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Historical Note
In the preface to his A History of the Giza Necropolis, Volume I (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard
University Press, 1942, p. ix), Egyptologist George A. Reisner (18671942) described his plan for
forthcoming additional chapters and volumes in the Giza Necropolis series. Upon his death at Giza in
June 1942, 4,000 typewritten manuscript pages for these Giza Necropolis volumes lay in various
stages of preparation. At the closing of Harvard Camp on the Giza Plateau in 1947, these pages,
along with other Harvard UniversityBoston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition archives, were
shipped to the MFA in Boston. While the chapters and pages are not clean enough for traditional
printed publication, they nevertheless contain critical information on the Giza excavations not
available elsewhere. Hundreds of mastaba tombs are described in detail, accompanied by interpretive
chapters on funerary architecture, Old Kingdom royal and private family genealogies, burial
equipment, and other topics.
This digital document contains scanned images of one chapter or appendix from A History of the
Giza Necropolis, Volume III, written by Reisner and edited by him and his staff during the 1930s
and 1940s. Evidently the pages for all three volumes were written around the same time, with
decisions about which pages would go with which volume made at a later time. The parts finally
decided upon for Volumes I and II are clear. But regarding Volume II, note that after Reisners
death, his assistant and successor, William Stevenson Smith (19071969), published a much shorter
volume with the same name: A History of the Giza Necropolis Volume II. This book focuses on the
shaft tomb of Queen Hetepheres I (G 7000 X), and ceramic and stone vessel typologies. Thus, the
formally published Giza Necropolis II (Hetepheres) is completely different from the pages contained
in the previously unpublished Giza Necropolis II (interpretive chapters).
Volume III was not as far advanced in the editing process and Reisners intentions are less clear.
Pages are often arranged out of order and renumbered by hand. For example, the tomb descriptions
for the major and minor mastabas of Cemetery G 4000 were written about together, originally
arranged in order by tomb number, but were found pulled apart and reorganized as separate
sections.
The appendices for Volume III start with Appendix G. There is no mention of appendices E and F.
Volume I was published with appendices A-D. Volume II, unpublished, was found to contain two
official appendices, A and B. Volume III, unpublished, contains appendices G-P, but also picks up
where Volume II leaves off with Chapters 15 and 16. There is evidence that Reisner originally
intended for Volume II appendices to be called E and F, but changed his mind at some point before
the final manuscript was typewritten. If so, then the numbering and lettering of the contents for the
entire series, A History of the Giza Necropolis, was originally designed to include Chapters 1 16 (or
17) and Appendices A-P, spread across three volumes.
Reisner mentioned his intention to create a Volume IV in the preface to A History of the Giza
Necropolis, Volume I, p. ix: Vol. IV will complete the description of the secondary mastabas and the
rock-cut tombs. However, there is nothing in the archives specifically labeled Volume IV. All the
secondary mastaba information is labeled as part of A History of the Giza Necropolis, Volume III.
What we are calling [Chapter 17: Analytic Overview of] Cemetery G 10001600 in Volume III
was titled by Reisner: Chapters 17. This may be evidence of the beginnings of the mysterious
Volume IV.
Because the design and chapter layout for Volume III was incomplete when Reisner died in 1942,
and because the pages have been handled and possibly reorganized by others over the intervening
years, we cannot know for certain what the final organization of the volume would have been. We
have attempted a logical reconstruction of chapters and appendices for Volume III that will make the
vast body of data accumulated by the HarvardMFA Expedition at Giza accessible to contemporary
researchers. The original manuscript pages remain in the archives of the Egyptian Section of the Art
of the Ancient World Department of the MFA. See below for preferred citation information.
Annotations
Yellow squares with black text are used to clarify a handwritten note that is difficult to read,
correct an error in the manuscript, or to explain something about the page.
Printing
The original manuscript pages measure 25 cm. by 35 cm. (9.75" x 13.65"). In the U.S., this is
closest to modern legal size paper (8.5" x 14"). Note: Paper size is an option under Page Setup
under the File menu in Adobe Acrobat. To print correctly, in the Adobe Acrobat Printing
Options, under Comments and Forms choose Document and Markup and under Page Scaling
choose Fit to Printer Margins. The legibility of handwritten margin notes will depend on the
resolution of your printer. The higher the resolution, the better the reproduction.
Searching
The PDF pages are partially searchable. All the pages were put through an optical character reader
(OCR). However, the character recognition of old-fashioned typewritten text is not perfect,
especially on pages with numerous handwritten notes, hieroglyphic transliteration, and editing
marks. The text that the program (Adobe Capture 3.0) generated was not corrected. It exists in an
invisible layer behind the scanned page image as dirty OCR. This means that a word search
through the manuscript will not always return perfect results. If your search was unsuccessful, try
searching for part of the word.
Alternatively, search the Giza Archives Project database (www.gizapyramids.org or www.mfa.org/giza)
to find individual pages that contain specific tomb, object, photograph, or people references. All
extant expedition photographs and drawings relating to individual tombs or objects mentioned on
these pages can also be examined in detail using the Giza Archives Project website search engine.
Understanding References
Tomb number examples: G 2110, G 7000 X, G 4940, Lepsius 23, D 20 (spaces are
necessary when searching the database for tomb references)
Ancient name examples: Seshemnefer, Nefer, Ankh-haf, Iasen (alternate spellings have been
included in the database)
Modern name examples: Junker, Fisher, Smith, Floroff, Quibell
Photo negative number examples: A4935, B8301, C13953, D60 (no spaces are used when searching
the database for photo numbers)
Object Register number examples: 12-1-15 (this means: in 1912, month of January, this is the 15th
object logged), 27-2-247 (this means: in 1927, month of
February, this is the 247th object logged)
MFA accession number examples: 13.3144, 37.1311, (12.1483 means: in 1912 this was the 1483rd
object accessioned by the MFA)
Preferred Citation
Reisner, George Andrew (18671942). Chapter Title. A History of the Giza Necropolis III,
Unpublished 1942 Manuscript. June, 2008. The Giza Archives Project, Museum of Fine Arts,
Boston. Access date <URL>.
Additional Information
Imaging
The original paper pages are yellow with age and contain red and blue-pencil editing marks. In order
to minimize file sizes for the PDF, color information was discarded and the brightness, contrast, and
sharpness were enhanced for each scan to make it more legible to the optical character reader.
The optical character reader (Adobe Acrobat 3.0) was set up to create a digital stand-in for the paper
page. The digital page usually displays handwritten notations in grayscale and typewritten text in
black and white. Occasionally, the OCR interpreted a handwritten notation as black and white text,
and typewritten text as grayscale (sometimes as both). If the OCR program encountered something
it could not read, it left that part of the page in grayscale. Grayscale can appear fuzzy and is
occasionally difficult to read when printed.
Linking
The hyperlink in the bookmarks at the end of each chapter is intended to link to the next chapter,
but you will have to download the next chapter to the same folder on your desktop for the hyperlink
to function. Each chapter and appendix for Volume III is a separate downloadable PDF file.
Catherine Pate, Project Archivist
Peter Der Manuelian, Project Director
Giza Archives Project
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
May 19, 2008
Po 115.
_
_
I
totally destroyed.
Qf
these six kings have been found at ledum, mhshur, Giza and Abu
Roash adjoining pyramids of the kings. The site of Dahshur has not been complete-
ly excavated.
Before I begin the reconstruction of the royal family of Dyn,Iv,
it is necesaary to discuss the titles of the members of the royal family and the
1) Sneferuw: buried in the Worth Stone Pyramid at Dahshur: he had two pyramids but
the southern pyramid has not been identified: sometimes the Medum
Pyramid is assigned to that king and sometimes the Bent-Pyramid
of Dahshur.
2) Khufuw: First pyramid at Giza, G I.
These six were recognized by the royal family and by the tradition of the scribes,
p.116.
In several lists of kings, three other kings are named who represat
/
the descendants of Fiadedef and the Lybhn line of the family of aeOPS* In
It,
p,246,
Bakara,
of mephren and the other two kings were contemporaries of Mycerinus and Shepseskaf.
mether any of the three men actually sat on the throne of Egypt m y be
doubted, but all three certainly lead revolts against the legitimate kings of
m . 1 ~ . The tombs of the six kings of the dynasty are known and only the tombs
and his children are also depicted with names and titles.
the owner is added, but it la rare that the father of the owner is represented
(see the tomb of Queen Meresankh 111) . In a few chapels, the brothers and the
sisters are recorded (see the tomb of Iymery, G 6020).
are also represented.
