BBSE2001 Utility

y Services
http://www.hku.hk/bse/bbse2001/

L.V. Electrical System

- Planning and Design Issues
Dr. Sam C M Hui
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Hong Kong
E-mail:
E
mail: cmhui@hku.hk
cmhui@hku hk
Jan 2009

Contents

Load Evaluation
Assessment Guidelines
Supply Arrangements
Plant
l Rooms
Rising Mains
Electrical Distribution

Load Evaluation
Tenant supply
pp y energy
gy consumed by
y each
tenant; monitored by separate energy meter
Landlord
L dl d supply:
l
Non-essential supply:
pp y pplumbing
g and drainage,
g
passenger lifts, air-conditioning plant, public
g
g
lighting
Essential supply: fire protection/detection system,
firemanss lifts, essential lighting, PABX system,
fireman
building management system, important computer
room

Load Evaluation
Objectives
Ensure loading demands are estimated accurately
What happens if they are under-estimated?
What happens if they are over-estimated?

Important factors

Load research data (from power company)

Design margin
Checking & monitoring at each design stage
Obtain info from the client (e.g. by questionnaire)

Load Evaluation
Preliminary stage
Estimate total loading so as to:
Plan the transformer (Tx) & main switch room
Apply to power company for supply

Based on rough info or past experience

Important
I
t t to
t know
k
the
th loads
l d off other
th BSE systems
t

Detail design
g stage
g
Update the estimate w/ more accurate info
Detail design e.g. protective device & circuiting

Load Evaluation
Load evaluation by power company
Architect/Engineer/Developer submit application
For typical categories, planning engineer of power
p y assesses the load estimation usingg the
company
database Load Assessment Programme (LAST)
Compare the declared load with assessed load
If declared load > assessed load, justification is needed

After finalising the total load, determine the nos.

of transformer and transformer bays

Assessment Guidelines
General
Usable floor area (UFA)
Follow Building (Planning) Regulations

Development
p
information
Floor area usage, public services, any special loads
Standard load estimation sheet (see handouts)

Public services
Assessed independently
Public lighting,
g
g, lift,, water pump,
p p, fire services,, lobbyy air
conditioning

Minimum design
g load capacities
p
for lighting
g
g and small p
power
requirement for various types of building

Building type
Office

Minimum load capacity

(W/m2)
60

School

30

Residential building

30

Hospital

25

Hotel

25

Church

15

Assessment Guidelines
After diversity maximum demand (ADMD)
Load densities derived by dividing the aggregate
l d by
load
b the
h corresponding
di UFA or fl
flat nos.
yp
cases;; for special
p
situation,,
Cover most typical
designer/planning engineer may exercise his own
discretion to adjust the load estimates
* ADMD is for planning supply Tx capacity, it
may not be suitable for designing customer raising
mains and lateral mains

Assessment Guidelines
Load assessment data ((see tables in handouts))

Table 1. Residential development

Diversity for
Table 22. Commercial development
mixed usages
Table 3. Industrial development
(e.g. domesticcommercial)
Table 4. Municipal development
Table 5. Mixed development diversity factor (MDDF)
Table 6. Central air conditioning load
Other special loads (use experience or judgment)

Reference (from CLP Power)

Code of Practice 215: Load Assessment Procedure

Assessment Guidelines
Load assessment forms
For central air conditioning load
For general development

Example of electrical load estimation

Estimation of total electrical loading
Estimation of essential loads
Electrical supply arrangement

Supply Arrangements
Three types of incoming supply
Low voltage cable supply
When the demand is low (< 240 kVA or < 400 A, 3phase) & nearby network has adequate capacity
Normally, a 4-core aluminum LV cable of 400 A

11 kV high voltage cable & LV supply

11 kV/380 V transformer(s) & HV panels are needed

11 kV iincoming
i direct
di
supply
l
When load is extremely high and/or security of supply
is desirable; require HV switch room

Supply Arrangements
LV interconnection
With two 11 kV feeders
To enhance reliability

Interconnection circuit breakers ((4-pole

p type
yp with
mechanical and electrical interlock)
Changeover
Ch
arrangementt ffor standby
t db supply
l (for
(f
essential loads)

Source: HECs Guide to Connection of Supply

Source: HECs Guide to Connection of Supply

Source: HECs Guide to Connection of Supply

Source: HECs Guide to Connection of Supply

Supply Arrangements
Three situations for transformer (Tx) location:
Ground-floor (G/F) Tx room
Basement Tx room
Upper floor Tx room

Must follow the technical requirements of the

power company and statutory bodies
See HEC
HECss Guide
Guide to Connection of Supply
Supply,
CLPs code of practice, & Supply Rules

Supply Arrangements
General requirements
q
for transformer ((Tx)) room

Proper access & size

Minimum headroom (for equipment & delivery)
Fire services installation
Space for maintenance/removal
Next/Close to main switch room
No expansion joint & other engineering services
Independent ventilation
Floor 150 mm > outside (prevent flooding)
G
Generally,
ll no more than
th 3 Tx
T in
i one room

Supply Arrangements
Additional requirements for B/F Tx room
No oil-filled type Tx
A separate & independent staircase to G/F
Also a protected lobby

Sum pit w/ sump pumps

Extract
E
water when
h flooding
fl di

Hoist beam with p

pulley
y for 8,000 kg
g
Damp proof course (prevent moisture)

