2.

1 LINEAR MOTION Physical Quantity Distance, l Definition, Quantity,

Symbol and unit Distance is the total path length traveled from one
location to another. Quantity: scalar SI unit: meter (m)

(a) The distance in a specified direction. (b)the distance between two

locations measured along Displacement, the shortest path connecting
them in a specific l direction. (c) The distance of its final position
from its initial position in a specified direction. Quantity: vector
Speed,v Speed = Distance traveled Time taken Quantity: scalar Velocity,
v Velocity = Displacement Time taken Direction of velocity is the
direction of displacement Quantity : Vector SI unit: m s-1 Average
speed Average velocity v = Total distant traveled, s Total time taken ,
t v = Displacement, s Time taken, t Example: A car moves at an average
speed / velocity of 20 ms-1 On average, the car moves a distance /
displacement of 20 m in 1 second for the whole journey.
1

SI unit: meter (m)

Speed is the rate of change of distance

SI unit: m s-1

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.

Uniform speed Uniform velocity An object has a non-uniform velocity if:
Acceleration, a

Speed that remains the same in magnitude regardless of its direction.

Velocity that remains the same in magnitude and direction. (a) the
direction of motion changes or the motion is not linear. (b)The
magnitude of its velocity changes. When the velocity of an object
changes, the object is said to be accelerating. Acceleration is defined
as the rate of change of velocity. Acceleration = Change in velocity
Time taken = final velocity, v – initial velocity, u Time taken, t

a=

v−u t

unit : ms-2

acceleration is positive

• The velocity of an object increases from an initial velocity, u, to a

higher final velocity, v The rate of decrease in speed in a specified
direction.

Deceleration

acceleration is negative. Zero acceleration Constant acceleration

The velocity of an object decreases from an initial velocity, u, to a

lower final velocity, v. An object moving at a constants velocity, that
is, the magnitude and direction of its velocity remain unchanged – is
not accelerating Velocity increases at a uniform rate. When a car moves
at a constant or uniform acceleration of 5 ms-2, its velocity increases
by 5 ms-1 for every second that the car is in motion.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Constant = uniform increasing velocity = acceleration decreasing

velocity = deceleration zero velocity = object at stationary / at rest
negative velocity = object moves at opposite direction 6. zero
acceleration = constant velocity 7. negative acceleration =
deceleration Comparisons between distance and displacement.
Distance Total path length traveled from one location to another
Displacement The distance between two locations measured along the
shortest path connecting them in specific direction Vector quantity It
has both magnitude and direction SI unit : meter

Comparisons between speed and velocity

Speed The rate of change of distance Scalar quantity It has magnitude
but no direction SI unit : m s-1 Velocity The rate of change of
displacement Vector quantity It has both magnitude and direction SI
unit : m s-1

Scalar quantity It has magnitude but no direction SI unit meter

Fill in the blanks: 1. A steady speed of 10 m/s = A distance of .. ……….

is traveled every ……….. 2. A steady velocity of -10 m/s = A …………. Of 10
m is traveled every ………..to the left. 3. A steady acceleration of 4 ms-
2 = Speed goes up by 4 m/s every ………. 4. A steady deceleration of 4 ms-
2 = speed goes ……….. by 4 m/s every ………. 5. A steady velocity of 10 m/s
= …………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………

3
Example 1 Every day Rahim walks from his house to the junction which is
1.5 km from his house. Then he turns back and stops at warung Pak Din
which is 0.5 km from his house.

Example 2 Every morning Amirul walks to Ahmad’s house which is situated

80 m to the east of Amirul’s house. They then walk towards their school
which is 60 m to the south of Ahmad’s house. (a) What is the distance
traveled by Amirul and his displacement from his house? (b)If the total
time taken by Amirul to travel from his house to Ahmad’s house and then
to school is 15 minutes, what is his speed and velocity?

