Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UePb LA-ICP-MS geochronology of detrital zircon grains from lowgrade metasedimentary rocks (Neoproterozoic e Cambrian) of the
Mojotoro Range, northwest Argentina
Pamela A. Aparicio Gonzlez a, *, Mrcio M. Pimentel b, Natalia Hauser b, M. Cristina Moya a
a
b
Universidad Nacional de Salta, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Geologa, Buenos Aires 177, 4400 Salta, Argentina
Instituto de Geocincias, Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brazil
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 22 May 2013
Accepted 5 October 2013
The rst results of UePb detrital zircons were obtained in three lithostratigraphic units of the Puncoviscana Complex in NW Argentina: Chachapoyas, Alto de la Sierra and Guachos Formations. The Chachapoyas Formation has a maximum sedimentation age of 569 Ma and a minimum age of 533 Ma, based
on the UePb age of an intrusive porphyry granitic. The Alto de la Sierra Formation, composed by
sandstones and volcaniclastic rocks, has a maximum age of 543 Ma. A maximum age of 517 Ma is here
reported for the deposition of the Guachos Formation, the youngest unit. The contact between the
Chachapoyas and Guachos formations is by a tectonic relation, and its probably coincident with a
stratigraphic unconformity between them (unconformity Tilcara I). The Lizoite Formation is overlying by
an unconformity (Tilcara II unconformity) the Puncoviscana Complex, and represents the basal unit of
the Mesn Group. The provenance zircon data for that formation indicate a maximum depositional age of
513 Ma.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
UePb
Zircon grains
Low grade metasedimentary rocks
Mojotoro Range
1. Introduction
The Eastern Cordillera basement of the NW of Argentine is a
heterogeneous succession of siliciclastic and chemical rocks,
intruded by volcanic, subvolcanic and plutonic/subvolcanic rocks,
of NeoproterozoiceEarly Cambrian age, identied as the Precambrian basement (Keidel, 1910) underlying with angular unconformity the Cambrian and Ordovician deposits of the Mesn and Santa
Victoria Groups. The unit was dened as the Puncoviscana Formation (Turner, 1960) in the Santa Victoria range (Fig. 1), and was
assigned to the NeoproterozoiceCambrian (Mirr and Aceolaza,
1972) due to the presence of Oldhamia, a fossil trace of the Lower
Cambrian. Aceolaza et al. (1988) and Aceolaza and Aceolaza
(2005) identify all the basement of the Eastern Cordillera as a
heterogeneous group of rocks affected by low-grade metamorphism, the Puncoviscana Formation s.l. Zimmermann (2005),
correlates this stratigraphic core that outcrops in the Argentinean
northwest with the rocks of medium and high metamorphic grade
of the eastern Pampean Ranges. This last author identies the
Puncoviscana Formation s.l. with the name of Puncoviscana Complex, a term according with the nomenclature for metamorphic and
sedimentary rocks of the British Geological Survey (Hallworth and
Knox, 1999). In this paper the Puncoviscana Complex term sensu
article 32 of the Cdigo Argentino de Estratigrafa is used to identify
all the stratigraphic core of the Eastern Cordillera.
The lithological heterogeneity of the stratigraphic core of the
region was highlighted through different sedimentological and
stratigraphical studies, where diverse carbonatic and clastic facies
are recognized (Jezek, 1990). These were totally or partially identied in the Sancha, Las Tienditas, Puncoviscana sensu stricto, Corralito and Guachos Formations (Salty et al., 1975; Baldis y Omarini,
1984; Moya, 1998) (Fig. 1).
In the last decade, several studies were carried out in different
parts of the Puncoviscana Complex to determine the age of deposition and tectonic setting. Whole rock geochemistry (Omarini et al.,
1999; Do Campo and Guevara, 2005; Zimmermann, 2005) and Ue
Pb studies for different parts of the Eastern Cordillera (Adams et al.,
2008; Hauser et al., 2010; Adams, 2011; Escayola et al., 2011) shows a
complex population distribution patterns and a heterogeneity in the
maximum depositional ages of the Puncoviscana Complex. Many
contributions related with the content of ichnofossils of the basement, indicates an Ediacaran-early Cambrian age, currently accepted
for the stratigraphic core of the region (Mngano and Buatois, 2004;
40
P.A. Aparicio Gonzlez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 49 (2014) 39e50
Fig. 1. Simplied map of the main outcrops of the Upper Neoproterozoic Lower Paleozoic basement in central and northern Argentina showing the location of: 1, Santa Victoria
Range; 2, Mojotoro Rage; 3, Tastil area; 4, Castillejo Range (Aparicio Gonzlez et al., 2011).