Occasionally grandchildren
Egypt, the wlfe bears the titles of a queen of Egypt, and the children are princes
- - _
''daughter of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt with the names of the king (sJt
nswt-blty-Hwf'w etc.)
/I 7
''the mother of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt" (mwt nswt bity).
One queen,
Queen Kbentkauws the Wife of Neferirkara (3rd king of Dyn.V) bears the title of
"mother of Mu!t two kings of Upper and Lower Egypt" (mwt nsrit-bity nswt bity).
She was the aother of X'eweserra and was buried in his reign at Giza.
Between
Neferirkara and Neweserra stand two kings with short reigns, Shepseskara
(7years) and Referfra ( 4 years).
L.
by the queen whose son ascended the throne is reinforced by the titles of
Fhamerernebty I and Khamerernebty 11.
of the King &f Upper and Lower Egypt" and the title of "daughter of the godfr.
Phamerernebty I1 who was a daughter of Khamerernebty I and Chephren does not bear
either of the twro titles borne by her mother.
from parents of the blood-royal was equal to the descent of her mother, but we
have no evidence that she was the mother of the king (Shepseskaf). The names and
titles of the mothers of Radedef and Chephren are not preserved because of the
destruction of fwerary chapels at Giza and Abu Roash.
of the mother of ShepsesJmf are not preserved, either at Giza or at the tomb of
But this title was only held by the queen whose son
The fact that the queen was the mother of the king
who is ulso a god (Horus, etc.) Proves her divine 4escent from the preceedfng
kings of Egypt, and she was called ''daughter of the god'' in order to emphasize
her divine descent.
Other titles designating a wife of a king are as follows:1) m;]t
Hr St, '?shewho behold9 the Horus and Setrf(meaning the king): the
cornon title of a wife of any rank in the haroem of the king.
3) sm;t JTbty, Itshewho is united with the lord of the two crownsft.
g*
6) tist
Hr.
3) Wrt
g) wrt
hts.
61)
66
x
1-t-
-h
(4)Queen
(6)Queen Meresankh
(8)Queen
(9)
Queen Hezhekenuw,
of
wife of
+-I
(1%)
I8
(13)queen
(I@ Queen NimafathapAll the kings, the husbands of the 1bwomen, wore buried alone
Some of the queens were also buried alone in small pyramids
in pyramids.
s a .
ad,bvrr-
@
/I
%I
children.
VJk-en the titles of the queens were inscribed on their chapels , on
those of their children, or on their own coffins, their husbands were usually
dead
The title of wrt hts in borne by ten queens.
opinion that this designates a queen whose Wsband is dead.
I am of the
tFJrt means 'Ithe
1
or "end~ttl'~
.
great lady" and hts means something indicatidng 'Tcompletiont*
carrying chair made by her son Cheops is not called wrt hts probably because
she used that chair in her life time while Cheops was on the throne.
Meryt-
yetes, wife of Sneferuw is called wrt hts nt Ynfrw, wrt hts nt Wfw, imJh(t)
him hr Fcfrc.
For the queens of Cheops no titles are preserved except some of the titles of
Henutsen (?).
wrt hts on her granite coffin which was m d e in the reign of Chephren.
Three
si-t I9
Of
(prince Sekhemkara).
bear this title.
not connected with a name of any king also bear the title of wrt hts in the
chapels of their own tombs.
wrt hts.
La
c-
ctne
were
The titles of Queen
Queen Hezhekenuw is
Hepepheres 11 was first married to the eldest son of Cheops her brother and was
8.
111.
brother Radedef.
was dead.
In spite of the fact that LLetep-heresI1 had the titles of sft nswt,
hmt nswt and other titles of the queen of Egypt, on the white casing of the
mastaba constructed for her ( G 753047540) she was given only the title wrt hts.
0
I conclude that this title wrt hts designated her as a widow of the king of
--
\
.
7 /$/
Child of a King.
_
I
s.,t msdt
II
queen to the royal family, the children have different claims or inheritance,
(1) a queen who is a full sister of the king, (2) a queen who is a half sister
of the king ~QX& (3) a queen who is a tninor member of the family (granddaughter
or niece) and (4) a queen from
The second class of princes and princesses have inherited their titles from
their fathers and mothers such as the children of Prince Khufuwkhaf (G 7130+714?
A third class includes the stepchildren of a king (see the children of Queen
Hetsp-heres 11).
offices in the service of the king and were allowed to use the title of a
,et
prince.
sas
$*Lg
It is to be remembered
that the great princes of the royal family usually held the hi&
offices such
as vezlerb. at isw usual in the Near East to give courtesy titles to the
b
EX
p. 122 .
,
7
+
:other
(LG 89)
princes of m.Iv, Minyuwen (LG 92), a prince whose name is lost, the fatherx of
rrprincer'
Seshathetep G 5150.
da
under the king, it was natural that lesser men held the highest office were
of the king.
In examining the titles of the princes and princesses of Dyn.IV,
we find several sons of each king labelled smsw.
title of
SI
ren of Cheops only one son 1s marked with the title of s; nswt smsw, Prince KawaB
whose mastaba is on the most important site in the Eastern Field.
of Radedef, three men are labelled s J nswt smsw, Baka, Hor-ent, and Setka.
Also
three sons of Chephren are marked with the adjective smsw, Nekara, Sekhemkara,
p.123.
---j
--.
(Selim Hassan) who3 I assign as a son of Mycerinus also bears the adjective smsw,
and the only child of Shepseskaf known to us is a daughter named Kba-mafat who
bore the title sjt nswt smswt.
It is obvious that the word smsw does not mean the eldest child
sasw designated the eldest child of' the queen who bore him or her.
usually three or more queens and by the suggestion each king could have three or
more sons with the adjective smsy.
titles s; nswt smsw, Prince Nekauwra was a son of Queen Persenet, Prince Sekhemkaq
was a son of Queen Hezhekenuw, and prince Yuwenra was the eldest son of a branch
of the family of ChepFren but without the name of the queen-mother being preserved,
we do not knm the titles of any king of Dgn.IV before his accessia
as a king of Egypt.
Above I have stated that the son of a king and his chief
queen, a full sister of the king, had the first claim on the throne.
Whatever the
word smsw means, it designate4 the son who was recogniad as chief of the branch
produced by his mother.
I assume that the son who succeeded his father, the king,
or tlprincessrt
as the
children of prhce Kawarab, who bore the title of trprinceft
step children of Radedef,
p.124.
children of a royal prince not of a king who bore the title of Ira son of the kingn
the family relation of a man bearing the title of !'son of the king".
The earliest
In three inscriptions
It is to be pointed
out that the princess Nefert-kauw was a daughter of Sneferuwx and that her son
Nefermafatwhose flather is not a king or prince claims the title of a "son# of the
kingt'. His son, sneferuw-khaf, also olaims the title of prince.
The history of
the mmily of Princess Pefertkauw makes clear the importance of the dessendants
of Sneferuw
The importance of the descendants of Cheops is illustrated by
the family history of "prince" Meriby son of the Princess Sedyt.
the flnther and the mother of Merib were children of Cheops.
Prohbly both
rlPrince"Merib claims
the title of a son of the king and his daughter, rtPrincessnmensezerka is also
labelled 8s daughter of the king.
king of Empt was often inherfted by the children and grandchildren of a prince
and by later descenants of that family.
p.225.
generations are known whose members bear the titles of rh nswt or rht nswt.
When
the ancestor of the family does not bear the titles rh nswt, it is obvious that
the children who bear the title had inherited it from their mother.
If a family
is establfshed with the men holdihg importat offices, it is not certain that the
later generations held the titles of rh nswt or rht nswt inherited from one
ancestress or fron other women married by the men of the family.
family of Shepseskaf-ankh (C0rn.G 6000) was begum by an estate steward, Shepseskafankh, who never bore the title of rh nswt.
children, and one great grandson claim the titles of rh nswt or rht nswt (see
'bBulletinof the Boston Mgseum Of Fine Arts, Vol.XXXVII, B0.220).
It ls rare that
a rh nswt or rht nswt can be definitely connected with any king of Egypt.
When
the approximate date of the mastaba can be defined by its position and its type-
forms, there are usually two or three kings who could be the ancestor of the
persons holding the title.
in DYnf,V and VI and. the inheritance of the title makes the name of the king a
matter of conjecture in that period.
The exm pies of the grandchildren and great grandchildren are listed
Of
12-126
.I.
'*the dau@ter of the god of his body", Hetepheres was of royal blood.
Sneferuw was preceded by Huni the last king Of Dyn.111,
Eetepheres I was a daughter of Huni.
relations of meferuw himself.
4'
As
&JA t ; L d
Probbly he W@&W&m4
his claim
/T
I, was the mother of Cheops- By her titles Hetep-heres was certainly the chief
queen of Sneferuw .
