1

12EC236-Cellular Mobile Communications
UNIT-1
(INTRODUCTION TO
WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
SUGUMAR.D,
Assistant Professor,
ECE Department,
Karunya University.
8/20/2013
Karunya University
Karunya University
Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
Over View
History and evolution mobile radio systems
Types of mobile wireless services/systems
Paging
Cordless
Cellular
Satellite systems
WLL
2G networks
3G networks
Future trends in personal wireless systems
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Mobile communication
Two aspects of mobility:

user mobility: users communicate (wireless) anytime, anywhere, with anyone
device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the network
Wireless vs. mobile

Examples
stationary computer
notebook in a hotel
wireless LANs in historic buildings
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

The demand for mobile communication creates the need for integration of
wireless networks into existing fixed networks:
local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11
Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP
wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and ISDN, VoIP over
WLAN and POTS
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Applications I
Vehicles
transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB/DVB-T
personal communication using GSM/UMTS
position via GPS
local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance
system, redundancy
vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in
advance for maintenance
Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first diagnosis
replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc.
crisis, war, ...
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Typical application: road traffic
UMTS, WLAN,
DAB, DVB, GSM,
cdma2000, TETRA, ...
Personal Travel Assistant,

PDA, Laptop,
GSM, UMTS, WLAN,
Bluetooth, ...
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Mobile and wireless services Always

Best Connected
DSL/ WLAN
3 Mbit/s
GSM/GPRS 53 kbit/s
Bluetooth 500 kbit/s
UMTS, GSM
115 kbit/s
LAN
100 Mbit/s,
WLAN
54 Mbit/s
UMTS
2 Mbit/s
GSM/EDGE 384 kbit/s,
DSL/WLAN 3 Mbit/s
GSM 115 kbit/s,
WLAN 11 Mbit/s
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UMTS, GSM
384 kbit/s
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Applications II
Traveling salesmen
direct access to customer files stored in a central location
consistent databases for all agents
mobile office
Replacement of fixed networks
remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
flexibility for trade shows
LANs in historic buildings
Entertainment, education, ...
outdoor Internet access
intelligent travel guide with up-to-date
location dependent information
ad-hoc networks for
multi user games
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Location dependent services

Location aware services
what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local
environment
Follow-on services
automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the
current location
Information services
push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cheese Cake?
Support services
caches, intermediate results, state information etc. follow the mobile
device through the fixed network
Privacy
who should gain knowledge about the location
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Mobile devices
Pager
receive only
tiny displays
simple text
messages
PDA
graphical displays
character recognition
simplified WWW
Laptop/Notebook
fully functional
standard applications
Sensors,
embedded
controllers
www.scatterweb.net
Mobile phones
voice, data
simple graphical displays
Smartphone
tiny keyboard
simple versions
of standard applications
performance
No clear separation between device types possible
(e.g. smart phones, embedded PCs, )
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Effects of device portability
Power consumption
limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to limited
battery capacity
CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f
C: internal capacity, reduced by integration
V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit
f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally
Loss of data
higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design (e.g., defects,
theft)
Limited user interfaces
compromise between size of fingers and portability
integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols
Limited memory
limited usage of mass memories with moving parts
flash-memory or ? as alternative
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Wireless networks in comparison to

fixed networks
Higher loss-rates due to interference

emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning
Restrictive regulations of frequencies
frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all
occupied
Low transmission rates
local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 53kbit/s with GSM/GPRS or
about 150 kbit/s using EDGE
Higher delays, higher jitter
connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundred
milliseconds for other wireless systems
Lower security, simpler active attacking
radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated,
thus attracting calls from mobile phones
Always shared medium
secure access mechanisms important
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1.Early history of wireless

communication
Many people in history used light for communication

heliographs, flags (semaphore), ...
150 BC smoke signals for communication;
(Polybius, Greece)
1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe
Here electromagnetic waves are
of special importance:
1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of EM Fields, wave equations (1864)
H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
with an experiment the wave character
of electrical transmission through space
(1888, in Karlsruhe, Germany)
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History of wireless communication I
1896 Guglielmo Marconi

first demonstration of wireless
telegraphy (digital!)
long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kw)
1907 Commercial transatlantic connections

huge base stations
(30 100m high antennas)
1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco

1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
reflection at the ionosphere
smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube
(1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin

wires parallel to the railroad track
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History of wireless communication II
1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, news)

1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
1958 A-Netz in Germany
analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no handover,
80% coverage, 1971 11000 customers
1972 B-Netz in Germany

analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but location of
the mobile station has to be known)
available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customers in D
1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)

1982 Start of GSM-specification
goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming
1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System,

analog)
1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones
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History of wireless communication III
1986 C-Netz in Germany

analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital signaling,
automatic location of mobile device
was in use until 2000, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98% coverage
1991 Specification of DECT

Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications)
1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data
transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2,
used in more than 50 countries
1992 Start of GSM
in D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels

automatic location, hand-over, cellular
roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 200 countries
services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
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History of wireless communication IV
1994 E-Netz in Germany

GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells
as Eplus in D (1997 98% coverage of the population)
1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)

ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless
ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)
1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11

IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning
1998 Specification of GSM successors

for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) as European
proposals for IMT-2000
Iridium
66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone
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History of wireless communication V
1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs

IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4GHz, <1Mbit/s
decision about IMT-2000
several members of a family: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT,
Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode

first step towards a unified Internet/mobile communication system
access to many services via the mobile phone
2000 GSM with higher data rates

HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s
first GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!)
UMTS auctions/beauty contests
Hype followed by disillusionment (50 B$ paid in Germany for 6 licenses!)
Iridium goes bankrupt
2001 Start of 3G systems

Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS tests in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in Japan
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History of wireless communication VI
2002
WLAN hot-spots start to spread
2003
UMTS starts in Germany
Start of DVB-T in Germany replacing analog TV
2005
WiMax starts as DSL alternative (not mobile)
first ZigBee products
2006
HSDPA starts in Germany as fast UMTS download version offering > 3 Mbit/s
WLAN draft for 250 Mbit/s (802.11n) using MIMO
WPA2 mandatory for Wi-Fi WLAN devices
2007
over 3.3 billion subscribers for mobile phones (NOT 3 bn people!)
2008
real Internet widely available on mobile phones (standard browsers, decent data rates)
7.2 Mbit/s HSDPA, 1.4 Mbit/s HSUPA available in Germany, more than 100 operators
support HSPA worldwide
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1.1.Evolution mobile radio systems
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Major Mobile Radio Standards In North America

