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The Principle of FM
Aim: The aim of the exercise is to demonstrate the process of frequency modulation on
the basis of the available test circuit, illustrating in detail the attributes, which are
characteristic for this type of oscillation modulation.
The frequency of the carrier signal is varied in dependence on the modulating signal.
The ratio of the frequency shift to modulation frequency is termed modulation
index.
The frequency shift indicates the maximum frequency deviation for the FM.
In short explanations and practical tests the following exercises are intended to examine
this and other important terms of frequency modulation (FM), such as phase shift,
spectrum of the FM, bandwidth and many other things.
Test Setup
Set up the workplace in accordance with the illustration above. For orientation on the
two printed circuit boards use the illustrations under "Control Elements & Sockets".
Put the printed circuit board SO4201-7V "FM modulator/demodulator" in the
experimenter. The required operating voltages on the experimental printed circuit board
are automatically connected when the power supply of the UniTr@in I interface is
switched on.
ID. No.
SO4203-2A
Experimenter
SO4203-2B
FM modulator/emodulator
SO4201-7V
SO5146-1L
Signal output of
the modulator
with variable
amplitude
Potentiometer for
setting the
amplitude for the
variable signal
output
Potentiometer for
setting the
C
medium
frequency
Signal output of
the modulator
with fixed
amplitude
Potentiometer for
D fine frequency
adjustment
K symmetry setting
E Ground
Signal input of
the modulator
Potentiometer for
setting the signal
shape of the
carrier
Signal input of
the demodulator
Phase-shifted
signal
Potentiometer for
of the carrier
Ground
Output of the
ratio demodulator
M
(phase
demodulator)
Theoretical Introduction
The frequency modulation is understood as the influencing (modulation) of the
frequency of a carrier by a modulating signal.
The main effective variables of FM are the amplitude and the frequency of the
modulating signal.
With FM the amplitude of the carrier signal remains unchanged.
Where as only an upper and a lower sideband are produced in the case of the
amplitude modulation, the analysis of the FM spectrum shows a great number of
sidebands depending on the modulation index. Each sideband is contained in an integer
multiple number above and below the carrier frequency.
The amplitudes of the sidebands of the FM can be determined with the aid of the Bessel
functions of the first type, nth order.
Due to the great number of sidebands for the FM which as far as possible should be
transmitted to the greatest possible extent a relatively broad bandwidth is necessary.
For this reason the FM is used in UHF/VHF radio engineering and in radio relay
engineering.
Connect your oscilloscope to the "FM out 5Vss" output of the module. Use the two
potentiometers "Frequency" and "Fine Tuning" to set the frequency to the value 100
kHz. The sinusoidal shape of the signals can be exactly balanced with the aid of the
potentiometers "Dist." and "Frequ. Symmetry". The potentiometers "Frequency" and
"Fine Tuning" now enable you to regulate the frequency from 50 kHz to 150 kHz. This
internal frequency is used as carrier signal within the course of further work.
Now set your AF generator to 10 kHz and 2 Vpp. Apply this signal at the input "NF in".
Fig. 1
Use one channel of the oscilloscope to measure the signal at the output of the
modulator and the second to measure the AF signal.
X=
10
Channel A =
How does the signal at the output of the modulator behave, if there is no signal at the
input and if an AF signal is applied at the input of the modulator?
The value of the frequency changes every moment. Therefore it is referred to as the so.
called
Comment on the results obtained and explain the terms "instantaneous frequency" and
"rarefaction and compression regions".
With the above-mentioned frequency variations a constant change takes place between
higher frequencies (frequent polarity changes) and lower frequencies (less frequent
polarity changes). Therefore, these conditions are referred to as
in
The change between these rarefaction and compression regions follows the rhythm of
the
frequency.
frequent frequency
changes, and in a negative half wave of the modulation frequency, there are
frequent frequency changes in the frequency-modulated signal.
Exercise 2
Getting Acquainted with the Terms "Frequency Deviation" and "Phase Deviation"
Retain the settings as in the previous exercise, but change the signal shape of the AF
generator from sinusoidal to rectangular.