(a) What is Rahim’s displacement
junction. • When he is at warung
walks back to his house. When he
distance traveled by Rahim? (ii)
from his house?
from his house • when he reaches the
Pak Din. (b)After breakfast, Rahim
reaches home, (i) what is the total
what is Rahim’s total displacement

Example 3 Syafiq running in a race covers 60 m in 12 s. (a) What is his

speed in m/s (b) If he takes 40 s to complete the race, what is his
distance covered?
4
Example 4 An aeroplane flys towards the north with a velocity 300 km/hr
in one hour. Then, the plane moves to the east with the velocity 400 km
/ hr in one hour. (a) What is the average speed of the plane? (b)What
is the average velocity of the plane? (c) What is the difference
between average speed and average velocity of the plane? Example 5 The
speedometer reading for a car traveling north shows 80 km/hr. Another
car traveling at 80 km/hr towards south. Is the speed of both cars
same? Is the velocity of both cars same? A ticker timer Use: 12 V a.c
power supply 1 tick = time interval between two dots. The time taken to
make 50 ticks on the ticker tape is 1 second. Hence, the time interval
between 2 consecutive dots is 1/50 = 0.02 s. 1 tick = 0.02 s

5
Relating displacement, velocity, acceleration and time using ticker
tape. VELOCITY FORMULA Time, t = 10 dots x 0.02 s = 0.2 s displacement,
s = x cm velocity = s = x cm t 0.2 s Initial velocity, u = x1 0.2 final
velocity, v = x2 0.2 acceleration, a=v–u t

ACCELERATION

elapse time, t = (5 – 1) x 0.2 s = 0.8 s or t = (50 – 10) ticks x 0.02

s = 0.8 s

TICKER TAPE AND CHARTS

TYPE OF MOTION Constant velocity – slow moving Constant velocity – fast

moving

Distance between the dots increases uniformly the velocity is of the

object is increasing uniformly The object is moving at a uniform /
constant acceleration.

6
Distance between the dots decrease uniformly The velocity of the object
is decreasing uniformly The object is experiencing uniform / constant
deceleration
Example 6 The diagram above shows a ticker tape chart for a moving
trolley. The frequency of the ticker-timer used is 50 Hz. Each section
has 10 dots-spacing. (a) What is the time between two dots. (b) What is
the time for one strips. (c) What is the initial velocity (d) What is
the final velocity. (e) What is the time interval to change from
initial velocity to final velocity? (f) What is the acceleration of the
object.

THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION u = initial velocity v = final velocity t =

time taken s = displacement a = constant accleration

7
2.2 MOTION GRAPHS DISPLACEMENT – TIME GRAPH Velocity is obtained from
the gradient of the graph. A – B : gradient of the graph is +ve and
constant ∴ velocity is constant. B – C : gradient of the graph = 0 ∴ the
velocity = 0, object at rest. C – D : gradient of the graph –ve and
constant. The velocity is negative and object moves in the opposite
direction. VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH Area below graph Positive gradient
Negative gradient Zero gradient Distance / displacement Constant
Acceleration (A – B) Constant Deceleration (C – D) Constant velocity /
zero acceleration (B – C) a versus t

GRAPH Zero velocity

s versus t

v versus t

Negative velocity

Constant velocity

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GRAPH Constant acceleration

s versus t

v versus t

a versus t

Constant deceleration

Example 6
Contoh 11

Example 7

Based on the s – t graph above: (a) Calculate the velocity at (i) AB

(ii) BC (iii)

CD

(a) Calculate the acceleration at: (i) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM

(b) Describe the motion of the object at: (i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD (b)
Describe the motion of the object at: (i) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM (c)Find:
(i) total distance (ii) total displacement (d) Calculate (i) the
average speed (c) Calculate the average velocity. (ii) the average
velocity of the moving particle. 9 Calculate the total displacement.
2.3 INERTIA Inertia The inertia of an object is the tendency of the
object to remain at rest or, if moving, to continue its motion. Every
object continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion unless it is
acted upon by an external force. The larger the mass, the larger the
inertia SITUATIONS INVOLVING INERTIA EXPLAINATION When the cardboard is
pulled away quickly, the coin drops straight into the glass. The
inertia of the coin maintains its state at rest. The coin falls into
the glass due to gravity.

Newton’s first law Relation between inertia and mass SITUATION

Chili sauce in the bottle can be easily poured out if the bottle is
moved down fast with a sudden stop. The sauce inside the bottle moves
together with the bottle. When the bottle stops suddenly, the sauce
continue in its state of motion due to the effect of its inertia. Body
moves forward when the car stops suddenly The passengers were in a
state of motion when the car was moving. When the car stopped suddenly,
the inertia in the passengers made them maintain their state of motion.
Thus when the car stop, the passengers moved forward. A boy runs away
from a cow in a zig zag motion. The cow has a large inertia making it
difficult to change direction.