TYPE
YEAR
OF
INTRODUCTION
MULTIPLE
ACCESS
FREQUENCY
BAND
MODULATION
CHANNEL
BANDWIDTH
AMPS
CELLULAR
1983
FDMA
824-894 MHZ
FM
30 KHZ
NAMPS
CELLULAR
1992
FDMA
824-894 MHZ
FM
10 KHZ
USDC
CELLULAR
1991
TDMA
824-894 MHZ
/4-DQPSK
30 KHZ
CDPD
CELLULAR
1993
FH/PACKET
824-894 MHZ
GMSK
30 KHZ
IS-95
CELLULAR/
PCS
1993
CDMA
824-894 MHZ/
1.8-2.0 GHZ
GPSK/BPSK
1.25 KHZ
GSC
PAGING
1970S
SIMPLEX
SEVERAL
FSK
12.5 KHZ
POCSAG
PAGING
1970S
SIMPLEX
SEVERAL
FSK
12.5 KHZ
FLEX
PAGING
1993
SIMPLEX
SEVERAL
4-FSK
15 KHZ
PCS
1994
TDMA
1.85-1.99 GHZ
GMSK
200 KHZ
PACS
CORDLESS/
PCS
1994
TDMA/FDMA
1.85-1.99 GHZ
/4-DQPSK
300 KHZ
MIRS
SMR/PCS
1994
TDMA
SEVERAL
16-QAM
25 KHZ
iDen
SMR/PCS
1995
TDMA
SEVERAL
16-QAM
25KHZ
STANDARD
DCS1900(GSM)
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Major Mobile Radio Standards In Erope
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Major Mobile Radio Standards in Japan
Standard
Type
Year of
Introduction
Multiple
Access
Frequency Band
Modulation
Channel
Bandwidth
JTACS
Cellular
1988
FDMA
860-925 MHz
FM
25 KHz
PDC
Cellular
1993
TDMA
810-1501 MHz
/4 - DQPSK
25 KHz
NTT
Cellular
1979
FDMA
400/800 MHz
FM
25 KHz
NTACS
Cellular
1993
FDMA
843-925 MHz
FM
12.5 KHz
NTT
Paging
1979
FDMA
280 MHz
FSK
12.5 KHz
NEC
Paging
1979
FDMA
Several
FSK
10 KHz
PHS
Cordless
1993
TDMA
1895-1907 MHz
/4 - DQPSK
300 KHz
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Wireless systems: overview of the

development
cellular phones
1981:
NMT 450
1984:
CT1
1988:
Inmarsat-C
1992:
GSM
1991:
CDMA
1994:
DCS 1800
1991:
D-AMPS
1993:
PDC
1992:
Inmarsat-B
Inmarsat-M
1998:
Iridium
2000:
GPRS
wireless LAN
1980:
CT0
1982:
Inmarsat-A
1983:
AMPS
1986:
NMT 900
analog
cordless
phones
satellites
1987:
CT1+
1989:
CT 2
1991:
DECT
199x:
proprietary
1997:
IEEE 802.11
1999:
802.11b, Bluetooth
2000:
IEEE 802.11a
2001:
IMT-2000
digital
4G fourth generation: when and how?

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200?:
Fourth Generation
(Internet based)
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Worldwide wireless subscribers-1

Country wide wireless subscribers (old
prediction 1998)
700
600
500
Americas
Europe
400
Japan
300
others
total
200
100
0
1996
1997
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1998
1999
2000
2001
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Worldwide wireless subscribers-2
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Worldwide cellular subscriber-3
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Mobile statistics snapshots (09/2002 /

12/2004 / 04/2006 / Q4/2007
Total Global Mobile Users

869M / 1.52G / 2G / 3.3G
Total Analogue Users 71M / 34M / 1M
Total US Mobile users 145M / 140M
Total Global GSM users 680M / 1.25G 1.5G / 2.7G
Total Global CDMA Users 127M / 202M
Total TDMA users 84M / 120M
Total European users 283M / 343M
Total African users 18.5M / 53M / 83M
Total 3G users 130M / 130M
Total South African users 13.2M / 19M / 30M
European Prepaid Penetration 63%
European Mobile Penetration 70.2%
Global Phone Shipments 2001 393M / 1G 2008
Global Phone Sales 2Q02 96.7M
#1 Mobile Country China (139M / 300M)

#1 GSM Country China (99M / 282M / 483M)
#1 SMS Country Philipines
#1 Handset Vendor 2Q02 Nokia (37.2%)
#1 Network In Africa Vodacom (6.6M / 11M)
#1 Network In Asia Unicom (153M)
#1 Network In Japan DoCoMo
#1 Network In Europe T-Mobile (22M / 28M)
#1 In Infrastructure Ericsson
SMS Sent Globally 1Q 60T / 135G / 235G / 650 G
SMS sent in UK 6/02 1.3T / 2.1G
SMS sent Germany 1Q02 5.7T
GSM Countries on Air 171 / 210 / 220
GSM Association members 574 / 839
Total Cost of 3G Licenses in Europe 110T
SMS/month/user 36
www.cellular.co.za/stats/
stats-main.htm
www.gsmworld.com/news/statistics/
index.shtml
The figures vary a lot depending on the statistic, creator of the statistic etc.!
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Simple reference model used here
Application
Application
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data Link
Data Link
Data Link
Data Link
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical
Radio
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Network
Network
Medium
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Influence of mobile communication to the layer model

Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
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service location
new/adaptive applications multimedia
congestion/flow control,quality of service
addressing, routing device location
hand-over
Authentication,media access/control
Multiplexing
encryption
modulation
interference
attenuation
frequency
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Overlay Networks - the global goal

integration of heterogeneous fixed and
mobile networks with varying
transmission characteristics
regional
vertical
handover
metropolitan area
campus-based
horizontal
handover
in-house
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Areas of research in mobile

communication
Wireless Communication
transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)
modulation, coding, interference
media access, regulations
...
Mobility
location dependent services
location transparency
quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)
...
Portability
power consumption
limited computing power, sizes of display, ...
usability
...
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2.Wireless Radio Communication
Cellular
Local Area Network
Cordless
Satellite Communication
Paging System
Fixed Wireless
Sensor Network
Several Types of Mobile Radio Systems

Garage Door Controller [<100 MHz]
Remote Controllers
[TV/VCR/DISH][Infra-Red: 1-100
THz]
Cordless Telephone [<100 MHz]
Hand-Held Radio [Walki-Talki]
[VHF-UHF:40-480 MHz]
Pagers/Beepers [< 1 GHz]
Cellular Mobile Telephone[<2 GHz]
Simplex System: Communication is possible in only one direction :

Garage Door Controller, Remote Controllers [TV/VCR/DISH] Pagers/Beepers
Semi-Duplex System: Communication is possible in two directions but
one talks and other listens at any time[Push to Talk System]: Walki-Talki
Duplex System: Communication is possible in both directions at any time: Cellular
Telephone [FDD or TDD]
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2.1.Paging System
Paging System: For Transmission of Brief Numeric/Alphanumeric/ Voice
Messages [Pages] to Subscriber
To Notify/Alert the User

Simplex Service
Modern Paging Systems Can Send News Head-Lines, Stock Info, or Fax
Application Dependent System Range [2 Km to World-wide]
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2.2 Cordless
Cordless Telephone System: To Connect a Fixed Base Station to a Portable Cordless
Handset
Early Systems (1980s) have very limited range of few tens of meters [within a
House Premises]
Modern Systems [PACS, DECT, PHS, PCS] can provide a limited range &
mobility within Urban Centres.
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2.3.Cellular System
Limitations of Simple Mobile Radio Systems

The Cellular Approach
Divides the Entire Service Area into Several Small Cells
Reuse the Frequency
Basic Components of a Cellular Telephone System
Cellular Mobile Phone: A light-weight hand-held set which is an outcome of the
marriage of Graham Bells Plain Old Telephone Technology [1876] and Marconis Radio
Technology [1894] [although a very late delivery but very cute]
Base Station: A Low Power Transmitter, other Radio Equipment [Transceivers] plus a
small Tower
Mobile Switching Center [MSC] /Mobile Telephone Switching Office[MTSO]
An Interface between Base Stations and the PSTN
Controls all the Base Stations in the Region and Processes User ID and other Call
Parameters
A typical MSC can handle up to 100,000 Mobiles, and 5000 Simultaneous Calls
Handles Handoff Requests, Call Initiation Requests, and all Billing &
System Maintenance Functions
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Cellular System
Many Cells Under one MSE
Basic elements of Cellular Systems
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Operation of Cellular System
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The Cellular Concept
RF spectrum is a valuable and scarce commodity

RF signals attenuate over distance
Cellular network divides coverage area into cells, each served by its own base
station transceiver and antenna
Low (er) power transmitters used by BSs; transmission range determines cell
boundary
RF spectrum divided into distinct groups of channels
Adjacent cells are (usually) assigned different channel groups to avoid interference
Cells separated by a sufficiently large distance to avoid mutual interference can be
assigned the same channel group => frequency reuse among co-channel cells
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2.4 Satellite Systems

History
Basics
Localization
Handover
Routing
Systems
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History of satellite communication
1945 Arthur C. Clarke publishes an essay about Extra Terrestrial Relays

1957 first satellite SPUTNIK
1960 first reflecting communication satellite ECHO
1963 first geostationary satellite SYNCOM
1965 first commercial geostationary satellite Satellit Early Bird
(INTELSAT I): 240 duplex telephone channels or 1 TV channel, 1.5 years lifetime
1976 three MARISAT satellites for maritime communication
1982 first mobile satellite telephone system INMARSAT-A
1988 first satellite system for mobile phones and data communication INMARSAT-C
1993 first digital satellite telephone system
1998 global satellite systems for small mobile phones
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Applications
Traditionally
weather satellites
radio and TV broadcast satellites
military satellites
satellites for navigation and localization (e.g., GPS)
replaced by fiber optics
Telecommunication
global telephone connections
backbone for global networks
connections for communication in remote places or underdeveloped areas
global mobile communication
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satellite systems to extend cellular phone systems (e.g., GSM or AMPS)
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Classical satellite systems

Inter Satellite Link
(ISL)
Mobile User
Link (MUL)
Gateway Link
(GWL)
MUL
GWL
small cells
(spotbeams)
base station
or gateway
footprint
ISDN
PSTN: Public Switched

Telephone Network
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PSTN
GSM
User data
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Basics
Satellites in circular orbits

attractive force Fg = m g (R/r)
centrifugal force Fc = m r
m: mass of the satellite
R: radius of the earth (R = 6370 km)
r: distance to the center of the earth
g: acceleration of gravity (g = 9.81 m/s)
: angular velocity ( = 2 f, f: rotation frequency)
Stable orbit
2
Fg = Fc
r3
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gR
2
(2 f )
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Satellite period and orbits

24
satellite
period [h]
velocity [ x1000 km/h]

20
16
12
8
4
synchronous distance
35,786 km
10
20
30
40 x106 m
radius
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Basics
elliptical or circular orbits

complete rotation time depends on distance satellite-earth
inclination: angle between orbit and equator
elevation: angle between satellite and horizon
LOS (Line of Sight) to the satellite necessary for connection
high elevation needed, less absorption due to e.g. buildings
Uplink: connection base station - satellite
Downlink: connection satellite - base station
typically separated frequencies for uplink and downlink
transponder used for sending/receiving and shifting of frequencies
transparent transponder: only shift of frequencies
regenerative transponder: additionally signal regeneration
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Inclination
plane of satellite orbit
satellite orbit
perigee
d
inclination d
equatorial plane
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Elevation
Elevation:
angle e between center of satellite beam
and surface
minimal elevation:
elevation needed at least
to communicate with the satellite
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Link budget of satellites
Parameters like attenuation or received power determined by four parameters:

L: Loss
sending power
f: carrier frequency
gain of sending antenna
r: distance
c: speed of light
distance between sender
2
and receiver
4 r f
gain of receiving antenna
L
c
Problems
varying strength of received signal due to multipath propagation
interruptions due to shadowing of signal (no LOS)
Possible solutions
Link Margin to eliminate variations in signal strength
satellite diversity (usage of several visible satellites at the same time) helps to use
less sending power
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Atmospheric attenuation
Attenuation of
the signal in %
Example: satellite systems at 4-6 GHz
50
40
rain absorption
30
fog absorption
e
20
10
atmospheric
absorption
5 10
20
30
40
50
elevation of the satellite
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Orbits I
Four different types of satellite orbits can be identified depending on the

shape and diameter of the orbit:
GEO: geostationary orbit, ca. 36000 km above earth surface
LEO (Low Earth Orbit): ca. 500 - 1500 km
MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) or ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit): ca. 6000
- 20000 km
HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit) elliptical orbits
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Orbits II
GEO (Inmarsat)
HEO
MEO (ICO)
LEO
(Globalstar,
Irdium)
inner and outer Van

Allen belts
earth
1000
10000
Van-Allen-Belts:
ionized particles
2000 - 6000 km and
15000 - 30000 km
above earth surface
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35768
km
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Geostationary satellites
Orbit 35,786 km distance to earth surface, orbit in equatorial plane (inclination 0)

complete rotation exactly one day, satellite is synchronous to earth rotation
fix antenna positions, no adjusting necessary
satellites typically have a large footprint (up to 34% of earth surface!), therefore
difficult to reuse frequencies
bad elevations in areas with latitude above 60 due to fixed position above the
equator
high transmit power needed
high latency due to long distance (ca. 275 ms)
not useful for global coverage for small mobile phones and data transmission,
typically used for radio and TV transmission
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LEO systems
Orbit ca. 500 - 1500 km above earth surface

visibility of a satellite ca. 10 - 40 minutes
global radio coverage possible
latency comparable with terrestrial long distance
connections, ca. 5 - 10 ms
smaller footprints, better frequency reuse
but now handover necessary from one satellite to another
many satellites necessary for global coverage
more complex systems due to moving satellites
Examples:
Iridium (start 1998, 66 satellites)
Bankruptcy in 2000, deal with US DoD (free use,
saving from deorbiting)
Globalstar (start 1999, 48 satellites)
Not many customers (2001: 44000), low stand-by times for mobiles
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MEO systems
Orbit ca. 5000 - 12000 km above earth surface

comparison with LEO systems:
slower moving satellites
less satellites needed
simpler system design
for many connections no hand-over needed
higher latency, ca. 70 - 80 ms
higher sending power needed
special antennas for small footprints needed
Example:
ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit, Inmarsat) start ca. 2000
Bankruptcy, planned joint ventures with Teledesic, Ellipso cancelled again,
start planned for 2003
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Routing
One solution: inter satellite links (ISL)

reduced number of gateways needed
forward connections or data packets within the satellite network as long as possible
only one uplink and one downlink per direction needed for the connection of two
mobile phones
Problems:
more complex focusing of antennas between satellites
high system complexity due to moving routers
higher fuel consumption
thus shorter lifetime
Iridium and Teledesic planned with ISL
Other systems use gateways and additionally terrestrial networks
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Localization of mobile stations
Mechanisms similar to GSM

Gateways maintain registers with user data
HLR (Home Location Register): static user data
VLR (Visitor Location Register): (last known) location of the mobile station
SUMR (Satellite User Mapping Register):
satellite assigned to a mobile station
positions of all satellites
Registration of mobile stations
Localization of the mobile station via the satellites position
requesting user data from HLR
updating VLR and SUMR
Calling a mobile station
localization using HLR/VLR similar to GSM
connection setup using the appropriate satellite
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Handover in satellite systems
Several additional situations for handover in satellite systems compared to

cellular terrestrial mobile phone networks caused by the movement of the
satellites
Intra satellite handover
handover from one spot beam to another
mobile station still in the footprint of the satellite, but in another cell
Inter satellite handover
handover from one satellite to another satellite
mobile station leaves the footprint of one satellite
Gateway handover
Handover from one gateway to another
mobile station still in the footprint of a satellite, but gateway leaves
the footprint
Inter system handover
Handover from the satellite network to a terrestrial cellular network
mobile station can reach a terrestrial network again which might be
cheaper, has a lower latency etc.
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Overview of LEO/MEO systems

# satellites
altitude
(km)
coverage
min.
elevation
frequencies
[GHz
(circa)]
access
method
ISL
bit rate
# channels
Lifetime
[years]
cost
estimation
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Iridium
66 + 6
780
Globalstar
48 + 4
1414
ICO
10 + 2
10390
Teledesic
288
ca. 700
global
8
70 latitude
20
global
20
global
40
1.6 MS
29.2
19.5
23.3 ISL
FDMA/TDMA
1.6 MS
2.5 MS
5.1
6.9
CDMA
2 MS
2.2 MS
5.2
7
FDMA/TDMA
19
28.8
62 ISL
yes
2.4 kbit/s
no
9.6 kbit/s
no
4.8 kbit/s
4000
5-8
2700
7.5
4500
12
yes
64 Mbit/s
2/64 Mbit/s
2500
10
4.4 B$
2.9 B$
4.5 B$
9 B$
FDMA/TDMA
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Optimized for one- way transmission

Radio (XM , Sirius ) and movie(SatTV, DVB/ S )
broadcasts
Most two -way systems struggling or bankrupt
Global Positioning System (GPS ) use growing
Satellite signals used to pinpoint location
Popular in cell phones , PDAs , an d navigation devices
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References
Chapter # 5 from Mobile Communications, Second Edition, By Prof. Dr.

