1

Well Control

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. DATA TO BE MAPPED
3. MANUAL CONTOURING
4. COMPUTER CONTOURING
5. USE OF STRUCTURAL MAPS IN THE
DETERMINATION OF GROSS ROCK VOLUME
6. ISOPACHS
7. GRID MANIPULATION
8. FAULT MAPPING

Mapping

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
In this Chapter, we introduce the reader to the concept of mapping of subsurface data.
Maps are two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional surfaces and these
are extensively used in the Petroleum Industry to locate wells and determine the size
of hydrocarbon accumulations. By the end of this chapter the reader will be able to
draw, read and understand oilfield maps
Specific learning objectives for the student are:
1. To be able to construct a contour map of spatial data using manual and mechanical
contouring
2. To state the advantages and disadvantages of computer and manual mapping
techniques
3. To describe a computer grid and explain how these can be manipulated
4. To appreciate "good" and "poor" maps from the type and density of the input data.

Mapping

INTRODUCTION
Maps are a 2-D plan view representation of an area. The mapped area, in an oil or gas
field context, is usually the agreed limits of the field. Oilfields often straddle a number
of exploration licences, county boundaries or even national borders. Governments
usually require fields to be developed as a single entity. When a field straddles a
licence boundary, the interested parties negotiate the technical procedures for interpreting the size and the proportions of the field. These procedures determine how logs
should be interpreted, what correlations are agreed, how maps should be generated,
etc, etc.) and determine the companies percentage of costs and revenues associated
with the development of the field through a process of unitisation. Field maps
therefore stop just outside the field boundaries (artificially, as the geological horizon
probably extends) and wells or other data outside will only be incorporated if included
in the unitisation agreement.
Geologists and geophysicists are adept map makers and map readers and are very
good at picturing in their mind, the 3-D relationships expressed by the 2-D representations. This visualisation is greatly helped by the ability of modern mappping
packages to display 3-D surfaces which can be rotated and viewed from any
perspective. These highly coloured images may be deceptive - as they rely heavily on
the quality of the underlying data - and could mislead the viewer into considering the
field structure as a very well described object. This Chapter will help the Petroleum
Engineer to appreciate some of the pitfalls in maps.
Maps are the primary vehicles to summarise, interpret and communicate spatial data.
Relationships are shown on maps by contours. Contouring is the drawing of lines of
equal value through a discrete data set of values at a few points and can be done either
manually or by computers. Contour lines describe a surface (Figure 1). Computer
mapping in the oil industry is a major activity, assisted by many software packages.
Subsurface mapping is the interpretation of the form of a continuous surface (or
variable) from a few isolated data points. To illustrate the challenge this provides, try
contouring the elevation data on the base map in Fig 2a, on a regular 2km grid.

Data Point
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30

50

40

50

Figure 1
Discrete data points and a
set of contour lines showing
the form of a surface
through those points

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Contour Line

30

Contour Value
Value of a
Property
at a Data Point

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Department of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University

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Figure 2a
A regular 2 x 2 km grid of
elevation data (values are
height above sea level in
metres). This is a base map
(See solutions for contour
map)

Mapping

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Figure 2b
The portion of the
Ordinance Survey Map of
the Pentland Hills from
which the above data were
taken in figure 2a. Note
that several large features
(e.g., Glencorse reservoir,
Castlelaw Hill, Carnethy
Hill) do not appear on the
2km contoured data. For
the sense of scale, Black
Hill and Capelaw Hill are
approximately the same
areal extent as some small
fields (e.g., Helder and
Hoorn Fields, respectively,
in the Netherlands sector of
the North Sea). The
Pentland Hills as a whole
( the high area marked on
the map as HILLS) are
similar in scale to some
Middle Eastern oilfields
(e.g., Dukhan Field in
Qatar).

