6

SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
SM SAINS LABUAN
PANITIA FIZIK
6 WAVES
6.1 Understanding Waves
2
A
QBL
SPM 2004, NO. 30
A system is oscillating at its natural frequency without
damping. What happens to the total energy of the
oscillating system?
A
It remains constant
B It decreases
C
It increases
SPM 2004, NO. 31
Which graph represents a wave with amplitude of 4.0
cm and period of 0.05 s?
B
DIAGRAM 18
Which of the following statements is true about the water
waves?
A
T and U have the same phase
B
Wave energy is transferred from position S to U
C
The wave length is the distance between S and U
D
The particle at U oscillates in a direction parallel to
the direction of the wave propagation
6
SPM 2006, NO. 35

Diagram 22 shows two situations where a ball floats
and moves on the surface of the water.
SPM 2005, NO. 32

The diagram shows a wavefront pattern produced by
a dipper vibrating at a frequency of 12 Hz in a ripple
tank.
What is the
speed of the
waves?
DIAGRAM 22
The direction of the ball is
A
parallel to the direction of the wave propagation
B
perpendicular to the direction of the wave
propagation
C
the same as the direction of the wave propagation
D
the opposite to the direction of of the wave
propagation
A
2 cm s
1
B
8 cm s
1
C
12 cm s
1
D
18 cm s
1
E
36 cm s
SPM 2005, NO. 35
The graphs show the cross-sections of water waves.
Which wave has the greatest energy?
B
SPM 2006, NO. 31

Diagram 18 shows the cross section of water waves.
SPM 2007, NO. 29

Diagram 18 shows a wave pattern on water.
Wavelength is
the distance
between the
points?
A
P and Q
Diagram 18
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P and R
Q and S
R and S
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
FAQ: Describe what is meant by wave motion

1. What is a wave?
2. What is vibrations/ oscillations?
3. What is mechanical/ electromagnetic waves?

Mechanical waves
Electromagnetic waves
SPM 2007, NO. 30

Diagram 19 shows a load being oscillated on a
spring.
Wavelength is the
distance between
the points?
Diagram 19
A
B
Recognise that waves transfer energy without
transferring matter
4. Can wave transfer matter/ energy in its
propagation?
Compare transverse and longitudinal waves and give

examples of each
5. What is transverse wave?
SPM 2008, NO. 29

Diagram 17 shows the displacement-distance graph
of a wave. The frequency of the wave is 5.0 Hz.
Diagram 17
What is the velocity of the wave?
1
A
50 cm s
B
1
C
100 cm s
D
6.
What is longitudinal wave?
75 cm s
1
150 cm s
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
7.
8.
Define amplitude, period, frequency, wave length,

wave speed
Sketch and interpret a displacement-time graph for a
wave
Sketch and interpret a displacement-distance graph
for a wave
Displacement-time graph
11.
What is a ripple tank/ how its work?
How the bright and dark lines form from a ripple

tank?
Information that we can get:

Amplitude
Period, T
Frequency, f
Equilibrium position
Displacement-distance graph
12.
Information that we can get:

Amplitude
State what is meant by a wave front
9. What is meant by a wavefront
State the direction of propagation of waves in relation

to wavefronts
10. For water waves there are two types of wave front:
Wavelength,
Example 1: A pendulum makes 20 complete

oscillations in 24.0 s. Calculate its period and
frequency
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
Example 2
(a) Base on the figure determine the amplitude and

the wave length
(b) What is the frequency of the sound if the speed of
sound is 330 m s 1
Describe damping in a oscillating system

Describe resonance in a oscillating system
Research & Report: PEKA1
14. What is damping?
15. What causes damping?
16. What is the
use of
damping?
17. How to
avoid
damping?
18. What can
external
force do?
The external
force supplies
energy to the
system forced
oscillation
19. What is
natural
frequency?
20. What is
meant by
resonance?
Activity to show a phenomenon of resonance
Based on the graph above, determine the amplitude,

period and frequency
Clarify the relationship betwee n speed, wavelength

and frequency
13. What is wavespeed, v?
.
The wave equation
v = f
Example 3: A student
moves the end of a long
spring from side to side 4
times per second. The
wavelength of the wave
on the spring is 0.6 m.
With what speed do the
waves moves along the
spring?
Example 4: Radio waves

travel at a speed 3 x 108
m s1. What is the
wavelength of FM radio
waves received at 200
MHz on your radio dial?
Example 5: A long rope is stretched out on the floor.