Supply Arrangements
Additional requirements for upper floor Tx
room
Accessible from a public area (e.g. car park)
Also a p
protected lobbyy

A separate cable duct w/ 2 hour fire-rated for HV

cable and accessible from public area
Or an independent cable riser room

Lifting beam & trolley

For Tx > 5/F or 17 m, a lift shall be provided

Plant Rooms
Major
j equipment
q p
in Tx rooms
Power transformer(s) [@ max. 1500 kVA]
11 kV switchgear
it h
(ring
( i main
i unit,
it RMU)

Other equipment
q p
((see layout
y
drawings)
g)

LV switchboard
LV capacitor bank
Battery & charger
Marshalling boxes
Meter panel

Plant Rooms
Civil works for Tx room

Structural framework
Cable trenches
Transformer plinth
Steel/stainless steel door
Painting of internal walls and ceilings
Provision and sealing of sleeves for incoming
cables

Plant Rooms
Buildingg services installations for Tx room

Fluorescent fittings
S k t outlets
Socket
tl t
Lighting switch
MCB (miniature circuit breaker) distribution board
p
with MCB
completed
Fire protection/detection system
Ventilation system
Gas leakage alarm system (for SF6 transformer)
Equipotential bonding and earthing conductor

Plant Rooms
Outdoor transformer

Fencing
No forced mechanical ventilation
Floor at 150 mm above ground level
Warning signs

Fire services requirements

Portable fire extinguisher (PFE)
Automatic fixed fire fighting installation (FFFI)

Plant Rooms
Submission/Approval procedure
Architectural drawings: location, layout, sections
Electrical main schematic diagram
Estimated max.
max electrical demand

Discuss with the power company

Requirements (civil, building services)
Some different practices between CLP & HEC
Such as connection between Tx & main switchboard,
C use cable;
CLP
bl HEC
C use base
b
busbar
b b

Plant Rooms
Main Switch Room: major considerations

Position
Access
Dimensions
Working space
Routing of outgoing circuits
No other services
Ventilation & illumination

Plant Rooms
Main switchboard

Receive & distribute the electrical power

Fault protection & coordination (circuit breakers)
Power factor correction
Metering
Construction, such as:
Assembly method
Mechanical protection

Rising Mains
Distribute electricity throughout the building
3-phase 4-wire tee-off for buildings > 4 floors
Separate riser earthing conductor
Metering arrangements (e.g.
(e g multiple tenants)
Switching and isolating

Types of rising mains

Cable system (up to 800 A)
Busduct or busbar trunking system

Source:
HECs Guide
to Connection
of Supply

Source:
HECs Guide
to Connection
of Supply

Source:
HECs Guide
to Connection
of Supply

Source: HECs Guide to Connection of Supply

Rising Mains
Design
g factors

Load assessment (total electrical demand)

L d distribution
Load
di t ib ti (load
(l d centres)
t )
Environmental conditions (e.g. temperature)
Heights of riser
Voltage drop
Fault level (protection against accidents)
Future expansion
i

Any other factors you can suggest?

Electrical Distribution
General requirements of cable system
Routing & installation
Workmanship: support, spacing, bending, etc.
Passing through walls & floors

Types of cable
PVC insulated
PVC sheathed non
non-armoured
armoured
Armoured or metallic-sheathed cable

Cable installation details

R = red phase
Y = yellow phase
B = blue phase
N = neutrall
D = di
diameter
t off cables
bl

Design
g & installation of LV single-core
g
cables to minimise
electromagnetic interference
Source: HECs Guide to Connection of Supply

R = red phase
Y = yellow phase
B = blue phase
N = neutral
D = diameter of cables

Design
g & installation of LV single-core
g
cables to minimise
electromagnetic interference
Source: HECs Guide to Connection of Supply

Electrical Distribution
Busbar trunking installation
Vertical
Horizontal

Components

Busbar casing
Expansion unit
Feeder unit
Tap-off unit

Busbar trunking system

Vertical and horizontal busbar trunking

Source:
HECs Guide
to Connection
of Supply

Electrical Distribution
Wiring installation enclosure: requirements
Enclosures as protective conductors
Support of enclosures
Fire barrier

Types of systems
Steel conduit
Steel trunking
Plastic or PVC conduit or trunking

Fittings and coupling for steel conduit

Electrical Distribution
Factors affecting the choice of wiring system

Installation cost ($$$)

Purpose and planned duration of the installation
Environment factors and installation conditions
Type of building construction
Flexibility of the system and circuit arrangement
Appearance of the finished installation
Safety aspect
Nature of power supply & type of earthing system

Application of Wiring System

Wiring System

Cable Type

General Use

Surface wiring

1/C PVC/PVC cables with

Temporary wiring;
separate cpc;
Low-cost housing
2/C PVC/PVC cables with cpc;
4/C armored cables

Conduit wiring
- Concealed
- Surface

1/C PVC insulated cables

Office,
Private hosing;
Factory;
Plant
l room

Wiring in trunking

1/C PVC insulated cables

Sub-main/laternal main
distribution

Risers in
communal
installation

Bare Cu/Al bars in trunking

Armored cables in cable duct

Rising mains for

internal power
distribution system

Flameproof
p
cable

Mineral-insulated cables

Petrol station,,
Flammable areas