
asfarasIcouldmakeitout.,IbelieveIhavesucceededinpresenting
aroughpartialtranslation,whichmaygiveacorrectgeneralideaof
thewhole,andmayhelptosomeextenttoclearthegroundandbe
usefuleveninafurtherexplorationofthePahlaviNirangistan.
AllknowncopiesoftheNirangistanwhichareindeedfewin
numberaredescendedfromtwomanuscripts.One,belongingtoDr.
HoshangjiofPoona(MS.H)wascopiedinIndia,intheyear1727,
fromamanuscriptwhichwasbroughtfromIranin1720Dastur
JamaspVilayatiandseemstohavebeenwrittenin1471.Theother,
belongingtoTahmurasD.Anklesaria(MS.T),waswritteninIran.Its
dateisunknown,thoughitiscertainlyolderthanDr.Hoshangji's
manuscript.Bothmanuscriptsbelongtothesamefamily,astheyboth
presentthesamejuxtapositionoftheErpatistanandNirangistan.
Tahmuras'copyhislostseveralpagesattheendfrom91onwards,
wearedependentonlyonHoshangji'scopy.ButTahmuras'
manuscript,besidesbeingmorecompleteintherestofthetext,isby
farmorecorrectandhowfarthisisthecasethereadermayjudge
forhimselfbyaglanceatthetranslation:from91onwardswehave
beenobligedtoleavemostofthetextuntranslatedashopelessly
corrupt.
InFebruary,1887,havingbeenaskedbytheParsicommunity
atBombaytodeliveralectureontheParsiliterature,Itookadvantage
oftheapproachingJubileeoftheQueentorecommendthecreationof
aVictoriaJubileeFundforthepublicationoftheuneditedPahlavi
literature.Theappealwasreadilyanswered,afundraised,anditwas
decidedthatthepublicationshouldbeginwiththeNirangistan.
Unfortunatelyintherealizationoftheplanthescientificexperience
oftheyoungParsischooldidnotprovequiteequaltoitsgoodwill.
Insteadofprintingfromthebettermanuscript,withthevarious
readingsoftheinferioroneinfootnotes,thecommitteefor
publicationhadthelessgoodmanuscriptphotozincographed.We
havenotyetinhandtheJubileeedition,butmayhopethatatleastthe
variantsofTahmuras'manuscripthavebeenannexedtoit.Wehave
thoughtitadvisable,meanwhile,togiveherefortheuseofscholars
theAvestantext,ofwhichonlyafewmanuscriptcopiesareextantin
Europe.5

5.Wehavealready
publisheditinourFrenchAvesta,
butthateditionistooscarceand
tooexpensivetobeofgeneraluse.
Thetextgivenrepresents
essentiallyTahmuras'copy,
correctedhereandtherefrom
Hoshangji'smanuscript.The
barbarousformaaremany,anda
considerablenumberofthem
mightbeeasilycorrected:
however,whenevertheydidnot
makethemeaningmoreobscure,
wethoughtitbettertoletthem
standastheywere,becauseinthe
degeneratestageinwhichthe
Avestanlanguagepresentsitself
tous,thereisnouniformstandard
fromwhichonemayviewandto
whichonemayreducetheerring
forms.

ERPATISTANAND
NIRANGISTAN.
FARGARDI,FirstPart.
ERPATISTAN.
I.Thepriestofficiatingoutofhishouse.
1.Whoisheinthehousewhoshallofficiateaspriest[1]?
Hewholongethmostafterholiness[2],Behegreat,orsmall
Oranother,hispartner[3]
Byhisownwillordirectedbythebrethren.
2.Thefirstgoethforth,thesecondgoethforth,thethirdgoeth
forth.
[If]hegoethforthwhoisinchargeoftheestate[4],
Heshallpayforthedamagedonetotheestate.
3.Shallthepriestofficiateasapriestorshallheseetothegood
managementoftheestate?
1.Outofthehouse.
2Themostzealous.
3.Thesaeerdota1communityformsareligiousandcommercial
assocation.Theprofitsaccruingfromthediversceremoniesare
dividedbetweenthemembers.TheseinNausari,whichisthe
metropolisofZoroastrianism,andthoseParsipopulationisallof
sacerdotalorigin,arecallcdBhagarias,'thepartners.'
4.Somebodymuststayathometotakecareofthecommon
estatebemustnotgoandofficiateabroad.
Lethimseetothegoodmanagementoftheestate[1].
4.Howoftenshallthepriestofficiatebeyondthelimitsofthe
estate?
Hemaygothreetimesintheyear.

