The effect of viscosity on streamer

propagation in insulating oil under impulse

conditions
This paper appears in:
Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids, 1996, ICDL '96., 12th International
Conference on
Date of Conference: 15-19 Jul 1996
Author(s): Badent, R.
Inst. of Electr. Energy Syst. & High-Voltage Technol., Karlsruhe Univ., Germany
Kist, K.; Schwab, Adolf Josef
Page(s): 181 - 184
Product Type: Conference Publications

Abstract
In previous studies the influence of viscosity on predischarge initiation and propagation was
investigated using fluids with different viscosity numbers. However, this procedure has the
disadvantage that the influences of fluid composition and viscosity cannot be separated. In this
work only one fluid (transformer oil Shell Diala D) was investigated. The viscosity was adjusted
by keeping the oil at the correlated temperature. The experiments were carried out varying the
viscosity over a wide range. The predischarge behavior was explored in the strongly non-uniform
field of point-plane geometries with gaps up to 10 mm and impulse voltages of both polarities up
to 250 kV

Transesterification reaction reduce viscosity

of vegetable insulating oil
This paper appears in:
High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE), 2012 International Conference on
Date of Conference: 17-20 Sept. 2012
Author(s): Cai, Shengwei
China Electr. Power Res. Inst., Wuhan, China
Zhou, Xuan; Chen, Jiangbo; Yu, Hui; Zhou, Cuijuan
Page(s): 648 - 650
Product Type: Conference Publications

Abstract

The paper chiefly discusses using rapeseed oil, soybean oil and methanol to conduct
transesterification through the catalysis of NaOH so as to get vegetable insulating oil. It focuses
on the exploration of transesterification's influencing factors, relationship between conversion
rate and viscosity, as well as the performance improvement and evaluation of transesterification's
vegetable oil.

The effect of viscosity on streamer

propagation in insulating oil under impulse
conditions
This paper appears in:
Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids, 1996, ICDL '96., 12th International
Conference on
Date of Conference: 15-19 Jul 1996
Author(s): Badent, R.
Inst. of Electr. Energy Syst. & High-Voltage Technol., Karlsruhe Univ., Germany
Kist, K.; Schwab, Adolf Josef
Page(s): 181 - 184
Product Type: Conference Publications

Abstract
In previous studies the influence of viscosity on predischarge initiation and propagation was
investigated using fluids with different viscosity numbers. However, this procedure has the
disadvantage that the influences of fluid composition and viscosity cannot be separated. In this
work only one fluid (transformer oil Shell Diala D) was investigated. The viscosity was adjusted
by keeping the oil at the correlated temperature. The experiments were carried out varying the
viscosity over a wide range. The predischarge behavior was explored in the strongly non-uniform
field of point-plane geometries with gaps up to 10 mm and impulse voltages of both polarities up
to 250 kV
Meeting Date : 15 Jul 1996-19 Jul 1996
Conference Location : Roma
Print ISBN: 0-7803-3560-0
INSPEC Accession Number: 5496125
Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/ICDL.1996.565410

An ultrasonic evaluation for degradation of

insulating oil using fuzzy inference

This paper appears in:

Ultrasonics, 2003 IEEE Symposium on
Date of Conference: 5-8 Oct. 2003
Author(s): Nagamune, Kouki
Graduate Sch. of Himeji Inst. of Technol., Hyogo, Japan
Kobashi, Syoji; Kondo, Katsuya; Hata, Yutaka; Taniguchi, Kazuhiko
Volume: 1
Page(s): 893 - 896 Vol.1
Product Type: Conference Publications

Abstract
Periodic inspection for degradation of insulating oil in transformers requires for preventing
outage. However, conventional methods were not suitable for that, due to a large size of the
measurement system and requirement of sampling. This study aims to develop the ultrasonic
evaluation system satisfying these requirements aided by fuzzy inference. The system evaluates
degradation, and it estimates kinetic viscosity. In the experiment, we applied our method into six
kinds of insulating oils. As a result, correlation coefficient between our estimation and
viscometer were over 0.92. Thus, our method correctly determines degradation of insulating oil.

Development of a low viscosity insulating

fluid based on vegetable oil
This paper appears in:
Electrical Insulation (ISEI), Conference Record of the 2012 IEEE International Symposium on
Date of Conference: 10-13 June 2012
Author(s): Bertrand, Y.
R&D, Electr. Equip. Lab., EDF, Moret sur Loing, France
Page(s): 413 - 418

Abstract
Environmental considerations demand alternatives for the current mineral oils used in many
electrical equipment, such as transformers. Because of their excellent biodegradability and nontoxicity, relative to petroleum derived products, the use of the vegetable oils is on the rise as
insulating and heat transfer liquid in electrical devices. In addition such natural esters have a
favorable lower flammability, but their viscosity and low temperature behavior is not well suited
to applications in cold climate and/or with natural cooling system. That is why a new insulating
fluid, based on modified vegetable oil, has been developed that presents properties very similar
to those of the standard insulating mineral oils used in transformers. This paper presents the
formulation of this low-viscosity ester fluid, and it reports the results of a field experimentation
carried out to assess the behavior of the fluid in real conditions.