Jochen H. Schiller.
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2.5.WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP (WLL)
Wireless local loop (WLL), is a term for the use of a wireless communications link
as the "last mile " connection that resides between the Central Office (CO) and the
individual homes and businesses in close proximity of the CO.
LOCAL MULTIPOINT DISTRIBUTION SERVICE (LMDS)
LMDS is a broadband wireless access technology originally designed for digital

television transmission (DTV). It was conceived as a fixed wireless, point-tomultipoint technology for utilization in the last mile. LMDS commonly operates on
microwave frequencies across the 26 GHz and 29 GHz bands. In the United States,
frequencies from 31.0 through 31.3 GHz are also considered LMDS frequencies.
LMDS has been allocated a spectrum of 1300 MHz which can support over 200
broadcast quality channels or 65,000 full duplex voice channels.
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Local Exchange Carrier (LEC)
LEC owns a very wide bandwidth Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or

Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) backbone switch, capable of
connecting hundreds of megabits per second of traffic with the Internet, the
PSTN or some private network.
As long as LOS path exists, LMDS allows LECs to install wireless

equipment on the premises of customers for rapid broadband connectivity
without having to lease or install its own cables to the customers.
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Comparison of Mobile Communication SystemsMobile Station

Required
Service Coverage InfraComplexity
Area structure
TV
Remote
control
Garage
Door
Opener
Low
Low
Low
Low
Paging
System
High
Cordless
Phone
Low
Low
Cellular
Phone
High
High
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High
Low
Hardware Carrier
Functionality
Cost
Frequency
Low
Infrared
Transmitter
Low
Low
<100 MHz
Transmitter
Low
Low
<1 GHz
Receiver
Low
<100 MHz
Transceiver
Moderate
<1 GHz
Transceiver
Moderate
High
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Comparison of Mobile Communication SystemsBase Station

Service
Coverage
Area
Required
Infrastructure
Complexity
Hardware
Cost
Carrier
Frequency
Functionality
TV Remote
Control
Low
Low
Low
Low
Infra-red
Receiver
Garage Door
Opener
Low
Low
Low
Low
< 100 MHz
Receiver
Paging
System
High
High
High
High
< 1 GHz
Transmitter
Cordless
Phone
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
< 100 MHz
Transceiver
Cellular
Phone
High
High
High
High
< 1 GHz
Transceiver
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Comparison of Mobile
Communication Systems
SERVICES
FREQUENCY
USED
DUPLEXING
COVERAGE
AREA
STANDARD
CHARACTERISTICS
Cellular
Licenced
Full-duplex
Voice/Data
9kbps-1Mbps
>2km
GSM,WCDMA,LT
E
Voice centric
supporting high mobility
LAN
Un-lisenced
Full-duplex
Voice/Data
1-54Mbps
<1km
802.11,.15,.16
Supporting high data rate

limited mobility
Cordless
Licenced
Full-duplex
Voice/Data
32kbps
<500m
DECT,PHS
Short range used

where BS cannot be used
Fixed
wireless
Un-lisenced
Full-duplex
Voice/Data
155Mbps
<1km
WLL,LMDS
Limited mobility
Satellite
Licenced
Full-duplex
Voice/Data
100Mbps
>10km
GPS
High cost,large RTPD
Sensor
Un-lisenced
Half-duplex
Data
100kbps
<50m
802.15.4
Long lasting,
low power consumed system
Pager
Licenced/Unlisensed
Half-duplex
Message
kbps
<1km
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SERVICE
MAX DATA
ORIENTATION
RATE
One way supporting high mobility
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Evolved in Generation wise

First Generation: Characteristics
1G Cellular
Became commercially available in early 1980s.
Based on analog radio technology
Support circuit-switched voice
Limitation of 1G
Low calling capacity
Limited Spectrum
No room for spectrum growth
Poor data communication
Minimal privacy (low security of user information)
Inadequate fraud protection (subject to cloning)
Lack of ability to support roaming between different network operators
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AMPS & ETACS
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1G Standards
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3.Second Generation:
Characteristics
EIA/TIA recommends digital technology for 2G, emerged in the early 1990s.
Enhanced voice quality, Digital signal processing and transmission technology.
Increased radio capacity and spectrum utilization.
Reduce power consumption, low terminal and service cost.
Define standards for core networks.
In addition to circuit switched voice, it enabled the first waves of mobile data and
mobile internet services.
Ability to support roaming between different network operators and international
roaming.
Ability to support handheld terminals.
Support for new services and facilities with ISDN compatibility.
Improved security and authentication.
Support SMS, Group 3 facsimiles, paging service.
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2G :GSM,IS-136,IS-95(CDMA one)
1st Generation cellular systems relied on FDMA / FDD and Analog FM.
2nd Generation standards use digital modulation formats and TDMA /

FDD and CDMA / FDD.
Global System Mobile (GSM) supports 8 time slotted users for each 200
kHz each, radio channel.
Interim Standard 136 (IS-136) supports three time slotted users each of 30
kHz each. Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC) is similar to IS-136.
Interim Standard 95 Code Division Multiple Access (IS-95), also known

as cdmaOne supports up to 64 users that are orthogonally coded and
simultaneously transmitted on each 1.25 MHz channel.
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USDC & CDMA one (IS-95)
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2G Standards
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Key Specifications of Leading 2G

Technologies
cdmaOne, 1S-95,
ANSI J-STD-008
Uplink
Frequencies
Downlink
Frequencies
Duplexing
Multiple Access
Technology
Modulation
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GSM. DCS-1900.
ANSI J-STD-007
824-849 MHz (US Cellular)

1850-1910 MHz (US PCS)
890-915 MHz (Europe)

1850-1911) MHz (US PCS)

1930-1990 MHz (US PCS )
935-964) MHz (Europe)

1930-1990 MHz (US PCS)
FDD
CDMA
BPSK with Quadrature
Spreading
FDD
TDMA
GMSK with B T = 0.3
NADC. 1S-54/1S-136.
ANSI J-STD-011. PDC
800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan)
1850-19 l0 MHz (US PCS)
1930-1990 MHz (US PCS)
800MHz , 1500 MHz (Japan)
FDD
TDMA
/ 4 DQPSK
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Key Specifications of Leading 2G

Technologies
cdmaOne, 1S-95,
ANSI J-STD-008
GSM. DCS-1900.
ANSI J-STD-007
Carrier
Separation
Channel Data Rate
1.25 MHz
1.2288 Mchips/sec
NADC. 1S-54/1S-136.
ANSI J-STD-011. PDC
30 kHz (1S-136)
(25 kHz for PDC)
200 MHz
48.6 kbps(IS-136)
270.833 kbps
(42 kbps for PDC)
Voice channels
per carrier
Speech
Coding
64
Code Excited linear
Prediction (CELP)
@ 13 kbps. Enhanced
Variable Rate Codec
Residual Pulse Excited

Iong Term Prediction
(RPE-LTP) @ 13 kbps
Vector Sum Excited linear

Predictive Coder ( VSELP)
@ 7.95 kbps
(EVRC) @ 8 kbps
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2.5 Generation
Provides higher capabilities and per user data rate over 2G systems.
Use 2G infrastructure with little change in 2G software.
Categories: Use Licensed Spectrum
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD).