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• The head of hammer is secured tightly to its handle by knocking one
end of the handle, held vertically, on a hard surface. • This causes
the hammer head to continue on its downward motion when the handle has
been stopped, so that the top end of the handle is slotted deeper into
the hammer head. • The drop of water on a wet umbrella will fall when
the boy rotates the umbrella. • This is because the drop of water on
the surface of the umbrella moves simultaneously as the umbrella is
rotated. • When the umbrella stops rotating, the inertia of the drop of
water will continue to maintain its motion. 1. Safety in a car: (a)
Safety belt secure the driver to their seats. When the car stops
suddenly, the seat belt provides the external force that prevents the
driver from being thrown forward. (b)Headrest to prevent injuries to
the neck during rear-end collisions. The inertia of the head tends to
keep in its state of rest when the body is moved suddenly. (c) An air
bag is fitted inside the steering wheel. It provides a cushion to
prevent the driver from hitting the steering wheel or dashboard during
a collision. 2. Furniture carried by a lorry normally are tied up
together by string. When the lorry starts to move suddenly, the
furniture are more difficult to fall off due to their inertia because
their combined mass has increased. • Two empty buckets which are hung
with rope from a the ceiling. • One bucket is filled with sand while
the other bucket is empty. • Then, both pails are pushed. • It is found
that the empty bucket is easier to
11

Ways to reduce the negative effects of inertia

Relationship between mass and inertia

• •

• •

push compared to the bucket with sand. The bucket filled with sand
offers more resistance to movement. When both buckets are oscillating
and an attempt is made to stop them, the bucket filled with sand offers
more resistance to the hand (more difficult to bring to a standstill
once it has started moving) This shows that the heavier bucket offers a
greater resistance to change from its state of rest or from its state
of motion. An object with a larger mass has a larger inertia.

2.4 MOMENTUM Definition Principle of Conservation of Momentum Momentum

= Mass x velocity = mv SI unit: kg ms-1 In the absence of an external
force, the total momentum of a system remains unchanged. Inelastic
collision

Elastic Collision

Both objects move independently at their respective velocities after

the collision. Momentum is conserved. Kinetic energy is conserved.
Total energy is conserved.

The two objects combine and move together with a common velocity after
the collision. Momentum is conserved. Kinetic energy is not conserved.
Total energy is conserved.
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Total Momentum Before = total momentum After m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

Total Momentum Before = Total Momentum After m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v
Explosion Before explosion both object stick together and at rest.
After collision, both object move at opposite direction. Total Momentum
Total Momentum before collision after collision : Is zero m1v1 + m2v2
From the law of conservation of momentum: Total Momentum = Total
Momentum Before collision after collision 0 = m1v1 + m2v2 m1v1 = - m2v2

-ve sign means opposite direction EXAMPLES OF EXPLOSION (Principle Of

Conservation Of Momentum) When a rifle is fired, the bullet of mass m,
moves with a high velocity, v. This creates a momentum in the forward
direction. From the principle of conservation of momentum, an equal but
opposite momentum is produced to recoil the riffle backward.
Application in the jet engine: A high-speed hot gases are ejected from
the back with high momentum. This produces an equal and opposite
momentum to propel the jet plane forward.
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The launching of rocket Mixture of hydrogen and oxygen fuels burn
explosively in the combustion chamber. Jets of hot gases are expelled
at very high speed through the exhaust. These high speed hot gases
produce a large amount of momentum downward. By conservation of
momentum, an equal but opposite momentum is produced and acted on the
rocket, propelling the rocket upwards. In a swamp area, a fan boat is
used. The fan produces a high speed movement of air backward. This
produces a large momentum backward. By conservation of momentum, an
equal but opposite momentum is produced and acted on the boat. So the
boat will move forward. A squid propels by expelling water at high
velocity. Water enters through a large opening and exits through a
small tube. The water is forced out at a high speed backward. Total
Mom. before= Total Mom. after 0 =Mom water + Mom squid 0 = mwvw + msvs
-mwvw = msvs The magnitude of the momentum of water and squid are equal
but opposite direction. This causes the squid to jet forward.

14
Example

Example

Car A of mass 1000 kg moving at 20 ms-1 collides with a car B of mass

1200 kg moving at 10 m s-1 in same direction. If the car B is shunted
forwards at 15 m s-1 by the impact, what is the velocity, v, of the car
A immediately after the crash?

