WCDMA Services Basic Principles of WCDMA System

Internal use onlylWCDMA

Services

Chapter 2 WCDMA Services

2.1 Overview
Compatible with abundant services and applications of GSM and GPRS, the WCDMA
system has an open integrated service platform to provide a wide prospect for various
3G services. This chapter introduces the categories and features of 3G services, and
presents several typical types of services and their implementation methods, so that
the readers may gain a general understanding of 3G services.

2.1.1 Categories of 3G Services

Basic telecom services, including voice service, emergency call service and
SMS.
Supplementary services, the same as the supplementary services defined in
GSM.
Bearer services, including circuit bearer service and packet bearer service.
Intelligent service, an intelligent network service based on CAMEL mechanism
inherited from the GSM system.
Location services, services related to location information, such as charging by
area, mobile yellow page and emergency locating.
Multimedia services, including circuit real-time multimedia service, packet realtime multimedia service and non real-time store-and-transfer multimedia
message service.

The above services are roughly classified. Actually these services may overlap. For
example, charging by area is not only a location service, but also an intelligent
service.

2.1.2 Features of 3G Services

3G (WCDMA) services are inherited from 2G (GSM) services. In a new architecture,
new service capabilities are generated, and more service types are available. Service
characteristics vary greatly, so each service features differently. Generally, there are
features as follows:

The real-time services such as voice service generally have the QoS
requirement.
Compatible backward with all the services provided by GSM.
The concept of multimedia service is introduced.

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2.2 Details of Typical 3G Services

2.2.1 CAMEL Phase 3 Intelligent Service
CAMEL Phase 2 is implemented in GSM, mainly providing the prepaid service.
CAMEL Phase 3 needs to be implemented in UMTS. Phase 2 supports services such
as CS, USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data), SS (Supplementary
Service) and CF (Call Forwarding). On this base, Phase 3 has added support for
GPRS, SMS, MM and LCS (optional).
Service category:

CAMEL control service of basic circuit switch calls: It implements authentication

and accounting of voice calls.
CAMEL control service of GPRS: It implements authentication and accounting of
GPRS bearers.
CAMEL control service of SMS: It implements authentication, accounting and
transfer of SMS.
CAMEL control service of USSD.
CAMEL control service of mobility management.
CAMEL control service of location information.

2.2.2 Location Services

It is widely accepted in the industry that the LCS has a promising market and
commercial prospect. LCS has been commercialized in GSM and GPRS networks in
China and other countries. In the 3G field, because of improvement of location
precision and application of the open system structure, LCS is very attractive. It may
become one of the main killer services in 3G. There are the following types of LCS:

Public security service

In the United States, October 1, 2001 started the provisioning of the Enhanced
Emergency Services. The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) stipulated
that wireless operators should provide an estimated value of longitude and latitude of
the caller. The precision should be within 125 meters (67% of the estimated value) or
lower than the result by root mean square. Mainly driven by national laws, this kind of
service is provided by operators for the public interest. It is available without users
application. To operators, it is a non-profitable service but can promote operators
image. And this service is an inevitable development result of mobile communication
technologies.
Besides emergency calls, there is also vehicle rescues: If a vehicle is broken on the
road, a fault locating automatic report is available. If there is an accident, the
detection device will detect it and auto report the related information such as location
of the accident.

Location Based Charging

Specific user charging: Some location areas (LAs) can be set as discount areas. In
these LAs, calling and answering will be discounted.
Close location charging: If the caller and the called are in the same LA or close LAs,
they will get a discount.
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Specific area charging: If one or both of the caller and called are in a specific location,
such as shopping area, a discount will be given. It is to encourage the user to enter
this area.

Enhanced Call Routing (ECR)

The ECR enables users calls to be routed to the nearest service point according to
the location. The user can implement corresponding tasks with specific access
numbers. For example, the user can input 427 to have access to the nearest gas
station. This service is available for chain companies, such as Caltex and KFC. The
companies can apply for specific access numbers or preferential access number that
will be preferred for access among the counterparts (such as gas stations). To bank
services, the user can get the latest bank information or ATM information through
ECR.