1) Queen Hetep-heres I: on the Carrying chair: "mother of the king of Upper and
found at Giza and now disappeared: titles, ?'hmt nswt mryt-f, sm)t
nbty, imy-ht HOP, wrt hts nt Sneferuw, wrt hts nt HufuW, im;h(t)
Medum, p.40,
P1.xxxIII.
The name M e r e N k h was applied to two other queens of mn.IV and a princess and
8
p.lX7.
I am of the opinion that Queen
Meresankh I was a result of a confusion in the mind of the scribe who made the
grafito.
---------n
Porn of that queen was the son, Cheops, who succeeded Sneferuw on the throne
I.
of Eapt.
k k L L-cLq L $:-I
a Lyblan queen who brought red hair and the political troubles which followed on
!/
full-
and B h s h o z r North.
doubt arises about the princes and princesses recorded at that site.
Other
( a 7150).
?T/
0
?L
(?*cS
rtrof mefer
GIZA NECROPOLIS:
.
c
.
-
_
I
_
.
_
_
_
built later than the Pyramid. The pyramid was the southern
pyramid of Sneferuw. These tombs were theregore built in the
later p r t of the reign of Sneferuw, and in ,the following
priod down to the reign of Chephren. M.17,
f*st
appears to be the
The
The mastabas of the Eastern group are those which have the names of princes.
These mastabas are of large size as indicated by the following list.
M 17) :
: 5317.38 sq.rn.
M 16) Nefermaft :
: 8160.00 sq.m.
M
#I
9) Ranofer or Khent
7) z 316.4 sq.m.
1881.00 sq.m.
~II
16:
of high position.
Wife of Nefermatat: Atet (It-t), rht nswt: the sons of Nefermatat appear
Hamyuw en,
- 6
6) Prince Rahotep: buried in the southern shaft of Medum
m:
his
hrp tmj, wr md smc, ed-mr wij, hrp cprw nfrw, hrp mr Cwy.....
imy-rJ stt(?), imy-rj iswt, hkf ht, mdh fms, wc wr hb, wc wr
chamber in an open pit) confirms the dating of the rnastaba as later than M e d m 1 6 d
It is to be noted that the statues bf Rahotep and his wife have attitudes used
P. 130
mi, rh nswt.
7) The owner of Medum 80.17 whose name and titles have not been preserved/:
the size of the mastab and the types of the parts of the tombs indicatt
that the owner was an important man possibly a son of S n e f e m : the
tomb appears to have been built before Medum 15.
8) Prince Nihap, buried in southern shaft in Nedum ~0.8: burial chamber, built
crLuQ
three -niched
titles preserved.
may have been contemporary with Medum 15 and 17, and these may have been tombs
of children of Sneferuw but no evidence exists at the present time.
The other
tombs, Medum 9 and 1, have burial chambers like that of Prince Rahotep and
Prince Nbhap and may have been assigned to the same period as Medum 5 and 8.
Petrie
recorded in Medum PLXIV, a Prtly destroyed wall relief but no name is given on
this wall relief.
named Heknen, with the titles of nfrw idw, iry iht pr cj, rh nswt.
have been a grandson of SneferuW but certainly not a son of that king.
P. 131.
--
if. The Site of mhshur, East of the Two Pyramids, The North Stone Pyramid
4
I
_
_
_
-
the stela
LvtrS
11
made by
The size of the mastabbuilt by his son for him and the titles which he held,
make prince Kanofer one of the most important men in the reign of hid father,
Sneferuw, and he probably held some of the titles also in the reign of his
brother Cheops and later.
5w
m iswt nbt hm ntr nbt imjh hr ntr cjQ kmx hkrt nswt.
Children of Prince Kanofer:
P. 132.
Inm-k) Iti.
TL
p&st
A Sneferuw, which
The position of mastaba No.27 Close to that of Prince Kanofer strengthens the
conclusion that Prince Ked-shepses was a son of Sneferuw)
--
relief assigned by us to
S)
I take it that Prince Iy-nefer was a son of Sneferuw based on the quality and
probable date of the reliefs.
sons of Sneferuw.
Po133.
12) Prince Ka-aha-f: on palace ka-door of white limestone carved in high relief:
...........kJt nswt,
hm ntr
...
Ddw prt-hrw,,...
UndYgrtunately the mastaba was not completely excavated and we know nothing of
the mastaba, or the burial Chamber.
found in fragrllents
In view of
the uncertain date of the stela, Prince Ka-aha-f may be a son of Snefefhw or a
ovn A
later king, wbo was buried at Dahshur because he held a priesthood of sneferuw.
burial chamber built and roofed with a corbel vault probably datable to the early
reign of cheops.
This
mlgxlp
owner of N0.5 may have been a prince, son of Sneferuw, but no inscriptions were
recovered giving his name of titles .
At mhshur, east of the North Stone Pyramid and east of the
Bent Pyramid, the tombs of the Old Kingdom are generally connected by the
funerary service of Sneferuw and include several persons who bear $he title of
--
"S!
P44.
p.260,
303).
Neferet-nesuwt are
SJ
no evidence
mastaba .
He had three
G21oo
cemeteries (Cems. G 1200, @l&&@0,
and G 4000) laid out on a unified plan.
East
! 4
of his pyramid he built three small pyramids for his queens and laid out a
cemetery ollz a unified plan for his favorite children.
history of the construction of the pyramids and the mastabas, before the
comp7etion of the necropolis the whole site had taken the appearance of a city of
the dead planned by one m n .
stone instead of
crude briok.
It was to be expected
that several brothers and cousins of Cheops would prefer to be have their tombs
at Giza instead of at Medurn Or Dahshur.
Therefore in some
Tn the
1358
Orh,
4)
' 3 h L c e SI
Po 186
The
3. The
Family of cheops.
King cheops was a son of Sneferuw and queen Hetep-heres I as said
meops.
In
the Eastern Field he began another Cemetery on a unffied plan for his favorite
children.
1) Queen of Pgr. G I-a: name not preserved: by the position of the pymmjd the
mr.G F a was the burial place of the chief queen of Cheop:
undoubtedly a daughter of meferuw and Hetep-heres I, a full
sisted of Cheops: attached to the pyramid on the south is a
boat grave for a sun-bark.
P.q%
2) Queen of Pyr. G I-b: by the position of the pyramid, this queen was second
1 am of the opinion that the queens Nos.1 and 3 were daughters of Queen Hetep-
heres
u
,.
A
~0.2, was from the western desert and did not belong to the royal family of
b n . TV except by marriage .
I would. assign as children of Queen No.1 $he persons buried in the
-A
royal children buried in the Western Field as children of known queens of Cheops.
Nevertheless it is possible that royal children in the Western Field may have
been closely related to children buried in the Eastern Field.
b. The Children of Cheom
Cheops was succeded on the throne by two of his sons Radedef and
%@phren.
Radedef followed on his father and built his pyramid at Abu Roash
P. 13%.
or other persons.
constructed,
cannot be ma de out,
1) Radedef: probably a son of the queen buried in Pyr. G I-b: a brother of
Hetep-heres 11: lUp&&fS
Nq-L
see belowz
(2)
ka protably
fhmily o
E,cJii-L,
/I
Pyr. G I-b.
2) Chephmn: buried in the Pyramid G 11: see his family below: married to
...........
p*3$*
prove that the mastaba was built in the reign of Cheops for a member of the royal
family probably a son of Cheops.
In Cem. G 4000,
the initial mastabas form a block on the western side, numbered G 4000, 4150,
4160, 4250, 4260,
TWO
title was preserved although they each had an emplacement for a slab stela.
The first addition to the nucleus complex consisted of eight mastabas, G 43604660, 0 435004650.
ramp or stair
P*l$B.
~y the
similarity of the head of the owner of G 4440 to the head of Prince Sneferuw-
In the final addition, five mastabas are identified with the names of the Owners,
but none of the owners bear the titles of a child of a king.
with decorated
(9) hm ntr
.R;-cnP.t, ($0) mdw HP, (11) mdw Kf-hd, (12) rnrrrv nb-f,
SSW
...
mhw, (20) 5my-r; kJy nbt nt nswt, (21) hry hb, (22) hrp ijwt
nbt ntryt, (23) S J nswt n ht-f: see Junker Giza I, p.148-151:
the titles are the same as those borne by Prince Nedemarat
of Medurn and eleven titles borne by Prince Kanofer of Dahshuri
The courtesy
10) Prince Yuwnuw: buried in G 4150 with corn of t y p I1 b enlarged with massive
aorework of type IV-Iii: slab stela in an emplacement in the
core of type I1 b: titles of the slab stela, imy-rf sjw smcw
wr md smcw sj nswt: a prince of minor rank: probably a son of
Cheops
'1
15) Prince Snefemw-seneb: buried in G 4240: core of type IV-i with casing of
white limestone with exterior c h a p 1 of type (2b): casing,
and decoration of the chapel not finished: burial chamber of
15) Princess Weneshet: buried in mastaba G 4840: core type IV-I uncased, with
chapel of type (2b) on south and a later ka-door on the
north: burial chamber of type 4 b(2): a fragment of a slab
stela bearing
stela
of a king.
