PH301Homeworkweek10,due5.12.

2012,inworkshop
1) The Morse Potential is given as:

U U0 e

2 x r0
a

2e

x r0
a

Show that the Morse Potential has a minimum of U=-U0 at x=r0. [30 marks]
Solution: Dofirstderivativeandsetzerotofindtheconditionthat x=r0.Calculatesecond
derivativeandshowthatitispositiveatx=r0.AlsoshowthatU=U0atx=r0.

2) Ablockofanunknownmaterialweighs5.00Ninairand4.55Nwhensubmergedin
water.(a)Whatisthedensityofthematerial?(b)Fromwhatmaterialistheblocklikelyto
havebeenmade?[25marks]
PicturetheProblemWecanusethedefinitionofdensityandArchimedesprincipleto
findthedensityoftheunknownobject.Thedifferencebetweentheweightoftheobject
inairandinwateristhebuoyantforceactingontheobject.
(a)Usingitsdefinition,expressthe
densityoftheobject:

object

mobject
(1)
Vobject

(2)
ApplyArchimedesprincipleto
obtain:

B wdisplaced mdisplaced g
fluid

fluid

displacedVdisplaced g
fluid

fluid

(5)
Solvefor Vdisplaced :
fluid

Vdisplaced
fluid

displaced g
fluid

Because Vdisplaced Vobject and

fluid

displaced water :

(2)
Vobject

water g

(4)

fluid

Substituteinequation(1)and
simplifytoobtain:

object

mobject g
w
water object water
B
B

(3)
Substitutenumericalvaluesandevaluateobject:
object

5.00 N
1.00 103 kg/m 3 11103 kg/m 3
5.00 N 4.55 N

(4)
(b)FromTable131,weseethatthedensityoftheunknownmaterialiscloseto
thatoflead.(5)
3) Yourteamisinchargeoflaunchingalargeheliumweatherballoon thatissphericalin
shape, and whose radius is 2.5 m and total mass is 15 kg (balloon plus helium plus
equipment).(a)Whatistheinitialupwardaccelerationoftheballoonwhenitisreleasedfrom
sealevel?(b)Ifthedragforceontheballoonisgivenby FD 12 r2 v2 ,whereristheballoon
radius,isthedensityofair,andvtheballoonsascensionspeed,calculatetheterminalspeed
oftheascendingballoon.[25marks]
PicturetheProblemTheforcesacting
ontheballoonarethebuoyantforceB,
itsweightmg,andadragforceFD.We
canfindtheinitialupwardacceleration
oftheballoonbyapplyingNewtons2nd
lawattheinstantitisreleased.Wecan
findtheterminalspeedoftheballoon
byrecognizingthatwhen
ay = 0, the net force acting on the
balloonwillbezero.
(a)Apply Fy ma y totheballoon
attheinstantofitsreleasetoobtain:
UsingArchimedesprinciple,express
thebuoyantforceBactingonthe
balloon:

B mballoon g mballoon a y (1)

(4)

B w displaced m displa
fluid

fluid

displacedVdisplaced g
fluid

fluid

airVballoon g
Substituteinequation(1)toobtain:
Solvingforayyields:

(3)
3
4
3 air r g mballoon g mballoon a y

4 r 3
a y 3 air 1 g
mballoon

(2)
Substitutenumericalvaluesandevaluateay:

4
3

 1.29 kg/m 3 2.5 m 3

ay
1 9.81 m/s 2 45 m/s 2
15 kg

(3)
F

ma
(b)Apply y
B mg 12 r 2 vt2 0
y tothe
balloonunderterminalspeed
(4)
conditionstoobtain:

4
3

SubstituteforB:

4
3

air r 3 g mg 12 r 2 vt2 0

(4)
Solvingforvtyields:

vt

2 43 air r 3 m g

r 2

(3)
Substitutenumericalvaluesandevaluatev:

2 43 1.29 kg/m 3 2.5 m 15 kg 9.81 m/s 2

vt
7.33 m/s 7.3 m/s
2
2.5 m 1.29 kg/m 3
3

(2)
4)A1.5kgblockofwoodfloatsonwaterwith68percentofitsvolumesubmerged.Alead
blockisplacedonthewood,fullysubmergingthewoodtoadepthwheretheleadremains
entirelyoutofthewater.Findthemassoftheleadblock.[25marks]
PicturetheProblemLetmandVrepresentthemassandvolumeoftheblockof
wood.Becausetheblockisinequilibriumwhenitisfloating,wecanapplythe
conditionfortranslationalequilibriumandArchimedesprincipletoexpressthe
dependenceofthevolumeofwateritdisplaceswhenitisfullysubmergedonits
weight. Well repeat this process for the situation in which the lead block is
resting on the wood block with the latter fully submerged. Let the upward
directionbethepositiveydirection.
Apply Fy 0 tofloatingblock:

B mg 0 (1)

(4)

B wdisplaced mdisplaced g

UseArchimedesprincipleto
relatethedensityofwatertothe
volumeoftheblockofwood:

water

water

waterVdisplaced g water 0.6

water

(4)
Usingthedefinitionofdensity,
expresstheweightoftheblockin
termsofitsdensity:

mg woodVg

(2)

 water 0.68V g woodVg 0

SubstituteforBandmginequation
(1)toobtain:

(3)

Solvingforwoodyields:

wood 0.68 water

(2)
Usethedefinitionofdensityto
expressthevolumeofthewood:
Apply Fy 0 tothefloating
blockwhentheleadblockisplaced
onit:

UseArchimedesprincipleand
thedefinitionofdensitytoobtain:
Solveforthemassoftheleadblock
toobtain:
SubstitutingforVandwateryields:

wood

(2)
B' m'g 0 ,whereBisthenew

buoyantforceontheblockandmisthe
combinedmassofthewoodblockand
theleadblock.
(3)
waterVg mPb m g 0
(2)

mPb waterV m

wood m
m
0.68 wood

mPb

1 m
0.68

(2)
Substitutenumericalvaluesand
evaluatemPb:

1 1.5 kg 0.71 kg
0.68

mPb

(1)
5)Innormalbreathingconditions,approximately5percentofeachexhaledbreathiscarbon
dioxide.Giventhisinformationandneglectinganydifferenceinwatervaporcontent,estimate
thetypicaldifferenceinmassbetweenaninhaledbreathandanexhaledbreath.Assumethat
oneslungcapacityisabouthalfaliterandthat20%oftheairthatisbreathedinisoxygen.
[25marks]
PicturetheProblemOnebreath(oneslungcapacity)isabouthalfaliter.The
onlythingthatoccursinbreathingisthatoxygenisexchangedforcarbondioxide.
Lets estimate that ofthe 20% ofthe air that is breathed in as oxygen, is
exchangedforcarbondioxide.Thenthemassdifferencebetweenbreathswillbe
5%of a breath multiplied bythe molar mass difference between oxygen and
carbon dioxide and by the number of moles in a breath. Because this is an
estimationproblem,welluse32g/molasanapproximationforthemolarmassof
oxygenand44g/molasanapproximationforthemolarmassofcarbondioxide.
Expressthedifferenceinmass
betweenaninhaledbreathandan

m mO 2 mCO 2

f CO 2 M O 2 M CO 2 nbreath

exhaledbreath:

Thenumberofmolesperbreathis
givenby:

Substitutingfornbreathyields:

where f CO isthefractionoftheair
breathedinthatisexchangedforcarbon
dioxide.
(10)
Vbreath
nbreath
22.4 L/mol
(5)
2

Vbreath

22.4 L/mol

m f CO 2 M O 2 M CO 2

(5)
Substitutenumericalvaluesandevaluatem:
m 0.05 44 g/mol 32 g/mol

0.5 L
22.4 L/mol

1 10 4 g

(5)