P.A. Aparicio Gonzlez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 49 (2014) 39e50
porphyritic dacite, 525 Ma UePb age and 3) red granite, UePb age of
517 Ma; and 3) porphyritic dacite, 525 Ma UePb age (Bachmann et al.,
1987; Hongn et al., 2010; Hauser et al., 2010). Zapettini et al. (2008)
reported a zircon UePb age of 511 3 Ma (Fig. 1) on the Chai granite.
Hauser et al. (2010), based on maximum and minimum UePb
ages for the sedimentary and intrusive igneous rocks in the Tastil
area (Fig. 1), shows that the depositional age of the Puncoviscana
Complex ranges between 560 and 534 Ma. Also based on UePb and
LueHf combined data, these authors interpreted the existence of
two main magmatic arcs during the Pampean Cycle 1) a preTilcarian arc with zircon population peak at 560 Ma (Late Brasiliano/Early Pampean arc) and 2) a Post-Tilcarian arc with zircons
population peak at 530 Ma (Pampean Arc).
Escayola et al. (2011) have recently recognized a felsic tuff layer,
interbedded with the sedimentary rocks, close to the Puncoviscana
type locality, and reported an UePb age of 537 0.9 Ma.
41
Fig. 2. A: Geological map of the Mojotoro Range showing the subdivision of the different stratigraphic units (modied from Amengual et al., 1979; Moya, 1998). B: Geological map of
northwestern of Argentina, showing the different geological provinces.
42
P.A. Aparicio Gonzlez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 49 (2014) 39e50
the northern part of the Mojotoro Range. In the western ank of the
structure, the sequence is unconformably overlayed by the Mesn
Group (unconformity Tilcara II), and in the eastern part of the
structure, its in tectonic contact with the Lizoite Formation
(Fig. 3c). In the western ank of the anticline, the unit is composed
by shales and greywackes. Volcaniclastic material is recognized in
thin sections, and clay mineralogy corresponds to illite and interlayered illite/smectite. The unit was affected by very low grade
metamorphism (Fig. 3d).
The Guachos Formation (Moya, 1998) crops out in the central
part of the Mojotoro Range and is characterized by a rhythmic
sequence of sandstones and shales, mainly with a NEeSW
structural trend. The contacts between this unit with the Ordovician rocks of the Santa Victoria Group towards to the east, and
with the Chachapoyas Formation towards to the west, are tectonic. The sequence is heterolithic and composed by brown to
greenish brown shaly sandstones, characterized by the presence
of Nereites ichnofacies. The sandstones are mainly composed by
quartz, and a minor proportion of felsic volcaniclastic grains.
Fig. 3. A-Fine-grained, greenish, sandstones, underlying the Mesn Group in the Mojotoro river section (Chachapoyas Formation) B-Interbedded sandstone and mudstone deposits
in the Guachos Formation. C-Tilcaric II angular unconformity between the Alto de la Sierra Formation and the Mesn Group. D-Photomicrograph of the Alto de la Sierra Formation
metawacke (crossed nicols), showing polycrystalline and monocrystalline quartz (Qm), volcanic lithic fragments (Lv), feldspars (potassium FK and plagioclase P) and sedimentary
lithic fragment (Ls).
P.A. Aparicio Gonzlez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 49 (2014) 39e50
43
Table 1
Zircon UePb data for metasedimentary rocks of Chachapoyas Formation, Mojotoro range-NW Argentina.