16) The important personx buried in the enormous mastaba G 2000:
s-+
0%
a son
P. '4-3
+Gm?-*
In the Eastern Field the mastabas begin with the four northern
twin mastabas in which were buried the favorite children of Cheops.
17) Prince Ka-wa tab: buried in the southern half of the twin mastaka, G 71104
7120: finished in the end of the reign of Cheops: titles on
the red granite coffin, s; nswt n ht-f smsw (hm ntr Inpw),
hm ntr Srkt: chapel of type (sa) with exterior stone chapel
containing two rooms and a pillared portico: fragments of
reliefs bear the name of Ka-wa'ab and a few titles (sj nswt
in the chapel of Meresankh 111, her father was Kawa 'ab, her
mother was fletep-heres 11,
On the south,
the figure of his mother probbly like the southern fagade panel of G 7140, with
the figure
of Kawa'ab.
of Kawatab
panel bears p r t s of smaller figures of two girls of which one bears the name
of Merytyetes with unintelligible signs giving her titles.
3)'lp-cl *
bu-L-,
33
-hut
o.\
kt-g ,%A
P-14-4
%It-{ r,L-f3rli5ih
&<I,
%t - / .
4%
it-f, hlty-c,
6)
7) Daughter:
3-5
m e children NosxMM have estates composed with the name of Cheeps:
I,
* refer
18) Queen Hetep-heres 11: the red hired daughter of Cheops and the Lybian queen
of Pyr. G I-b: married f b s t to the eldest son of Cheops,
Kawa'ab, and after his death to her fill brother Radedef:
first her tomb was designed in the northern part of the twin
mastaba of Kawa'ab, G 7110f7120 but that tomb was not finished
was the mother of a queen, which I would identify as Hetepheres I1 the mother of Meresankh 111.
Am!&kmxm%s$dEmx
aa8srx~~~~xf~xratf~xnt%xtr~a~:xHPrf5~
R
rn
ntr
............
&-5
Sneferuw married to her full brother Ankh-haf buried in the reign of Chephren
after the death of his wife.
19) Prince Hordedef: buried in the southembalf lEna of the twin mastab, G 7210+
7220: chapel of type (3a), badly destroyed and with the name
and titles on the ka-door purposely erased: titles on ka-door
s f nswt n ht-f, hfty-cy irny is iry Nhn: on fragments of wall
scenes, other titles are added, imy-rf kf(t)
-R&vJ
in
. .., cd mr
wif:
~ H $ ~ C Westcar
P ~ W
xvr:
VOL-111-
A-4PW U
d:cf
e-146
L 7T
c
_
GrCLr
estates one has the name h-t Hwfsv (in cartouche): in the
northern chapel ( G 7410),,fragments
bearing titles of a
.... S;t
nswt nt ht-f
.....: the
fragments
with male titles bear the titles hry hb, hry tp, (wr) 5
Handwriting belongs to
Evelyn Perkins, expedition
secretary, 19311947.
SJW
...;ht-(wfw)
is of type e(p) with a krst lid and each of the four sides
c
_
.
has a palace *md~door with "sf nswt Hr-bf-f" on the crossbar: on the lid is an offering formula in the name of Kx#xnxxe1
L[-
R+
.Q,L!.-cJ1, be-
assigned to Prince H o r b f
L*-1-F+-W--P***
c Beops
place either at Abu RoaSh or in the second pyramid at Giza and the southern half
been made owing to its size (area, 32.49 sq.m.: capcity, 120.21 -):
I consider more plausible that Meresankh I1 was a wife of Hadedef and she
preferred. to return to the necropolis of her father on the death of Radedef.
4-.
I consider
T$men
In both
chapels appear the tit.les of a prince and in the southern chapel an incomplete
name which I restor as Horbaf.
a woman sitting on a throne on a boat with lappet wig and long tunic and her
titles 8s preserved were those of a princess hut may have included originrilly
the titles of a queen.
in several ways but I oonclude that Prince Horbaf was a son of Queen Meresankh 11
was probably in&erited from Gueen Meresankh I1 who had inherited that estate
from Cheops.
xvr:
Q. 4 8
VOL-III-
that she must have been a daughter of Neresankh I1 and her husband a king of
Egypt (Radedef or Chephren). Thus I conclude that in the northern chapel
Meresankh was represented as a queen with the son HOrbaf appearing as a
subsidiary figure.
Jb k
kbhd q[t;~^+ik
of one original nucleus core with the addition on the south of corework of type
Iv-iii.
Each rnastaba contains two burla1 shafts which are both in the northern
The
western mstaba was finished with two interior chapels and is actually a twin
mastaba, G 713047140.
casing and was cased with crude brick resting on the unfinished white casing.
The third mastaba, G 7330.)74l40 W
used uncased.
a
s
with
voz. I n =
L-
CI
.........
rrt
a daughter of Cheops.
a aughter of Cheom.
sjb tjty,
VOl.XIX,
in
kft nbt nswt, hry hb, srnr wcty: prince Minkhf was undoubted.
ly a son of Cheops.
Wife of Prince MinMaf: buried in a wooden coffin in shaft G 7430 B: no
name or titles preserved.
f&LLA.y
Children of Prince hrinkhaf: only one son was recorded on the southern
!l
ka-door:
on the right flange of the tablet is represented
_
.
the head of a dale figure facing to the left inscribed
s;-f hfty-c smr hrp ch Rc-kjw: on the northern back of the
outer recess, is a small figure (a boy) with bare head,
W
Wh%lbW@
...
the three cemeteries in tF.e Western Field were mostly children of Cheops, but
it must be admitted. that several Persons could have been brothers or sisters of
p.131.
SJ
I conclude
Prof.Jwker would place the title of an early prince (Hemyuwen, G 4000, No.9,
the rejgn of Sepseskaf down to the reign of Neferirkara, two other persons had
courtesy titles of prince.
111, the son of Seshennofer I ( G 5080), who bears the title of sJ nswt.
AS a result of this evidence several princes recorded at Giza
Ka-em-aha ( 3 1223) and the princess Nefert-yabet ( G 1225) would also have been
related to Sneferuw.
In the Eastern Field, Prince Ankh-haf, the owner of the l a r e
aastaba G fdbb 7510, about the size of G 2000 in the Western Field, could also
Another person,
identified,
___
!Ef
p.152.&
l+~tPJcLUS:
......(Nt?).
It is improbable that
B~x&keclr
stt nswt n ht-f smswt while Hetep-heres I1 never hears the adjective smswt.
before the middle of the reign of Cheops, prhaps in the reign of Sneferuw.
Fy these facks, I conclude that Prince Ankh-haf was a son of Sneferuw married
had been buried earlier. As vfe have not identified her burial place at Giza,
p*152 b rn
3)sW,
f
i
e
L
f
A a L &
4 s+w-
.......(traces)
(2)hm ntr
m
f
w hry sstf (Kj-m-)nfrt: on the northern janb between the figure
king, who appear8 to be the children of Prince KaWafgib and Hetep-hepes 11,
Hetep-
heres I1 after the death of K4wafab married Radedef, and her children were given
the courtesy t itles of 'prince
4, "princess" Heresankh
Chaphren);
5
'
' op It pr incess680
Who later
Ww88
a 7530,
fully decorated,
p. 153.
Princess Merytyetes: recorded in the chapel of G 7650, on the northern kadoor; title of that ka-door, (sft) nswt nt ht-f mryt-f
three shafts,
c has
sq.m.,
(1) on the west Wall, standing in the table scene in which the c w f
figure is a woman sitting at a table of bread(?).
(2) on the south Wall is an offering scene with a family group mnaakfPrPm
(4)
sash labelled,
.... hm
..
hm ~ f Nhn
w hrp ch, Cd-mr- wi], Akhet-hetep;
(5) on the doorway jambs, feet of a man with his wife behind him on
both jambs.
(6) facade
p n e l on north: large figure of rnan facing in to the left,
S
at
facing to right
p. 154.
a small boy and tmo daughters: the daughter behind the wife
is labelled sJt s nt ht-s Hwfw
......: in
girl ar(
.. .: on
tkie
sons and two daughters of which only the names of the two
daughters are preserved.
