Professional Documents
Culture Documents
October 2011
Prof Harry Tan
Outline
Radial Consolidation Barron Theory
Carillo Theory Combined vertical and
radial Flow
PVD Design
Preload Surcharge Design
FEM Model of PVD and Surcharge
Some Cases
kh
kv
, cv
m v w
m v w
c h 2
t
r r
r
Boundary Conditions :
1. u u 0 at t 0
2. u(rw ) 0 for t 0
3.
u(re )
0 (impervious due to symmetry)
r
where : n
de
ct
and Th h2 ; U 0 and U1 are Bessel Functions
dw
de
Note :
Free strain means
non - uniform
settlement as soil
closest to drain
settle fastest
U r is a function
of n and Th only
8Th
f (n)
8T
where : f (n)
h
ur
e f (n)
u0
n2
3n 2 1
ln(
n
)
n2 1
4n 2
Comparison
p
show very small
differences
between freestrain and equalstrain, esp for
n>10
For n=5,
significant
difference in
first 50% of
consolidation
Square spacing :
s2
4
D 1.13s
Traingular spacing :
D 2
4
D 1.05s
D
n2
3n 2 1
where : 2 ln(n)
n 1
4n 2
k
n kc
3
ln(m) z 2 L z c
m k 'c
qw
4
2u 1 u
u
ch 2
t
r r
r
u
2u
cv 2
t
z
then u1u 2 is a solutionof the combined flow problem
and u 2 f 2 z , t is a solution to
u
t
2 u1u 2 1 u1u 2
u1u 2
2 u1u 2
cv
ch
r 2
t
z 2
r r
u 2 u1 u1 u 2
2 u 2
2 u1 1 u1
u1cv
u 2 ch
2
r r
t
t
z 2
r
This means that :
Pr oof : Substitute u u1u 2 into
u 2
2 u 2
2 u1 1 u1
u1
ch
and
c
QED
v
2
t
r r
t
z 2
r
u0 u0 u0
That means :
1 - U 1 U 1 U
h
Outline
Then
For
Then
Uv 2
Tv is Time factor
cv is
i Coeficient
C fi i t off
Consolidation
Tv
cv t
H2
k
cv v
mv w
Tv
Uv 1
2
Tv
4
1 e
Tv 0.21
4
U h 1
1 e
ch is Coeficient of
Consolidation
n2
3 1
1
ln n 2 1 2
2
n 1
4 n 4n
Th is Time factor
ln(n)
3
4
ch t
D2
k
ch h
mv w
Th
where :
n2
3n 2 1
ln(n)
n 1
4n 2
2
k
n kc
3
ln(m) z 2 L z c
m k 'c
4
qw
1Uv e
1Uh e
Tv 0.21
4
8Th
U vh 1 e
For Tv 0.2
Uv 50%
2
8T
Tv 0.21 h
U vh 1 1 2 Tv / e
8Th
U vh 1 e
U v' 1 e
2
8T
Tv 0.21 h
2
Tv ' 0.21
4
U v ' U vh
U v' 1 e
Tv ' Tv
kv ' kv
Tv ' 0.21
4
32 Th
1 e
Tv
32 H 2
kh
2 D 2
2
8T
Tv 0.21 h
cv t
k
and cv v
H2
mv w
Th
ch t
k
and ch h
D2
mv w
Case
1
2
H(m)
5
5
t(y)
0.25
0.25
Tv
0.02
0.02
U h 1 exp
Uv
0.16
0.16
where
h : s ln
l
Case
1
2
D(m)
1.365
1.575
t(y)
0.25
0.25
Th
0.67
0.50
8Th
d(m)
0.050
0.050
ds(m)
0.100
0.100
kh (m/y)
0.0050
0.0050
ks (m/y)
0.0020
0.0020
qw (m3/y)
100
100
; Th
ch t
D2
k
3
n kh
lln(( s ) z 2 L z h
s ks
4
qw
z=L single drainage and z=L/2 double drainage
L(m)
z(m)
n
s
mu
10
5
27.3
2
3.61
10
5
31.5
2
3.75
Uh
0.77
0.66
Uv
0.16
0.16
Uh
0.77
0.66
Uvh
0.81
0.71
U sr
Sf
S f s
P Pf
log 0
P0
P0 Pf Ps
log
P0
Note: D=1.05s for triangular grid or 1.13s for square grid pattern
and z=L drain at top; or z=L/2 drain top and bottom of PVD
Use Excel spreadsheet to determine: Uv, Uh and Uvh for design inputs
If Uvh meets or exceeds requirements, design is adequate
20
10
Ps
Surcharge Ps
Pf
tsr
Sf
Sf+s
22
11
Preload Design
For Normally Consolidated Clay (NC) of thickness Ho:
P Pf
Cc
H 0 log 0
1 e0
P0
(1)
P0 Pf Ps
C
(2)
Fill and surcharge : S f s c H 0 log
P0
1 e0
Fill only :
P Pf
log 0
P0
Uf
1.0
U sr ( S f s )
P Pf Ps
U sr log 0
P0
Sf
(3)
U f s
P Pf
log 0
P0
1.0
U sr
(S f s )
P Pf Ps
log 0
P0
Sf
(4)
23
Fill only : S f
Clay 10m thick drained both top and bottom: eo=1.5, Po=100 kPa, Cc=0.5,
cv=5 m2/yr
Fill: Height = 3m with Pf = 60 kPa
Aim: To get 100% consolidation in 1 year, what is Ps needed?