Sample
Ratio
207
Pb/206Pb
Rho
1s (%)
207
Pb/235U
1s (%)
206
1s (%)
1.5
2.0
1.3
1.8
4.1
1.8
2.4
1.8
1.9
4.7
1.4
1.5
1.9
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
4.1
1.4
2.5
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.4
3.7
2.2
1.7
4.7
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.9
1.5
3.7
1.5
1.3
1.8
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.1
2.3
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.4
0.08638
0.08706
0.08847
0.09083
0.09099
0.09105
0.09250
0.09277
0.09465
0.09497
0.10283
0.10382
0.10541
0.11122
0.11385
0.11412
0.11447
0.13213
0.13549
0.14990
0.16136
0.15273
0.17288
0.17085
0.17187
0.16893
0.18306
0.17227
0.18269
0.17905
0.18465
0.18773
0.18189
0.16759
0.18033
0.19292
0.19092
0.19238
0.20755
0.28215
0.35158
0.32473
0.36520
0.36266
0.36940
0.37018
0.37998
0.50897
0.52727
0.50987
0.49214
0.52004
0.51940
1.2
1.6
0.8
1.1
4.0
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.1
4.6
0.8
1.3
1.7
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.3
4.1
1.1
1.9
1.3
0.9
1.0
1.2
3.6
1.9
1.4
4.6
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.2
3.6
1.3
1.1
1.7
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
0.9
2.2
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.3
Pb/238U
Ages
207
0.82
0.77
0.64
0.64
0.98
0.59
0.54
0.84
0.55
0.98
0.56
0.86
0.91
0.83
0.80
0.71
0.81
0.82
0.99
0.73
0.77
0.87
0.80
0.80
0.86
0.98
0.86
0.82
0.98
0.79
0.82
0.85
0.83
0.81
0.98
0.87
0.88
0.93
0.84
0.81
0.92
0.91
0.81
0.94
0.93
0.66
0.85
0.92
0.92
0.84
0.91
0.91
0.86
Pb/206Pb
542.9
489.4
533.9
549.9
580.7
536.7
588.2
530.2
534.8
618.6
603.6
589.3
601.8
633.2
722.1
686.4
657.0
800.0
823.4
934.2
951.7
980.5
990.0
1000.4
1001.4
1012.6
1026.9
1036.9
1039.2
1041.5
1041.6
1050.1
1050.8
1052.0
1073.2
1087.8
1088.0
1222.0
1246.7
1569.6
1807.0
1862.3
1948.1
1950.7
1957.5
2067.5
2141.4
2523.1
2604.7
2617.2
2619.7
2622.0
2722.1
% Disc
1s (Ma)
207
18.7
28.5
21.5
29.8
18.3
31.7
43.0
21.7
34.9
20.3
25.4
17.1
17.3
16.5
17.0
20.7
18.1
19.5
14.5
19.8
32.7
14.5
13.9
15.8
14.4
16.3
22.4
20.0
18.6
16.6
18.9
14.0
21.5
17.4
12.6
15.1
12.1
12.9
13.3
15.2
11.0
11.5
11.4
13.9
10.0
21.8
11.8
10.5
10.5
11.8
9.0
10.5
12.0
535.8
528.9
544.1
558.4
565.2
556.8
573.9
563.6
573.2
591.8
625.0
626.5
636.3
669.1
701.5
694.2
688.9
800.0
820.2
910.3
960.5
935.3
1015.9
1011.6
1015.7
1008.2
1065.0
1028.5
1067.7
1055.2
1075.5
1089.3
1068.6
1015.6
1070.2
1120.3
1113.3
1164.8
1227.0
1588.1
1877.6
1836.0
1978.0
1973.2
1992.6
2048.8
2109.1
2579.6
2658.6