......; on
Two ladies of
that name bear the title of Princess, recorded in G 4140 and in G 7650.
represented as the chief figure in the scene of the west wall and on the southern
end of the eastka wall, was PrinmSS Merytyetes in spite of the fact t b t she
is represented behind Akhet-hetep on the northern end of the east wall and on
the jambs.
Akhet-hetep and the northern ka-door in the name of the Princess according to the
c
.
custom at Giza.
stages.
g.155.
The first stage included the table scene on the west wall between the
n\.clrLs
two **R&@ and the family group on the south wall continued on the southern end
The second stage included the swamp scene and the family
group on the northern half of the east wall , the northern wall, the door-jambs
and the facade pnelsin the embrasure north and south of the doorway.
s
In the
two scenes in the first stage, Princess Merytyetes was the chief figure in the
first scene on the west wall and her importance in the other scene was emphasized
of the ka-doors belonged to the second stage and that the event which closed
the first stage was the burial of the princess in shaft C.
It -Is impossible to fix the reign in which she was born but
courtesy title of princess by her stepfather Radedef as were her sisters and
brothers .
P*G6*
G 753047540 was
built for Queen Hetep-heres and under it was made the rock cut tomb of one of
the daughters, Meresankh 111, married to Chephren.
buried in G 7530+7540 but I am of the opinion that she was buried later in
G 7350.
n
East of B 7530+7540 stands G 7650, in which. was burLied another daughte
of KaWafab, Merytyetes.
r: 7450,
G 7350 and G 753047540, is uncased but the chapel of white limestone was built
The mastaba has two shafts of which only one was used,
shaft A.
6)
not preserved.
Children of Prince Duwa-ne-Hor:
two small boys and a daughter: only the name of the daughter
is preserved, Nebty-hetep.
p.197.
7)
capacity,
sq.m.:
S$JK
sj nswt
m&&m
9)
......
p.148.
2) Standing behind the chief figurn, with short wig and short
He hid
L
e
&ktm
queens buried
The
chief queen whose name has been lost was buried in Pyr. G I-a.
The second
queen whose name has also been lost was buried in Pyr. G I-b whom I would
identify as the Lybian lady the mother of Iikdedef and Hetep-heres 11.
The third
queen was buried in Pyr. G I-c and I reconstruct her name as Henutsen.
as children of Cheop.
P.vii9.
been preserved in all the m s t a w s the number would be increased by several naqes
fi
Of
(a 73104
5) Radedef and Chephren who came to the throne were certainly sons of Cheeps:
of
P. 160
46
14
m
sons
011
ChePhnn.
(*
"
FOU~!
sons were identified as children of Kawa'ab and Hetep-
The
_
L
_
_
-
Every man who claims the rank of a k h g prince bears the titlea:
7
of "kingfs son", 'pkin@ son of his body" whether he is actually a son of the
king or holds a courtesy title.
p. 141.
L
m of these
meferuw),asM
-4
N,b.,(.'.s
+d-
$S-c.--I
It 2s prohble that
hsw
We do not know long
CI
Nefermafat of Giza
0~m.v several persons who were appointed to the office of vezder claimed the
11y
p
)
a(5170)
G
Vpp3r Egypt" (sdwty bity) . The Giza princes who held that office Were Hemyuwen,
Ankh-haf, Khufuw-khaf and Nefermaft%tt. Three of these men held the title of
vezier but Khufuw-t?.afnever reached that office.
The third title of importance Is "the overseer of the all works
held that title,- H@-nyuwen, Ankh-haf, Eordedef, RabauWf, Minkhaf, of which foUp
were veciers.
P.lb2.
Four princes bear the title of Itthe great one of the Upper
Egyptian tens" (wr md smcw), Wepemnofret, Ka-m-aha, Yuwnuw and Kawatab.
This
title was held by other men in Dyn.IV and by men of lower rank in DyrsV-vI.
Titles held by the great winces include the following:-
(a) "The controller of the singers of Upper and Lower Egypt" (hrp mrt smcw mhw)
held by Hemyuwen and Ankh-haf; both veziers.
(b) "Overseer of the great hall" (imy-rj Wsht): held by Rabauwf and Ankh-haf.
(c) "Overseer of commands to the offering priests" (imy-r; wdt mdw hry wdbw);
held by Khufuw-haf.
(a) "Admiral
&vd P & k
yep-ern-nofret
(f) "Overseer of the gua'rds !or working gangs) of Upper Egyptft(by-rj sjw smcw
held by Ka-em-aha and Yuwnuw.
kakj-aijt 0
the princes in the reign of Cheops at Giza
c L~ fL
t*t%-# U-!'^s"2
3
1) '?Thegreat one of the five of the house of Thoth" (wr 5 pr Dhwty): held by
Eemyuwen, Ankh-haf, Min-khaf, Nefemafat, of which all four were
veziers .
IV. Funerary offices.
The funerary priesthoods of princes were in the service of the
king to whoa they were related.
GIZA NECROPOLIS:
cmPTER XVI:
VOL~III
p.163.
V. Religious Titles
1) "Scribe of the divine book" (ss mdft ntr): held by Minkhaf (on coffin) ; held
by several men in late DynSIV and Dyn.V.
3) "&-priest,
"princes".
7)
among the great onesof the feast'? (we m mew hb) : held by Khufuw.
I?
haf.
_-
p.164.
3) m e title mdh
..... (a
I/
If
\\
The
t*
I#
significance of these phrases depends 001 the mention of his 4fkther or Ithis lord'
When the phrase refers to the "great god" the meaning is doubtful.
The trgreat
godttmay be the klng or one of the great gods of Egypt or the god of the dead.
When a prince uses the words "his fhthertrin all these phrases it is to be
concluded that the prince is a son or stepson of the king.
as ''he who does all that his lord wishes", occur frequently but have no s%gnzf%Ax
ll.+wJ
t CA
the epithet.-
1) r%aster of honor before his father" (nb imfh hr it-f): held by Minkhaf.
2)
3) "Master of' honor before the great god'' (nb imfh hr ntr c]):
held by Ankh-haf,
pa 165
was preserved is assigned to a royal prince because of its size, 5586.0 3q.m.
Among the twin mastabas in the mstern Field six tombs were identified with the
narnes of children of Cheops, and these six mastabas range from 1800 sq.m. down to
1200 sq.m.
In the Western Field G 4000, the tomb of prince Hemyuwen had an area
of 1400 sq.m.
Mastaba
G 7530;7540
built for Eetep-heres I1 and used for Meresankh I11 has an area of
1000 sq.m.
( G 2130),
( G 2120, 1225, 1223, 4150) and three are over 300 sq.m.
a grandson of Sneferuw, appears to hold offices not commensurate with his mastaba.
the
Neferma tat held administrative titles of importance vezier, seal-bearer o f m g of
p. 166.
4
(YLLNAfl-C'.?
m Egypt,
. The mastaba
of Neferma'at
was probably
It was
4%.
He reigned only eight years and never finished his pyramid but
revealed at Giza mostly in the tomb of Queen Meresankh 111, G 7530, I reconstruct
his history as a son of the Queen of Pyr.G I-b, who I would identify as the
Lybian queen the mother of Radedef and Hetep-heres 11, the queen pictured with
The break with the family of Cheops is emphasized by his short reign,
red hair.
his founding a cemetery at Abu Wash, and the claim to the kingship made by his
son Baka and two other descendants.
The important material for the fkmily of Radedef was found by
--
of Radedef,
The map of the site of Abu Roash, (LD I, Qp.11) shows the prtly
finished pyramid of Radedef (No.11) approached by a causeway rising from the
plain from ENE.
of the pyramid where Chassinat found the fragments of statues and statuettes.
At the S
I
V corner of the pyrzmld stands a snail -pyramid probbly of a qdeen of
Radedef.
Of
d Y I
1) Queen Khentt-n-k;:
_
I
_
-
2) Queen Hetep-heres 11: her life reconstructed f m m the scenes and inscriptions
k Lkd pz,J.&
on the east wall in swamp scene, mwt-s sjt nswt b ty Hwfw wrt hts.
4 MSNSCmkA E -d
-5
was the wife of a king who could have been one of her brothers,
I,
ad+L
4 ~ctp-)u/usz:
stepfather Radedef .