Study on the stability and viscosity of Fe3O4

nano-particles vegetable insulating oils
This paper appears in:
High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE), 2012 International Conference on
Date of Conference: 17-20 Sept. 2012
Author(s): Baimei Wang
State Key Lab. of Power Transm. Equip. & Syst. Security & New Technol., Chongqing Univ.,
Chongqing, China
Jian Li; Bin Du; Zhaotao Zhang
Page(s): 307 - 310
Product Type: Conference Publications

Abstract
Vegetable insulating oils are fire-resistant and environment-friendly liquid dielectrics, so it gets
wide attention of scholars both at home and abroad. The paper used pyrolysis method
preparation the Fe3O4 nano-particles vegetable insulating oil with narrow particle size
distribution and high dispersion. The paper also studied on the influence of nano-particles
insulating vegetable oil stability and viscosity, with join or not the different types surfactants
(CTAB, SDS, PVP) in the preparation of nanometer particle. The results show that, the Fe3O4
nano-particles vegetable insulating oil has good stability, and the viscosity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles insulating oil has significant effect with different types and concentration of surfactant.

Development of a low viscosity insulating

fluid based on vegetable oil
This paper appears in:
Electrical Insulation (ISEI), Conference Record of the 2012 IEEE International Symposium on
Date of Conference: 10-13 June 2012
Author(s): Bertrand, Y.
R&D, Electr. Equip. Lab., EDF, Moret sur Loing, France
Page(s): 413 - 418
Product Type: Conference Publications

Abstract
Environmental considerations demand alternatives for the current mineral oils used in many
electrical equipment, such as transformers. Because of their excellent biodegradability and nontoxicity, relative to petroleum derived products, the use of the vegetable oils is on the rise as
insulating and heat transfer liquid in electrical devices. In addition such natural esters have a

favorable lower flammability, but their viscosity and low temperature behavior is not well suited
to applications in cold climate and/or with natural cooling system. That is why a new insulating
fluid, based on modified vegetable oil, has been developed that presents properties very similar
to those of the standard insulating mineral oils used in transformers. This paper presents the
formulation of this low-viscosity ester fluid, and it reports the results of a field experimentation
carried out to assess the behavior of the fluid in real conditions.
Conference Location : San Juan, PR
ISSN : 1089-084X
E-ISBN : 978-1-4673-0486-3
Print ISBN: 978-1-4673-0488-7
INSPEC Accession Number: 12907687
Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/ELINSL.2012.6251501

Vegetal oils as substitute for mineral oils

This paper appears in:
Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, 2003. Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on
Date of Conference: 1-5 June 2003
Author(s): Bertrand, Yves
EDF R&D, Electric. de France, Moret sur Loing, France
Hoang, L. C.
Volume: 2
Page(s): 491 - 494 vol.2
Product Type: Conference Publications

Abstract
Investigations on food quality vegetal oils have shown favorable dielectric characteristics as
insulating material for electrical devices. In order to comply with possible applications,
characterizations of different seed oils and chemical derivatives have been carried out. Results
are compared to unused mineral oils and synthetic organic esters specified values: the electrical
properties of vegetable products are close to those of conventional insulating fluids. Particularly,
the breakdown strength under AC stress is at least as high as the one of mineral oil. We have
prepared samples of blended oils based on refined rapeseed oil and derivatives that satisfy most
operation requirements in transformers. The viscosity and pour point can be fitted to appropriate
values. The flash and fire points exceed normative requirements by far, and are similar to those
of high temperature hydrocarbons or silicones. The thermal properties (specific heat and
expansion coefficient) are also good. Nevertheless, regarding typical transformer life times - 3050 years - ageing may cause problems that could limit the use of biodegradable oils to sealed
equipments. Evidence is provided that rapeseed oil and esters based fluids can be used in
transformer application with superior environmental, safety and health properties compared to
conventional mineral oils ones.