Before collision

After collision

MA = 4 kg MB = 2 kg UA = 10 m/s to the left UB = 8 m/s to the right VB

= 4 m/s to the left. Calculate the value of VA .

Example

Example

A truck of mass 1200 kg moving at 30 m/s collides with a car of mass

1000 kg which is traveling in the opposite direction at 20 m/s. After
the collision, the two vehicles move together. What is the velocity of
both vehicles immediately after collision?

A man fires a pistol which has a mass of 1.5 kg. If the mass of the
bullet is 10 g and it reaches a velocity of 300 m/s after shooting,
what is the recoil velocity of the pistol?

15
2.5 FORCE Example: Balanced Force When the forces acting on an object
are balanced, they cancel each other out. The net force is zero. Effect
: the object at is at rest [ velocity = 0] or moves at constant
velocity [ a = 0]

Weight, W = Lift, U Unbalanced Force/ Resultant Force

Thrust, F = drag, G

When the forces acting on an object are not balanced, there must be a
net force acting on it. The net force is known as the unbalanced force
or the resultant force. Effect : Can cause a body to - change it state
at rest (an object will accelerate - change it state of motion (a
moving object will decelerate or change its direction)

Force, Mass & Acceleration The acceleration produced by a force on an

object Newton’s Second is directly proportional to the magnitude of the
net Law of Motion force applied and is inversely proportional to the
mass of the object. The direction of the acceleration is the same as
that of the net force.
When a net force, F, acts on a mass, m it causes an acceleration, a.

Force = Mass x Acceleration F = ma

16
Relationship between a & F

aαF The acceleration, a, is directly proportional to the applied force,

F.
a∝ 1 m

Relationship between a and m

The acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to the mass,

Experiment to Find The Relationship between Force, Mass & Acceleration

Relationship between Situation a&F a&m

Inference

Both men are pushing the same mass but man A puts greater effort. So he
moves faster. The acceleration produced by an object depends on the net
force applied to it. The acceleration of the object increases when the
force applied increases

Both men exerted the same strength. But man B moves faster than man A.
The acceleration produced by an object depends on the mass The
acceleration of the object decreases when the mass of the object
increases Mass Acceleration Force

Hypothesis

Variables: Manipulated : Force Responding : Acceleration Constant :

Mass Apparatus and Material

Ticker tape and elastic cords, ticker timer, trolleys, power supply and
friction compensated runway and meter ruler.
17
Procedure : - Controlling manipulated variables.

An elastic cord is hooked over the trolley. The elastic cord is

stretched until the end of the trolley. The trolley is pulled down the
runway with the elastic cord being kept stretched by the same amount of
force Determine the acceleration by analyzing the ticker tape.
Acceleration a =
v−u t

An elastic cord is hooked over a trolley. The elastic cord is stretched

until the end of the trolley. The trolley is pulled down the runway
with the elastic cord being kept stretched by the same amount of force
Determine the acceleration by analyzing the ticker tape. Acceleration a
=
v−u t

- Controlling responding variables.

- Repeating experiment. Recording data

Repeat the experiment by Repeat the experiment by using two , three,

four using two, three, four and and five elastic cords five trolleys.

Analysing data

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1. What force is required to move a 2 kg object with an acceleration of
3 m s-2, if (a) the object is on a smooth surface? (b) The object is on
a surface where the average force of friction acting on the object is 2
N?

2. Ali applies a force of 50 N to move a 10 kg table at a constant

velocity. What is the frictional force acting on the table?

3. A car of mass 1200 kg traveling at 20 m/s is brought to rest over a

distance of 30 m. Find (a) the average deceleration, (b) the average
braking force.

4. Which of the following systems will produce maximum acceleration?

2.6 IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE Impulse The change of momentum mv - mu

Unit : kgms-1 or Ns Impulsive The rate of change of momentum in a Force
collision or explosion Unit = N Impulsive force is inversely
proportional to time of contact m = mass u = initial velocity v = final
velocity t = time

Effect of time

Longer period of time →Impulsive force decrease Shorter period of time

→Impulsive force increase
19
Situations for Reducing Impulsive Force in Sports Situations
Explanation Thick mattress with soft surfaces are used in events such
as high jump so that the time interval of impact on landing is
extended, thus reducing the impulsive force. This can prevent injuries
to the participants.