Location Based Information Services

Location
Server
Location Server

Radio network
Return the subscriber
location information
Get the subscriber
location information

Query

The nearby restaurant

SP Web
Web Server
Server
PORTAL
PORTAL

The information about the nearby

restaurant is returned and it can be in the
form of graphics or text

Figure 1.1 Location Based Information Services

Figure 1.1 shows the location-based information service that enables the user to get
the specific location-based information. Following are examples of service
applications:
City sightseeing: Providing direction navigation between touring sites, or indicating
touring sites nearby, and finding the nearest hotel, bank, airport, bus station or
relaxation place.
Location-based content broadcast: It can deliver messages to users in a specific
area. It is mainly used in advertisement services, for example, delivering
advertisements to users in or near a shopping center to attract customers. It can also
filter users. For example, the administration of a port can deliver dispatch messages
to the staff within the port area. In addition, activities schedules can also be delivered
to tourists in the sightseeing area.
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Mobile yellow page

Mobile yellow page is similar to ECR. It provides contact information of the nearest
service point according to users needs. For example, the customer can input an entry
restaurant or more conditions such as Chinese food and within 3 kilometers to
search. The output result can be phone numbers or addresses.

Network Enhancing Services

This service is still yet to be defined. At present lawful interception service is

available. Lawful interception is the ability to intercept Content of Communication
(CC) and Intercept Related Information (IRI) of an MS by the 3G system for Law
Enforcement Agency (LEA). The mobile target can be local subscribers, or
subscribers roaming from other 3G systems, or roaming subscribers that can use the
3G system from other mobile networks, such as GSM subscribers.

2.2.3 Multimedia Service

In 3G, distributed multimedia service is the first to be developed. With a little
bandwidth, voice service is the first to be developed, especially with the wide use of
high-compression-ratio MP3. The first application of video service is unidirectional
video application based on low bit rate and small image MPEG4 mode, such as realtime advertising service, or movie clips.
Details of service types:

Circuit real-time multimedia service: The implementation of multimedia service in

the circuit domain mainly uses H.324/M protocol.
Packet real-time multimedia service

Multimedia service in the packet domain is mainly implemented via the SIP protocol.
The major applications include 384 Kbps Video On Demand (VOD) and mobile
teleconference. An example of VOD service is illustrated in Figure 1.1.

Non real-time multimedia message service

This service is called MMS (Multimedia Message Service), a natural development of

SMS. Technically speaking, SMS delivers text format messages through signaling,
only able to deliver or receive text-only messages with a capacity of a little bit more
than one hundred bytes. MMS, with rich service supporting capabilities, can deliver
multi-functional message containing text, images, video, audio and data.

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WWW
server

Application
server

Intranet

DB

Router
TMS2402
Qui dway
TMS2402
Qui dway

Platform

RAS server

Portal
WAP GW

WS

WS

GGSN
Huawei OSS
GPRS/ WCDMA
WIN- CDMA
Still one hour before
boarding, so I can see a
movie with my 3G MS

Figure 1.1 Example of VOD service

2.2.4 Other Typical Services

1. PUSH Service
PUSH service is kind of push technology. It means the network side (mainly the web
sites) initially pushes messages to subscribers, such as weather broadcast, stock
information, news, adverting service, traffic information and other customized
messages.
To the research and discussion of PUSH service, 3GPP proposes series of
implementation schemes. These schemes include: PUSH service implemented by
using network-initiated PDP context activation process; PUSH service implemented
by using network-initiated PDP context activation process triggered by DNS query;
PUSH service implemented by using SMS; PUSH service implemented by using on
line for ever, PUSH service implemented based on the SIP protocol, and PUSH
service using the HTTP protocol.
2. PORTAL service
PORTAL service is a kind of service based on PUSH service.
When the user accesses the Internet, the network will push portal pages. To the
network operators, they can get advertising fees from the pages. To the subscribers,
they can access the Internet in a foolproof way, and get public information such as
weather, traffic and stock for free.
To enhance this service, mobile subscribers can click the page to select each ISP, or
access an enterprise network without fussy inputs.
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2.3 Brief Introduction to the Implementation of