2634.1
2602.2
2655.3
2711.2
Pb/235U
1s (Ma)
206
6.2
8.4
5.4
7.7
17.6
7.7
10.4
7.8
8.4
20.7
6.6
7.1
9.0
6.8
6.8
7.0
7.2
9.0
23.0
8.6
15.5
8.8
7.3
8.2
9.0
23.1
14.4
11.2
30.6
8.9
11.0
8.7
12.5
9.4
23.9
10.4
8.5
12.4
9.0
11.2
13.2
13.1
9.3
20.2
13.2
14.6
11.5
14.5
15.4
12.1
11.9
14.2
13.6
534.1
538.1
546.5
560.4
561.4
561.7
570.3
571.9
583.0
584.9
631.0
636.8
646.0
679.9
695.1
696.7
698.7
800.0
819.1
900.4
964.3
916.2
1028.0
1016.8
1022.4
1006.2
1083.7
1024.6
1081.7
1061.8
1092.3
1109.1
1077.3
998.8
1068.8
1137.2
1126.3
1134.3
1215.8
1602.2
1942.1
1812.8
2006.8
1994.8
2026.6
2030.2
2076.2
2652.2
2729.9
2656.1
2579.9
2699.3
2696.7
Pb/238U
1s (Ma)
6.3
8.1
4.3
6.1
21.5
5.7
7.1
8.3
6.0
25.4
4.8
7.9
10.7
7.4
7.1
6.5
7.8
10.1
31.2
8.8
17.2
10.7
8.6
9.7
11.4
33.1
18.9
13.5
45.8
10.6
13.8
11.3
15.6
10.9
35.4
13.9
11.4
17.5
11.8
16.1
23.9
22.4
14.9
37.8
24.5
19.3
19.7
31.1
33.8
23.6
24.6
30.4
27.5
100
102
100
100
99
101
99
101
102
99
101
102
102
102
99
100
101
100
100
99
100
98
101
101
101
100
102
100
101
101
102
102
101
98
100
102
101
97
99
101
103
99
101
101
102
99
98
103
103
101
99
102
99
44
P.A. Aparicio Gonzlez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 49 (2014) 39e50
Fig. 4. Back-scattering images and Scanning electron microscope images of representative analyzed zircons. Igneous zircons from (a, b) sample RM1-Chachapoyas Formation (c, d)
sample CO1, from the Alto de la Sierra Formation (e, f) sample R 91, from the Guachos Formation (g, h) sample L1, from the Lizoite Formation.
P.A. Aparicio Gonzlez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 49 (2014) 39e50
45
Fig. 5. UePb detrital zircon results for Puncoviscana Complex in the Mojotoro Range. Tera-Wasserburg Concordian, (gures aed with ages between 1600 and 400 Ma) and
probability density plot diagrams (gures eeg, with ages between 2800 and 400 Ma) for Chachapoyas, Alto de la Sierra, Guachos and Lizoite Formations, are shown. In the
probability density plot diagram the 207Pb/206Pb and the 238U/206Pb ages have been used for zircons older and younger than 900 Ma, respectively. The vertical gray bands shown in
the gure represent the conventional age ranges of BrasilianoePampean (B: 530e680 Ma), SunsaseGrenvillian (SeG: 1000e1250 Ma) and Transamazonian (T: 2.0e2.2 Ga) crustal
sources.
46
P.A. Aparicio Gonzlez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 49 (2014) 39e50
Table 2
Zircon UePb data for metasedimentary rocks of Alto de la Sierra Formation, Mojotoro range-NW Argentina.