Goal keepers will wear gloves to increase the collision time. This will
reduce the impulsive force. A high jumper will bend his legs upon
landing. This is to increase the time of impact in order to reduce the
impulsive force acting on his legs. This will reduce the chance of
getting serious injury. A baseball player must catch the ball in the
direction of the motion of the ball. Moving his hand backwards when
catching the ball prolongs the time for the momentum to change so as to
reduce the impulsive force. Situation of Increasing Impulsive Force
Situations Explanation A karate expert can break a thick wooden slab
with his bare hand that moves at a very fast speed. The short impact
time results in a large impulsive force on the wooden slab. A massive
hammer head moving at a fast speed is brought to rest upon hitting the
nail. The large change in momentum within a short time interval
produces a large impulsive force which drives the nail into the wood.

20
A football must have enough air pressure in it so the contact time is
short. The impulsive force acted on the ball will be bigger and the
ball will move faster and further.

Pestle and mortar are made of stone. When a pestle is used to pound
chilies the hard surfaces of both the pestle and mortar cause the
pestle to be stopped in a very short time. A large impulsive force is
resulted and thus causes these spices to be crushed easily. Example 1 A
60 kg resident jumps from the first floor of a burning house. His
velocity just before landing on the ground is 6 ms-1. (a) Calculate the
impulse when his legs hit the ground. (b) What is the impulsive force
on the resident’s legs if he bends upon landing and takes 0.5 s to
stop? (c) What is the impulsive force on the resident’s legs if he does
not bend and stops in 0.05 s? (d) What is the advantage of bending his
legs upon landing? Example 2 Rooney kicks a ball with a force of 1500
N. The time of contact of his boot with the ball is 0.01 s. What is the
impulse delivered to the ball? If the mass of the ball is 0.5 kg, what
is the velocity of the ball?

21
2.7 SAFETY VEHICLE

Component Function Headrest To reduce the inertia effect of the

driver’s head. Air bag Absorbing impact by increasing the amount of
time the driver’s head to come to the steering. So that the impulsive
force can be reduce Windscreen The protect the driver Crumple Can be
compressed during accident. So it can increase zone the amount of time
the car takes to come to a complete stop. So it can reduce the
impulsive force. Front Absorb the shock from the accident. Made from
steel, bumper aluminium, plastic or rubber. ABS Enables drivers to
quickly stop the car without causing the brakes to lock. Side impact
Can be compressed during accident. So it can increase bar the amount of
time the car takes to come to a complete stop. So it can reduce the
impulsive force. Seat belt To reduce the inertia effect by avoiding the
driver from thrown forward.

22
2.8 GRAVITY Gravitational Objects fall because they are pulled towards
the Earth Force by the force of gravity. This force is known as the
pull of gravity or the earth’s gravitational force. The earth’s
gravitational force tends to pull everything towards its centre. Free
fall An object is falling freely when it is falling under the force of
gravity only. A piece of paper does not fall freely because its fall is
affected by air resistance. An object falls freely only in vacuum. The
absence of air means there is no air resistance to oppose the motion of
the object. In vacuum, both light and heavy objects fall freely. They
fall with the same acceleration ie. The acceleration due to gravity, g.
Objects dropped under the influence of the pull of gravity with
constant acceleration. This acceleration is known as the gravitational
acceleration, g. The standard value of the gravitational acceleration,
g is 9.81 m s-2. The value of g is often taken to be 10 m s-2 for
simplicity. The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity depends on
the strength of the gravitational field.

Acceleration due to gravity, g

Gravitational The gravitational field is the region around the earth in

field which an object experiences a force towards the centre of the
earth. This force is the gravitational attraction between the object
and the earth. The gravitational field strength is defined as the
gravitational force which acts on a mass of 1 kilogram.
g= F m

Its unit is N kg-1.

23
Gravitational field strength, g = 10 N kg-1 Acceleration due to
gravity, g = 10 m s-2 The approximate value of g can therefore be
written either as 10 m s-2 or as 10 N kg-1. Weight The gravitational
force acting on the object. Weight = mass x gravitational acceleration
W = mg SI unit : Newton, N and it is a vector quantity Mass The mass of
an object is the amount of matter in the object Constant everywhere A
scalar quantity A base quantity SI unit: kg The difference between a
fall in air and a free fall in a vacuum of a coin and a feather. Both
the coin and the feather are released simultaneously from the same
height. At vacuum state: There is no air resistance. The coin and the
feather will fall freely. Only gravitational force acted on the
objects. Both will fall at the same time. At normal state: Both coin
and feather will fall because of gravitational force. Air resistance
effected by the surface area of a fallen object. The feather that has
large area will have more air resistance. The coin will fall at first.
24

Comparison between weight & mass

Weight The weight of an object is the force of gravity acting on the

object. Varies with the magnitude of gravitational field strength, g of
the location A vector quantity A derived quantity SI unit : Newton, N
(a) The two sphere are falling with an acceleration. The distance
between two successive images of the sphere increases showing that the
two spheres are falling with increasing velocity; falling with an
acceleration.