Queen Hetep-heres I1 had two tombs prepared for her: (1) in the
northern p r t of the twin mastaba G 7110$7120, for Kawafab and
Hetep-heres 11: the burla1 chamber prepared for the widb was
never finished or used: (2) the large mastaba G 753047540 was
built in the reign of Chephren for Hetep-heres 11 by quarry
marks on the white casing, but no burial shaft was constructed
in the rnastaba: later under the northern part of the mastaba was
made the rock cut tomb for Queen Meresankh 111: I would identify
tL
E
9Q-G 7350k.etf-keus
A.
3) Queen Yeresankh 11: buried in the twin mastaba, G 7410$7420: the southern
part of the mastaba was prepred for her husband who became a
king, either Radedef or Chephren but her husband was buried at
p.168.
tLt
c4bL
Lwas
four nen who can be counted as sons of Radedef or Prince Kawafab, born of Hetepheres 11.
Radedef.
.. .
e4
been sons of Radedef and Queen Hetep-hems I1 assembled around the tomb of their
p.169..
)-.In
of the opinion that Meresankh I1 was married to Radedef because on her coffin
she bears the title of wrt hts ("widow of a king").
prepared foe his father and his mother&'.in both chapels the
prince is representedy and I assign the red gmnite coffin of
prince Iforbaf (now in the Cairn Iquseum) to this prince: on the
fragments of the southern chapel, the name is p r t l y preserved
....xor-Ba(f):
on the granite coffin Horbaf bears on the lid and on the four
sides of the box, the title s f nswt: Prince Horbaf is assigned
by me as a son of Radedef and Queen Meresankh 11, buried in the
in the latter part of the reign of Chephren or in the early half of the.rei@;n
of Vycerinus.
f'IosF4 '
labelled sf-f smsw wr md smcw imy-rf mslc (imy-rf) kft nbt nt nswt, Zaty. ,Qhesr
h
titles are held by the father Prince Zats wit-h the addition of si nswt -n
p. 170
It appears that when the chapel was decorated the son was a
that Zaty and Nefertkauw were born before the accession of Chephren.
could be children of Cheops or Radedef.
Thus they
kirhnar Queen Yeresankh 11 whom I assume above Was a wife of Radedef . Nevertheless
those two mastabas are directly north of the mas ata of Prince Ankh-haf, l(kXt4
rr
case the titles held by Zaty and Nefertkauw a-re courtesy titles.
In that
Temporarily
with reserve.
9) Prince Zaty: buried in G 7810 of type VI a (area, 750.75 sq.m.)
with s ~ ~ I x
-GyP=3-bf--c--
-La1
..... ib),
hoy
between the father and the staff and on the right three registers
of aquatting men: in the register 3, two men are labelled s;-f:
thus the sons may be calculated between 3 and 7.
1) Eldest son Zaty; on the west wall as small boy labelled, si-f n
ht-f smsw mry (-f):
....: on
capcity, 47.56
CU.~.):
a.
-*
capcity, 12.04):
I(
decoration obliterated except on ka-door on north jamb, on the
.......Iynefer:
>
and between the father and the mother standsa small girl, labelled
sjt s)-f Nfrt-kJw.
&.nT-t:
y the lack of
rma,Gt;Llm Grao
/iumlsLJ*
At the same time, the erasure of the titles
no 1
and name of prince Hordedef can only be dated to the reign of Radedef.
The eldest son of Cheops, Prince Kawa'ab did not come to the
throne in spite of the fact that he was a son of a sistekqueen of Cheops and
married to a daughter of Cheops.
nL
reign of cheepsJ Radedef came to the throne and married the widow of Kawacab.
chc) pwkL$ t k ett;L*Q-ERadedef had already married her sister or half sister, Khentet-n-ka
!l
Q. 172
Hci (Mus
-Ab
Bakara, was evidently msrked out as the crown prince and is marked by the lists
of kings as a Ring or an usurper placed at the end of Dyn.IV.
probably a son of the first wife of Radedef, Khentet-n-ka.
Baka(m) was
died and Baka(ra) came to the throne, Queen Khentet-en-ka would have have been
the "mother 3f the king of Upper and Lower Egypt".
tr,
6-4
66
yeresankh begotten by Prince Kawa'ab bears the titles sqt nswt nt htBf, a
courtesy title confered on Meresankh I11 by her stepfathBer Radedef.
and four brothers of Meresankh 111, I listed above
members of the royal family buried at Giza.
courtesy titles given by Radedef.
A sister
as
buried in mastabas built with private means around the tomb of Queen Hetep-heres
111
/67530.+7
540)The two daughters were begotten by Prince Kawafab. The four brothers
could have been sons of Kawafab or Radedef, but I conclude that they were sons
of Kawafab.
It is possible
that prince Zaty (No.9) and princess Nefertkauw (H0.10) were also children of
and Radedef.
Queen
p-173
........3......
.......
If the
--
He built the
second pyramid at Giza with pyramid temple, the valley temple and the g
Great Sphinx.
He did not construct a field of mastabas for his own family, but
most of his fhmily were buried in rock cut tombs in the Cheops-Chephren quarq,.
Chephren was undoubtedly a son of Cheops but there is no evidence
Three of
these queens were tburied in the rock cut tombs in which their names were
agh
The
One small pyraqid was excavated by Holscher south of the Second Pyramid obviouslg
built for a queen of Chephren.
4ca.4a4.d,a
nbt imjh hr ntr cj: the titles of her daughter, Kharnerernebty 11,
sjt-s smswt m:ft Hr St, wrt hts, wrt hswt, hm ntr Dhwty, hrn ntr
2) Queen Persenet: buried in LG 88: type RC (id): titles, sJt nswt nt ht-f, hmt
nswt nt ht-f wrt hts mother of Prince Mekaumrajdaughter of Cheops.
~ a w a f and
~ b Hetep-heres 11: a granddaughter of Cheops with courtesy title of princess& a niece of Chephren.
b. The Children of Chephren.
After
4.175
GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. I n .
three tombs of princes who were certainly sons of Chephren, LG 87, LG 89 and
LO 06.
3) Prince Nekauwra: LG 87: son of queen Persenet,
titles, sf nswt n ht-f smsw, r-pcty, hfty-e: ttyty s]b tfty, wr
5 pr mwty, hry hb hry tp, hry hb n it-f, smr wcty, fmy is, hry
tp Nhb n it-f, c,(?) Dwfw, irnjhw
..... rc nb
TI
pr cj n it-f.
&*
r!
Rife of Prince Nekauwra: hmt-f rht nswt hm ntr Ht-fir, hm ntr Nt, Nbty-n-k-@
(Neka-Eebty),
Children of Prince Nekauwra: in the will, are references to a son, Nekauwra:
sq.m.:
Wife of Prince Sekhemkam: on the east wall of room a-1, she is labelled
hmt-f mryt-f rht nswt Khufuw
...............
3) rh nswt Rhafra-baf.
4) rh nswt Khafra-ankh.
5) Prince Nebemakhet: LG 86: son of Queen Meresankh I11 (evidence in G 7530 and
titles, r-pcty,
sj nswt n ht-f, hry hb hry tp, ss mdft ntr n it-f, smr wcty n itf, smsw snwt, hrg sstf n it-f: on west wall south of inner door
n ht-f hry hb hry tp: on east Wall of the inner room of LG 86,
above the doorway is a family scene showing the nother, Queen
lqeresankh, a c i n g to left: before her are three children facing
...........:
..........
p- 177
In the upper scarp there are three other tombs inscribed with the
names of princes,
Prince Ni-ankh-=
These princes
Hcfra, sj-f smsw, r-pcty hlty-c, hry hb hry tp, n it-f, smr wcty
n it-f, hry ch, hry sst! n pr DPIlt, imy-rf klt nbt nt nswt, imthw
hr it-f: probably son of Chephren: made in the rei-
of Shepsesk&
p*17$.
This part of the page was cut with scissors and pasted on to page 188 as item 3.
The pencil note on this page that says "take out" was cut off during scanning.
s)Queen
Of
hd.nCeSS Hemetm
Hr St, stt nswt, wrt hts, hmt nswt: in the tomb of her ka-
These
tt;,
%rw
related.
The rame-
The sister
of the children
of Pflncess Hemetra include names well known in DynrIV and V, such as Hetepheres and Meresankh, and other names known in the end of Dyn.IV and in the first
half of' ~yn.v such as Shepseska, Shepses-ra, Akhet-ra and Khentkauws.
The
facts:-
(1) In the rock cut tomb of Meresmkh 111, the chief funerary priest is
named ghemt en .
(2) East of G 5110 is the mastaba G 5220, Inscribed with the name of
nswt (stt nswt sjt nswt or wrt hts) Htp-hrs, imy r; pr n wrt hts
s;t nswt Mrscnh, imy r; pr (st nswt mwanra).