P0 Pf
Cc
H 0 log
1 e0
P0
0.5
100 60
10 * log
0.408m
100
1 1.5
c vt
5 *1
2 0.2
5
H2
T
0 .2
0.505 (about 50% consolidation)
Uv 2 v 2
Terzaghi theory : Tv
log 0
log
P0
100
S f s
160 Ps
P Pf Ps
log
log 0
100
P0
160 Ps 0.204
log
0.404
100 0.505
160 Ps
0.404
2.54
10
100
Ps 254 160 94 kPa 94/18 5.2 m of surcharge (very large)
U sr 0.505
Sf
12
Clay 10m thick drained both top and bottom: eo=1.5, Po=100 kPa, Cc=0.5,
cv=2 m2/yr, ch= 5 m2/yr
PVD parameters: d=0.05m, ds=0.1m, kh=0.005 m/yr, ks=0.002 m/yr, qw=100
m3/yr
Fill: Height = 3m with Pf = 60 kPa
Aim: To get 100% improvement in 3 months, what is Ps needed?
Practical Vertical Drain Design (by Prof Harry Tan SEP 2008)
Terzaghi 1D Vertical Consolidation
Case
1
2
H(m)
5
5
t(y)
0.25
0.25
Tv
0.02
0.02
U h 1 exp
Uv
0.16
0.16
INPUT
ch(m2/y) S (m)
5
1 30
1.30
5
1.50
D(m)
1 365
1.365
1.575
t(y)
0 25
0.25
0.25
Th
0 67
0.67
0.50
where : s ln
8Th
d(m)
0 050
0.050
0.050
ds(m)
0 100
0.100
0.100
kh (m/y)
0 0050
0.0050
0.0050
ks (m/y)
0 0020
0.0020
0.0020
qw (m3/y)
100
100
; Th
ch t
D2
k
3
n kh
ln( s ) z 2 L z h
4
s ks
qw
z=L single drainage and z=L/2 double drainage
L(m)
z(m)
n
s
mu
10
5
27 3
27.3
2
3.61
3
61
10
5
31.5
2
3.75
Uh
0 77
0.77
0.66
Uv
0.16
0.16
Uh
0.77
0.66
Uvh
0.81
0.71
U sr
Sf
S f s
P Pf
log 0
P0
P0 Pf Ps
log
P0
Design requires PVD triangle spacing with 1.3m grid and 1m surcharge or 1.5m grid with 1.9m surcharge 25
FEM Modeling of
Embankments on Soft Ground
with PVD
1. Model of single PVD Axi-symmetric
2. Model of PVD in Plane Strain
13
AXISYMMETRIC
z
z
r
Soil
qw
Soil
Interface
element
Soil
qw
PVD
Pore water flow
H
kh
Closed
consolidation
boundary
rw
re
(a)
Open Boundary
ti
rw
qw
re
(b)
Interface element
rw
re
(c)
Drain element
14
E_oed=1000 kPa
Boundary
conditions
Cv_soil = 0.01*1000/10 = 1
m2/day
Cv_drain=1*1000/10=100 m2/day
30
15
T=0.1day
31
Uh (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
Th
16
x
s
s
m
A
P
m
2ti
(a)
2B
(b)
dw
2ti
de
2B or S
(c)
(d)
17
applied load
10 kN/m
axisymmetric
model
CUR 191
plane strain
model
H2
kv kv 2
k
D2 h
32
kh kh
3 1
1
n2
2 lnn 2 1
4 n 4 n 2
n 1
D
d
kv , kh true permeability
kv , kh equivalent permeability
H
drainage length
diameter of drains
18
CUR 191
B2
k h
kh
D2
n2
3 1
lnn 2
2
n 1
4 n
U
0,5
2,26
1
2
4 n
0,75
2,75
0,9
2,94
0,95
3,01
D
d
0,99
3,09
kv , kh true permeability
kv , kh equivalent permeability
H
diameter of drains
Indraratna equivalent
horizontal permeability
k hpp
0,67
B2
k h ln n 0,75 R 2
khp
kh
R
rw
rw
diameter of drains
19
degree of consolidation U [ - ]
d
1.0
HS - Model
0.8
0.6
0.4
AXI: no drainage
AXI: drainage boundary condition
AXI drainage
AXI:
d i
d
drain-element
i l
t
PS: equivalent vertical CUR 191