6) Howcanyoudetermineiftwoobjectsareinthermalequilibriumwitheachotherwhen
putting them into physical contact with each other would have undesirable effects? (For
example,ifyouputapieceofsodiumincontactwithwatertherewouldbeaviolentchemical
reaction.)[10marks]
DeterminetheConceptPuteachinthermalequilibriumwithathirdbody;that
is,athermometer.Ifeachbodyisinthermalequilibriumwiththethird,thenthey
areinthermalequilibriumwitheachother.
7)Thelengthofthecolumnofmercuryinathermometeris4.00cmwhenthethermometeris
immersedinicewaterat1atmofpressure,and24.0cmwhenthethermometerisimmersedin
boilingwaterat1atmofpressure. Assumethatthelengthofthemercurycolumnvaries
linearlywithtemperature.(a)Sketchagraphofthelengthofthemercurycolumnversus
temperature(indegreesCelsius).(b)Whatisthelengthofthecolumnatroomtemperature
(22.0C)?(c)Ifthemercurycolumnis25.4cmlongwhenthethermometerisimmersedina
chemicalsolution,whatisthetemperatureofthesolution?[30marks]
PicturetheProblemWecanusetheequationofthegraphplottedin(a)to(b)
findthelengthofthemercurycolumnatroomtemperatureand(c)the
temperatureofthesolutionwhentheheightofthemercurycolumnis25.4cm.

(a)Agraphofthelengthofthe
mercurycolumnversustemperature
(indegreesCelsius)isshowntothe
right.Theequationofthelineis:
cm

L 0.200
t C 4.00 cm (1)
C

(b)Evaluate L 22.0C

cm

L 0.200

22.0C 4.00 cm

8.40 cm

(c)Solveequation(1)fortCto
obtain:
Substitutenumericalvaluesand
evaluate t C 25.4 cm :

tC

L 4.00 cm
cm
0.200
C

t C 25.4 cm

25.4 cm 4.00 cm
cm
0.200
C

107C

8)Athermistorisasolidstatedevicewidelyusedinavarietyofengineeringapplications.Its
primary characteristic is that its electrical resistance varies greatly with temperature. Its
temperaturedependenceisgivenapproximatelybyR=R0eB/T,whereRisinohms(),Tisin
kelvins,and R0 and B areconstantsthatcanbedeterminedbymeasuring R atcalibration
pointssuchastheicepointandthesteampoint.(a)IfR=7360attheicepointand153at
thesteampoint,findR0andB.(b)Whatistheresistanceofthethermistoratt=36.85C?(c)
Whatistherateofchangeoftheresistancewithtemperature(dR/dT)attheicepointandthe
steampoint?(d)Atwhichtemperatureisthethermistormostsensitive?[20marks]
PicturetheProblemWecanusethetemperaturedependenceoftheresistanceof
thethermistorandthegivendatatodetermine R0 and B.Onceweknowthese
quantities,wecanusethetemperaturedependenceequationtofindtheresistance
atanytemperatureinthecalibrationrange.DifferentiationofRwithrespecttoT
willallowustoexpresstherateofchangeofresistancewithtemperatureatboth
theicepointandthesteampointtemperatures.
7360 R0 e B 273 K (1)
(a)Expresstheresistanceattheice
pointasafunctionoftemperatureof
theicepoint:
Expresstheresistanceatthesteam
pointasafunctionoftemperatureof
thesteampoint:

153 R0 e B 373 K (2)

Divideequation(1)byequation(2)
toobtain:

7360
48.10 e B
153

SolveforBbytakingthelogarithm
ofbothsidesoftheequation:

ln 48.1 B

273 K B 373 K

1
1 1

K
273 373

and
B

ln 48.1
3.944 10 3 K
1
1
1

K
273 373

3.94 10 3 K

Solveequation(1)forR0and
substituteforB:

7360
7360 e B
e B 273 K

R0

7360 e 3.94410

273 K

K 273 K

3.913 10 3
3.91 10 3

(b)From(a)wehave:

R 3.913 10 3 e 3.94410

Convert36.85Ctokelvinsto
obtain:
SubstituteforTtoobtain:

T 310 K

K T

R 310 K 3.913 10 3 e 3.94410

K 310 K

1.31 k

(c)DifferentiateRwithrespecttoT
toobtain:

dR
d
d B

R0 e B T R0 e B T

dT dT
dT T
B
RB
2 R0 e B T 2
T
T

EvaluatedR/dTattheicepoint:

dR

dT

ice point

7360 3.943 103 K

273.16 K 2

389 / K

EvaluatedR/dTatthesteampoint:

dR

dT

steam point

153 3.943 103 K

373.16 K 2

4.33 / K

(d)Thethermistorismoresensitive(hasgreatersensitivity)atlower
temperatures.