Howfarmayhegototeach(theWord)?
Sofarasathreenights'journey[2]:sixnights,thereand
back.
Fartherthanthat
Ifherefusetogoanteach,heisnotguilty.
5Whichofthetwoshallofficiateaspriest,themistressorthe
masterofthehouse[3]?
Andifeitherbefittotakechargeoftheestate,whichshallgo
forth?
Ifthemasterofthehousetakechargeoftheestate,thewoman
shallgoforth.
Ifthewomantakechargeoftheestate,themasterofthehouse
shallgoforth.
6.Ifamanshouldtakewithhimaspriest[4]thewifeof
another,without(herhusband's)leave,
Maythewomanfulfiltheholyoffice?
Yea,ifsheiswillingnay,ifsheisnotwilling.Ifamantake
herwithhimby(thehusband's)leave,
1.Themanagingpriestrendersmoreservicetothecommuniy
bypreservingandincreasingthecommonpropertythanby
performinghisritualfunctions.'Supervisingthepropertyisbetter
thanofficiatingasapriest.'(Comm.)
2.TheAvestacountsbynightsinsteadofdays'threenights
means'threetimestwentyfourhours.'Threenights'distanceisvalued
atthirtyfarsakhsorparasangs(ninetymilesorthirtyleagues).
3.Wornen,incaseofneed,wereallowed,likemen,toperform
certamritualceremonies(cf.40)andtoactasRaspi(assistant
priest),andevenasZot(officiatingpriest)(Anquetil,ZendAvestaII,
553).
4.Asassistantpriest.
Willingorunwilling,sheshallfulfiltheholyoffice.Iftheman
takeherwithhimtoenjoyherbody[1],ifhedothisopenly[2],heis
ahighwaymanifinsecret,heisathief.
7.Hewho,withoutleave[3],takethawaythechildofanother

toofficiateaspriest[4],heshallbecomePeshotanuforawholeyear
(?).
Ifthechildobeyandgogladly[5].
Orif[theman]say[6]Igowiththee,'
Andhegoethahathra[7]withoutsinging[8],heshallbe
Peshotanu.
8.Inthishouse,inthisboroughinthisdistrict,inthiscountry,
howfarafieldmaytheygo[9]?
Thelengthofayujyestifromthehouseortheborough[10]
thelengthofahathrafromthedistrictorthecountry[11],withina
sphereofprotection,
Sothattheyremaininsightofthehouseoftheborough,ofthe
district,ofthecountry.
9.Butifhewhoowneththechildshallsay:'Gowithhimmy
child,
Thechildshallfollowatthywill,
Hemayfollowalongtheroadsoutofthecountry,'
Howfaraway,atmost,mayoneleadhim?
Sofarasonecangoinamorningoranafternoon.
9.Howfarcanamantakewithhimachildwithoutproper
authorization?
10.Thelengthofsixteenhathras(sixteenthousandstepssee
above,p.160)fromthehouseortheborough,withinthelimitsofthe
samedistrict.
11.Atthedistanceofonehathraonly,ifontheborderofhe
districtotherwisetheywouldenterastrangeplacewherethechildis
notknown,andthedangerofhisbeinglostorkidnappedwouldbe
greater.
Ifthemanleadhimfarther,
Heisguiltyinsightofthenearestkinsman[1]ofthesinof
adhwadaitya[2].

II.Thestudentpriest.

10a............
10b............
11.Howmanyyearsshallthestudentconsulttheaethrapaiti
[3]?
Threespringtides[4]shallhegirdonHolyWisdom[5].
If,whilehelearnsbyheart,heforgetandmissapart,
Heshalltryagainasecondtime,athirdtime,afourthtime
Andwhenheknowshistext,heshallbeabletosayitalland
missnothing.
1.Thenearestkinsmanofthechild.
2.Theadhwadaityaoratapdat,literally'improperjourney.'is
properlythesinofgivinginsufficientfoodtoananimalortoa
traveller.Inthispassageitmeansenforcinguponachildajourney
beyondhisstrength.
3.Theaethrapaiti,theteachingpriestcf.Vd4.45.
4.Forthreeyearscf.Vd18.9
5.AsaKusticf.Vd18.1,note2.Heshallstudyforthreeyears.
12.Whoistheaethrapaititowhomheshallgoasthehighest
[1]?
Evenhewho...
UntilthouhastbyhearttheStaotaYesnya[2],
....................[3].
Inthismeasureisthemasterguilty[4].
13.Ifoneanswernotthestudent'sobjections[5],
Whichofthemanyaethrapaitisisguilty?Hewhoisnearest
ofkin[6].
....................
Forallobjections,foralltheanswersdeniedheisguilty.
14.Ifhewhoseearhcarethnot,orwhohasnovoice,repeatnot
aword[7],