One end of the rope is then shaken. The graph shows
the rope at a particular moment in time. The rope
vibrated at a frequency 8 Hz.
1
The pendulum B (driver pendulum) is pulled well

aside and released so that it oscillates in plane
perpendicular.
2 All the pendulums oscillate but with different
amplitudes.
3 The pendulum D whose length equals that of the
driver (pendulum B) has the greatest amplitude
because its natural frequency of oscillation is the
same as the frequency of the driving pendulum.
21. Example of resonance in everyday life
Solve problems involving speed, wavelength and
frequency
TUTORIAL 6.1
1 A student carries out an experiment to find out the
relationship between mass, m and the oscillation
period, T of a piece of jigsaw blade. The jigsaw
blade is clamped at one end and a plasticine ball
with mass, m is fixed at the other end as shown in
figure below. The jigsaw blade is displaced
horizontally to one side and then released so that
it oscillates. The time for 20 oscillations, t is taken
by a stop watch. The experiment is repeated by
Determine the amplitude, wavelength and speed.
Example 6: The figure shows the sound waves

produced by a tuning fork.
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
using plasticine balls with different masses. The

results of the experiment are shown in the table
below.
(ii)
T when m = 0.72 kg.
[1 mark]
(e) State one precaution that should be taken
during this experiment.
[1 mark]
2
Mass,
m /kg
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(a)
(b)
Time for 20
oscillations, t / s
28.0
40.0
50.0
56.0
64.0
70.0
Period
T/s
T2/ s2
Diagram 1 show a spring of load before and after

the load is displaced and released to vibrate on the
surface of water. Diagram 2 shows a candle flame
is placed in front of a loudspeaker before and after
the audio-frequency generator is switched on to
produce a sound.
Complete the table above.

[2 marks]
Base on the graph paper above plot a graph T2
against m.
[5 marks]
Diagram 20.1
Diagram 20.2
Compare the condition of the water surface
and candle flame when the load vibrates
and the audio-frequency generator is
switched on.
[1 mark]
(ii)
Relate the observations in (a)(i) and the
transfer of enegy to deduce a concept in
physics with regard to the wave motion
[1 mark]
(b) (i)
Compare the direction of vibration of the
particles and the direction of wave
propagation.
[1 mark]
(ii)
Based on your answer in (b)(i) name the
type of wave in Diagram 20.1 and Diagram
20.2.
[1 mark]
(a)
(c)
Based on your graph state the relationship

between T and m.
[1 mark]
(d) Determine the value of
(i)
m when T = 2.2 s
[1 mark]
(i)
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
6.2 Analysing reflection of waves
The diagram figure shows a graph displacementdistance for a transverse wave.
Mark on the graph

(i)
the direction of vibration of the particles
and the direction of wave propagation
(ii)
two points vibrate in phase.
[2 marks]
(b) Give one example of the transverse wave.
[1 mark]
(c) Determine the amplitude and the wavelength.
[1 mark]
(d) What is the speed of the wave when the
frequency is 25 Hz?
SPM 2004, NO. 32

Which diagram shows the correct pattern of
reflected water waves?
(a)
[2 marks]
Give one example of the natural phenomenon to
show that a wave transfer energy.
[1 mark]
QBL
SPM 2007, NO.1
1
Diagram 1 shows a vibrating tuning fork produces
sound waves in air.
(e)
SPM 2004, NO. 33

The diagram shows an ultrasonic waves transmitted
from a boat to the seabed to determine the depth, D,
of the sea. The speed of the ultrasonic waves in
-1
water is 1 500 in m s . The echo of the waves is
received 2.0 s after the transmission.
What is the
value of D?
A
C
E
3
375 m
3 000 m
6 000 m
B
D
1 500 m
3 000 m
SPM 2005, NO. 33

The diagram shows the wavefronts of a plane wave
incident on a plane reflector.
Which
statement is
correct
about the
reflected
and incident
waves?
Diagram 1
(a) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to
complete the sentence below.
Sound wave is (longitudinal, transverse) wave
[1 mark]
(b) Based on Diagram 1,
(i)
Name region X,
[1 mark]
(ii)
mark one distance which is equal to a
wavelength of the sound waves. Label the
distance using the symbol .
[1 mark]
(c) The tuning fork in Diagram 1 vibrates in water.
What happens to the speed of sound?
[1 mark]
A
B
C
D
The speed of the reflected waves is the same as the

speed of the incident
The wavelength of the reflected waves is shorter
than that of the incident
The frequency of the reflected waves is lower than
that of the incident waves
The directions of the reflected waves are always at
right angles to the incident waves
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
SPM 2006, NO. 33