(b)The two spheres are falling down with the same acceleration The two
spheres are at the same level at all times. Thus, a heavy object and a
light object fall with the same gravitational acceleration.
Gravitational acceleration is independent of mass.

Two steel spheres are falling under gravity. The two spheres are
dropped at the same time from the same height.

Motion graph for free fall object Free fall object Object thrown upward

Object thrown upward and fall

Example 1 A coconut takes 2.0 s to fall to the ground. What is (a) its
speed when it strikes the ground (b) the height of the coconut tree.

25
2.9 FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM Forces in When an object is in equilibrium,
the resultant force acting Equilibrium on it is zero. The object will
either be 1. at rest 2. move with constant velocity. Newton’s 3rd Law
Examples( Label the forces acted on the objects)

Resultant Force

A single force that represents the combined effect of two of more

forces in magnitude and direction.

Addition of Forces Resultant force, F = ____ + ____

Resultant force, F = ____ + ____

26
Two forces acting at a point at an angle [Parallelogram method]

STEP 1 : Using ruler and protractor, draw the two forces F1 and F2 from
a point.

STEP 3 Draw the diagonal of the parallelogram. The diagonal represent

the resultant force, F in magnitude and direction.

STEP 2 Complete the parallelogram

scale: 1 cm = ……

Resolution of Forces

A force F can be resolved into components which are perpendicular to

each other: (a) horizontal component , FX (b) vertical component, FY
Inclined Plane

Fx = F cos θ Fy = F sin θ

Component of weight parallel to the plane = mg sin θ Component of

weight normal to the plane = mg cos θ
27
find the resultant force

(d)

(e)

Lift Stationary Lift Lift accelerate upward Lift accelerate downward

Resultant Force = The reading of weighing scale =

Resultant Force = The reading of weighing scale =

Resultant Force = The reading of weighing scale =

28
Pulley

1. Find the resultant force, F 2. Find the moving mass,m 3. Find the
acceleration,a 4. Find string tension, T

29
2.10 WORK, ENERGY, POWER & EFFICIENCY Work Work done is the product of
an applied force and the displacement of an object in the direction of
the applied force W = Fs The SI unit of work is the joule, J W = work,
F = force s = displacement

1 joule of work is done when a force of 1 N moves an object 1 m in the

direction of the force

Calculation of Work The displacement, s of the object is in the

direction of the force, F The displacement , s of the object is not in
the direction of the force, F

W = Fs

W = (F cos θ) s W=Fs
Example 1 A boy pushing his bicycle with a force of 25 N through a
distance of 3 m. Example 2 A girl is lifting up a 3 kg flower pot
steadily to a height of 0.4 m. Example 3 A man is pulling a crate of
fish along the floor with a force of 40 N through a distance of 6 m.

Calculate the work done by the boy.

What is the work done by the girl?

What is the work done in pulling the crate?

30
No work is done when: The object is stationary

The direction of motion of the object is perpendicular to that of the

applied force.

A student carrying his bag while waiting at the bus stop

A waiter is carrying a tray of food and walking

No force is applied on the object in the direction of displacement (the

object moves because of its own inertia) A satellite orbiting in space.
There is no friction in space. No force is acting in the direction of
movement of the satellite.

Concept Power

Definition The rate at which work is done, or the amount of work done
per second.

Formula & Unit

P=

W t

p = power, W = work / energy t = time

Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work. An object that can do work has

energy Work is done because a force is applied and the objects move.
This is accompanied by the transfer of energy from one object to
another object. Therefore, when work is done, energy is transferred
from one object to another. The work done is equal to the amount of
energy transferred. Gravitational potential energy is the energy of an
object due to its higher position in the gravitational field. m = mass
h = height g = gravitational acceleration E = mgh

Potential Energy

Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of m = mass an object due to its motion. v

= velocity E = ½ mv2

31
Principle of Conservation of Energy

Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be

created or destroyed. The energy can be transformed from one form to
another, total energy in a system is constant. Total energy before =
total energy after

Example 4 A worker is pulling a wooden block of weight,W,with a force

of P along a fritionless plank at height of h. The distance traveled by
the block is x. Calculate the work done by the worker to pull the block.