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2 DATA TO BE MAPPED
Before one can start mapping the data need to be located on a 2-D plane (base map
figure 2.1a). In vertical wells, the data is located at the well coordinates (usually noted
as x and y). The depth in a well (or any other property) is denoted as z. The data are
then referenced to a 3-D coordinate system (x,y,z). The coordinate system used for
the map (in the x,y plane) can be geographics (longitude or lattitude in degrees,
minutes, seconds), metres (using a Universal Transverse Mercator, UTM, projection),
metres or feet using a local platform coordinates (displacement relative to an origin,
usually the platform reference point) or some local national coordinate system (e.g.,
Amersfoort in the Netherlands). In deviated wells, the data point is located at the x,y
that corresponds to the northing (mN) and easting (mE) relating to the appropriate
measured depth in the well bore (derived from the well survey).
The data to be mapped are conventionally referred to as z in this 3-D coordinate
system. These data can be:
depths to a horizon (feet or metres). These depths are always vertical and expressed
relative to a datum, usually mean sea level (MSL). True vertical depths (TVD) are
therefore negative (to express subsea depths below sea level, TVDSS) or positive
(elevations above sea level);
the thickness of an interval (feet or metres);
a petrophysical parameter (porosity, permeability), pressure (at some datum e.g.,
oil-water contact), initial production rate, depth to oil-water contact (may not be
horizontal) to give some examples.
Figures 2a to 2c illustrate the relationship between the complexity of a map and the
number of data points available. Only a relatively simple map can be contoured and
justified from the 2km grid of data points, compared to the detail available on the
Earths surface. However the data are mapped, the greater the data density, the greater
the map complexity. In other words the more data you have (i.e., wells drilled), the
more complicated and more precise (but rarely simpler!) the field maps are likely to become.
Depth to a horizon and fault locations are mapped on a structure map. Contours on
a structure map represent the depth (or elevation) at locations along the line. Along
a contour these values are constant (i.e., at the same depth or elevation). Walking
along a contour line is walking along a constant (i.e., flat) elevation. This is equivalent
to walking along structural strike. Walk at right angles to an elevation contour and one
will be walking up hill (up-dip) or down hill (down-dip). When contours are close
together the dip is steep; when the contours are far apart this represents a gentle slope.
The contour interval must be constant on a map.
If stratigraphic thickness is mapped the contours are known as isopachs ("iso"- being
Greek for "same"). Likewise pressure maps have isobars; temperature maps,
isotherms; and lithology maps, isoliths. Thickness data can be mapped vertically (i.e,
thickness encountered in a vertical well) or stratigraphically (by correcting for
structural dip) (Fig. 3). Hence:
6

Mapping

Isopoachs: contours of true stratigraphic thickness (TST)

Isochores: contours of true vertical thickness (TVT)

True Stratigraphic
Thickness (isopach)

Figure 3
True vertical thickness and
true stratigraphic thickness

True Vertical
Thickness (isochore)
TST = TVT x cos

Geological field mapping at outcrop is largely a separate discipline from subsurface

mapping. Outcrop maps, however, are similar to a subcrop maps which show the
distribution of beds beneath an unconformity. If the Earth's current surface was
completely buried underneath a new layer of rock the current outcrop map - surface
geology map - would become the subcrop map at the base of the new unit. After all,
the present land surface is a likely future unconformity! Subcrop maps show the
geological units below an unconformity. These can be used to predict the overlying
sand distribution as they often record the ancient topography and this will influence
the deposition of new reservoir material. Subcrop maps can be useful in determining
the topography of an erosional surface - hard rocks being local highs and possibly
sediment sources - soft rocks being more easily eroded into valleys.

3 MANUAL CONTOURING
There are five golden rules of contouring (Tearpock and Bischke, 1991):
A contour line cannot cross itself or any other contour.
A contour cannot merge with contours of same or different values
A contour must pass between points whose values are lower and higher than its own
value
A contour line of a given value is repeated to indicate reversal of slope
A contour line must close within mapped area or end at edge of map
Other useful guidelines are:
Maintain a constant contour interval clearly marked by with regular values
Include a scale bar. A graphic scale bar is more important than the actual scale (ie.
1 to 100000 - one unit on the map is equal to 100000 units on the ground) as maps
are often reduced on a photocopier or projected on a screen
Hachures(small tick marks on one side of the contour) inwards around closed lows
and outwards around closed highs, or "HIGH" and "LOW", "THICK" and "THIN"
annotation also help the reader get the right perspective. On coloured maps light
colours can represent highs or thins, dark colours thicks or lows.