Heisnotguiltyfornotrepeating.
Ifhecanrepeat,wereitonlyoneword,fornotrepeatingitheis
guilty.
15.Ifherepeatnotbecausehesuffersfromawound,
Orforanyphysicalpain,or.......
Orbyreasonofdrought,orcold,orthirst,or.......
Orbyreasonofthehardfareoftravel,
Ifherepeatnot,heisnotguilty[8].
5.Thecaseiswhenapupilfindingthetextobscureor
contradictoryasksforanexplanation.
6.Ifthisistherighttranslation,itwouldimportthatnoteverv
aethrapaitiisboundtoanswerhispupil'sobjectionshehasonlyto
teachhimthetext,nottointerpretitbutfromanextofkin
aethrapaitiapupilhasarighttoexactananswertohisdoubts.One
mustbearinmindthatthepriesthoodishcrcditary,andthatmost
priestsofaplacebelongtooneoratleasttoaveryfewfamilies.All
theMobedsinIndiaaresupposedtobedescendantsofonecommon
ancestor(seetheGuimetZendAvesta,I,lvii).
7.Thepupilsrepeatthetext,wordbyword,aftertheteacher.
8.Becausehesuffersfromanoverwhelmingcause.
Ifherepeatnotbyreasonofweariness,sadnessorslumber,he
isguilty[1].
16........
17.Shallheteachadisciple,ifhebeaheathen[2]orasinner
[3]?
Therighteousmaninhismisery,ifhehavenotwherewithal
tobefed,
Andwantswherewithaltobefed,
(Mayteach)forasalary,butnotwithoutasalary[4].What
shallbethesalary?Thepriceofwhatanoxploughs[5].
Buthegivesatonguetothewolf,whoimparteththeHoly
Wordtotheheretic[6].

18.Hethatrefusethfoodtotheheathenandthesinner,ishe
guilty?Heisnotguilty,
Unlessherefuseittothelaborerinhisservice[7].

FARGARDI,SECONDPART.
HerebeginstheNirangistanproper.
I.TheZotandtheRaspi.
19.Thepiousmanwarnsthepiousman[8]
'Rouseme,Oman!whenthefestivalofthemastersarrives[9].'
3.APeshotanu,aZoroastrianinastateofmortalsin.
4.HemayteachaDaevayasnaoraPeshotanu,buyonlytogain
hisbread,whenreducedtostarvationinnocase,andonnoaccount
whatever,mayheteachaheretic.
5.'Thepriceofaday'swork'(Comm.)justenoughtoliveon
thedayheteaches.
6.AnAshemaogha:cf.Tahmuras'Fragments,3.
7.Hismeedisduetothelaborer,evenifaheathenorasinner.
8.Cf.Vd18.26.
9.Ratufriti,literally,'theblessingoftheRatus'orthevarious
mastersoftheyear,isappliedtothecelebrationoftheGahambars.
Ifonerouse,andtheotherrisenot,Theonewhorousedis
accepted[1]..
20.Howmanyassistants[2]cantheZaotarlawfullyhaveinthe
recitationoftheAhunaVairya?
Asmanyasrepeatafterhiminahushedvoicewhilehesings
aloudorrecitestheYasna.
21.IftheZaotarlistentotheassistants,
AndhisassistantslistennottotheZaotar,
TheZaotarisaccepted
Andsoarehisassistantsforallthattheyrecitethemselves[3].

