Typical Protection Schemes

Page 87

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Typical protection for a radial system

Most distant relay gets the
shortest delay time
Definite-Time (51, 51N)
System impedance (Infeed)
high, no current selectivity
Inverse-Time (51, 51N)
System impedance (Infeed)
medium, current selectivity
Very Extremely Inverse-Time
(51, 51N)
System impedance (Infeed)
small, high current selectivity
1) Auto reclosing cycle only for
overhead lines (79)
2) Negative-phase sequence
system as back up protection
(46, unbalance protection)

Page 88

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Typical protection of ring feeders

Switch off time of the
relays has to be
coordinated with downstream fuses
Inverse-time characteristic
curves (51, 51N)
Thermical overload (49)
for cables
Negative-phase system
protection (46) as sensitive
back up protection

(52: Circuit-breaker)

Page 89

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Typical protection for a distribution feeder

with reclosing
The relay settings and
the auto reclosing
cycle (79) must be
coordinated with the
down-streamed
protection devices.

Page 90

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Feeder protection Distribution System

Page 91

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Feeder protection Transmission System

Page 92

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Feeder protection Transmission System

Page 93

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Small transformers < 5 MVA

Main protection OS
Undelayed I>>, IE>>
(50, 50N)

>

Buchholz (63)
Back-up protection OS
Time-delayed
overcurrent-time (51)
Overload (49)
Negative-phase
sequence system (46)
Main protection US
Limited earth-fault (87N)
Back-up protection US
(OS: Overvoltage side)

Time-delayed overcurrent
I > (51G) (Earth path)

(US: Undervoltage side)

Page 94

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Dual infeed with single transformer

Page 95

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Important transformer infeeds

Main protection
Differential (87T)
Limited earth-fault (87N)
Buchholz (63)
Back-up protection
Overcurrent-time (50, 51, 51N)
Neg.-phase sequence
system (46)
Earth-fault current
protection(51G)
Overload protection
Thermal (49)

Page 96

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Three-winding transformer

Page 97

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Autotransformer

Page 98

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Large autotransformer bank

Page 99

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Small and medium motors

with nominal outputs < 1MW
a)

In systems with solid grounding or low-resistance neutral earthing (IE> IN Motor)

(37) Undercurrent relay

b) In systems with high-resistance neutral earthing (IE IN Motor)

1) Cable-type current
transformer is
necessary for sensitive
earth-fault protection
2) Directional protection,
Earth-fault monitoring

Page 100

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Big high voltage motors > approx. 1 MW

Optional

1) Cable-type current
transformers for the
sensitive earth-fault
detection
2) Sensitive directional
earth-fault detection in
operation with a Petersencoil
3) Startup supervision
4) Temperature sensor

(27) Undervoltage-relay

Page 101

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Micro generators < 500 kW

a) Solid grounding

b) Earthed via resistance

Page 102

2007-08

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Busbar protection
Reverse interlocking principle
Applicable to distribution buses without
considerable (< 0.25 In) back feeding from
the outgoing feeders

Page 103

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Low impedance - Busbar protection

Especially used in
multiple busbars for
which an isolator
replica is necessary
Feeder protection can
be connected to the same
current transformer core
Current transformers
can be different
(87): Differential protection
(86): Tripping relay
(BF): Breaker failure
protection

Page 104

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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High impedance busbar protection

Page 105

2007-08

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1-1/2-breaker arrangement

Page 106

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Typical protection for parallel service

without back-feed
Directional overcurrent - time
protection relays (67, 67N)
switch off fault on the
protected line without delay

Non-directional relays (51,

51N) must be delayed about
1 grading zone

Page 107

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Dual transformer infeed

Main protection
Overcurrent-time
Phase/Earth directional (67,
67N) non-directional (50, 51,
51N)
Buchholz (63)
Back-up protection
Overcurrent-time
Phase/Earth (51, 51N)
Negative-phase
sequence system (46)
Overload protection
Limited earth-fault (51G)
Thermal (49)

Page 108

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Cable / short overhead line < 20km

with infeed of both sides
Main protection
Differential (87)
Back-up protection
Overcurrent-time (51, 51N)
Overload protection
Thermal
1) Automatic reclosing
only in overhead lines (79)
2) Overload protection (49)
mainly in cables

Page 109

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Overhead lines or long cables with infeed of from sides

Main protection
Distance (21, 21N)
1) Signal comparison (85)

Back-up protection
2) Directional
Overcurrent-time (67N)

3) Auto reclosing (79)

(single or multiple) only
in overhead lines

Page 110

2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

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