Department of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University

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Start contouring where there is maximum control data
Start with simplest contouring that honours the data
Always contour in pencil (it is very difficult to get it right first time!)
There are a two alternative methods of contouring commonly encountered. We can
illustrate this with the following example data set (Fig. 4a from Tearpock and Bischke,
1991):

240

130
190
210

163

85

62

150

51
80
225

190

257

116

178

205

Mechanical contouring or triangulation

Procedure (refer to Figure 4b).
1. Drawlines between the points subdividing the area into triangles. Try to make these
triangles as close to equilateral triangles as is possible. This is triangulation.
2. Choose a contour interval. Take the maximum value, subtract the minimum value,
divide by a convenient number between 5 and 8. Round up to a simple value (1000,
500, 100, 25, 10, 1, 0.5, etc...). Choose the actual contours values at simple round
numbers. (every 10, 50, 100, etc.)
3. Subdivide the sides of the triangles into appropriate divisions to identify the
intersection of any contour lines passing between the points
4. Join up the points of equal value
5. Contours are the lines connecting points of equal value.

Figure 4a
An irregular data set ( from
Tearpock and Bischke
1991)

Mapping

Triangulation assumes dip is constant between data points and any change occurs at
the control points (Fig. 4b). Using a ruler the map will appear as a series of
interlocking triangles. The basic assumption that dip is constant is normally invalid,
therefore the contouring is not "correct". However, it can be a useful technique
because it does not require interpretation. Mechanical contouring allows little
geological interpretation and thus, because no two geologists are likely to exactly
agree on any interpretation, is often used in unitisation to remove perceived human
error.

240

130
190

200

210 2 0 0

100

62
51

163

85

100

150

150

80
225

190

178

116

100

CO NSTRUCTION
LIN ES

200

205

PARALLEL
CO NTO URS

85

Figure 4b
A map produced by
mechanical contouring or
triangulation

257

150
150

200

225

EQ UILATERAL
TRIANGLE

FITTING A PLANE
TO 3 PO INTS

Interpretive contouring
In the most rigorous application of interpretive contouring, the procedure is the same
as mechanical contouring - except that no triangles are constructed and no ruler is
used. In that respect, the resulting map would look like a mechanical contoured map,
but with rounded contours. Many would argue that this map is the "correct" map for
the data. That is quite a different map from the map of the property, for which the data
represent a few samples. This can be tested with the data in Figure 2a. A triangulated
map of the data is not one that could be followed when out hill walking!
The geologist has license to contour the best interpretation for the area whilst
honouring the data (Figure. 4c). The mechanical map can be used as a guide, however,
the geologist is often employed to find the anomalies, that might be missed by previous
drilling activities. Interpretive contouring is the most acceptable and most commonly
used form of contouring (Tearpock and Bishke, 1991). Interpretative data allows
incorporation of soft data (e.g., paleo-shoreline, paleo-wind direction, etc) which is
particularly useful in isopachs or porosity maps as they may direct the development
drilling towards additional oil reserves.

Department of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University

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4 COMPUTER CONTOURING
Oil companies are among the largest markets for automatic data interpolation and
plotting software. Computer contouring methods are totally consistent and provide
a counterbalance to overly interpretive mapping. Two types of computer mapping are
encountered in the industry:
Trend surface analysis
This technique employs a type of statistical regression technique. In much the same
way as a polynomial is fitted to pairs of x,y data in linear regression, a surface is fitted
through a number of x,y,z data points. The goodness of fit of a trend surface can be
tested statistically, allowing some measure of the fit to the data. A minimum weighted
least squares (MWLS) procedure is commonly used to find the best trend surface fit.
Note that computer methods only work with the data available, therefore it can be
common for dummy points to be added to get the map to look right.
Computer methods need adequate control and are subject to edge effects (i.e., where
there are few data towards the edge of the mapped area). Unsightly bulls-eyes also
occur around anomalous data points or outliers, so these maps, tend to be used for
guiding manual contouring. The appearance of computer drawn maps also depends
on:
the grid size employed
the smoothing factor applied to the contours
the contour interval
the way discontinuities (such as faults) are handled

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Figure 4c
Maps produced by
interpretive contouring
( from Tearpock and
Bischke 1991)