Diagram 21 shows a ripple tank with a sloping base
and a vibrator being vibrates.
Calculate
the distance
of the
submarine
from the big
rock.
[Velocity of
ultrasonic
wave = 1
1
DIAGRAM 21
560 m s ]
A
3.9 km
B
7.8 km
C
15.6 km
D
31.2 km
E
156.6 km
SPM 2007, NO. 31
5
Which of the following characteristics of waves,
changes when the waves are reflected?
A
Direction of propagation B Wavelength
C
Frequency
D Speed
SPM 2007, NO. 33
6
A radar transmits a signal towards an aeroplane.
8
1
The velocity of the signal is 3.0 x 10 m s . After
3
4.0 x 10 s, the radar detects the reflected signal.
What is the diatance of the aeroplane from the
radar?
6
6
A
2.4 x 10 m
B
1.2 x 10 m
5
5
C
6.0 x 10 m
D
1.5 x 10 m
SPM 2008, NO. 30
7
What happens to the wave length and the
magnitude of the velocity o water waves when it is
reflected?
Wave length
Magnitude of velocity
A
Unchanged
Unchanged
B
Increases
Increases
C
Decreases
Increases
D
Increases
Unchanged
FAQ: Describe reflection of waves in terms of the
angle of incidence, angle of reflection, wavelength,
frequency, speed and direction of propagation
1. When reflection of a wave happened?
.................
............................................................................................
2. What are laws of reflection?
Reflection of light waves: Form 4

4. What are the characteristics of the image formed by
a plane mirror?
Reflection of sound waves

5. The sound waves is reflected by walls and ceilings
of buildings, unborn baby or sea bed
Calculate distances using the reflection of sound
waves
6. What is echo?
7. If the echo-sounders measures an interval of time,

t, and the speed of sound wave in water is v, the
vt
depth, d can be calculated as follows, d =
2
TUTORIAL 6.2
SPM 2003, NO. 3
1
Figure 6.1 shows an airport radar transmitting
microwave signal. Microwaves are transmitted to
determine the position of aeroplanes.
(a)
(b)
Reflection of water waves

3. When a reflection happened, what will happen to
the wavelength, the frequency and the speed of a
wave?
Draw a diagram to show reflection of waves
FIGURE 6.1
Microwaves are a type of waves.
[1 mark]
8
The radar transmits a signal at velocity of 3.0 10
1
m s towards the aeroplane P and detects the
4
reflected signal 4.0 10 s later. Calculate the
distance of P from the radar transmitter at that time.
[3 marks]
The radar detects the same signal after reflection
by another aeroplane, Q. The signal from Q arrives
later than the signal from P.
(i)
Compare the distances of P and Q from the
radar.
......
[1 mark]
(ii)
State how the difference of the distance of P
and Q from the radar is determined at any
time.
[1 mark]
(c)
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
FAQ: Describe refraction of waves in terms of the

angle of incidence, angle of refraction, wavelength,
frequency, speed and direction of propagation
1. What is refraction?
2. What happens to frequency, speed, wavelength and

direction?
3. What is the relationship between v and of a water

wave in deep and shallow water?
6.3 Analysing refraction of waves

SPM 2005, NO. 30
1
A tilted basin contains water. Water is dripped at a
constant rate into the basin as shown in the diagram
below.
Which pattern
of the
wavesfronts
will be
observed in
the basin?
SPM 2006, NO. 32

Diagram 19 shows a ripple tank with a sloping base
and a vibrator being vibrates.
Which of the
following wave
patterns can
be seen on the
screen?
Example 1: A plane wave has a wavelength of 2 cm and

a velocity of 8 cm s 1 as it moves over the surface of
shallow water. When the plane wave moves into an
area of greater depth, its velocity becomes 12 cm s s 1.
What is the wavelength and the frequency of the wave
in the area of greater depth?
DIAGRAM 19
A
29
B
Example 2: The diagram shows a plane water wave
moving from one area P to another area Q of different
depth.
If the speed of water
wave in P is 18 cm s 1,
what is the speed of
water wave in Q?
SPM 2007, NO. 32

Diagram 20 shows water waves propagating in an
area of different depths?
Which of the
following
diagrams shows
the propagation
of the waves
correctly?
Diagram 20
B
Refraction of water waves

4. When refraction of water wave happened?
5. How do the frequency, speed, wavelength and

direction change in refration?
Water waves passes from deep water to shallow water
Frequency
Waveleng
th
Speed
Direction
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
Water waves passes from shallow water to deep water

Frequency
Refraction of light waves: Form 4
Waveleng
th
Speed
Direction
Draw a diagram to show refraction of waves