IftheZaotarlistennottohisassistants,
Theassistantsareaccepted
AndsoistheZaotarforallthathereciteshimself[4].
22.Theassistant[5]isacceptedwhosingstheGathas,
AndfollowsinwardlytheYasna[6]andtheFshushoManthra
[7]
Forthemanisguiltywhodoesnotfollowthe(prose)texts[8],
EvenastheGathas.
IfhesingtheGathasandfollowinwardlytheYasna,
2.'HowmanyRaspis?'(Comm.)Oneoftheoffficesofthe
RaspiistomaketheresponsestotheZot,andtoansweratharatush
intheAhunaVairyarecitedasadialogue.
3.NotforwhathasbeenrecitedbytheZaotar.
4.NotforwhathasheenrecitedbytheRaspis.
5.TheRaspiassistingtheZotintherecitationoftheGathas.
Forinstance,attheendofeachGathicHa,herepeatswiththeZotthe
initialstanza.
6.TheYasnaHIaptanghaiti.
7.TheTadsoidhishHa(Y58).
8.Sravanghemtheprosetexts,whatisnotGatha.Hemust
repeataloudtheGathatextsandfollowtherestinwardly.
HeisacceptedforalltheGathas.
IfherecitetheYasnaandfollowinwardlytheGathas,heis
acceptedonlyfortheYasna,heisnotacceptedfortheGathas.
23.Ifthetwopriests[1]singtogetherGathaverses[2],bothare
accepted.
Iftheysingstanzas,bothareacceptedintheproportionthat
theyrecite(?).
24.Iftwopriests[3]celebratetogethertheYasnaverseby
Verse,orstanzabystanza,bothareaccepted.
Iftheyhearthewordsofoneanother,theyarenotaccepted[4].

Whatishearingoneanother'swords?
Itiswhentheyrecitetogetherversesorstanzas.
Ifonelistenandtheotherlistennot,
Theonewhodoesnotlistenisaccepted.
25.IfhethinktheGathasinwardly[5],
Orlistentoanother'ssinging,
Orgetanotherofthefaithfultosingthem,heisnotaccepted,
ashedoesnotsingthemhimself.
26.IfhesingtheGathasnearawaterspring[6],
Ornearariver,oramongagangofrioters,
Orduringthepassingofacaravan,
Ifhecanhearhimselfwithhisownears,heisaccepted.
Ifhecannothearhisownvoice,lethimtrytoraise(itabovethe
noise)
3.TwodifferentZaotarsperformatthesametimetwo
independentoffices.Theplacefortheoffice,thesocalledIzishngah,
isarrangedinsuchawaythatthecelebrationofseveralofficescan
takeplaceatthesametime.
4.Astheydisturboneanother,andtheirattentionisnot
undivided.
5.Withoutsingingthemhimself.
6.Whichdrownshisvoice.
Ifhecanraise(itso,allwell)ifhecannot,
Heshallrecitewithamediumvoiceandwillbeaccepted.
27.HowloudattheleastshallhesingtheGathasinordertobe
accepted?
Loudenoughforthenearestofthefaithful,forthisoneorthat
one,tohearhimwithhisownears.

II.TheDarun.

28.Amongstgrains,(thedraeno[1])madewithcornis
accepted[2].
III.Strongdrinkforbiddenduringthesacrifice[3].
29.Thosewho,fromdrinkingtoomuchstrongdrink,havenot
sungtheGathas[4],
Onthefirsttimeithappens[5],havenottoatoneforit.
30.Thisisthywayoffeeding:
Whenapiousmandrinksstrongdrink,wineormare'smilk,and
eatingwithmoderationdrinkswith
1.Thedraono,darun,isaconsecratedroundlittlecakewhichis
tastedbytheZotattheendoftheSroshdarun(Yasna8.4):itisasort
ofZoroastrianhost.
2.ThissentencedoesnotreallybelongtotheAvestan
NirangistanitisaquotationfromsomeotherFargard,insertedinthe
Pahlavicommentary,thoughtheanalysisintheDenkard,beingbased
uponthePahlavitext,mentionsitamongthematterstreatedinthe
Nirangistan(DenkardBook8,29.2'concerningthedarun,&c.').
3.'Aboutabstainingfromdrinkingstrongwineduringthe
sacrifice'(DenkardBook8,29.3).
4.'Theydrinkwine,getdrunk,anddonotcelebratethe
Gahambar.'(Comm.)
5.Thefirsttimetheydidnotknowtheconsequencesoftheir
intemperance,andarenotconsideredresponsibleforthem.
moderationtoo,ifhesingnottheGathas[1],heisnotguilty.
Ifheeattoomuchandgetdrunk,fornotsingingtheGathas[he
isguilty].
IV.TherecitationoftheGathas[2].
31.Ifthepriestsingfortwoassemblies,heisaccepted.
Ifhesingforthreeassemblies,heisnotaccepted.
Whichisthesmallestassemblyforwhichsingingisaccepted?
Three(ofthefaithful).
32....................