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).
Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE).
Interim Standard 95 B (IS-95B).
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EVOLUTION TO 2.5G MOBILE

RADIO NETWORKS
2 G technologies use circuit-switched data modems that limit data users to

a single circuit-switched voice channel.
Data through put of an individual user is limited.
Data rates of the order of 10kbps supported which is slow for rapid e-mail
and internet browsing.
Data-centric 2.5 standards were introduced for increased throughput data

rates to support modern Internet applications.
2.5G technologies support a popular web browsing format language called

Wireless Applications Protocol (WAP) that allows standard webpages to be
viewed in a compressed format designed for small, portable hand held
devices.
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EVOLUTION FOR 2.5G TDMA

STANDARDS
GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
General Packet Radio Service is a packet-based data network which is

well-suited for non-real time internet usage, including retrieval of e-mail,
faxes and web browsing.
GPRS supports multi-user network sharing of individual radio channels

and time slots.
Can support many more users as compared to HSCSD but in a bursty

manner !!
When all eight time slots of a GSM radio channel are dedicated to a GPRS,
an individual user is able to achieve as much as 171.2 kbps data
throughput.
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General Packet Radio Service
Supports non-real time internet usage.

User download much more than upload.
Supports multi-user network sharing of individual radio channels and time
slots.
No new spectrum required.
Requires new packet overlay including router and gateways.
No new base station RF hardware is required.
Requires new handset.
Use all eight time slots.
Channel Spacing: 200 kHz.
Access Technique: TDMA/FDD.
Data rate: 171.2 kbps.
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STANDARDS
HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
High Speed Circuit Switched Data is a circuit switched technique that

allows a single mobile subscriber to use consecutive time slots in the GSM
standard.
Instead of limiting each user to a particular time slot, HSCSD allows

individual data users to use consecutive user time slots in the GSM
standard to obtain high speed data access.
Data rate increases to 14,400 bps as compared to 9,600 bps in GSM.
Using 4 consecutive time slots, HSCSD provides transmission rate of upto

57.6 kbps to individual users.
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High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Upgrade GSM by given more time slot to each user.

Standardized by ETSI in 1997 and first released commercially in 2000.
It is the equivalent of tying two or more phone lines together and
aggregating their capacity.
It is circuit switched technique.
Requires software upgrade at base station.
Use consecutive four time slots.
Access Technique: TDMA/FDD.
Data rate: up to 57.6 kbps
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STANDARDS
EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution is an enhanced version of GSM

standard and requires addition of new hardware and software to existing
BS.
EDGE introduces a new modulation format 8-PSK (Octal Phase Shift

Keying) which is used in addition to GMSK.
Provides practical data rate of about 384 kbps for a single dedicated user
on a single GSM channel.
By combining the capacity of different radio channels (Multiple Carrier

Transmission), EDGE can provide up to several megabits per second
throughput
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Enhanced Data rates for GSM

Evolution

It is circuit switched technique.
Requires software upgrade at base station.
Allows for nine different air interface format, known as multiple
modulation and coding scheme (MCS).
Modulation: GMSK/8PSK.
Duplex: FDD.
Data rate: 144/384 kbps.
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Interim Standard 95 B

It provides circuit switched data access on common
CDMA radio channel by dedicated Walsh function for specific users and
specific purpose.
Requires new software in base station controller.
It also support medium data rate (MDR) service.
Access Technology: CDMA/FDD;
Channel Spacing: 1.25 MHz.
Data rate: 64 kbps.
It species hard handoff procedure, which is more efficient for multiple
channel systems.
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4.Third Generation
It is a always on technology.
3G system promise megabit internet access.
It supports communication using voice over IP (VoIP).
It supports simultaneous voice and data access with multiple parties at the same time using
single handset.
ITU allocate a frequency band in the 2000 MHz range by a plan known as International
Mobile Telephone 2000 (IMT-2000).
Using 3G, user can receive live music, conduct interactive web session.
3G is Based on CDMA.
Forward link
Channelization within a sector via orthogonal sequence within a sector via
orthogonal sequence
Sectors are identified by pseudo Sectors are identified by pseudo-random sequences
random sequences
Reverse link
Each users signal is spread by a pseudo s signal is spread by a pseudo-random
sequence
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Upgrade to 3G Technologies
IP based services
384 Kbps still/walking
128 Kbps in a car
2 Mbps indoor environment
Organizations:
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2).
Internet Engineering Taskforce (IETF).
Categories:
Cdma2000: Fundamental bases are IS-95 and IS-95B.
Wideband CDMA (WCDMA): Fundamental bases are GSM, PDC, IS-136.
Time Division -Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA):
3G Cellular first deploy in Japan by NTT DoCoMo in 2001 as WCDMA.
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3G W-CDMA (UMTS)
3 G W-CDMA (UMTS)
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or Wide-band CDMA (WCDMA) assures backward compatibility with 2.5G TDMA standards.
Designed for Always-ON packet-based wireless service so that computers,

mobiles and laptops etc. may all share the same wireless network to be connected to
the Internet anytime, anywhere.
W-CDMA supports data rates upto 2.408 Mbps per user to allow high quality data,
multimedia and streaming video broadcasting services.
Requires a minimum spectrum allocation of 5 MHz where a channel (5 MHz) will

be able to support 100 to 350 simultaneous voice calls at once.
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3G CDMA2000
Developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2),