Sample
Ratio
207
Z3
Z42
Z48
Z40
Z47
Z41
Z9
Z58
Z10
Z35
Z21
Z4
Z24
Z49
Z31
Z30
Z29
Z52
Z33
Z50
Z34
Z32
Z13
Z12
Z11
Z60
Z16
Z26
Z51
Z38
Z6
Z45
Z1
Z56
Z57
Z5
Z53
Pb/206Pb
0.05825
0.05827
0.05737
0.05843
0.05794
0.05834
0.05899
0.05818
0.05886
0.05844
0.05757
0.05830
0.05849
0.05798
0.05853
0.05845
0.05771
0.05815
0.05879
0.05869
0.06101
0.06007
0.06378
0.07444
0.07559
0.07658
0.07920
0.08487
0.09498
0.10532
0.10747
0.11734
0.12447
0.13485
0.14998
0.16199
0.16371
Rho
1s (%)
207
1.6
1.2
1.9
0.8
1.2
1.3
0.7
1.5
0.9
2.3
1.7
1.3
0.8
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.4
0.8
1.9
2.5
0.7
1.3
1.0
0.9
1.0
0.8
5.2
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.9
2.7
3.0
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.6852
0.6947
0.6872
0.7061
0.7002
0.7097
0.7196
0.7099
0.7186
0.7149
0.7061
0.7157
0.7249
0.7204
0.7276
0.7310
0.7247
0.7310
0.7448
0.7996
0.8727
0.8805
1.1601
1.9106
1.9426
2.0967
1.9553
2.7528
3.3097
4.7167
5.1355
5.4468
6.9446
7.3023
9.2086
11.0951
11.0096
Pb/235U
1s (%)
206
2.0
1.5
2.2
1.3
1.8
1.7
1.3
1.7
1.2
2.5
2.5
2.2
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.1
3.0
2.7
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.8
1.2
6.1
1.3
1.6
1.6
2.2
4.0
3.1
1.0
0.9
1.2
1.2
0.08531
0.08647
0.08687
0.08764
0.08765
0.08824
0.08846
0.08850
0.08855
0.08872
0.08896
0.08904
0.08989
0.09012
0.09015
0.09070
0.09108
0.09117
0.09188
0.09882
0.10374
0.10632
0.13192
0.18614
0.18638
0.19857
0.17906
0.23525
0.25274
0.32482
0.34659
0.33667
0.40464
0.39274
0.44530
0.49675
0.48774
Pb/238U
1s (%)
1.1
0.8
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.1
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.9
1.8
1.2
1.1
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.7
2.3
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.3
0.7
1.6
0.9
3.3
1.1
1.4
1.4
2.0
2.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.9
Ages
207
0.57
0.55
0.56
0.78
0.71
0.62
0.84
0.43
0.68
0.37
0.73
0.82
0.81
0.72
0.61
0.64
0.54
0.68
0.78
0.37
0.81
0.58
0.78
0.59
0.84
0.78
0.53
0.88
0.88
0.89
0.91
0.73
0.28
0.77
0.75
0.79
0.79
Pb/206Pb
539.3
539.9
505.9
545.9
527.6
542.5
566.9
536.6
561.9
546.5
513.4
540.9
548.0
528.9
549.8
546.6
518.8
535.6
559.4
555.5
639.7
606.0
734.4
1053.5
1084.4
1110.2
1177.1
1312.5
1527.6
1719.8
1756.9
1916.0
2021.3
2162.1
2345.7
2476.5
2494.4
% Disc
1s (Ma)
207
35.4
26.8
40.2
18.1
27.1
28.3
15.9
33.3
19.2
50.1
37.3
28.0
18.1
22.1
19.8
21.1
30.9
16.9
40.2
53.3
15.9
27.4
21.4
17.9
19.7
14.9
99.1
11.5
14.5
13.2
16.2
48.4
51.4
10.6
9.9
12.0
12.0
529.9
535.6
531.1
542.4
538.9
544.6
550.4
544.7
549.8
547.7
542.5
548.1
553.5
550.9
555.1
557.1
553.5
557.2
565.2
596.6
637.1
641.3
782.0
1084.8
1095.9
1147.7
1100.3
1342.8
1483.3
1770.2
1842.0
1892.3
2104.4
2149.1
2359.0
2531.1
2523.9
Pb/235U
1s (Ma)
206
8.2
6.2
9.2
5.6
7.3
7.0
5.7
7.2
5.1
10.6
10.6
9.4
6.1
6.2
4.9
5.4
7.2
4.5
12.8
12.0
6.0
7.4
8.8
7.4
12.3
8.2
40.3
9.5
12.7
13.1
18.3
33.7
26.9
8.6
8.0
10.9
10.7
527.8
534.6
537.0
541.6
541.6
545.1
546.4
546.7
546.9
548.0
549.4
549.9
554.9
556.2
556.4
559.7
561.9
562.5
566.6
607.5
636.3
651.3
798.8
1100.5
1101.7
1167.7
1061.8
1361.9
1452.6
1813.2
1918.3
1870.6
2190.4
2135.5
2374.3
2599.8
2560.9
Pb/238U
1s (Ma)
5.8
4.2
6.5
5.5
6.5
5.4
5.9
3.8
4.3
4.9
9.8
9.6
6.2
5.7
3.8
4.3
4.9
3.9
12.5
5.8
6.3
5.6
9.4
6.7
15.7
10.0
31.9
13.9
18.7
22.1
32.8
47.1
15.7
13.5
13.0
20.0
19.2
100
100
101
100
100
100
99
100
99
100
101
100
100
101
100
100
102
101
100
102
100
102
102
101
101
102
97
101
98
102
104
99
104
99
101
103
101
P.A. Aparicio Gonzlez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 49 (2014) 39e50
47
Table 3
Zircon UePb data for metasedimentary rocks of Guachos Formation, Mojotoro range-NW Argentina.
