1.

Electrometric Determination of pH
The pH meter showed accurate readings of the pH of the buffer. It
showed fluctuations inreadings with the slightest addition of HCl and
NaOH. It displayed sensitivity to a small amountof [H
+
] and [OH
] ions. The pH meter therefore, is more accurate in reading pH levels
comparedto a pH paper.
2.Colorimetric Determination of pHTable 3. Results of
Calorimetric Determination of pHAcidBaseindicator2
.
0
3
.
0
pH7
.
0
7
.
5
8
.
0
1
2
.
0
DistilledWaterThymol blue
r
e
d
y
e
l
l
o
w
orangey
e
l
l
o
w
y
e
l
l
o
w
y
e
l
l
o
w
b
l
u
e
y
e
l
l
o
w
orange
Bromophenolblue
y e l l o w y e l l o w greenb
l
u
e
b
l
u
e
b
l
u
e
b
l
u
e
violetlightgreen
Bromcresolgreen
y
e
l
l
o
w
d
a
r
k
yellowb
l
u
e
b
l
u
e
b
l
u
e
greenbluegreenblue
Bromcresolpurple
y
e
l
l
o
w
y
e
l
l
o
w
v
i
o
l
e
t
v
i
o
l
e
t
b
l
u
e
violetv i o l e t y e l l o w
Phenol red
y e l l o w y e l l o w y e l l o w oranger
e
d
r
e
d
r
e
d
violetyellow
Bogen indicator
Methyl red
p
i
n
k
p
i
n
k
y
e
l
l
o
w
y
e
l
l
o
w
y
e
l
l
o
w
p
i
n
k
p
i
n
k
Methyl orange

r
e
d
r
e
d
orangeyelloworangeo r a n g e o r a n g e o r a n g e
o r a n g e
Phenolphthalein
c o l o r l e s s c o l o r l e s s c o l o r l
s s c o l o r l e s s l i g h t - r e d c o l o r l e s s

Ph measurement and buffer preparation

p
i
n
k
v
i
o
l
e
t
pH
3.0For pH 2.0, 3.0, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 12.0, and distilled water, the following are
the color results foracid-base indicator Thymol blue: red, yelloworange, yellow, yellow, yellow, blue, and yellow-orange.For pH 2.0,
3.0, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 12.0, and distilled water, the following are the color
results foracid-base indicator Bromophenol blue: yellow, yellowgreen, blue, blue, blue, blue-violet, andlight green.For pH 2.0, 3.0, 7.0,
7.5, 8.0, 12.0, and distilled water, the following are the color results foracidbase indicator Bromcresol green: yellow, dark-yellow, blue,
blue, blue-green, blue-green,and blue.For pH 2.0, 3.0, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0,
12.0, and distilled water, the following are the color results fora c i d -

base indicator Bromcresol purple: yellow, yellow, violet, viole

t , b l u e - v i o l e t , v i o l e t , a n d yellow.For pH 2.0, 3.0, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 12.0,
and distilled water, the following are the color results foracid-base indicator
Phenol red: yellow, yellow, yellow-orange, red, red, red-violet, and
yellow.For pH 2.0, 3.0, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 12.0, and distilled water, the following
are the color results foracid-base indicator Methyl red: pink, pink, yellow,
yellow, yellow, pink, and pink.For pH 2.0, 3.0, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 12.0, and
distilled water, the following are the color results foracid-base indicator
Methyl orange: red, red-orange, yellow-orange, orange, orange, orange,
andorange.For pH 2.0, 3.0, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 12.0, and distilled water, the
following are the color results foracidbase indicator Phenolphthalein: colorless, colorless, colorless, colorl
ess, light-pink, red-violet, and colorless.

Colorimetric determination of pH showed the varying color changes

an acid-base indicatorundergoes when added to a solution of certain
pH. This property of an acid-base indicator cantherefore be used to
identify different substances by narrowing their pH range. For
example:U s i n g B r o m o p h e n o l b l u e a s a n a c i d - b a s e i n d i c a t o r, a
s o l u t i o n t u r n e d y e l l o w - g r e e n . B y s u c h observation, one can say that
the pH of the solution is 3.0. This can help in the identification of asubstance
since different substances exhibit different pH levels. Acid-base indicators
can also beused to narrow down the pH range of a substance. For example:
A resulting color of blue-violetusing acid-base indicator Bromcresol green
indicates a pH>8.0, and a resulting color of violet inacid-base indicator
Bromcresol purple indicates a pH<7.5. Therefore, we can
estimate that thepH of the substance must be between 7.5 and 8.0.A c i d base indicators also show molecular
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a s u b s t a n c e . C o l o r c h a n g e s i n molecules can be
caused by changes in electron confinement. More confinement makes the
lightabsorbed bluer (darker), and less makes it redder
(lighter).REFERENCESFrom books:
[ 1 ] B u r s t e n , B . E ., B r o w n , T.L ., L e M a y, H . E . ( 2 0 0 4 ) . C h e m i s t r y :
T h e C e n t r a l S c i e n c e . 9 t h e d . Singapore: Pearson Education Inc.[2]
Campbell, M.K., Farell, S.O.(2009). Biochemistry. 6th ed. Philippines:
Cengage Learning AsiaPte. Ltd.From the internet:[1] Biology
onlinehttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Buffer 1/10/ 10[2] Brooklyn
academichttp://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/
page/ph_def.htm 01/10/10[3] Harper

Collegehttp://www.harpercollege.edu/tmps/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/ph/abind.htm 01/12/10