consisting of five telecommunications standards bodies: ARIB and TTC in
Japan, CWTS in China, TTA in Korea and TIA in North America.
It provides full backward compatibility with IS-95B.
It supports 144 kbps now and data rates up to 307 kbps in the future.
Cdma2000 1xEV will be implemented in steps: 1x Evolution Data Only
(1xEV-DO) and 1x Evolution Data and Voice (1xEV-DV).
CDMA2000 is first deployed by SKT in Korea in October 2000.
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is first deployed by SKT in January 2002 as an
upgrade to its 1x network.
Categories by company: Cdma2000 1XMC (IMT-2000), Cdma2000 HDR
(Qualcomm), Cdma2000 1Xtreme (Motorola).
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Cdma2000
Channel bandwidth of 1.25 MHz per radio channel
The first CDMA interface cdma2000 1xRTT means that a single 1.25 MHz
radio channel is used.
cdma2000 1X supports an instantaneous data rate upto 307 kbps with

typical throughput rate of 144kbps.
cdma2000 1xEV : Evolutionary advancement for CDMA
cdma2000 1xEV-DO: CDMA carriers with the option of Data Only radio
channels
cdma2000 1xEV-DV: carriers with Data and Voice.
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Technical Summary of Cdma2000
Frequency band: Any existing band.

Minimum frequency band required: 1x: 2x1.25MHz, 3x: 2x3.75 MHz
Chip rate: 1x: 1.2288, 3x: 3.6864 Mcps.
Maximum user data rate: 1x: 144 kbps now, 307 kbps in future.
in the future 1xEV-DO: max 384 kbps - 2.4 Mbps, 1xEV-DV: 4.8 Mbps.
Frame length: 5ms, 10ms or 20ms.
Power control rate: 800 Hz.
Spreading factors: 4 ... 256 UL.
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Wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
Developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), consisting

of five telecommunications standards bodies: ARIB and TTC in Japan, TTA
in Korea and CCSA, ETSI, T1 in Europe.
Also known as Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service (UMTS).
WCDMA is first deployed by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in October 2001.
Channel bandwidth of 5 MHz. This is four times that of cdmaOne, and 25
times that of GSM.
W-CDMA adjusts the gain depending on the signal strength.
W-CDMA was designed to operate without GPS clock signals, and so
needs a slightly different coding technique, called Gold codes.
Each channel is reused by every cell, boosting spectral efficiency compared
to TDMA systems and enabling soft handovers.
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Technical
Summary
of
WCDMA
Frequency band:1920 MHz -1980 MHz and 2110 MHz 2170 MHz (Frequency
Division Duplex) UL and DL
Minimum frequency band required: 2x5MHz.
Frequency re-use: 1; Carrier Spacing: 4.4MHz - 5.2 MHz.
Maximum number of (voice) channels on 2x5MHz: 196.
Voice coding: AMR codecs (4.75 kHz - 12.2 kHz, GSM EFR=12.2 kHz) and SID (1.8
kHz).
Channel coding: Convolutional coding, Turbo code for high rate data.
Duplexer needed (190MHz separation), Asymmetric connection supported.
Data type: Packet and circuit switch.
Modulation: QPSK; Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps.
Pulse shaping: Root raised cosine, roll-off = 0.22
Maximum user data rate: 2.3Mbps .
Maximum user data rate (Offered): 384 kbps (year 2002), higher rates ( 2 Mbps) in the
near future. HSPDA will offer data speeds up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO
systems)
Channel bit rate: 5.76Mbps
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TD-SCDMA
Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access
TD-SCDMA combines TDMA and TDD techniques to

provide a data-only overlay in existing GSM network.
Up to 384 kbps of packet data is provided to data users in TDSCDMA.
Radio channels are 1.6 MHz in bandwidth
A 5ms frame is used which is divided into 7 time slots which

are flexibly assigned to a single high data rate user or several
slower users.
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Time Division - Synchronous

CDMA
The multiplex technique is still CDMA, but time division duplexing is used
to share a channel between uplink and downlink.
It is developed by China Academy of Telecommunication Technology
(CATT) and Siemens Corporation, as an IMT-2000 3G standard in 1998.
It is adopted by ITU as one of the 3G option in 1999.
It combines TDMA and TDD techniques to provide data only overlay in an
existing GSM network.
Its proponents claims that the TDD feature allows this 3G standard to be
very easily and inexpensively added to existing GSM system.
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Technical Summary of TDSCDMA
Frequency band: 2010 MHz - 2025 MHz in China (WLL 1900 MHz - 1920
MHz).
Minimum frequency band required: 1.6 MHz.
Frequency re-use: 1 (or 3).
Chip rate: 1.28 Mcps.
Frame length: 10ms.
Number of slots: 7.
Modulation: QPSK or 8-PSK.
Voice data rate: 8 kbps.
Data rate: upto 384 kbps.
Uplink synchronisation.
Physical layer spreading factors: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
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Current and emerging 2.5G and 3G Data

communication standards
Wireless
Channel
data
BW
technologies
Duplex Infrastructure
change
HSCSD
200KHz
FDD
GPRS
200KHz
FDD
EDGE
200KHz
FDD
Requires software
upgrade at base
station
Requires new
packet overlay
including Routers
and gatewayss
Requires new
transceiver at base
station.Also,
software upgrades to
the base station
controller and base
station.
Requires
new
spectrum
no
no
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FDD
Requires completely
new base stations
Yes.New HSCSD handsets provide 57.6Kbps on

HSCSD networks, and 9.6 Kbps on GSM networks
with dual mode phone.GSM-only phone will not
work in HSCSD.
Yes.New GPRS handsets work on GPRS networks at
171.2 kbps. 9.6 Kbps on GSM networks with dual
mode phone.GSM-only phone will not work in
GPRS.
no
Yes. New handsets work on EDGE networks at

