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Chapter 6

SI ENGINE FUEL METERING AND MANIFOLD


PHENOMENA

SI ENGINE MIXTURE REQUIREMENTS


CARBURETORS
FUEL-INJECTION SYSTEMS

6.1 SI ENGINE MIXTURE REQUIREMENTS


Most gasolines have the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio (A/F)s
in the range 14.4 - 14.7. A typical value could be 14.6.

In the absence of strict engine NOx emission


requirements, excess air is the obvious diluent, and
engines have traditionally operated lean.
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Equivalence ratio

Low speed

Medium speed
High speed

Wide-open throttle (a)

Wide-open throttle

High speed
Medium speed
Low speed
In take mass flow rate
(b)

FIGURE 6.1 Typical mixture requirements for two common operating strategies.
Top diagram shows equivalence ratio variation with intake mass flow rate.
Bottom diagram shows recycled exhaust (EGR) schedule as a function of
intake flow rate. When tight control of NOx, HC, and CO emission is required,
operation of the engine with a stoichiometric mixture and a three-way catalyst
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can be used.

6.2 CARBURETORS

Cross Section of Basic Carburetor


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6.2 CARBURETORS
6.2.1 Carburetor Fundamentals
Air
Fuel

1.Inlet section
2.Venturi throat
3.Float chamber
4.Pressure equalizing
passage
5.Calibrated orifice
6.Fuel discharge tube
7.Throttle plate

FIGURE 6.2 Schematic of elementary carburetor.


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FLOW THROUGH THE VENTURI

where
CDT : discharge coefficient
AT: area of the venturi throat
pT: pressure at the throat
po: stagnation pressure
To: stagnation temperature
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In terms of pressure drop from upstream condition to the


venturi throat,

where the compressibility function,

This

accounts for compressibility effects.

Choke Flow (critical flow)


For a given values of p0 and T0, the maximum mass flow
occurs when the velocity at the minimum area or throat
equals the velocity of sound. This condition is called
choked or critical flow.
Critical Pressure Ratio:

For air
8

Choked flow when

otherwise

Critical flow

0.70

Critical ratio

FIGURE 6.3 Relative mass flow rate and compressible flow


function as function of nozzle or restriction pressure ratio for ideal
gas with
=1.4
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FLOW THROUGH THE FUEL ORIFICE

where
: discharge coefficient
: area of the orifice

where h is typically of order 10 mm.


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Example 6.1 SI engine with 3.6 liter capacity is designed so that


an air flow rate at the throat equals the speed of sound at the
engine speed of 6000 rev/min. At this speed, the engine has
volumetric efficiency = 0.8. The height h of carburetor is 10 mm. If
this engine has two equal-size venturi throats, find diameters of
each throat and of the orifice. Let the discharge coefficients of the
venture throats and orifice are 0.9 and 0.7 respectively.
(air density = 1.184 kg/m3, fuel density = 750 kg/m3,(A/F)s = 14.6)
Given:

Asked:

Vtot = 3.6x10-3 m3
dT, do
N = 6000 rpm
(A/F)s = 14.6

h = 10 mm

CDT = 0.9, CDo = 0.7

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Analysis:
From

Mass flow rate of air

= 0.1705 kg/s

From

(1)

At the condition that the air flow speed is equal to the speed
of sound (choked flow), = 0.7 and
= 0.528, knowing
that po = patm = 101330 N/m2. We get
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For two venture throats of equal size,


= 0.000804/2 = 4.02x10-4 m2
dT = 0.0226 m or 2.26 cm
From

Ans

(2)

and
14

Then
Pa

kg/s

Replacing values into equation (2), we obtain

Ans
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CARBURATOR PERFORMANCE
The air/fuel ratio delivered by a carburetor is given by

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lean

Rich

FIGURE 6.4 Performance of elementary carburetor that varies


with venturi pressure drop

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6.2.2 Modern Carburetor Design

FIGURE 6.5 Schematic of modern carburetor.