Example 5 A student of mass m is climbing up a flight of stairs which

has the height of h. He takes t seconds..

What is the power of the student?

Example 6 A stone is thrown upward with initial -1 velocity of 20 ms .

What is the maximum height which can be reached by the stone?

Example 7

A boll is released from point A of height 0.8 m so that it can roll

along a curve frictionless track. What is the velocity of the ball when
it reaches point B?

Example 8

Example 9

32
A trolley is released from rest at point X along a frictionless track.
What is the velocity of the trolley at point Y?

A ball moves upwards along a frictionless track of height 1.5 m with a

velocity of -1 6 ms . What is its velocity at point B?

Example 10 A boy of mass 20 kg sits at the top of a concrete slide of

height 2.5 m. When he slides down the slope, he does work to overcome
friction of 140 J. What is his velocity at the end of the slope?

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2.12 ELASTICITY Elasticity A property of matter that enables an object
to return to its original size and shape when the force that was acting
on it is removed. No external force is applied. Molecules are at their
equilibrium separation. Intermolecular force is equal zero.

Compressing a solid causes its molecules to be displaced closer to each

other. Repulsive intermolecular force acts to push the molecules back
to their original positions.

Stretching a solid causes its molecules to be displaced away from each

other. Attractive intermolecular force acts to pull back the molecules
to their original positions.

Stretching a wire by an external force:

Its molecules are slightly displaced away from one another. Strong
attractive forces act between the molecules to oppose the stretching
When the external force is removed: The attractive intermolecular
forces bring the molecules back to their equilibrium separation. The
wire returns to its original position

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Hooke’s Law

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force

provided the elastic limit is not exceeded. F = kx F= force on the
spring x = extension k = force constant of the spring

Force extension graph

Based on the graph: Relationship between F & x : F is directly

proportional to x The gradient of the graph represent = force constant
of the spring, k Area under the graph equal to the work done to extent
the spring: = elastic potential energy = ½ Fx = ½ kx2

The elastic limit of a spring

The maximum force that can be applied to a spring such that the spring
will be able to be restored to its original length when the force is
removed. If a force stretches a spring beyond its elastic limit, the
spring cannot return to its original length even though the force no
longer acts on it. The Hooke’s law is not obeyed anymore. The force
required to produce one unit of extension of the spring.
k= F x

Force constant of the spring, k

unit N m-1 or N cm-1 or N mm-1

k is a measurement of the stiffness of the spring The spring with a

larger force constant is harder to extend and is said to be more stiff.
A spring with a smaller force constant is easier to extend and is said
to be less stiff or softer.
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Factors that effect elasticity Factor Change in factor

How does it affects the elasticity Length Shorter spring Less elastic
Longer spring More elastic Diameter of spring Smaller diameter More
elastic wire Larger diameter Less elastic Diameter spring Smaller
diameter Less elastic Larger diameter More elastic Type of material
Springs made of different materials Elasticity changes according to the
type of material Arrangement of the spring In series In parallel

The same load is applied to each The load is shared equally among the
spring. springs. W Tension in each spring = W Tension in each spring =
2 Extension of each spring = x x Total extension = 2x Extension of each
spring = 2 If n springs are used: If n springs are used: The total
extension = nx x The total extension =
n

Example 1 The original length of each spring is 10 cm. With a load of

10 g, the extension of each spring is 2 cm. What is the length of the
spring system for (a), (b) and (c)?

36
37
SECTION A QUESTION 1 Figure 1.1 shows a car moving along a straight
line but hilly road. Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 shows how the velocity of
the car varies with time as it travels from A to E. The car travels at
60 kmh-1 from A to B for two minutes. (a) Figure 1.2 Describe the
acceleration of the car as it travels from A to E. …………………………………………………
……………………………. Compare the resultant force as it travels along AB and CD.
………………………………………………… …………………………… Give a reason to your answer in (b) ………
………………………………………… ………………………… Calculate the distance AB 2 m

(b)

1 m

(c)

1 m

(d)

2 m (e) The velocity of a car increases if the force exerted on the

accelerator of a car increases. Explain why the velocity of the car
increases from D to E although the force on the accelerator of the car
is the same as a long C to D. ………………………………………………… 2 m
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…………………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………...