384Kbps,GPRS networks at 144 Kbps, and GSM
networks at 9.6 Kbps with tri-ode phones.GSM and
GPRS-only phones will not work .
yes
Yes.
New W-CDMa handsets will work on W-cdma at
2Mbps,Edge networks at 384 Kbps,GPRs networks at
144 kbps,GSM networks at 9.6 Kbps.Older handsets
will not work in W-CDMA.
W-CDMA
5MHz
Requires new handsets
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Current and emerging 2.5G and 3G Data

communication standards
Wireless data Channel
technologies BW
IS-95B
Cdma2000
1xRTT
Cdma2000
1xEV (DO and
DV)
Cdma2000
3xRTT
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1.25MHz
1.25MHz
1.25MHz
3.75Mhz
Infrastructure
Duplex
change
FDD
Requires new software

in base station
controller
FDD
Requires new software

in backbone and new
channel cards at base
station. Also need to
build new packet
servce node.
Requires
new
spectrum
Requires new handsets
no
Yes new handsets will work on IS-95B

at 64 Kbps and IS-95A at 14.4
kbps.Older handsets can work in 1xRTT
but at lower speeds .
no
Yes. new handsets will work on 1xRTT

at 144 Kbps ,IS-95B at 64Kbps,IS-95A
at 14.4Kbps.older handsets can work in
1xRTT but at lower speeds.
FDD
Requires software and

digital card upgrade on
1xRTT networks
no
FDD
Requires backbone
modification and new
channel cards at base
station
maybe
Yes. New handsets will work on 1xEV

at2.4 Mbps, 1xRTT at 144 Kbps, IS95B at 64 Kbps, IS-95A at
14.4Kbps.older handsets can work in
1xEV but at lower speeds.
Yes. New handsets will work on 3xRTT
AT 2Mbps , 1xRTT at 144 Kbps, IS95B at 64 Kbps, IS-95A at
14.4Kbps.older handsets can work in
3Xbut at lower speeds.
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E EVOLUTION FOR 3G
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3.5 Generation
Provides higher capabilities and per user data rate over 3G systems .
Use 3G infrastructure with little change in 3G software.
Categories : Use Licensed Spectrum
High Speed Downlink Packet Access ( HSDPA) .
Enhanced General Packet Radio Service (EGPRS ).
Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS)
It is full y compatible with regular GSM, HSCSD, and GP RS .

It sometimes referred to as EHSCSD.
It has nine different MCSs (Modulation and Coding Schemes), each designed for a
different quality connection.
The type of modulation and amount of FEC necessary for each combination, along
with the data capacity avail able from a single slot and from the entire channel.
Voice will either use ordinary GSM or be packetized and carried as data.
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High Speed Down link Packet

Access(HSDPA)
It works with WCDMA only.

It improves spectral efficiency for downlink a symmetrical and bursty packet data
services .
It offers data transmission up to 8-10 Mbps and 20 Mbps for MIMO systems over a
5 MH z bandwidth in WCDMA downlink ( at an average 2-3 Mbps).
It introduces a short 2 -ms transmission time interval (TTI).
It supports adaptive modulation and coding (AMC ), where QPSK and 16QAM are
mandatory. Channel quality reported at 2 ms rate.
Data user multiplexing: TDM/ CDM .
It introduces multi code transmission, fast physical layer (L 1) hybrid ARQ (H ARQ ), and moves the packet scheduler from the radio network controller (RNC) to
the Node -B where it has easy access to air interface measurements.
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2.5G,3G Vs 4G Systems
Details
3G including 2.5G (EDGE)
4G
Predominantly voice
driven,
data was always add on
Converge data and voice

over IP
Wide area cell-based
Hybrid-integration of WLAN (WiFi,

Bluetooth) and wireless wide-area networks
384 kbps to 2 Mbps
20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode
Dependent on country or
continent (1.8 to 2.4 GHz)
Higher frequency bands (2 to 8 GHz)
5 to 20 MHz
100 MHz or more
Circuit and packet
All digital with packetized voice
Access technologies
WCDMA, cdma2000
OFDM and multicarrier (MC)-CDMA
Component design
Optimized antenna design,

multiband adapters
Smart antenna, software defined multiband

and wideband radios
200 km/h
200 km/h
Major requirement driving

architecture
Network architecture
Speeds
Frequency band
Bandwidth
Switching design basis
Mobile top speed
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5.Trends in Cellular radio and Personal Trends in

Cellular radio and Personal Communications
PCS/PCN: PCS calls for more personalized services whereas PCN refers to
Wireless Networking Concept-any person, anywhere, anytime can make a call
using PC. PCS and PCN terms are sometime used interchangeably
IEEE 802.11: A standard for computer communications using wireless
links[inside building].
ETSIs 20 Mbps HIPER LAN: Standard for indoor Wireless Networks
IMT-2000 [International Mobile Telephone-2000 Standard]: A 3G universal,
multi-function, globally compatible Digital Mobile Radio Standard is in making
Satellite-based Cellular Phone Systems
A very good Chance for Developing Nations to Improve their Communication
Networks
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Technology Trends
Improvements in system capacity through advanced signaling, detection and signal

processing techniques:
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM

Turbo coding
Multiple-user detection (interference cancellation)
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processing
Software radio
Improvements in features and capabilities for better services:
Full integration into the Internet for multimedia services

Seamless roaming between cellular, wireless LAN, and satellite networks
Beyond 3G?
Main Candidates
-WOFDM
--WCDMA
-Multi-Carrier CDM
-Other???
How will these systems access the Internet and coexist with wireless LANs?
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Beyond 3G?
Need to provide: beyond data
Higher data rates (at least on downlink)

More multimedia contents
Voice, data, video, WWW access.

broadcast as well as cellular
Wideband (10 MHz or more)
In Short
Wireless data and multimedia are the main drivers for future generations of
cellular systems
Several competing standards (as in 2G)
Evolutionary path unclear
Killer application unknown
What do mobile users want?
Will wireless LANs or cellular systems dominate the future wireless data
landscape?
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12EC236-Cellular Mobile Communications

WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Two aspects of mobility:

Wireless vs. mobile

wireless LANs in historic buildings

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Typical application: road traffic

Personal Travel Assistant,

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Mobile and wireless services Always

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Location dependent services

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Effects of device portability

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Wireless networks in comparison to

Higher loss-rates due to interference

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

1.Early history of wireless

Many people in history used light for communication

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

History of wireless communication I

1896 Guglielmo Marconi

1907 Commercial transatlantic connections

1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco

1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

History of wireless communication II

1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, news)

1972 B-Netz in Germany

1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)

1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System,

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

History of wireless communication III

1986 C-Netz in Germany

1991 Specification of DECT

1992 Start of GSM

in D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

12EC236-CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

History of wireless communication IV

1994 E-Netz in Germany

1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)

1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11