(a)
(b)
Reflection of sound waves
(c)
(d)
(e)
Application: Refraction of water wave of the sea

water
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
TUTORIAL 6.3
1 Diagram 20.1 shows a water waves in a ripple
tank travels over a perspex plat. Diagram 20.2
shows a water waves propagated from the sea to
the beach.
Diagram 20.1
Diagram 20.2
(a) Based on Diagram 20.1 and Diagram 20.2.
(i) state the change in wavelength of the water waves
from A to B.
[1 mark]
(ii) compare the depth of water between A and B.
[1 mark]
(b) name a physical quantity is unchanged
[1 mark]
(c) Relate your answer in (a)(i) and (a)(ii) to deduce a
wave phenomenon.
[1 mark]
(d) Name the phenomenon in (b)
[1 mark]
(e) The water waves with a wavelength of 1.5 m
travels with velocity 2.0 ms-1 from the sea to the
beach. The velocity of the waves when reach near
the beach is 1.2 m s-1. Calculate,
(i) the frequency of the waves
SPM 2008, NO. 31

Diagram 18 shows water waves passing a block of
rock in a river.
Which
phenomenon
explains the
propagation of
waves at X?
Diagram 18
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Interference
FAQ: Describe diffraction of waves in terms of

wavelength, frequency, speed, direction of
propagation and shape of waves
1. What is diffraction of waves?
2. What factors that effect the diffraction pattern?
3. What happens to frequency, speed, wavelength,

direction and amplitude after diffraction?
Draw a diagram to show diffraction of waves

Diffraction of water waves
4. Diagrams of difraction
Size of aperture >
Size of aperture
[1 mark]
(ii) the wavelength of the waves near the beach
[1 mark]
6.4 Analysing diffraction of waves
SPM 2003, NO. 31
1
The diagram shows an arrangement of apparatus for
light diffraction experiment.
Big obstacle
Which diffraction pattern appears on the screen?
10
Small obstacle
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
Diffraction of light waves

Apparatus
Result
Narrow slit
Wide slit
...
Diffraction of sound waves
6.5 Analysing on interference of waves

SPM 2003, NO. 25
1
The diagram shows the fringe pattern produced from
Youngs double slit experiment using the
monochrome red light source.
A
B
C
4
SPM 2004, NO. 33

The diagram shows an interference pattern of two
coherent water waves of sources, P and Q. Which of
the positions A, B, C or D, does destructive
interference occur?
SPM 2005, NO. 31

In a Young's double slit experiment, red fringes are
formed on the screen when a red light source is
used. What will be observed if the red light source is
replaced by a blue light source?
Number of fringes decreases
Brightness of the fringes increases
Distance between fringes decreases
SPM 2005, NO. 34
The diagram shows the wave pattern formed by
waves from two coherent sources, X and Y.
Destructive
interference
occurs at
A R only
Q only
P and Q
P and R
SPM 2006, NO. 33

Diagram 20 shows the interference patterns for
water waves from two coherent sources, S1 and S2.
DIAGRAM 20
What
happens to
the fringes if
monochroma
tic yellow
light source
is used?
A
B
C
D
The bright fringes are wider than the dark fringes

The dark fringes are wider than the bright fringes
The distance between consecutive fringes decrease
The distance between consecutive fringes increase
11
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
SPM 2008, NO. 32

In which diagram will destructive interference occur
when the waves meet?
Interference of water waves

To produce the interference pattern of the water:
(a) Two dippers operated
(b) A plane water waves
from the same motor,
passing through two
slits.
Or
Draw interference patterns

Interpret interference pattern
5. The figure shows the interference pattern
produced by two sources of water P and Q
6. To analyse the interference pattern of water
waves, please follow this instructions:
6.1 Mark with a cross (x) in the figure the points
where the crests coincide crests
6.2 Mark with a star (*) in the figure the points where
the troughs coincide troughs
The points (x) and (*) is called as ...
... is a point where the total

displacement is ... or
...
At the points ... interference occurs
The points () is called as ...
... is a point where the total

displacement is ...
At the points ... interference occurs.
Connect the points (x) and (*) to produce several

lines that we call as ... lines
Connect the points () to produce several lines

that we call as ... lines
Draw a straight line parallel to sources. We can

the line as ... line
7. Measure the distance between the two sources,
a = ... cm
8. Measure the distance between the sources and the
detector line, D =................................cm
9. Measure the distance between two successive node
lines, x =................................
ax
10. Calculate the value of
= ... cm
D
11. Measure the wavelength of the water waves,
=..............................
ax
Compare the value of with

D
FAQ: State the principle of superposition

1. What is the principle of superposition?
Superposition of two crests
Superposition of two troughs
Superposition of a crest and a

trough
Explain the interference of waves

2. What is interference of waves?
3. What are coherent sources?
4. Explain two types of interference
Where, =
a=
x=
D=
12
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
Analysing Interference pattern of water waves

12. The figure shows the interference pattern produced by two sources of water P and Q
The diagram shown represents the phenomena of

interference of water waves. What is the wavelength of
the water waves?
13
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
Example 1: In an experiment to investigate the pattern

interference of a water waves, the distance between
two spherical dippers is 2.5 cm and the distance
between two consecutive antinode lines is 5.0 cm.
What is the wavelength of the water waves if when the
distance from two dippers to the point of measurement
is 10 cm?
13. How to change the pattern of interference of waves?
14. How to change x?
15. What is the relationship between x and a?

