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Environmental Technology
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Y.K.K. Koh , T.Y. Chiu , A. Boobis , E. Cartmell , M.D. Scrimshaw & J.N. Lester
Institute for the Environment , Brunel University , Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK
Published online: 07 May 2008.
To cite this article: Y.K.K. Koh , T.Y. Chiu , A. Boobis , E. Cartmell , M.D. Scrimshaw & J.N. Lester (2008) TREATMENT
AND REMOVAL STRATEGIES FOR ESTROGENS FROM WASTEWATER, Environmental Technology, 29:3, 245-267, DOI:
10.1080/09593330802099122
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330802099122
1
Faculty of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology,
Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, W12 ONN, UK
2
School of Applied Science, Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
3
Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK
ABSTRACT
Natural and synthetic steroidal estrogens (estrone, 17-estradiol and 17-ethinylestradiol) are endocrine disrupters, that are
discharged consistently from the sewage treatment works into surface waters, thereby causing endocrine disrupting effects
to aquatic organisms at trace concentrations (nanogram per litre). Several years of research have been focused on their fate,
behaviour and removal in the environment but primarily in the sewage treatment works which acts as a sink for these
compounds. This review attempts to summarize the factors involved in the removal of these chemicals from the sewage
treatment works. Biological processes, and to a limited extent physio-chemical properties, play a vital role in the endocrinal
deactivation of these compounds. The efficiency of these processes is highly dependent on operating parameters (such as
sludge retention time, redox potential, etc) that govern the secondary treatment process of a functional sewage treatment
works. Although advanced treatment technologies are available, cost and operational considerations do not make them a
sustainable solution.
Keywords:
INTRODUCTION
Definition
since the 1930s [4-5]. Many EDCs have now been reported as
presented in Table 1.
245
246
Figure 1.
Approaches to removal of steroid estrogens from source to the end of the sewage treatment train.
Preliminary Treatment
TREATMENT
Overview of STW
Primary Sedimentation
It
and
3.4, 3.1, 2.7 and 0.95 respectively. Note that although E1-3S is
treatment plant.
is
generally
believed
that
transformation
247
removals were greater than 85% for E2, E3 and EE2 [38].
treatment works.
248
249
plants.
48]. This is in
sludge loading rate to each system. The authors did not find
Secondary
material onto which estrogens may adsorb [48, 51]. Since pore
activated
sludge
treatment
including
plants (BNR)
250
biofilm sludge was one of the main reasons for the observed
removal.
ESTROGEN REMOVAL
for
moribund state) [25]. This led Vader et al. [53] to surmise that
including
many
species
that
can
assimilate
251
uses EE2 as the sole source of carbon. They have reported the
of conjugates the medians for total steroids were 9.5 ng l-1 for
EE2, 3 ng l-1 for E2 and 13 ng l-1 for E1. This demonstrated the
for EE2, 1.5 ng l-1 for E2 and 5.5 ng l-1 for E1. After cleavage
in STWs [56, 57, 68, 71, 74, 75] and in rivers [74]. Batch
releasing the free E2. After no more than 15 minutes, the E2-
conjugates [76].
Bacteria
[39, 70-71]. .
252
treatment [39,
estrogens [57,
days. Batch experiments with sludge from the old plant did
effects.
Operating Parameters
253
14
material, suggesting that COC may play a role in the fate and
associated with longer total HRT and SRT (r2 = 0.39, 0.28
(r2=0.16, p<5%).
estimated that only 0.2 0.06%, 0.24 0.10% and 0.29 0.07%
and SRT.
254
64% in the dry year and 88% in the wet year. This effect was
the return sludge line was significantly higher than that in the
the summer compared to the winter. Short SRT (8.2 days) was
events.
include the work carried out by Ternes et al. [18] and Baronti
et al. [39]. Ternes et al. [18] attributed the poor E2 removal (64
sediments [97-102]. .
END-OF-PIPE MODIFICATIONS
255
Chemical Coagulants
produced.
Membranes
unsustainable.
Chlorination
and the need for regular cleaning arises. Several studies have
[110,111].
256
STWs either.
ozonation, Nakagawa et al. [132] found 0.2 ng l-1 and nonGranular activated carbon (GAC) is widely used for
efficiency [134].
g l-1 of EE2 was spiked into tap water and filtered through
Ozonation
Ferrate
Ozone (O3) has been used effectively as a disinfectant
and an oxidant. Ozonation can lead to the transformation of
(VI) at near neutral pH ranged from 400 to 900 M-1 s-1 which
257
UV Irradiation
2.5 hr but was completed within 6hr. This suggests that the
may be unfeasible.
This would seem to suggest that given the optimum and ideal
the
[142].
intermediate
products
were
negligible
tank volumes.
UV
and
O3
258
of estrogens.
characteristics [150].
Table 3.
Process/Technology
MBR
IFAS
Peroxide/Ozone
UV/Peroxide
MF/RO
MF/RO followed by UV/Peroxide
Adapted from Scruggs et al. [136]
*Does not include cost of constructio
** Separate costs not determined
259
Nitrifying
bacteria
and
other
heterotrophic
estrogens.
CONCLUSIONS
Precursor
conjugated
steroid
estrogens
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