Mapping

Grid size should be selected close to the average displacement between control
points. With these considerations, it can be seen that the appearance of a computer
generated map also depends on the operator, and, possibly, is not so free of "human
error".
Kriging
A moving average method developed originally by the mining industry but is
commonly encountered in oilfield data situations. Kriging requires an understanding
of the correlation length - this is the distance over which a data point has an influence
on the estimates. The determination of correlation lengths is covered more fully in the
following Chapter. The use of correlation length allows estimates of the value of a
spatially distributed variable together with the probable error associated with the
estimates. Essentially, maps near data points are less uncertain than those at a distance
from a control point. For kriging to be an effective mapping tool in oil fields, however,
the well control has to be dense and this technique is not often used in unitisation in
the North Sea (when wells are few and far between).
The important contribution of computer mapping techniques are the systematic
quantification of errors (by also mapping the possible deviations from the mapped
surface). Although useful, this alone is not sufficient reason for abandoning the
manual methods. A computer generated map from the Tearpock and Bischke data set
is shown (Figure 5). Note that the form of the map is close to the mechanically
generated map (Figure 4b) and quite different from the interpretive map (Figure 4c).
Note that whilst these maps are all different - they are all consistent with the data! It
is an geological and/or engineering judgement which decides which is used. For
drilling targets these various maps can be used to provide a range of depths or
thicknesses, which can then be incorporated in the drilling programme.

200

200

Figure 5
Computer contoured data in
figures 4a for comparison
with figures 4b and 4c. The
map was prepared using the
MWLS option in
MacGridzo. (MWLS Minimum Weighted Least
Squares)

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5. USE OF STRUCTURAL MAPS IN THE DETERMINATION OF
GROSS ROCK VOLUME
The gross rock volume (GRV) is the total volume between the mapped surface that
defines the top of the reservoir or potential reservoir and the hydrocarbon contact or
expected hydrocarbon contact. The GRV of a reservoir is determined from the
structural maps,
manually - using a mechanical device known as a planimeter, or by
by computer - by subtracting oil-water contact grid (surface) from top structure grid.

Step 1. Calibrate planimeter

Start point

Known area
1 sq.km.
=247.1 acres

Planimeter clock wise

This angle should never get below 30degrees

or exceed 160degrees

Depth

Step 2. Planimeter each contour to create area vs height plot

HIGH

Area

Step 3. Planimeter area vs height plot to get volume

Figure 6
Basic planimeter procedure.
........or count squares or use trigonometry

The basic procedure for planimetering is given in Figure 6. The planimeter is used to
determine the total volume between the top reservoir surface and the hydrocarbon
contact. This volume is usually known as the Gross Rock Volume (GRV). The use
of the GRV in volumetrics is discussed in Chapter 9.
The simplest structural maps are seen for simple anticlines. An anticline is an
elongate stucture with dipping flanks in all directions. An example is shown in Figure
7 of Helder Field in the Netherlands offshore area, the anticline is orientated from
northwest to southeast. The structure is cut by a number of small faults and one more
major one running sub-parallel to the anticline. The thick Vlieland Sand is well in
excess of the height of the oil column, resulting in bottom water over the entire area
of the field as can be seen on the cross-section. From the map and a scale bar the area
12

Mapping

of the field can be determined. The determination of area is the first step towards
determining the volume of hydrocarbons that might be contained in the field (or
prospect). This is illustrated in Figure 8 by the counting squares method.
A

A'

1380
1400
1420

OWC
1425

(MSS)

1420

VERTICAL
EXAGGERATION
12.5 x HORIZONTAL

1410

A'

OW
C

A'

NO VERTICAL EXAGGERATION

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20

14
00

1400

00
14

14
25

0
142

Figure 7
Structural map on Top
Vlieland Sandstone for
Block Q/1, Netherlands
offshore (Contour values in
metres). The cross -section
A-A has been constructed
at various vertical
exaggerations.
(From Roelofsen and De
Boer, in Spencer, 1991)

1 km
Contour interval 10m
Depths metres subsea (MSS)
MAP ON TOP VLIELAND
SANDSTONE

AREA = 2061 = 4.67 sq. km.

441

Figure 8
Outline of the Helder Field
showing the method of
calculating area by
counting squares.
Although this method is not
used when other computer
methods are available it is
the easiest way to represent
the more sophisticated
procedures and remains a
default technique to be used
when technology is not
available.

2061 squares

AREA = 1 sq. km.

441 squares

25 squares

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6. ISOPACHS
An isopach(s) of the reservoir producing horizon(s) is required to determine whether
the oil column is thinner than the sand - in which case there will be bottom-water; or
whether the sand is thin, relative to the oil column, in which case there will be edge
water. If, as in the Helder case above, the sand or reservoir unit is very much thicker
than the oil-column then they are of less significance (-useful, nevertheless, for the
modelling of the aquifer). In some fields, structure maps do not define the oil
accumulation, but the isopach does (eg., Figure 9 Hartzog Draw Field and Figure 10
Indian Draw Field). In each example, the geometry of the contours is determined by
the sedimentological interpretation, helped and proven in these examples by the close
US onshore well spacing. In the case of Indian Draw, the contours follow the shape
of a fluvial channel.