As a increases, x
Interference of light waves/ Double-slit interference

Youngs experiment.
Apparatus
The distance between 2

consecutive lines, x is
to
the distance between 2
sources, a
Result
Example 2: In a double-slit interference experiment

with blue light the distance between the screen and
double slit is 1.2 m and slit separation is 2 x 10-4 m. Six
successive bright fringes at a distance 1.2 x 10 -2 m is
formed on the screen. Calculate the wavelength of the
blue light.
16. What is the relationship between x and ?

As increases, x
Low frequency/ Large

The distance between two
consecutive node lines or
antinode lines, x increases is
to
the wavelength of the wave
17. What is the relationship between x and D?

The distance between two
consecutive node
lines or antinode lines, x is
to
the distance from the two
sources to the point of
measurement of x, D
The arrangement of colour of light in order of

wavelength
As D increases, x
14
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
NODE AND ANTINODE
15
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
TUTORIAL 6.5
Interference of sound waves

Apparatus
..
Example 3: In an experiment on the interference of

sound wave a listener at distance 5.0 from the
loudspeaker. The distance between two loudspeakers is
2.0 m. The loudspeakers are connected to an audiofrequency generator to produce sound waves at a
frequency of 0.8 kHz. Calculate
(a) the wavelength of sound waves when the speed of
sound is 320 ms-1
(b) the distance between two successive loud regions
Interference
SPM 2004, NO. 6

Figure 6.2 shows the arrangement of apparatus in
Youngs double slit experiment. A white light source
is passed through a coloured filter to produce a
monochromatic light. Figure 6.3 shows the pattern
of the fringe formed on the screen when a red filter
is used.
The experiment is repeated by using a blue filter
and the fringes formed are shown in Figure 6.4.
FIGURE 6.2
FIGURE 6.3
FIGURE 6.4
(a) What is meant by a monochromatic light?
...
[1 mark]
(b)
Using the pattern of the fringes in Figure 6.3 and
6.4, state two observations about the distances
between consecutive fringes for the red light and
blue light.
1.
2.
[2 marks]
(c) Compare the wavelengths of red light to blue light.
...
[1 mark]
(d) Compare the wavelengths of red light and blue light
with the distances between consecutive fringes in
(b).
...
[1 mark]
(e)
Name the wave phenomenon which forms the
pattern of the fringes in Figure 6.3 and 6.4.
...
[1 mark]
Water
Light
3
Sound
SPM 2005, NO. 2

Two similar loudspeakers are placed 0.8 m apart.
They emit a coherent sound wave. A girls walks
slowly parallel to the loudspeakers at a distance 3.2
m in front of the loudspeakers. She hears a loud
sound and weak sound alternately. Figure 2.1
shows the positions of the louds and weak sounds.
16
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
(d)
The frequency of the sound wave is increased.

(i)
What will happen to the distance between
two adjacent rows where loud sounds are
heard'?
...
[1 mark]
(ii)
Give a reason for your answer in 3(d)(1).
...
[1 mark]
6.6 Analysing sound waves
SPM 2003, NO. 30
1
Which graph represents the sound wave with the
highest pitch?
A
B
FIGURE 2.1
(a) What is meant by a coherent wave?
...
[1 mark]
(b) The distance between three positions of the loud
sound is 4.5 m, as shown in Figure 2.1. Calculate
the wavelength of the sound wave.
[3 marks]
The loud sound is heard due to the constructive
interference of the sound waves. State how the
constructive interference occurs.
[1 mark]
4
SPM 2006, NO. 3
(c)
3
A
B
C
D
DIAGRAM 3
(a) What type of wave is the sound waves?
...
[1 mark]
(b) Why are loud sounds heard by the students at that
positions?
...
[1 mark]
(c) The distance between the two loudspeakers is
1.5m. At 10 m from the loudspeakers, the distance
between two adjacent rows of students is 4.0 m.
Calculate the wave length of this sound wave.
SPM 2003, NO. 34