33.HowwilltheZaotarsingtheGathas?Hewillsinghalfa
stanza[3]inamoderatevoicewithZarathushtra'srhythm
Andifheomit[4]thosewordsintheGathaswhicharetwice,
thrice,orfourtimestobesaid[5],
Thosewordsthatcutthedemonstopieces,
Forthosewordsheisnotaccepted.
34.Whicharethewordstwicetobesaid?
AhyayasaYathatui
HumatanarnHumaimthwaizhem
AshahyaadThwoistaotarascha
1.'Ifinspiteofhismoderation,thelittlehedrankmakeshim
tipsysothathedoesnotcelebratetheGahambar,heisnotinastate
ofsin'(Comm.)
2.'Concerningthequality(saman)ofthevoiceinrecitingthe
Avestainaceremonial,andtheAvestawhichistwicerecitedand
thriceorfourtimesrecited'(West,Denkard,1.1.4).
3.Thefirsthalfofthestanza.
4.Ifheomittorecitethemtheduenumberoftimes.
5.ThesocalledBishamrutas,Thrishamrutas,Chathrush
amrutascfVd10.
UstaahmaiVohukhshathremvairim
SpentamainyuVahishtaishtish[1]
35.Whicharethewordsthricetobesaid?
AshemvohuHukhshathrotemai
YesevishtoDuzhvarenaish[2].
36.Whicharethewordsfourtimestobesaid?
YathaahuvairyoAairyema[3].
Mazdaadmoivahishta
37.WhenisitthattheGathaswhichapriestsingsarenot
accepted?

Thewordshesingswhiledoingthenecessitiesofnature,
Thesewordsarenotaccepted.
Otherwise,inwhateverfashionthepiousmanmayofferthe
Staotayesnya[4],
Intheearlierpartoftheoffiecorinthelatterpartofit(?),
Whetherwalkingorrunningstanding,sitting,orlyingriding
ordrivingaslongashehashisgirdle[[kusti]]on[5],heisaccepted.
V.ThesacrificeperformedbyaZotoraRaspiinastateof
sin[6].
38.IftheZaotarberighteousandhisassistantsbeinastateof
sin,
Ifheknowthattheyareinastateofsin,
Whathereciteshimselfisaccepted.
Ifheknownotthattheyareinastateofsin,thewholeofthe
Gathasisaccepted.
1.Vd10.4.
2.Vd10.8.
3.Vd10.12.
4.Seeabove,page312,note2.
5.Hiskusticf.Vd18.1(note2),54.
6.Denkard,1.1.5.
39.IftheZaotarbeinastateofsinandtheassistantsbe
righteous,
Iftheyknowthatheisinastateofsin,
Whattheyrecitethemselvesisthemselvesisaccepted.
Iftheyknownotthatheisinastateofsin,thewholeofthe
Gathasisaccepted.
IftheZaotarberighteousandtheassistantsberighteous,the
wholeisaccepted.

IftheZaotarbeinastateofsinandtheassistantsbealsoina
stateofsin,neithertheonenortheotherisaccepted.
40[1].AnyoneofthefaithfulisacceptedasaZaotar,
Evenawoman[2]orachild,
Ifheknowtheendsandtheheadsofthechapters[3],
Andknowhowtoperformtheactsofritualbetweenthe
chapters.

FARGARDII.
I.ThecelebrationoftheGahambars.
41.HewhodoesnotsingtheGathas,eitheroutofunbelief,or
outofimpiety,becomesaPeshotanu.
Whatisunbelief[4]?Whatisimpiety[5]?
ItisrenouncingtheReligionofMazda.
42[6].HewhostaystheyearwithoutsingingtheGathas
becomesaPeshotanu.
3.Astherearecertainrepetitionsofstanzasandcertain
cerermonialactsattheendofmostoftheHas.
4.asta:'negationwhenhesays,thereisnosuchthingas
Religion'(Comm.)
5.taromaiti:'whenhesays,itexists,butitisnogood.'
6.'OnthesinofhimwhodoesnotcelebratetheGahambars,
andhowtheyaretobecelebrated'(Denkard,1.1.8).
Ifherecite,wereitonlyawordofthem[1],
HeescapesbeinginthenumberofthePeshotanus,
........................
HewhoshallomitawordoftheGathasorastanza,
Shallpaywiththreestrokes(oftheSraoshocharana)oraday's
work
Thesameonthesecondomission,thesameonthethird,