A'

50'

VERTICAL =
133 X HORIZONTAL

0
2 km
PALAEO
SHORELINE

ONSHORE
REGULAR
WELL
SPACING

A'
0'
50'
2 km

A
0'

PRODUCING WELLS
DRY HOLES (NO RESERVOIR)

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Figure 9
Net pay isopach
(stratigraphic thickness of
producing sand) of the
Shannon Sandstone,
Hartzog Draw Field,
Wyoming. Shape of
isopach reflects the
preservation along ancient
shoreline. Close well
spacing is typical of
onshore developments.
Note the lack of any faults
in this reservoir.
(From Tillman and
Martinsen in Tillman and
Weber, 1987)

Mapping

PAY
THICKNESS
IN FEET

0
10

0
12

40

TURBIDITE
CHANNEL
SANDSTONE
GEOMETRY

LIMIT
PRODUCTIVE
ZONES

1 km

LIMESTONE MARKER

Figure 10
Net pay isopach (above)
and cross section (below)
through the Indian Draw
Field, Wyoming. Isopach
shows the preservation of a
channel fill sandstone.
(From Philips in Tillman
and Weber, 1987)

PRODUCTIVE
PRODUCTIVE
ZONES
ZONES

ITE

LOM

DO

LIMIT OF PRODUCTIVE ZONES

7. GRID MANIPULATION
Often the top reservoir structure is mapped from seismic surveys and well control. In
many cases, however, it is not possible to resolve the base of the reservoir unit
seismically. If sufficient well data is available, however, the isopach can be used to
generate a base structure map. The simplified procedure is shown in Figure 11. A grid
or contour map of sand thickness can be subtracted from the top structure map to give
the structure at the base of the reservoir. The area where the base of the reservoir is
above the hydrocarbon contact determines the area of no bottom water or complete
reservoir fill. The area where water underlies the hydrocarbon column (i.e., the
reservoir sand is not full) the area around the edge of the field, where there is bottomwater, is sometimes known as the Feather edge.

Department of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University

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PAY ISOPACH MAP

TOP STRUCTURE MAP

- 83

25
- 83

00

20

15
0

20
0

-8

50

10

10
0

-8

OWC

- 83

25

-8300 - 100 = -8400

0
50

10

15

20

-8300 - 200 = -8500

BASE STRUCTURE MAP

- 8500

- 83

00

- 840

Area of no bottom water

8. FAULT MAPPING
In multi-reservoir, faulted fields (such as occur numerously in the Gulf Coast , US, the
Niger, West Africa, and Mahakam, Indonesia, deltas) the juxtaposition of sand against
sand and sand against shale can determine the location and mapped extent of reserves
(Figure 12). Detailed cross sections and fault plane maps (sections along the plane of
the map showing juxtaposition of sands on upthrown and downthrown sides) can be
very useful to illustrate across-fault communication. These Fault Plane maps are also
referred to as Allan maps.

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Figure 11
Determining the Base
Structure from Top
Structure and Reservoir
Isopach maps

Mapping

A
B
A'
B'

FAULT PLANE MAP

N

ROW

UPTH

A A'

DOWNT

HROWN

A'
Figure 12
Fault-plane map (Allen
map) to show juxtaposition
of reservoir on either side
of the fault.

B A'

B B'
B'

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EXERCISES
1. Collect together some spatial data and produce a hand drawn map - this could be
a structure map, a topographic surface, an isopach, an isotherm, an isochore, an isobar,
etc....
2. Map the following x,y,z, data set on graph paper, using (a) triangulation and (b)
interpretive contouring
X
10
14.5
21
25
33
36
37
50
50
53
60

Y
5
35
20
10
35
20
6
10
36
22
33

Z
7
7
10
0
11
15
17
21
0
15
13

For the interpretive contouring assume Z is sand thickness and that the sand was
deposited from the South East. (X is East, Y is North)
3. Find a copy of an oilfield map and draw a cross section along a transect - at the
correct aspect ratio and at a suitable vertical exagerration
4. The data came from a simple anticlinal field. Contour at 10m intervals
5. These data came from a regional seismic interpretation. You have been given the
fault pattern. Contour the surface (250m contours interval) and highlight the shallow
most areas (these are prospects)