Ahmad shouts in front of a high wall. He hears the
echo of his voice 1.2 seconds later. The velocity of
-1
sound in air is 340 in m s . What is the distance
between Ahmad and the wall?
A
204 m
B
283 m
C
340 m
D
408 m
E
816 m
SPM 2004, NO. 29
A timekeeper for a sprint event starts the stopwatch
as he sees the smoke from the pistol instead of
hearing the shot. This action is taken because
sound produces echoes
light travels in a straight line
light travels faster than sound
surrounding temperature affects the speed
SPM 2006, NO. 29

A thin guitar string is strummed hard. It will produce
a loud and high pitch sound. The most suitable
graph to represent the above situation is
B
[2 marks]
17
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
1.
2.
FAQ: Describe sound waves

What is a sound wave?
1.1 Sound is a form of . propagated as
. that make our eardrums ..
1.2 Sound waves are caused by . objects.
1.3 Sound waves are waves.
How is sound produced by a vibrating object?
5.
Explain how the loudness relates to amplitude

What is the relationship between amplitude and
loudness?
...
Explain how the pitch relates to frequency
6. What is the relationship between frequency and
pitch?
2.1 Sound waves are produced when a vibrating object

causes the air molecules around it to .
sound energy is propagated through the air around
it in the form of waves.
2.2 When the tuning fork moves forwards, the air is
..
2.3 When the tuning fork moves backwards, the air
layers are pulled apart and cause a ..
2.4 Therefore, a series of . and . will
produce sound.
3. Why sound waves do is a longitudinal wave?
...
Describe applications of reflection of sound waves
Research & Report: PEKA2
1. Quality or timbre (combination of different
qualities of sound) of sound
1.1 The quality of sound depends on the wave form.
1.2 Different musical instruments of the same pitch
are distinguished from each other by their quality
3.1 The air particles vibrate backward and forward in

the direction to the direction of
propagation of the sound wave.
= the distance between two successive regions of
.. or two successive regions of ......
4. Explain the frequency spectrum of sound waves.
Subsonic
Human
hearings range
2. Sound VS Noise
3. One application of sound waves in medicine
4. One application of sound waves in industry
Example 1: A Sonar signal sent vertically downwards
from a ship is reflected from the ocean floor and
detected by a microphone on the keel 0.8 s after
transmission. If speed of sound in water is 1 500 ms-1,
what is the depth of the ocean?
Ultra sonic
Speed of sound
Medium
Speed of sound waves/ m s-1
o
Air (0 C)
331
Oxygen (0oC)
316
Water (0oC)
1 402
Water (50oC)
1 543
Iron (0oC)
5 130
..
Example 2: A man stands in front of a fairly large flat

wall at a distance 50 m. He claps his hands and the
time for 20 intervals between claps is 12 s. What is the
speed of the sound?
18
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
Types of wave
transmitted
Height of the
parabolic disc
from the
ground
TUTORIAL 6.5/ SPM 2007

1
Diagram 12.1 shows an audio frequency generator
connected to a speaker and placed near the corner
of a wall. Three students, A, B and C, are standing
around the next corner. The generator and speaker
can produces sound with the same speed but
different pitch.
Microw
ave
Microw
ave
Radiow
ave
Radiow
ave
High
Low
Low
High
Table 12.3
You are required to determine the most suitable radar
system. Study the specifications of all the four radar
systems based on the following aspects.
The diameter of the parabolic disc
The distance of the signal receiver from the centre of
the parabolic disc
The types of wave transmitted
The height of the parabolic disc from the ground
Explain the suitability of the aspects.
[10 marks]
Characteristic
Suitability
Reason
Diameter of
the parabolic
disc/ m
Diagram 12.1
State the physical quantity that affects the pitch of
the sound.
[1 mark]
...
(b) When a high pitch sound is generated, only student
C can hear the sound clearly. When a low pitch
sound is generated, all the three students can hear
the sound clearly. Explain this situation.
[4 marks]
...
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
(c) Diagram 12.2 shows a radar system at an airport.
Signals are transmitted from the radar system to
determine the position of an aeroplane.
(a)
Distance of
the signal
receiver from
the centre of
the parabolic
disc
Types of
wave
transmitted
Height of the
parabolic disc
from the
ground
Choose
(d)
(i)
(ii)
Diagram 12.2
Table 12.3 shows the specifications of four radar systems,
K, L, M and N, that can be used to determine the position
of an aeroplane.
Radar system
K
L
M
N
Diameter of
the parabolic
10
5
7
12
disc/ m
Distance of the
Same
Less
Same
Less
signal receiver
as the
than
as the
than
from the centre
focal
focal
focal
focal
of the
length
length
length
length
parabolic disc
The depth of a sea is 90 m. A ship transmits an

ultrasonic wave of frequency 50 jHz to the seabed
and receives an echo 0.12 s later.
Calculate
the speed of the ultrasonic wave in the water,
the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave in the water.
[5 marks]
19
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
6.7 Analysing electromagnetic waves