Meresankh 111.
the
I belonged
~ x ~
Ba
to
~ the
E Ifhmily
P
which Khemten served all his life.
amd
9)Prince
sq,m.:
c h a p 1 of type
..... (axe on
1ioneH
iry ~ h n ,hry tp Nhb, a t Inp, hry hb hry tp, hry djfl nswt, cj
m w
now in
children represented
G 111-b or c as a queen of
p&u ond
that p&ls&w&
Prince
A
No.7 above@,
........
13) The
C.
Other minces of the royal family of Dvn.IV, not identified with the
name of a king.
Five princes are known by names which are npt clearly related to
any king.
Mycerinm
TWO
other
princes were buried in mastabas, Kanineapwt, in G 2155 in the Western Field and
Khufuwdedef in the Cem. G I S, WO.3.
1) prince Wfnyuwen: LG 92: type RC (ib), area, 54.16 sq.m.: with inscribed
entrance: title, s; nswt n ht-f, smsw, smr wcty n it-f, hry sstf
m pr dwft sdwty bity, hry hb n it-f, im)h hr it-f, hry hb hry tp,
hrp ch, r-pcty, tjyty sjb tfty, ss mdjt ntr, wr 5 pr Dhwty: tomb
at the southern end of the upper scarp, probably made in the
end of the reign of Mycerinus or in the reign of Shepseskaf:
possibly a son of Chephmn.
Wife of Prince Minyuwen: without titles, Khamerernebty.
2) Prince Neweserra: excavated by Selirn Bey west of LG 89: type RC (if), area,
37.71 sq.rn.:
hry wdb n it-f, smr wcty, sdwty bity: I would date the tornb later
than Plycerinus: no evidence of the prentage of the prince:
he could be a son of any king from Chephren to Neferirkara.
3) Prince 31-ankh-m: excavated by Selim Bey west of Bo.8d 2 above: type RC (via)
hry sstf n pr dwjt hry sst) nswt m iswt-f nbt, imy ib n nb-f, yrr
nb-f, hry hb, imy r] kft nbt nt nswt, tpi hr nswt: the type RC(vi91
was usual in Dyn.V:
under a king not his father or the alternative is that he was not
the son of a king but held the coubtesy title of a king's son:
it is impossible to ascribe him to the farnily of any king of
Dyn.IV,
V, or VI.
white
sm hrp sndwt, smr Wcty, wbj Hr, cd mr Dp, rj P nb, hry sstl n pr
dw;t,
hry tp Nhb, hry wdb h-t cnh, hkf bjt, hrp hjts, km, hm ntr
nb hm.t s; mhtt, hry hb, (imy-)ht Hj wc(m) wrw hb: Among the s
i
30 estates two nanes are compounded with the name of Sneferuw and
one with the name of Cheops: one-2-meter shaft, with burial
charllber of type 4 a(4) (aaea, 17.2 sq.m.:
The royal estates bearing the names of Sneferuw and Cheops are only three among
30 estates.
Revertheless these estates connect the prince with the royal family
The titlwlmostly
If
a
he was actually a son of king, the date of the mastab allows him to be a son
chamber of ty@
CI
Prince Khufuwdedef by the date of the finished mastaba could be assigned to the
family of Chephren or Mycerinus.
either king.
d. The Summary of the Family of Chephren.
.
.
I
_
I
He followed
He was a son
of Cheops and one of his queens, probably the queen of the legimate line
l-
in Pgr.G I-a.
His chief wife was Khamerernebty I, buried in th? GBlarza Tomb
in the Cheops-Chephren quarry, wobably in the reign of Weserkaf, the first
king of W.V.
TIE other three queens of Chephren were Queen Per@enefl (LG 88),
Queen Hedhekenuw (in her son's tomb LG 89), and Queen Meresankh 111 (G 7530).
I would assign the queen's pyramid south of the pyramid of Chephren to Queen
Hedhekenuw.
is possible that
above.
group of
I,
children of Chephren
and Queen Rekhetra) indicate
-%
It
13
S&
Of these %&I3
If the five
doubtf'u1Z princes prove to be sons of Chephren, the sons are increased to flB 1 1
making a total of l$ children of Chephren.
The number of children born from the different queens w.ry
greatly.
each.
The queens pmst~ndPersenet and Hedhekenuw are creeited with one son
Several circumstances
I j -12).
NOS
The chief queen Khaaerernebty was certainly the mother of Kharnerernebty 11 and
hfycernus,
m
m e daughters of a king bear only titles which give their blood
relation to the king and with added titles as priestess of Hathor, Neith and
other goddesses.
The titles of the sons of a king are very significant for the
administrative service in which they were employed.
of the princes
listed as sons of Chephren hold the title of vezier, Nekauwra (LG 87),-d
Sekhenkara (LG 89)1
recorded by the title sdwty bity, "the seal behrer of the king of Lower Egyptrt,
ed?
e
.
-I--
r*Ala-
of "oyerseer of all the works of the king" (imy r; k)t nbt nt nswt), Yuwenra
I.
CmA
TWO
Prince Sekhernkara-
other princes are marked as holding lesser offices, Prince Yuwenra and
Prince mwanera,
regarding his blood connection with the royal family and the usual offdces held
by vinces.
HIS most important title is ss mdjt ntr n it-f, "the scribe of the
Three of the princes are buried in rock cut tombs in the upper scarpk,
ranfnesuwt and Khufuwdedef, are buried. in large mastabas cased with white limestone,
Both chapels of the mastabas were decorated with reliefs but t&
of
titles is prince Minguwen (No.1) who bears the titles of "vezierttand x*'sealbearers of the king of Lower Egypt".
Prince
Niankhra (110.3) does not bear any high titles and the use of the phrase nb-f
with ordinary titles indicates that he outlived his father or bears a coubtesy
title# of prince.
''y-c,.
b
o
.
*I
and I would take him not to be a real princedwith an inherited title of st nswt.
Q- 185
Of the five princes I woule assign Prkce Hemyuwen as a son of Chephren, leaving
the other four princes of very doubtful family relations.
6.
These
usurpers are represented by the three kings recorded in someof the lists of
kings at the end of DynoIVMycerinus was building the Third Pyramid at Giza but he did not
live long enough to finish it.
in one room.
built.
Of
In the valley Temple only the limestone cores of the walls were
His son Shepseskaf finished the pyramid with white limestone and the
$&&h,&L-~R
-L
pyraaids bad no inssriptions recording the names of the ladies buried in the
small pyramids
5 111-a, b, and c.
1) Pyr. G 111-a, the eastern pyramid was begun by Myce rinus who built the limestone core and set one course of granite casing. It was flnished
The temple
11.
three sis-ters of Mycerinus but Only one of them is known by name, the eldest
I,
eaughter of Queen Meresankh 111, narndlshepsesetkauw.
sisters are known, Princess Hemetra (see
&d-
xBmM$
Rekhetra (see
eL(&
of Chephren NO.$)
to M cerinus but she was buried in a rock cut tomb of the Cheops-Chephren Quarry
rl,
Khuwnera.
Shepsesetkauw a daughter of Chephren and Meresankh I11 recorded in the rock cut
tomb of her brother Prince Webemakhet (LG 86).
C.
C.
Qhlldren of Chephren, Wo.8, titles mjjt Hr St, sjt nswt wrt hts,
hut nswt.
kyr
p- I m
PQOL?m r t
'
c
'
*-
Gs*
% B u
*L-
2) Prince Khuwnera: buried in a rock cut tomb in the MyCerinus Qmrry: represent-
man labelled
Item 3, cut
out and
pasted from
page 178.
: made in
4) Prince Raeeded:
ST-dA
g.-.'t
Another tomb
The evidence
TNOstRtues represent
9) Prince
p.189.
6) Prince
C.
Above
under the children of Chephren I have listed five princes who could be sons of
(11,
(2)9
(3)9
Mycerinus , Prince M i n y u w e n m e , Prince Newes e r r a p $ , Prince N iankh ra7=$,
(4)9
Prince r a n i n e s u w t m and Prince Khufuwdedef (5).
In addition to these
princes we have at the southern end of the Cheop-Chaphren + a r r y two rock cut
tombs belonging to two persons, Queen Buwnefer and frince Kay who may be
members of the mrnily of Mgrcerinus.
Queen Buwnefer: excavated by Selim Bey, in the E-W scarp north of the
mastaba of Queen Khentkauws: type RC (ie), area 64.39 sq,m.:
decoration on pillars between room58 and b and inscribed drum in
room b: titles, mjjt Hr St, sjt nswt nt ht-f, hmt nswt mryt-f wrt
hst wrt hts(?): the tomb was made before the mastaba of Queen
mentkauws dated to the reign df Neweserra: Queen Buwnefer could
be a queen of Mycerinus, Shepseskaf or a queen of any one of the
first three kings of Dyn.V.
