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CONTENTS

POWER FLOW MAPLE


LEAF CEMENT MIANWALI

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

GRID & SUBSATION


STRUCTURE

POWER PRODUCTION
& CONSUMPTION

SUBMITTED BY: SAEED ANWAR KHAN


SUPERVISED BY: M.ASIF HABIB

GRID STATION GCD

PGP

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SUBSTATION 718

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SUBSTATION 811

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Duration 26- DEC-2014 to 26-JAN -2015

____________________
SUPERVISOR

__________________
DGM ELECTRICAL
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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)


Why single line diagram?

Power system is complicated electrical network


In 3 network devices are installed in all three phases & each power circuit consist of three
conductors
A complete diagram showing all connection is complicated & to some extent impractical
3 system are designed as balance (equal impedances and same voltage level) system and
generally operated as balanced 3 system
In balance 3 system all the phases have same voltage and current except that they are 120
out of phase
Single line diagram are the concise way of communicating the basic arrangement of power
system components
What is Single line diagram?
Single line diagram is a graphical a way to represent all the 3
Single line diagram show the electrical interconnection of generator, transformer, transmission
& distribution lines, loads, circuit breakers etc... whatever used in power system
Single line diagram common symbols
There is no universally accepted set of symbols used for single line diagram. However some of the
commonly used symbols are as follows:
Symbol

Description

Symbol

Description

Symbol

Description

3 delta

Transformer
two winding

Transformer

3 wyegrounded

Circuit
breaker

Power circuit
breaker

3 wye

Lightning
arrester film
type

Connection
to ground

Lightning
arrester gap
type

Connection
to chassis or
frame

Fuse

Draw out
type circuit
breaker

Potential
transformer

Terminal
point of
symbols

Terminal
point of field
run cables to
main control

Circuit
breaker fixed

Current
transformer

ANSI (American National Standards Institute) Device number:


According to ANSI the list of device number is 1 to 94
Some of the commonly used devices with their respective number are listed below
Device number
20
25
27
50

Description
Solenoid valve
Synchro check device
Under voltage Relay
Over current Relay

Device number
51
52
87

Description
Over current relay
Circuit breaker
Differential protective relay

GRID & SUBSTATION STRUCTURE


Substation:

A substation is the meeting point between the transmission grid & the distribution feeder
system
It converts the incoming power from transmission voltage level to the lower primary voltage for
distribution
A substation consists of high & low voltage racks & buses for power flow
The substation is the convenient point for the control & protection of the distribution network

Substation equipment:

Power transformer
Bus-bar
Structures
Switch gear
Control protection & monitoring equipment
Earth mat

Structures:

Structures are required to provide entry from the overhead line to the substation and to extend
out required number of feeders
The main structures required for 132kV substation are:
-incoming & outgoing gantries;
Support structures for breakers, isolators, fuses,
insulators, CTs & PTs
-Bus-bars

Power Transformer:

3 ph or 1 ph based
Generally two winding transformer
On load type/off load type tap changer
Power transformer step down the voltage
Its rated power in MLCF is 20/26MVA (without and with full cooling)

Bus Bar:

Conductor for main equipment interconnection

Material of bus bar can be AAC conductor, ACSR conductor, AAAC conductor, Aluminum pipe
Space for a bay (bay width)
-Phase to phase clearance, Phase to earth clearance, safety clearance

Insulator:

An electrical insulator resists the flow of electricity

In the areas where the problem of insulator pollution is expected (e.g near thermal station,
water etc.) special insulators with higher leakage resistance should be used

These insulators are used for supporting bus bar. Switchgear, contact assemblies in HV air break
switches and supporting points at Sub-stations
Circuit breaker:

A circuit is a switching device built ruggedly to enable it to interrupt/ make the load current but
also break the much larger fault current, which may occur on a circuit
A circuit breaker contains both fixed contacts and moving contacts
The purpose of circuit breaker is to eliminate a short-circuit that occurs on a line
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Circuit breakers are found at the arrivals and departures of all lines incident on a substation
On load mechanical switches used for making, carrying and breaking currents under normal
conditions and breaking under abnormal conditions
Air break circuit breaker, minimum oil circuit breaker, Air blast circuit breaker, SF6 circuit
breaker, Vacuum circuit breaker
Operating Mechanism- Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Spring

Isolators:
Isolator provides a visible air gap isolation of equipment & feeder sections for safe examination,
maintenance & repair. It is capable of carrying normal current and short circuit current for a specified
time

Horizontal center break


Double break
Pantograph
Vertical single break

Earth switch of a Isolator:

The earth switch of isolator is a mechanical switching device for providing safety earthling
during maintenance.
It is capable of withstanding short circuit current for a specified time

Current transformer:

The substation have current transformer designed to isolate electrically the high voltage primary
circuit from the low voltage secondary circuit & thus provide a safe mean of supply for indicating
instruments, meters and relays
These are the devices used to get the replica of primary current which shall be suitable for
measuring instruments & protective relays.
No. of cores are as per requirement