PS: equivalent horizontal CUR 191
PS: equivalent horizontal Indraratna
02
0.2
0.0
1e+3
1e+4
1e+5
1e+6
1e+7
1e+8
1e+9
time [sec]
20
degree of consolidation U [ - ]
d
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
AXI: no drainage
AXI: drainage boundary condition
AXI: drainage
g drain-element
PS: equivalent vertical CUR 191
PS: equivalent horizontal CUR 191
PS: equivalent horizontal Indraratna
02
0.2
0.0
1e+3
1e+4
1e+5
1e+6
1e+7
1e+8
1e+9
1e+10
time [sec]
Austrian Case
B
WASSER
KANAL
A1/1
A1/9
A2/9
A1/8
PW3
A1/7
A1/6
A2/7
A2/6
PW4
A1/5
A1/3
A1/2
A2/4
A2/3
A2/1
A2/2
A3/4
A3/3
A3/2
E1
A2/5
A2/8
A1/4
A3/1
A3/7
A4/9
RS1/3
A4/8
A4/7
A5/8
A5/7
A5/5
A5/4
A5/3
A5/1
A5/2
A6/5
A6/4
A6/3
A6/1
A6/2
RS2/9
A5/9
RS2/8
A5/6
PW1
RS2/7
Z3/8
A6/7
E2
A6/6
RS2/6
A4/1
A4/2
A4/6
R/1
Z4/8
RS2/5
A7/4
RS2/4
A7/1
A7/2
A7/3
uerer Schutzstreifen
RS2/3
A8/3
5.0
5.0
A8/2
RS2/2
A8/1
RS2/1
Schttabschnitt 1
Schttabschnitt 2
BRO
A3/8
A3/5
Schttabschnitt 3
A3/9
X
A3/6
21
soil profile:
pre-load - drained
= 18 kN/m3
3m
2,5 m
4,5 m
2m
14 m
FE-MODEL
section D
D-D
D
A2/4
A4/4
A6/4
22
ssettlement [cm]
-20
calculated final
settlement
139 cm
-40
-60
-80
Plaxis
measurement
-100
-120
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
time [days]
ssettlements [cm]
-10
calculated final
settlement
78 cm
-20
30
-30
Plaxis
measurements
-40
-50
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
time [days]
23
24
"fast": failure
Chart 1
slow
fast
fast
-40
-30
-20
slow
-10
0
0
12
16
Time [day]
time [days]
25
Point C
fast
0.05
0.04
slow
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0
30
60
90
120
Time [day]
time [days]
Practical Considerations
26
Lateral spreading
Settlement with risk
for downdrag
27
The problem of lateral spreading can be avoided by not installing the piles until the
consolidation is mostly completed, which also would eliminate the risk for excessive
downdrag.
However, the project can rarely wait for the consolidation to develop, and the solution
would be impractical, unless the consolidation can be accelerated by means of vertical
drains. Apart from saving time, accelerating the consolidation also reduces the magnitude
of the lateral spreading and increases soil strength.
In the past, sand drains were used. Since about 25 years, the sand drains have been
replaced with wick drains, which are pre-manufactured bandshaped drains.
28
St
u
1 t
Sf
u0
U AVG
UAVG
St
Sf
ut
u0
where
=
=
=
=
=
Clay Layer
(consolidating)
2H
Drainage Layer
H2
cv
t Tv
where
Tv 0.1 lg (1 U )
25
50
70
80
90
100
0.05
0.20
0.40
0.57
0.85
1.00
t Th
D2
ch
and
Th
c/c
1
D
1
[ln 0.75] ln
d
8
1 U h
D2
D
1
[ln 0.75] ln
8 ch
d
1U h
29
Important Points
Build-up of Back Pressure
30