Typical 3G Services
2.3.1 CAMEL Phase 3 Intelligent Service
To introduce the intelligent network into the mobile communication system, the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) defined CAMEL in Gsm
Phase 2+ in 1997 to provide subscribers with service consistency unrelated to the
specific service network. The CAMEL feature is not a supplementary service but a
network feature. Even the subscriber is not in the HPLMN (Home public land mobile
network), the CAMEL feature can be a means of helping network operators provide
the subscriber with the specific service.
The network structure of CAMEL Phase3 is shown in Figure 1.1. Several function
entities are added into the GSM network: GsmSSF (Service Switching Function),
GsmSRF (Specialized Resource Function) and GsmSCF (Service Control Function).
CAP Phase3 protocol interface is employed between GsmSCF and GsmSSF, and
between GsmSCF and GsmSRF. While an internal protocol interface is used between
MSC and GsmSRF, the others use MAP Phase3 interfaces.
The equipment designed specially for GsmSCF implementation is called the SCP, for
GsmSSF implementation the SSP, and for GsmSRF implementation the IP.
Home Network

HLR

MAP

gsmSCF

MAP

CAP

GMSC

gsmSSF

VLR

gsmSSF
Incoming line

CAP

MAP

Roaming leg

MS

MSC

MAP
MO call - Outgoing leg
(or Forwarding leg)

Forwarded leg
Interrogating Network

CAP

gsmSRF

Visited Network

Home/Interrogating/Visited Network

Figure 1.1 Network structure of CAMEL Phase3

CAMEL mainly embodies the separation of switching and services. The fundamental
idea is as follows: The switch only implements the basic call connection function, but
the control of all intelligent services is implemented by another network layer, i.e., the
intelligent network. Of them, the Service Switching Function (SSF) implements the
switching function, reports various events during the call to the Service Control
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Function (SCF) and possibly suspends the call, waiting for further instruction of SCF.
The triggering points of these events are called the Detection Points (DPs). SCF
implements the service logic control function. The essential of the CAMEL mechanism
is a control mechanism between SCF and SSF.

2.3.2 LCS
Figure 1.1 shows the network structure of LCS implementation. Here, when
MSC/SGSN supports LCS, new interfaces to various network entities are added: The
Lg interface between MSC/SGSN and GMLC, the Lh interface between GMLC and
HLR, and the Lc interface between GMLC and gsmSCF.

LMU
Type A

CBC
Note 1)
3GSGSN

IuBC

Uu

HLR

Lh
Node B

UE

Iub SRNC
(SMLC
functionality)

(LMU
Type B)

Iur
Node B Iub
(LMU
Type B)

RNC

Iu

3GLg
MSC/VLR

Lg

Le
Gateway
MLC

External
LCS client

Lc

Gateway
MLC
gsmSCF
Other PLMN

Figure 1.1 Network structure of LCS

The functions of the LCS system are described as follows:

LCS Client

LCS Client is the source of sending location requests, and uses the location result to
implement related services based on location. There are four kinds of clients
according to the LCS Client functions.
1)
2)

3)

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Value-added LCS Clients - Using LCS to support various

value-added services, they may include UEs or no specific
UEs.
PLMN operator LCS Clients - Using LCS to enhance or
support some tasks related to O&M, such as
supplementary service, IN related service, bearer service
and telecommunication service.
Emergency services LCS Clients - Using LCS enhance the
support of emergency calls from the subscribers.

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4)

Lawful Interception LCS Clients - Using LCS to implement

various legal requests and acceptance services.
GMLC (Gateway Mobile Location Center)

GMLC is a gateway device in the network connecting to the external LCS Client. After
getting related location request messages through the Le interface, it is responsible
for HLR addressing, and delivering the location requests to the SGSN through the Lg
interface. GMLC is also responsible for delivering related location results to related
LCS Clients, or convents the results into local coordinate information upon request.

MSC/SGSN/VLR

MSC/SGSN/VLR mainly implements the coding/decoding of related location

information, version negotiation and processing of related signaling protocol
information. In addition, it provides interface functions of related signaling tracing,
maintenance and management. MSC/SGSN/VLR needs to implement the main
processing and control of location procedure, and user privacy protection, and
provides charging information according to the processing.

HLR

HLR stores the subscription data related to LCS, and provides the MSC number of
the located subscriber.