Bibliography
Davies. J.C., 1973, Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 550p
Spencer, A.M. 1991 Generation, accumulation and production of Europes hydrocarbons. EAPG Spec. Publ. 1, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 459p.
Smith., D. 1980 Sealing and Nonsealing Faults in Louisiana Gulf Coast Salt Basin,
AAPG Bulletin v.64, p145-172.
Tearpock, D.J., and R.E.Bischke, 1991 Applied subsurface geological mapping.
Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 646p.
Tillman, R.W., and Weber, K.J., (eds) Reservoir Sedimentology SEPM special
publication No. 40, Tulsa, Ok. 357p .
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Mapping

EXERCISE 4

km

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00

10
25
0

00

10

10

10
10
0

10
35
0

10
60
0

10
25
0

75

10

10

10

15

10

10
25

10

60

10

10

10

50

10

10

10

00

10

00

10

50

10

00

11
0
0

75

10

50

10

10

10

10
00

99

00

10

25

10

75

10
50

10

00

10

00

104

25

10

25

50

10

102
50

00

10

0
10

00

10

98

10

10

1
10 060
50 0
0
10
10
40
20
0
0
10
4

10
00
0

99
00

10
50
0

98
00

10
15
0

N
N

10
10
0

10
00
0

10
00
0

99
00

10
20
0

10
35
0

10
60
0

10
20
0

EXERCISE 5

Mapping

SOLUTION Figure 2a (in text page 4)

16

27

33

20

20

23

25

24

39

36

28

22

16

19

20

27

44

20

23

17

17

25

40

55

37

50

30

30

20

27

28

25

41

30

Department of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University

30

37

21

1
SOLUTION EXERCISE 2

y
40
7

11

13
30

10

10

15

15

20

21

0
17

7
0

x
0

10

20

30

40

50

0
5
10

15

20

Here I cheated because I knew the shape of the

feature before sampling the points. It illustrates how
poor maps can be using this technique with few data points.

22

60

0
90
90

25

80
60

25

40

25

60

25

25
75

35

25

70

25

50

25

50

25

4
25
0

Department of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University

55

25

45

25

45

25

40

25

70

25

35

40 25

25

40

25

30

25

30

25

35

25

40

25

60

25

70

25

80

25

25

25

20

25

70

25

70

25

30

25

70

25

25

70

25

60

25

50

25

50

00

26

00

26

95 26 261
00 0
26
10

25

00

26

75

25

50

25

40
25
4
25 0
40

25

40

25

45

25

55

25

25

30

26

60

55

25

25

70

60

25

N
N

25

60

25

25

70

25

Mapping

SOLUTION EXERCISE 4

257

C.I. = 10m

23

99

km
1

24

CI = 250m

10

30

00
10

10

60

40

10

10

10

50

60

00

95

00

10

10
0

40

00

25

95

10
0

00

40
0

30

10

10

00

00

95

96

00

98

50

10

10

97

00

99

05
0

10

25

10

00

10

00

99

25

10

00

10

10
10
00 0
0
99
50

00

10

1
10 0250
10
0

40

10

40

00

10

25

10

40

10

30

10
25
0

99
00

10
15
0

10
30
0

10
25
0

10
00
0

10
00
0

10
10
0

10
35
0

10
60
0

10
25
0

75

10

10

10

15

10

10
25

10

60

10

10

10

50

10

10

10

00

10

00

10

50

10

00

11
0
0

75

10

10

10

00

10

25

75

10

50

10

00

10

00

104

00

10

10
25

50

25
0

50

102

10

0
10

00

10

98

10

10

00

10

70

00

94

95

00

10

50 990
97 0
50

98

10

10
L

10

50

00

10

50

10

92

97

50

00

10

00

98

00

10

10

00

99

50

97

00

00

1
10 060
50 0
0
10
10
40
20
0
0
10
4

925

50

50

98

00

10

50

98

50

97

975

97

00

00

99

99

10000

50
98
00
98

97

10
00
0

99
00

10
50
0

98
00

10
15
0

N
N

10
10
0

10
00
0

10
00
0

99
00

10
20
0

10
35
0

10
60
0

10
20
0

SOLUTION EXERCISE 5