Andsoonuntilheletafourthpartoftheyeargowithout
singingtheGathas,whenitbecomesanaredushsin[2].
Ifheletathirdpartoftheyeargo,hisguiltisahvara[3]ifhe
letahalfgo,hisguiltisabazu[4]
ifheletawholeyeargo,hisguiltisayata[5].
Ifafterwardshemissaratufriti[6],hebecomesaPeshotanu.
43.IfamanmissaratufritioftheGathas,heshallpayforit
withthree(strokes)oraday'swork
Andsoonuntilheletathirdpartoftheyeargowithoutsinging
theGathas....[7]hebecomesaPeshotanu.
44.IfamanstayahalfyearwithoutsingingtheGathas[8],
Andalsopreventsanotherofthefaithfulfromsingingthe
Gathas,
ForthehalfyearwhenhedidnotsingtheGathas,heshallbein
astateofsin
3.Punishedwiththirtystrokes.
4.Thesinofbreakinganarm:fiftystrokes.
5.Thesinofbreakingaleg:seventystrokes.
6.Oneoftheformulasofglorificationtoanyoftheratus(?).
7.Tobefilledupasin42.
8.'WithoutcelebratingtheGahambars'(Comm.)
Andforthehalfoftheyear,whetherearlierorlater,whenhe
prevents(theirbeingsung),hebecomesaPeshotanu.
45................................

II.ThelimitsoftheseveralGahs[1].
IIa.TheUshahinGah.
46.AtwhathourdoesthecelebrationoftheUshahinaGathas
begin?
Itcontinuesfrommidnighttosunrisethusinwintertime.

Insummertime,ifonesingtheAhunavaitiGathabefore
sunrise,
AswellastheYasnaHaptanghaitiandtheUshtavaitiHa,
Hemay,withoutguilt,singtherestoftheGathastillthemiddle
oftheforenoon.
1OnthelimitsofthefiveGahsofthedayandnight,andthe
ceremoniesofthesame(Denkard,1.1.9).ThefiveGahs(asnya),it
willberemembered,are
Ushahina(Ushahin),frommidnighttotheextinctionofthe
stars,orDawn.
Havani(Hawan),themorningGah,beginningatdawn.
Rapithwina(Rapithwin),themiddayGah.
Uzayeirina(Uzerin),heafternoonGah,fromRapithwinto
theappearanceofthestars.
Aiwisruthrima(Aiwisrusrem),fromtheappearanceofthe
starstomidnight.
InwinterthereareonlyfourGahs,HavaniandRapithwina
beingunited.

IIb.TheHawanGah.
47.AtwhathourdoesthecelebrationoftheHavaniGathas
begin?
Itcontinuesfromsunrisetothemiddleoftheforenoon
Thusinsummertime.
Inwintertimetillthemiddleoftheafternoon.
.............................
48.FromwhathourmaythesacrificetotheGoodWaters[1]be
offered?
Itcontinuesfromsunrisetosunset
Thusbothinsummertimeandinwintertime.
HewhoofferslibationstotheGoodWaters,
Aftersunsetandbeforesunrise,
Doesnobetterdeed

Thanifheshouldthrowthemdownrightintothejawsofa
venomoussnake[2].

IIc.TheRapithwinGah.
49.AtwhathourdoesthecelebrationoftheRapithwinaGathas
begin?
FromRapithwatothemiddleoftheafternoon.

IId.TheUzirinGah.
50.AtwhathourdoesthecelebrationoftheUzayeirinaGathas
begin?
Fromthemiddleoftheafternoontosunset
Thusitisinsummer.
Inwinter,if,beforesunset,onesingtheAhunaVairya,
1.Thesocalledapzohr(Yasna63seq.seetheGuimetZend
Avesta,I,392425),
2.Cf.Vd.7.79.
AndofferthelibationstotheWaters,Andsingthesixstanzas
oftheGathaSpentamainyu
Hemay,withoutguilt,singtherestoftheGathasaftersunset.

IIe.TheAiwisruthremGah.
51.FromwhathourdoesthecelebrationoftheAiwisruthnma
Gathasproceed?
Itcontinuesfromsunsettomidnight
Thusbothinsummertimeandinwintertime.