Sample
Ratio
207
Z50
Z24
Z32
Z25
Z26
Z3
Z18
Z44
Z34
Z46
Z14
Z51
Z15
Z8
Z12
Z36
Z04
Z5
Z27
Z7
Z6
Z60
Z45
Z48
Z10
Z11
Z52
Z21
Z33
Z43
Z22
Z30
Z17
Z58
Z57
Z37
Z9
Z30
Z1
Z31
Z2
Z31
Z23
Z59
Z40
Z35
Pb/
Rho
206
0.05791
0.05880
0.05784
0.05903
0.05879
0.05794
0.05774
0.05821
0.05917
0.05828
0.05876
0.05871
0.05744
0.05813
0.05809
0.05822
0.05865
0.06114
0.06193
0.06068
0.06213
0.06546
0.06566
0.06994
0.07116
0.07116
0.07166
0.07174
0.07252
0.07253
0.07254
0.07297
0.07318
0.07396
0.07413
0.07420
0.07460
0.07530
0.08359
0.11222
0.11441
0.11469
0.11515
0.12579
0.17821
0.18277
Pb
1s (%)
207
0.7
0.6
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.8
1.5
1.0
0.6
0.7
1.1
1.7
2.0
0.6
0.9
0.5
0.6
1.0
0.5
1.4
0.8
0.5
2.9
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.5
0.6
0.9
0.6
0.6
1.1
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.8
2.2
0.8
0.6313
0.6746
0.6666
0.6806
0.6792
0.6843
0.6920
0.7088
0.7218
0.7163
0.7300
0.7299
0.7166
0.7437
0.7670
0.7763
0.7840
0.8894
0.9069
0.9215
1.0335
1.1730
1.2129
1.5136
1.6475
1.7087
1.6142
1.6822
1.7509
1.7384
1.7442
1.8837
1.8581
1.9058
1.9059
1.9787
1.8353
1.8674
2.5183
5.4356
5.2131
5.6311
5.2471
6.2216
12.1618
12.3674
Pb/
235
1s (%)
206
2.3
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.1
1.0
1.7
1.9
1.3
1.0
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.7
3.3
1.2
0.8
0.8
1.0
3.1
1.6
1.0
4.6
0.9
1.5
1.0
1.1
1.5
0.9
2.5
1.6
2.6
2.6
1.2
0.9
2.7
1.0
1.9
0.9
2.1
1.0
2.2
4.1
1.1
0.07907
0.08321
0.08359
0.08362
0.08379
0.08565
0.08693
0.08831
0.08848
0.08915
0.09011
0.09016
0.09049
0.09279
0.09577
0.09671
0.09696
0.10551
0.10621
0.11015
0.12065
0.12995
0.13397
0.15697
0.16791
0.17415
0.16338
0.17005
0.17512
0.17385
0.17439
0.18723
0.18416
0.18689
0.18647
0.19341
0.17844
0.17985
0.21850
0.35130
0.33048
0.35609
0.33048
0.35873
0.49496
0.49076
Pb/
238
1s (%)
2.2
1.0
1.0
0.8
1.2
0.9
0.7
1.5
1.1
0.8
0.8
1.5
1.0
0.8
1.3
1.5
3.2
1.1
0.5
0.6
0.9
2.8
1.4
0.8
3.6
0.7
1.3
0.9
0.9
1.4
0.7
2.4
1.5
2.5
2.4
1.1
0.7
2.5
0.8
1.8
0.7
2.0
0.9
2.0
3.5
0.8
Ages
207
0.95
0.85
0.73
0.67
0.81
0.81
0.70
0.88
0.59
0.66
0.78
0.91
0.67
0.59
0.82