SPM 2003, NO. 32
1
The diagram shows an electromagnetic spectrum.
FAQ
1.
What are the electromagnetic waves?
1.1 Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves,

consisting of oscillating electric fields and magnetic
fields
1.2 It consists of a group of waves with similar natures.
Describe the electromagnetic spectrum
2. What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
The waves at P, Q, R and S are

P
Q
R
S
A
Ultraviolet
X-ray
Microwave
Infrared
B
X-ray
Ultraviolet
Infrared
Microwave
C
Microwave
Infrared
Ultraviolet
X-ray
D
X-ray
Infrared
Ultraviolet
Microwave
SPM 2003, NO. 33
2
At an airport, a passenger's bag is placed in the
baggage scanner.
The contents in
the bag are
examined by
using
A
X-ray
gama rays
ultraviolet
rays
infrared rays
D
3
4
A
B
C
D
5
A
B
C
D
2.1 The members of the electromagnetic spectrum

arranged in increasing frequencies and decreasing
wavelengths are , ,
, , ,
and
2.2 Radio waves have the wave length
but are of frequency waves. They carry very
little energy.
2.3 . have the shortest wave length
but are of high frequency waves. They carry very
high energy.
SPM 2004, NO. 34

Which phenomenon indicates that light is a
transverse wave?
A
Reflection
B
Refraction
C
Polarization
D
Diffraction
SPM 2007, NO. 34
Which of the following statements is true about
electromagnetic waves?
they are longitudinal waves
They are waves that require a medium to travel
The velocity of the waves is influenced by the
wavelength
They consist of both magnetic fields and electric
fields
SPM 2008, NO. 33
What is the correct relationship between the wave
length of an electromagnetic radiation and the energy
it carries?
Wave length
Energy carried
Short
High
Short
Low
Long
High
long
Low
State the visible light is a part of the electromagnetic

spectrum
3. Is visible light is part of electromagnetic spectrum?
3.1 Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic
waves we can see.
3.2 Light can be seen as the colours of rainbow.
3.3 Each colour has a different wavelength.

3.4 When all the waves are seen together, they make
. light.
3.5 When white light shines through a prism, the
white light is broken apart into the seven colours of
the visible light spectrum.
Describe the properties of electromagnetic waves
1. They all transfer energy from one place to another
2. They all transverse, electromagnetic waves
3. They all can travel through a vacuum
4. They all travel at a speed of light, 3 x 108 m s-1
5. They all show the wave properties: reflection,
refraction, diffraction and interference
6. The all obey the wave equation v = f
7. They all carry no charge
8. They all can be emitted and absorbed by matter
20
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
List sources of electromagnetic waves

Describe applications of electromagnetic waves
Describe the detrimental effects of excessive exposure to certain components of the electromagnetic spectrum
em wave
Source
Application
Gamma Rays
= 10-14 10-10 m
X-ray
= 10-11 10-9 m
Ultra Violet (UV)
radiation
= 10-9 10-7 m
Visible Light
= 10-7 m
Infra Red (IR)

= 10-6 10-3 m
Micro Wave
= 10-3 10-1 m
Radio Waves
= 10-1 105 m
21
Dangers
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
TUTORIAL 6.8
1
SPM 1993
9. Diagram 2 shows a part of the electromagnetic
spectrum. P and Q represent two types of waves.
Radio Wave
Micro Wave
Visible light
Ultra Violet
Rays
Gamma ray
(a)
Diagram 2
Name the type of electromagnetic wave in P and Q.
:
:
[2 marks]
(b) Compare the speed of micro waves with the speed
of light in vacuum.
[1 mark]
(c) State two differences between sound wave and
electromagnetic waves
[2 marks]
(d) The depletion of the ozone layer had caused one
electromagnetic wave to enter the earth at higher
intensity which can cause skin cancer. Name this
wave.
[1 mark]
(e) Name the correct use of each type of radiation
Electromagnetic
Application
waves
Physiotherapy treatment for
cancer in hospitals.
Satellite communication
(i)
FIGURE 10.2
Explain how the dark and light bands are
formed on the screen.
[4 marks]
(a)
P
Q
(ii) Observe Figure 10.2. Compare the waves patterns

and the wavelength of the waves before and after
they pass through the gaps. Relate the size of the
gaps, the waves patterns and the wavelengths to
deduce a relevant physics concept.
[5 marks]
...
(iii) Name the wave phenomenon shown in Figure 10.2.
[1 mark]
(b) Figure 10.3 shows the seashore of a fishing village.