QUESTION 2 (SPM 1999)

39
QUESTION 3 ( SPM 2000) Figure 2 Figure 2 shows a car of mass 1 000kg
moving a straight but hilly road. QRST and TU is the part of the hill
that have constant slope where the slope of QRST is higher that the
slope of TU. The frictional force that acts along QRSTU is 2 000N. The
velocity if the car at P is 80kmh-1 and takes 3 minutes to move from
point P to Q. The motion of the car along PQRSTU represent by a
velocity-time graph in Figure 3.

(e) Why is it necessary to ha capacity limit for the safe A bus bus?
the traveled from Kota Lumpur at 9:00 pm. The cap passenger in the bus
is 40 ……………………………… mass of the bus with the ca …………………………… and the
average frictional fo bus tire and the road for the jo ……………………………… The
bus moves at average sp …………………………… Kota Bharu before stopover a at
12:00 mid night on the s hour later the bus continue Kuala Lumpur with
average The bus arrived at 6:00 am on (a) Put in a table all the phys
involved in the informatio two groups.

(b) Calculate the total distanc the bus.

(c) Sketch a distance-time gr the motion of the bus.

(d) (i) What is the value of the tr the bus when it moves at speed?

(ii) ……………………………… …………………………… Give a reason for the ans

……………………………… 40 ……………………………
(a) Classify the physical quantity into two groups. 2m (b) From the
graph in Figure 3, explain the acceleration of the car from point P to
S. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………
… 2m (c) (i) Compare the resultant force of the car when the move along
PQ and ST. 1m …………………………………………………………………………………….. (ii) State a reason
for your answer in c(i) 1m ……………………………………………………………………………………... (d)
Calculate the distance form point P to Q

2m QUESTION 4 (SPM 2002) Figure 3(i) Figure 3(ii) Figure 3(i) shows a
sky diver start to make a jump from an aircraft at a certain height.
Figure 3(ii) shows a velocity-time graph for the skydiver at position
S, T, U, V and W from the earth surface. (a) (i) At which point the
parachute start to open? …………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) Give a
reason for your answer in (a)(i) …………………………………………………………………………………… (b)
Calculate the acceleration of the diver at ST.
41

1m 1m
2m (c) Sketch an acceleration-time graph for the motion of the skydiver
at point S, T, U, V and W at the space below.

3m (d) Suggest one way that can the skydiver apply to reduce injuries
on his leg during landing. Explain your answer. ……………………………………………………………
…………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2m

QUESTION 5 (SPM 1988)

Figure 4(i)
42
Figure 4(i) show a gun fires a bullet of mass 5g to an object. (a) (i)
What happen to the gun during the shot? 1m …………………………………………………………………………
……….. (ii) Explain your answer in (a)(i) 1m ………………………………………………………………………
…………... (b) The bullet shot the object of mass 0.495kg. (i) If the
bullet speed is 400ms-1, what is the momentum of the bullet? 2m (ii)
What is speed of the object after the bullet obscured into the object
after the gunshot? 2m (c) The object and the bullet that obscured in
the object aloft at a maximum height of H, as shown in Figure 4(ii).

Figure 4(ii) (i) What is the value of kinetic energy of the object
together with the bullet 2m inside the object?

43
(ii) Calculate maximum height, H achieved by the object? 2m

1m (iii) In real situation it is possible to achieved maximum height,

H. Why? …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
…… QUESTION 6 (SPM 1994) Figure 5 shows a man standing on a stationary
boat. He then jumps out of the boat onto the jetty. The boat moves a
way from the jetty as he jumps. Figure 5 (a) State the physics
principle that is involved in the movement of the boat as the man jumps
onto the jetty.

………………………………………………………………………………………… 1m (b) Explain why the boat moves

away from the jetty when the man jumps.

………………………………………………………………………………………… 1m (c) The mass of the man is 50 kg

and he jumps at a velocity 2ms-1. The mass of the boat is 20kg.
Calculate the velocity of the boat as the man jumps. (d) Name one
application of the physics principle stated in (a) in an exploration of
outer space. ………………………………………………………………………………………… m
44

2m
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