Target UE

The Target UE (also referred as MS) is a target mobile phone located. The network
needs to locate the current or last location of the mobile subscriber according to the
location request. Generally, the target MS is the object to be located. But for MO-LR
(Mobile Originated-Location Request), the target MS is the MS that initiates the
location request.

RNC

In 3G networks, RNC implements the specific locating testing and calculation in LCS
implementation.

LCS client

RNC
SGSN/SGSN Server

Le

GMLC

Lh
RNC

Lg

HLR

MSC/MSC Server

Figure 4.1 Example of LCS procedure

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The external client requests the location information of a target UE/MS from GMLC
(or non real-time location information request).
1)
2)

3)

4)

5)
6)

GMLC checks the ID of the client and the requested

service, and then gets UE/MS identification from the
request information.
GMLC delivers a message to HLR/HSS to query the
address of SGSN or MSC/MSC Server. Upon receipt of the
needed address, GMLC will deliver a location request to
SGSN.
If GMLC belongs to another PLMN, SGSN needs to check
whether the LCS request is allowed. Then SGSN will check
whether the request can be initiated according to the
subscription information of the target UE/MS. If any item
fails, SGSN will directly return a failure response. If the
check is passed, the SGSN then delivers a location request
to RAN.
If RAN stores location information that meets the
requirements of SGSN, it returns a location report to
SGSN. Otherwise, RAN needs to initiate a special location
processing message with the used location method. RAN
returns a location information report that SGSN has
estimated.
SGSN returns the estimated location information and
acquisition time to GMLC.
GMLC returns the location information to the LCS Client.
GMLC records the LCS Client CDR and the CDR of SGSN
inter-network cooperation.

2.3.3 MMS Service

MMS can run in different types of networks. The terminals can be used in 2G and 3G
networks. The MMS Environment (MMSE) includes all necessary service units, such
as transfer, storage and notification functions. These service units can be in one
network, or in different networks. Figure 1.1 illustrates the structure of the MMS
system.

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Message Store

MMS User Agent

MMS Server

2G Mobile
Network
MMSE

MMS Relay

User DB
(Profile/ hlr )

Mailbox

Internet/IP
Network

3G Mobile
Network
A

Mobile
Network

Wired Email Client

B
MMS User Agent
Roaming MMS User Agent

Figure 1.1 MMS system structure

NMS User Agent: As the MMS functional part of the user terminal equipment, it must
be able to support the MMS capability.
MMS Server: As the core part, it receives, notifies, dispatches, sends and forwards
the multimedia messages. Equivalent to a control center, it dispatches different
services. In one MMSE there may be multiple MMS Servers, e.g. MMS Server, E-Mail
Server, SMS Server and FAX Server.
MMS Relay: Acting as a bridge between the MMS User Agent and the MMS Server, it
eliminates the difference between different servers and between different networks.
MMS User DB: Composed of the MMS Subscription Database, the MMS Profile
Database and the HLR, it enables users to flexibly customize services as they wish.
In terms of physical entities, the MMS Server, the MMS Relay and the MMS User DB
can be integrated to form a Multimedia Messaging Service Center (MMSC). In this
way, the MMSC exists as an independent entity and can be directly superimposed on
the existing GPRS network.
In practice, different manufacturers may adopt different networking modes based on
their own comprehension of the protocols. Next we will introduce a WAP-based
networking mode in the GPRS network. In this mode, the WAP gateway is added
between the MMSC and the wireless network to implement the interconnection
between these two. Figure 1.2 lists the implementation flow of the multimedia
messaging service.

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SMTP

IP network

Email
Server
Arrow 1
MMSC

WAP GW

GGSN
1
GPRS backbone network

SGSN1

SGSN2
SMSC

BTS1

BTS2
BSC1

BSC2
MSC/VLR/HLR

Figure 1.2 MMS service flow

1)
2)
3)
4)

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The MS activates the MMS service and sends a message

to the MMSC via BTS, BSC, SGSN, GGSN and WAP
Gateway in turn.
The MMSC distributes the message according to the
terminal type and sends a short message notification to the
MS via the SMSC if the type of terminal is an MS.
Upon receipt of the notification, the called accesses the
MMSC via the GPRS network and the WAP Gateway, so as
to distribute the MMS short message.
If the subscriber does not get the message within the
specified time limit, the MMSC forwards the message to the
mailbox system.

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