During the rainy season, waves are big. One year
the waves eroded the seashore, caused the jetty to
collapse and damaged the fishermen's boats.
[2 marks]
SPM 2005, NO. 10
Figure 10.1 shows the arrangement of the
apparatus for an experiment to study a wave
phenomenon.
FIGURE 10.1
Figure 10.2 shows the bright and dark bands of the waves
pattern formed on the screen when plane waves pass
through the narrow and wide gaps.
FIGURE 10.3
22
SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A
To prevent similar damage in the future, the fishermen

suggest building retaining walls and relocating the jetty.
Make further suggestions of ways to help the fishermen
solve their problems. You should use your knowledge of
reflection, refraction and diffraction of waves to explain
these suggestions, to include the following aspects:
(i) the design and structure of the retaining wall,
(ii) the location of the new jetty,
(iii) the size or energy of the waves.
[10 marks]
Characteristic
Reason
Aim
Hypothesis
Variables
Manipulated variable
Responding variable
Fixed variable
List of apparatus and materials
the design and

structure of the
retaining wall,
Arrangement of the apparatus
the location of
the new jetty,
the size or
energy of the
waves.
SPM 2007, NO. 12

Diagrams 4.1 and 4.2 show two taps releasing
droplets of water into large containers. The
number of droplets which fall per second in
Diagram 4.1 is more compared to the number of
droplets in Diagram 4.2. The cross-sections of the
water waves formed from the droplets in the
containers are shown in the diagrams.
Procedure
DIAGRAM 4.1
DIAGRAM 4.2
Based on the above information and observation:
(a) State one suitable inference.
[1 mark]
(b) State one suitable hypothesis.
[1 mark]
(c) With the use of apparatus such as a ripple tank,
avibration motor with adjustable frequency and
other apparatus, describe an experiment
framework to investigate the hypothesis stated in
4(b). In your description, clearly state the
following:
(i)
Aim of the experiment.
(ii)
Variables in the experiment.
(iii) List of apparatus and materials.
(iv) Arrangement of apparatus.
(v)
The procedure of the experiment which
include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of
measuring the responding variable.
(vi) The way you would tabulate the data.
(vii) The way you would analyse the data
[10 marks]
Tabulate the data:
Analysis the data:
23

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SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

SPM 2006, NO. 35

SPM 2005, NO. 32

SPM 2006, NO. 31

SPM 2007, NO. 29

SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

FAQ: Describe what is meant by wave motion

2. What is vibrations/ oscillations?

3. What is mechanical/ electromagnetic waves?

SPM 2007, NO. 30

Compare transverse and longitudinal waves and give

SPM 2008, NO. 29

What is longitudinal wave?

SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

Define amplitude, period, frequency, wave length,

What is a ripple tank/ how its work?

How the bright and dark lines form from a ripple

Information that we can get:

Information that we can get:

State the direction of propagation of waves in relation

Example 1: A pendulum makes 20 complete

SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

(a) Base on the figure determine the amplitude and

Describe damping in a oscillating system

Based on the graph above, determine the amplitude,

Clarify the relationship betwee n speed, wavelength

Example 4: Radio waves

Example 5: A long rope is stretched out on the floor.

The pendulum B (driver pendulum) is pulled well

Determine the amplitude, wavelength and speed.

Example 6: The figure shows the sound waves

SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

using plasticine balls with different masses. The

Diagram 1 show a spring of load before and after

Complete the table above.

Based on your graph state the relationship

SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

6.2 Analysing reflection of waves

The diagram figure shows a graph displacementdistance for a transverse wave.

Mark on the graph

SPM 2004, NO. 32

SPM 2004, NO. 33

SPM 2005, NO. 33

The speed of the reflected waves is the same as the

SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

SPM 2006, NO. 33

Reflection of light waves: Form 4

Reflection of sound waves

7. If the echo-sounders measures an interval of time,

Reflection of water waves

Draw a diagram to show reflection of waves

SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

FAQ: Describe refraction of waves in terms of the

2. What happens to frequency, speed, wavelength and

3. What is the relationship between v and of a water

6.3 Analysing refraction of waves

SPM 2006, NO. 32

Example 1: A plane wave has a wavelength of 2 cm and

SPM 2007, NO. 32

Refraction of water waves

5. How do the frequency, speed, wavelength and

SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

Water waves passes from shallow water to deep water

Refraction of light waves: Form 4