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lyxis.estanislao@gmail.com
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BC107
Q1
47
100u
12
V1
Vo
L1
50m
R3
R1
V2
mbr6045wt
D1
I. INTRODUCTION
Often used in switch-mode power supplies (SMPS), a buck
converter is a circuit that steps down or reduces the voltage,
while stepping up, or increasing the current. Usually, the simplest
way to reduce the voltage is to use a linear regulator (such as the
78XX IC series), however, linear regulators tend to waste too much
energy as they dissipate excess power as heat, yielding to very low
efficiency (less than 50%). On the other hand, buck converters can
be highly efficient, especially those in integrated circuits, which
may reach an efficiency of 95% or higher a significant
improvement over linear regulators. This tends to make them the
choice for tasks where the DC output voltage needs to be lower
than the DC input voltage, such as the conversion of the main
voltage of a computer (12-24V) to the voltage needed by internal
components such as the processor (approx. 1V).
VD
C1
200u
6
RL
A Theory
As shown in Fig. 1, the buck converter circuit consists of a
switching transistor (Q1), and a flywheel circuit (comprised of the
diode D1, the inductor L1, and the capacitor C1). Resistors R1 and
R3 are to limit the current, as to not overload the components.
Transistor Q1 has two states: on, and off. While the transistor is on,
current is flowing through the load via inductor L1. Therefore, the
load is being supplied with current. Initially, current flow is
restricted as energy is also being stored in the inductor, and the
charge on C1 builds up gradually during the on period. Because
of this, there will be a large positive voltage on D1s cathode, thus
reverse-biasing the diode and essentially leaving it open-circuited.
When the transistor switches off, the energy stored in L1 is
released back into the circuit. The voltage across the inductor is
then reversed, causing the current to flow around the circuit
through the load and the now forward-biased diode. When the
energy in L1 starts to deplete and the voltage begins to fall, the
charge in C1 becomes the main source of current, keeping the
current flowing through the entire period until the transistor is
turned on once again.
Overall, it has an effect of creating only a ripple waveform, such
as a small amplitude, high frequency triangular wave with a DC
level equal to the input voltage multiplied by the duty cycle,
instead of a large square waveform.
B Software Analysis
Fig. 2. Voltages across the Load, Inductor, Diode, Capacitor, and Transistor
Input Voltage
12
10
15
18
20
24
Fig. 3. Current through the Load, Inductor, Diode, Capacitor, and Transistor
Fig. 4.
Current
and
Voltage
through
the 20
load
Duty Cycle
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Average Voltage
974.64888mV
2.1113284V
3.2422111V
4.3479052V
5.4281116V
6.45751413V
7.4459507V
8.3033884V
7
6.2415318V
8
6.3687152V
9
6.4600929V
Ripple
10 Voltage
6.531479V
11.1896mV
11
6.592812V
19.165mV
12
6.6447847V
24.76211mV
13
6.68643V
27.7644mV
14
6.7212608V
28.42814mV
15
6.7517397V
26.8527mV
16
6.7799717V
23.0876mV
17
6.8065963V
16.6677mV
18
6.8325153V
19
6.8692027V
20
6.946169V
C. Load Variation
To further analyse the circuit in Fig. 1, the effect of various
loading resistances were looked at. This was done by using a
load resistance of 6 and increasing it in steps of 1 until the
current reaches boundary conduction. Table 3 shows the results
of this analysis.
As seen in the table, both the average and ripple voltages
continue to increase as the resistance value increases going
from 6.08V to 6.95V for the average voltage and 31.51mV to
35.89mV for the ripple voltage. On the other hand, the average
current steadily goes down, from 1.01A to 347.88mA. At 20,
the current waveforms minimum point begins to touch the 0A
level, where it can then be considered to be in boundary
conduction mode (BCM), as shown in Fig. 4; any lower and it
slides down to discontinuous conduction mode (DCM).
TABLE
3
EFFECT
OF
Ripple
Voltage
31.51003mV
32.42020mV
33.17325mV
33.29709mV
33.82761mV
34.09746mV
34.30722mV
34.33075mV
34.54493mV
34.81372mV
34.94540mV
35.06130mV
35.26460mV
35.41190mV
35.89030mV
Average L
Current
1.0126689A
891.70821mA
796.3947mA
717.85326mA
653.21461mA
599.41377mA
553.79923mA
514.40989mA
480.18242mA
450.18504mA
423.81732mA
400.45804mA
379.75719mA
361.60788mA
347,87702mA
D. Inductance Variation
Fig.
5.
34uH
33uH
5.9503291V
5.9569435V
93.12047mV
96.32944mV
991.90108mA
993.45572mA
TABLE 4
VARYING INDUCTANCE AGAINST CIRCUIT VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
Inductance
Value
Average
Voltage
Ripple Voltage
Average L
Current
100uH
90uH
80uH
70uH
60uH
50uH
40uH
39uH
38uH
37uH
36uH
35uH
6.0761397V
6.0724585
6.0658438
6.0569557
6.0464353V
6.0206711V
5.9810266V
5.9768166V
5.971203V
5.9638049V
5.9594824V
5.9543005
31.51003mV
34.49953mV
39.60040mV
45.27097mV
52.43284mV
63.41661mV
79.5550mV
81.22147mV
83.33817mV
85.60111mV
86.68126mV
90.01082mV
1.0126689A
1.0121379A
1.0110303A
1.0095791A
1.0079528A
1.0035724A
997.82275mA
996.2963mA
995.36678mA
994.13604mA
993.42493mA
992.55715mA
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We wish to acknowledge Engr. J.M. Martinez and
other contributors for useful discussions on the
successful analysis of the circuits involved. We also
would like to thank the reviewers of our paper for
their time and valuable feedback.
REFERENCES
[1] Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_converter
[2] Learn About Electronics:
http://www.learnabout-electronics.org/PSU/psu31.php