These transformers are designed to provide a standard secondary current output of 1 or 5A,
when rates currents flows through the primary

Potential transformer:

These instrument transformer are used for supplying the voltage circuit of indicating
instruments , integrating meters, other measuring apparatus & protective relays or trip coils
These may be of single phase or three phase design & of the dry or oil immersed types
A voltage transformer or PT is rated in term of the maximum burden (VA output) it will deliver
without exceeding specified limits of error
These are the devices used to get the replica of primary which shall be suitable
for measuring instruments & protective relays.
The rating of the voltage transformer shall be 110 volts or 110/3
volts & shall be
star connected

Surge arrester:

These are made of ZnO disc provide the primary protection against over voltage caused by
external sources e.g. lightning & by system disturbances (switching)
Designed w.r.t maximum continuous operating voltage , energy capability, pressure relief
capability

Power & control Cables:

Power & control cables of adequate current carrying capacity & voltage rating are provided at
the substation
Power cables are used for HT,LT systems to carry load current
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The control cables are required for operating & protection system connections
The cables are segregated by running in separate trenches or on separate racks

Shunt reactors:

A shunt reactor is an absorber of reactive power, thus increasing the energy efficiency of the
system
It is the most compact device commonly used for reactive power compensation in long highvoltage transmission lines and in cable systems

Control room building:

Control, relays 7 protection panels


Batteries (220V/110V,48V)
Battery chargers
Main switch board
AC distribution Board
DC distribution Board
Lighting Transformer
Lighting Distribution Boards
Rooms of station-in charge & staff
Miscellaneous

Control Panels:

Control panels installed within the control buildings of a switchyard provide mounting for mimic
bus, relays, meters, indicting instruments, indicating lights, control switches, test switches &
other control devices
The panel contains compartments for incoming lines, outgoing lines, bus bars with provision for
sectionalizing, relays, measuring instruments, etc.

Transformer protection:

Differential protection
Over current & Earth fault protection
REF protection

Shunt reactor Protection:

Differential protection
Over current & earth fault protection
REF protection

Earthing system:

Safety of the living beings around the vicinity of the substation


Proper functioning of the protection system under fault condition
To limit the touch & step potential within tolerable limits
The basic grounding system is in the form of an earth mat with risers
Risers of MS flat are generally provided. Earth mat is provided with the substation area. The
earth rods are connected to the station earth mat.
The earth must be designed so as to keep the earth resistance as low as possible

Station battery:

Source for operating control system during system disturbances & outages
Normally 24 or 30 cells acid or Nickel cadmium batteries

Firefighting System:
In view of the presence of oil filled equipment in a substation, it is important that proper attention is
given to isolation; limitation & extinguishing of fire so as to avoid damage to costly equipment & reduce
changes of serious dislocation of power supply as well as ensure safety of personnel

Carbon dioxide extinguisher


Dry chemical powder extinguisher
Foam type extinguisher
Nitrogen injection system

POWER PRODUCTION (approx.)


SOURCE

POWER

WARTSILA GENERATOR

16 MW

4X NIIGATA GENERATOR

24 MW

WHRP

16 MW

TOTAL POWER PRODUCTION

56 MW

WAPDA

40 MW

POWER CONSUMPTION

SCD is running total on WAPDA


Residential area has consumption OF 5 MW

Line 2 Consumption 34MW

Line 1 Consumption 20MW

RAW MILL2

10 MW

RAW MILL 1

5.5 MW

OK2

6 MW

KILN 1

5 MW

OK 1

6 MW

BALL MILL

7.5 MW

KILN 2

12 MW

CLAY
CRUSHER+STORAGE+ADMIN

2 MW

GRID STATION GCD

Power Source

Description

L 01

WHRP is being synch. through L01

L 02

To Raw Mill 2

L 03

Power is being feed to OK Mill 1,it is also link with L10

L 08

To Substation 811

L 09

To Raw Mill 1 and to 718 Substation

L 11

Grid auxiliary feeder

L 12

To Ball Mill Line 1

Transformer 3 is feeding to Substation 718 only


Transformer 1 is feeding both substation 718 & 811
Transformer 2 is feeding only substation 811

PGP (Power Generation Plant)

Power Source

Description

G1, G2, G3, G4

NIIGATA GENERATORS each of 6 MVA

G5

WARSILA GAS ENGININE 16 MVA

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SUBSTATION 718

Substation 718 Power Sources


Power Source

Description

L 09

Coming From Transformer 1

L 12

Coming From Transformer 3

Feeder Panel 1

Coming From Common Bus bar NIIGATA + WARTSILA generators

Feeder Panel 2

Coming From Common Bus bar NIIGATA + WARTSILA generators

Substation 718 is feeding Power to Line 1

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SUBSTATION 811

POWER SOURCE
FP 06
L02
FP 05
L03

DESCRIPTION
Feeder Panel 6 From PGP
From transformer 2
Feeder panel 5 of PGP
Coming from transformer 2

Substation 811 is feeding power to Line 2

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