X=
10
Channel A =
On the basis of the output signal, explain the term "frequency deviation" and determine
this for the case in hand:
Change the amplitude of the AF signal by reducing it slowly. How does the signal
change at the output of the modulator?
If the amplitude of the modulating signal is reduced,...
Now change the frequency of the AF signal by slowly increasing it. How does the signal
change at the output of the modulator?
When the frequency of the AF signal is increased...
What influence do the frequency deviation and the modulation frequency have on the
modulation index?
The modulation index is calculated using the formula:
How does the modulation index influence the value of bandwidth necessary for
transmitting a frequency-modulated signal?
The bandwidth for transmitting frequency-modulated signals is calculated with the
formula:
Comment on the results obtained in the above exercise with regard to the modulation
which occurs in practice with voice and music.
In practice, the amplitude of the modulating signal is identical with the volume, and the
modulation frequency is a measure of the pitch of a voice or music signal.
HF
NF
FM
Dotted line
Connect your oscilloscope to the "FM out 5Vss" output of the module. Use the two
potentiometers "Frequency" and "Fine Tuning" to set the frequency to 100 kHz.
Now set your AF generator to 10 kHz and 1 Vpp. Apply this signal at the input "NF in".
Observe the FM-modulated signal with the AF generator switched on and off. What
happens to the course of the phase angle?
In doing so use the formula:
Reduce the amplitude of the AF signal to 0.5Vpp. Now observe the output signal of the
modulator and analyse it with regard to its phase.
When the AF amplitude is reduced...
Set the AF amplitude back to 1Vss and increase the AF frequency to 20 kHz.
With the original amplitude setting but with increased AF frequency the increase of the
phase angle is...
Discuss the different results in your working sheet. What term is used for the difference
in phase with an unmodulated signal?
The largest deviation of the phase angle from the waveform of an unmodulated carrier
is known as
The results of the above exercises show that the phase deviation...
Why is the phase angle a very important parameter for the frequency modulation in
particular?
In FM influences on the amplitude of the frequency-modulated signal have no effect
when the input signal to the receiver is limited accordingly. However, influences on the
phase angle disturb the receiver. They cause a corresponding
What other term is used for the frequency modulation because of their characteristic
phase angle?
Since the frequency modulation always influences the phase angle, it is also known as
just like the phase modulation.
Exercise 3
Demodulation of an FM Signal by a "Ratio Detector"
Ratio Detector
The Ratio Detector uses double-tuned rf transformer to convert frequency variations in
the received fm signal to amplitude variations. These amplitude variations are then
rectified and filtered to provide a output voltage. This voltage varies in amplitude as the
input signal varies in frequency and we getting back our audio signal.
Foster-Seeley discriminator
The FOSTER-SEELEY DISCRIMINATOR as a special form of Ratio detector is also
known as the PHASE-SHIFT DISCRIMINATOR. It uses also double-tuned rf
transformer to convert frequency variations in the received fm signal to amplitude
variations. These amplitude variations are then rectified and filtered to provide a dc
output voltage. This voltage varies in both amplitude and polarity as the input signal
varies in frequency. This form of phase or frequenncy detectors we are using in practice
more in control circuits for limiters or the well known AFC. A good exercise is given
under "AM Transmission and Reception techniques" in the chapter "Control circuits"
Exercise 3.
For the demodulation in our case we are using a modern form of a phase detector in
integrated form.
On the printed circuit board SO4201-7V "FM modulator/demodulator" connect the
output of the modulator "FM out 5Vss" with the input of the demodulator "FM in" in
accordance with Fig. 2. Now set the AF generator to 5 kHz and 2 Vpp. Apply this signal
at the "NF in" input.
Fig. 2
Use the oscilloscope to observe the signal at the output of the demodulator (NF
demod).
X=
20
Channel A =
Explain the working principle of a phase detector. With the setting shown above for your
exercise, measure the signal at the socket "" of the demodulator in comparison with
the signal at the demodulator input.