III.TheofferingsfortheGahambars.
52.Ifanhonestman,
WorkinghardandteachingtheHolyWisdom[1],
Havenosufficientliving,
Anddreamofgettingsufficientmeat[2]

Ifsuchaoneonly[3]recite(theprayers),
Hewhocelebratesthefestival[4]cannotchargehimwithnon
celebration
Forasfarasherecites(theprayers),hehascelebratedthe
festival[5].
53.Butmenwholivelikerobbersandhighwaymen,
Inknavery,brigandage,anddebaucheryeverynight,
1.Aprofessonwhichbringsnogreatincometothosewho
exerciseit.
2.'Theyhavebread,theyhavenomeat,'andcannottherefore
offeranymeatfortheGahambar.
3.Withoutmakinganyoffering.
4.Therichmanwhoprovidestheofferings.
5.'Hehasasmuchmeritasifhehadpresentedpiouspeople
withathousandgoatsbigwithkids'(Comm.),whichisthereward
promisedforthecelebrationofthefirstGahambar(Afrinaganofthe
Gathas.7).
Whohaveplentifulliving,
Anddreamofasurplusofmeat
Ifsuchmenrecitenot(theprayer)[1],
Hewhocelebratesthefestivalcanchargethemwithnon
celebration.
54.Whosemeatofferingisaccepted?
Theofferingofaman,ofawoman,ofachild.
Thepropertyseizedonacriminalisaccepted.
Thepropertyseizedonheathens[2]whohavebrokenatreatyis
accepted
Alsothepropertythatisbroughthavingbeenseizedonthe
committerofanunexpiatedaredush
Thepropertyseizedinconsequenceofanordeal
..............................

55......................................
56.Sheepdiseased,wounded,orlean,arenotaccepted.
Sheepnotdiseased,notwounded,andnotleanfleshed,are
accepted.
57.Milkcookedornotcooked,fromafatcoworfromalean
cow,isaccepted.
Meatisacceptedcooked,notuncookedfromfatcattle,not
fromleancattle.
...and...areacceptedcooked,notuncookedfat,notlean...
1.Howeverrichmaybetheirofferings.
2.Foreigners,nonZoroastrians.
58............................Leatherisacceptedfromtheskinofan
animal,
Fromundertheraeshatna
Ifsupple,notifnotsuppleiffromafatanimal,notfromalean
one.
59.Woman'smilkisnotaccepted,
Norbitch'smilk
Ashewolf'smilkisaccepted.....
60.Ofpriestsofonepartnership[1]ifonebindthebundleof
Baresmanandbringtheofferingofmilk,
Andtheothers,withinaHathradistance,recitethewordsand
performtheritualacts,
Andallmaketheresponses[2],allareaccepted.
Iftheymakenottheresponses,theonewhohasboundthe
Baresmanandbroughttheofferingofmilkisaccepted.
61.................
1.Cf.page305,note3.
2.Cf.20inparticulartheatharatushintherecitationofthe
AhunaVairya.

62..................
63.IfoneoftheMazdaworshipperswhoshareintheMyazda
[1]carryoffpartofitwithoutdueleave,
Heisnothiefheisnohighwayman[2]
Heshallpaythepenaltytheymayexact.
Anyothermaninthisworldwhoshalldothat[3],ifhedoesit
openlyisahighwaymanifsecretly,heisathief[4].
64[5].Iftwomenhavethesamefoodandthesameplates,they
shallofferthesamelibationofwineandthesamemeat.
Iftheyhavethesamefoodandseparateplates,theyshalloffer
separatelibationsofwineandthesamemeat.
Iftheyhaveseparatefoodandthesameplates,theyshalloffer
thesamelibationofwineandseparatemeat.
Iftheyhaveseparatefoodandseparateplates,theyshalloffer
separatelibationsofwineandseparatemeat.
1.Thepublicreligiousbanquetwhichisoneofthe
characteristicsoftheGahambarfestival.Itisgivenattheexpenseof
therich,andbothrichandpoortakepartinit.
2.Ashehasageneralrighttoit,thoughheoughtnottohave
takenitwithoutauthority.
3.AmanwhodoesnotbelongtothatMyazda.
4.Seeabove,page35,note1.
5.Thecaseforeseeninthisobscureparagraphseemstobethat
oftwomen,membersofthesameMyazda,accordingastheyeach
bringtheirseparatefareornot.

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