1.Main venturi
2.Boost venturi
3.Main metering spray tube
4.Air-bleed orifice
5.Emulsion tube or well
6.Main fuel-metering orifice
7.Float chamber
8.Throttle plate

9.Idle air-bleed orifice


10. Idle fuel orifice
11. Idle mixture orifice
12. Transition orifice
13. Idle mixture adjusting screw
14. Idle throttle setting adjusting screw
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In modern carburetor, the changes required in the


elementary carburetor are:
1.The main metering system
2.An idle system
3.An enrichment system
4.An accelerator pump
5.A choke
6.Altitude compensation

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COMPENSATION OF MAIN METERING SYSTEM

FIGURE 6.5 Schematic of main metering system with air-bleed


compensation.

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Air bleed mass flow rate is given by

where

CDb : Discharge coefficient


Ab : Area of air-bleed orifice

Mass flow rate through the fuel orifice is given by

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Density of emulsion is approximated by

~ 730 kg/m3

~ 1.14 kg/m3 (typical values)

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FIGURE 6.6 Metering characteristics of system with air-bleed


compensation.

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FIGURE 6.7 An enrichment system

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FIGURE 6.8 An accelerator pump


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When starting a cold engine,


the first step is to close the
choke. This restricts air flow
and creates a vacuum in the
entire system downstream of
the choke.

close

FIGURE 6.9 Basic automobile carburetor showing (A) venturi, (B) throttle valve, (C) fuel
capillary tube, (D) fuel reservoir, (E) main metering valve, (F) idle speed adjustment, (G)
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idle valve, and (H) choke.

When the throttle is closed or


almost closed, pressure in the
intake system downstream of the
throttle is very low. Therefore, a
substantial pressure drop through
the idle valve causes the fuel
injection.

FIGURE 6.9 Basic automobile carburetor showing (A) venturi, (B) throttle valve, (C) fuel
capillary tube, (D) fuel reservoir, (E) main metering valve, (F) idle speed adjustment, (G)
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idle valve, and (H) choke.

CHOKE
Choke is the butterfly valve positioned upstream of the
venturi throat. When starting a cold engine, the first step
is to close the choke. This restricts air flow and creates a
vacuum in the entire system downstream of the choke.
IDLE
When the throttle is closed or almost closed, pressure in
the intake system downstream of the throttle is very low.
Therefore, a substantial pressure drop through the idle
valve causes the fuel injection.
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6.3 FUEL-INJECTION SYSTEMS

6.3.1 Multipoint Port Injection

Fuel is injected into the intake port of each cylinder.


Require one injector per cylinder (plus, in some
systems, one or two more injectors for starting and
warm-up).

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Speed density system (speed density electronic multipoint


port fuel injection)

FIGURE 6.8 Speed-density electronic multipoint port fuel-injection system:


Bosh D-Jetronic System.
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The mass of air per cylinder per cycle

Electronic multiport fuel injection (EFI) system with air-flow meter

FIGURE 6.9 Electronic multipoint port fuel-injection system with air-flow meter:
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Bosh L-Jetronic System.

The mass of air inducted per cycle to each cylinder

Mechanical, air-flow based metering, injection system (Bosch KJetronic system)

FIGURE 6.10 Mechanical multipoint port fuel-injection system:


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Bosh DK-Jetronic System.

6.3.2 Single-Point Throttle-Body Injection


Pressure
regulator

Air flow

Injector

Fuel from
tank
Returned
fuel to tank

FIGURE 6.11 Cutaway drawing of a two-injector throttle-body electronic fuelinjection system


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FLOW PAST THROTTLE PLATE

FIGURE 6.12 Throttle plate geometry

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Throttle plate open area

as a function of

d is throttle shaft diameter,


D is the throttle bore diameter.
= the throttle plate angle when tightly closed
When

the throttle open area is

maximum
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Mass flow rate through the throttle valve


For the pressure ratio

across the throttle

greater than the critical value

For the pressure ratio


across the throttle equal
to or less than the critical value
when the
flow is choked

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choked

Critical pressure
ratio
0.528 patm
= 53.5 kN/m2

1 kN/m2
~ 0.75 cmHg

Yes, its pT !

FIGURE 6.13 The relation between air flow rate, throttle angle,
intake manifold pressure, and engine speed

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