Analyses of physical characteristics of

vegetable oils as an alternative source to
mineral oil-based dielectric fluid
This paper appears in:
Dielectric Liquids, 2005. ICDL 2005. 2005 IEEE International Conference on
Date of Conference: 26 June-1 July 2005
Author(s): Amanullah, Md
CSIRO Pet., Perth, WA, Australia
Islam, Syed M.; Chami, Sameer; Ienco, Gary
Page(s): 397 - 400
Product Type: Conference Publications

Abstract
Vegetable/seed-based oils are highly biodegradable, have no/negligible impact on the
environment, human health and the ecosystem. These oils are produced from numerous oil seeds.
While most of them are highly biodegradable and environmentally friendly, they may require
some processing and modification to improve some of their physical and electrochemical
properties to assure their safe use in power and distribution transformers. This paper provides a
comparative assessment of the thermo-physical properties of several vegetable oils with respect
to a mineral oil and highlights the suitability of vegetable oils to use as dielectric fluid in power
and distribution transformers.

Viscosity dependence of dielectric liquids on

electric field
This paper appears in:
Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids,1993., ICDL '93., IEEE 11th International
Conference on
Date of Conference: 19-23 Jul 1993
Author(s): Dikarev, Boris N.
Dept. of Phys., Dniepropetrovsk Civil Eng. Inst., Ukraine
Ostapenko, A. A.; Karasev, Gennady G.
Page(s): 509 - 513
Product Type: Conference Publications

Abstract

Data on the dependence of the viscosity of liquid dielectrics (castor oil, petroleum oil, PMS-1, 5,
CCl4, and transformer oil) on applied voltage are considered. The experimental technique used is
characterized by the absence of current passage through the liquid, as one of the electrodes was
isolated from it. For castor and petroleum oils, viscosity decrease with increasing electric field is
observed. For the other liquids the viscosity increases with increasing voltage. The material of
the active electrode greatly influenced the results

On the electrical properties of insulation oils

This paper appears in:
Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2005. CEIDP '05. 2005 Annual Report
Conference on
Date of Conference: 16-19 Oct. 2005
Author(s): Vaughan, Alun S.
Southampton Univ., UK
Hosier, I. L.; Sutton, Simon J.; Davis, F. J.
Page(s): 221 - 224
Product Type: Conference Publications

Abstract
Insulating oils are a major component of high voltage plant, including transformers, switchgear
and cables. Consequentially, in terms of plant failure, changes in the electrical characteristics of
the oil during ageing are of crucial importance. To address this issue, commercial insulating oil
was subjected to controlled ageing under laboratory conditions. The electrical properties of the
aged oils were then characterized using dielectric spectroscopy. The data suggest that a degree of
electrical conductivity occurs in the aged oils, which reduces the insulating properties of the oil
as ageing proceeds. The role of atmosphere and additives on the electrical properties of the oils
were also explored. Results are compared with model samples, which contain known amounts of
materials that may occur as by-products of the ageing process.

Print ISBN: 0-7803-9257-4

INSPEC Accession Number: 8774951
Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/CEIDP.2005.1560661

Improvement of the test method for

insulating oils
This paper appears in:
Electrical Insulation, 2006. Conference Record of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on
Date of Conference: 11-14 June 2006
Author(s): Lick, Werner
Inst. of High Voltage Eng. & Syst. Manage., Graz Univ. of Technol.
Pukel, Georg Johannes; Muhr, Michael
Page(s): 436 - 439
Product Type: Conference Publications

Abstract
Standard dielectric breakdown tests for insulating oils consist of five or six single breakdowns in
a glass or a plastic vessel with about 0.5 litter test oil content. For each breakdown the voltage is
raised up linear from zero to the breakdown value usually by 0,5 ... 3 kV/s. After filling the test
cell with the test oil there is a pause between 3 to 10 minutes until the start of the first breakdown
test Between each breakdown there are breaks about 1... 2 minutes. Optional, a stirrer produces
an oil circulation in the test oil. The form of electrodes are different, according VDE (sphere
formed) or ASTM (flat formed). With these single breakdown values the mean value, a
parameter for the oil quality, and the coefficient of variation were calculated. A weak point of the
standard dielectric breakdown tests is that it is possible to reach values for the coefficient of
variation up to 30 % and higher. Further repeated tests lead frequently to contradictory results.
So the standard oil test is very common but the results are sometimes not satisfied. Therefore we
have performed breakdown tests with changing test parameters like pause times, different
voltage raising up velocities and with and without stirring. Further we have tried to use
additional methods for filling the test cell with test oil or better cleaning of the electrodes after
each breakdown. And last but not least we have also created a new test cell. This paper will show
the results of our efforts
Conference Location : Toronto, Ont.
ISSN : 1089-084X
Print ISBN: 1-4244-0333-2
INSPEC Accession Number: 9046400
Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/ELINSL.2006.1665351