2) Prince Kay: excavated by Selia Bey, west n% or east of tLat of dueen Buwnefer
type RC (...),area,
..........sq.m.:
....
.......
I identify Kay with the prince Kay who deposited five alabaster
models in a Pot sunk in the floor of the offering room of the
temple of Pyr. G 111-a(Queen Kkamerernebty 11): I am of the
opinion that the prince was a son of Mycerinus by Khamerernebty
I1 or Queen Buwnefer.
P. 1go.
--
--*----
_
I
-
The other queens buried in wrE. G 111-b and c, have not been
identified by name,
It is
probable that a fourth queen Hekhetm buried in a rock cut tomb in the cheopsChephren Quarry, was a wife of Mycerinus.
half sisters.
He was succeeded by Shepseskaf who completed his pyramids and the
funerary temples of his tombs.
of Shepseskaf.
of &h "the motFer of the king of Upper and b w e r Egypt", but in that tomb
Khamerernebty 11 does not bear that title.
in that tomb, it could not have been made in the reign of Mycerinus or in the
reign of Shepseslaf.
grin
of Mvcerinus .
p.l$l.
I have
SGf
5
archaeological evidence, the names of Nos.+ and
6 were
reconstructed from
listed under the family of Chephren who could be sons of Chephren, Mycerinus
or Shepseskaf.
The construction of
tombs of members of the royAl family came to an end with the accession of
Shepseskaf
79. The
--
F a m i Q of Shepseskaf.
.
e
-
9.
son of Mycerinus.
His mastaba is at saqqarah, see Ftl-M., C 1, p@ 110 and see Sethe Urkunden I,
p.51-53.
His chfef office was ''high priest of Ptah of Memphis", and he lived into the
reign of Yeweserra.
It is to be presumed that Shepseskaf had the usual hareem of a
king of Egypt, but he had a short reign calculated at between 4 and 6 years.
.RrS
In W 3 short life time he could not h v e . produced many children. His age
E.
p.1q2.
Of
DW.IV in Oyn*V*
&
of royal family.
III
In the aqqarah list there are four names between Mycerlnus and Weserkaf of
whiclh one was certainly ShePseskaf.
to the eescendants of Radedef who were not recognized as legitimate kings by the
scribes following the family tradition.
end of the Dynasty Indicates the three kings were not recognized as legitimate
kings.
I estimate
the period between the death of Shepseskaf and the accession of Weserkaf as a
few months.
of Dyn.IV.
D9n.V
legitimate their claim on the throne by taking their wives from women
of Dyn.IV.
0sn.v oarnot be
child of Sahura.
P.163.
68
(Borchardt, Neferirkara, P.47).
discovered at Giza by Selim Bey east of the Third Pyramid and south of the
Cheops-Chephren Quarry.
In the tornb of Queen Meresankh, ( G 7530) two boys had been pinted
after the tomb was finlshed a m were labelled (1) ''king's son of his body,
I4
Neweserra (cartouche)-ankh and (2) "son of the king of his body, Duwara".
The figures of these boys were adCled later in the reign of Neweserra, probably
at the time when the mastah of Queen Khentkauws was made.
obviously sons of Newesserra and his wife
figures of these two boys in the chapel of I$ueen Meresankh indicated a close
relation with Queen Meresankh 111.
blood royal into the descendants of Neferirkara and legitimatized his claim to
the throne,
to the old family of DynoIV. The family of Dp.IV was descended from Hetepheres
I wife of Sneferuw and a daughter of Huni of Dyn.111.
necessaPy evidence the blood royal could be traced through the women from the
p.lq4.
FOO~JOTE1: The kings of Dyn.XX V were buried at other places then Giza, for
the family of
4.
mn.v
of 13yn.1~.
our
were princes with courtesy titles, Seshathetep, Seshemnofer 111, and Khufuwkhaf 11.
with ka-door
-.--.
decorated: titles, mJ)t Hr St wrt hts: one shaft;
burial chamber, t y m 4 b(1) (area, 5.37 sq.m.:
capacity, 10.89
cu.rn.):
east of G 4712,
capcity, 19.21
Neweserra.
CU.~.):
ms
Of'
p*195.
daughter of a king.
There was place on the crossbar to inscribe sjt nswt in place of the title
wrt hts.
Weserkaf).
. I have
considered the
Her
mother would have been at least 15 years older making her age
107 years.
11;cb2~
%I
b;yty
~ J tfty,
D
--
/
-
tit243 of
----_
4mtt,F'dhrm+
P*186 *
sq,m,,
krst-lid: B, princess'shaft
the mastaba
4) "PrincefrSeshathetep: G 5160: see Junker, Giza 11, p.172 ff; core, type I1 a:
mastaba type VI1 a(Z), area, 325.04 sq.m.:
and mother o
; the
xxgm.found pirtly
west of the serdab: the titles of the man of the statue are
sf nswt n ht-f smsw mry-f, r-pcty, ttyty ajb tfty, wr md smcw, x
four shafts, two in the core (A on north and B on south) and two
shafts in the addition on the east; shaft A, type 3 ar
(area, 8.E.7 sg. m.:
containing a panelled
_L
Ht -Ere
h,
.......
rht nswt.
possibly on E Wall north of the engrance is represented Hetep-ka,
Children of
sft n ht-fa
b) On thtar +all,
to left: before him two registers preserved:1) Daughter, Messat without title.
2) Daughter, Henutsen, rht nswt.
wall.
Seshat-hetep.
The father held the highest administrative titles and his title
120
with her name and titles-, rht nswt hm ntr Nit hm ntr Ht-hr Hetep-ka.
In a similar
poaftion on the northern niche is a woman labelled rht nswt hm ntr Nit hm ntr
p.198.
- ks
On the north wall Yerytyetes is represented behind SeshatThe woman on the southern niche named
N&p
&
Seshat-hetep had two wives, Hetep-ka and Nerytyetes, both with the title of
probably Petep-ica
')rht nswtR.
WBS
The
children hnmx of these t@o Wives are depicted in the presentation scene on the
west waJ.1 between the two niches, three sons and two daughters.
children bear the tj-tle rh nawt or rht nswt, probably because they were not
grmdchildren of the king.
CR the east Wall north of the doorway is a Tamily group &partly
preserved.
On the right a man and wife are seated facing to the left.
SO
The upper
The f m ~names
?
of the girls bear the title rht nswt
of' a king.
of the five girls a;nd that the f8ther at least was a royal prince.
Like Junker
I come to the conclusion that the seated pair were also the parents of Seshathetap
The date of the mastaba is the first half of Dyn.V, before
geweserra.
born in the end of Dyn.IV in the last years of Mycerinus or in the reign of
T
Mycerinus .
real title
WEIS
4vo office was hry sstf kft nb nswt ("councillor of the public works of the
kingfr),and irny- ~f
the statue, the man bears the title of "veziert*,"high priest of Beliopolistf,
''controller of the singing in the south and north", ''kt@xpsfersds the great one
of the great ones of the festivals", "overseer of' scribes of the books of the
pn0Lq
statue
'-in?q
core type 11 ai
interior
n bt-f, h1ty-c irny-is, hry hb, tlyty sfb tfty, imy rf kJt nb nt
nswt, hry sstf n pr dwft, (imy) ht Mnw, smr wcty: buried in
Fife of ttPrincett
Seshemofer 111: Hetep-heres, hmt-f mryt-f, sft nswt,
rht nswt, hm ntr Ht-Hr nbt nht, hm ntr Nt wpt wfwt.
Children of '!PrfncetfSeshemofer: in the offering scene on the S wall,
in registers 5 and 6, are represented four men of which three
bear the name rtSeshemoferft
and the fourth the name Nefer-seshemTtah.
exia;bsca,
1) In 5th register, holding out to his father a lotus flower, sf-f sasw
Wes tland)
door are four registers each with two standing men facing to left:
v-
the four men in regs3 and 4, show two men in each register in
rnas-d-t
n is labelled ''his brother" and
of a king is clear.
I conclude that
when Seshemnofer 111 was given the title of vezier he assumed the courtesy
title of a 'tson of the king".
The wife,
R 024
hmt-f mryt-f, sjt nswt, rht nswt, hm ntr Ht-Hr, nbt nht, hm ntr
Nt wpt wfwt: she bore a courtesy title: she was probably buried
a procession&l funeral
that son of Cheops bear the title "Prince" In the chapel of their father.
Pearly
century had elapsed between the carving of the two sons in the chapel