0.93
0.96
0.90
0.66
0.79
0.89
0.90
0.87
0.85
0.78
0.76
0.87
0.85
0.88
0.93
0.77
0.94
0.94
0.98
0.94
0.88
0.79
0.92
0.81
0.93
0.83
0.93
0.87
0.94
0.85
0.71
Pb/
% Disc
206
526.2
559.6
523.7
568.3
559.4
527.5
519.9
537.8
573.5
540.2
558.1
556.4
508.5
534.8
533.0
538.0
554.0
644.0
671.8
627.7
678.4
789.3
795.7
926.5
962.1
962.1
976.2
978.7
1000.4
1000.7
1001.1
1013.1
1018.9
1040.3
1045.0
1046.9
1057.6
1076.6
1283.0
1835.7
1870.6
1875.0
1882.3
2039.9
2636.3
2678.2
Pb
1s (Ma)
207
16.1
13.8
19.7
18.3
18.6
14.4
16.1
17.1
32.4
20.8
13.6
14.5
24.9
35.9
42.8
13.2
19.1
11.6
12.8
20.7
9.9
28.7
15.9
10.5
57.5
11.5
14.7
11.1
10.0
11.3
11.6
17.8
10.6
11.4
17.5
11.4
11.0
21.3
11.5
12.3
8.9
14.2
9.0
13.5
35.9
12.4
496.9
523.5
518.7
527.1
526.3
529.3
534.0
544.1
551.8
548.5
556.6
556.5
548.7
564.6
578.0
583.4
587.8
646.0
655.4
663.1
720.7
788.0
806.5
935.9
988.6
1011.8
975.8
1001.8
1027.5
1022.9
1025.0
1075.4
1066.3
1083.1
1083.1
1108.3
1058.2
1069.6
1277.3
1890.5
1854.8
1920.9
1860.3
2007.5
2617.0
2632.7
Pb/
235
1s (Ma)
206
9.0
4.9
5.4
4.7
6.0
4.7
4.3
7.0
7.9
5.4
4.3
6.8
6.5
6.2
6.7
7.3
14.7
5.8
3.8
3.7
5.3
17.0
8.6
5.8
28.7
5.5
9.2
6.6
6.8
9.8
5.8
16.7
10.4
17.2
16.8
8.0
5.9
17.6
7.3
16.0
7.4
18.3
8.6
18.9
37.7
10.0
490.6
515.2
517.5
517.7
518.7
529.8
537.3
545.6
546.5
550.5
556.2
556.5
558.4
572.0
589.6
595.1
596.6
646.6
650.7
673.6
734.3
787.6
810.5
939.9
1000.6
1034.9
975.5
1012.4
1040.3
1033.3
1036.3
1106.3
1089.7
1104.5
1102.2
1139.8
1058.4
1066.2
1274.0
1940.8
1840.7
1963.6
1840.7
1976.1
2592.1
2574.0
238
Pb/
1s (Ma)
10.3
5.1
4.8
3.8
5.9
4.7
3.7
7.7
5.8
4.4
4.2
7.8
5.4
4.6
7.1
8.7
18.2
6.8
3.3
3.8
6.4
20.8
10.3
7.1
33.2
6.3
11.6
8.3
8.9
13.6
6.6
24.1
14.9
25.7
24.2
11.0
6.9
24.1
9.4
29.3
11.5
33.6
14.0
34.6
73.5
16.2
99
98
100
98
99
100
101
100
99
100
100
100
102
101
102
102
101
100
99
102
102
100
100
100
101
102
100
101
101
101
101
103
102
102
102
103
100
100
100
103
99
102
99
98
99
98
48
P.A. Aparicio Gonzlez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 49 (2014) 39e50
Table 4
Zircon UePb data for metasedimentary rocks of Lizoite Formation, Mojotoro range-NW Argentina.
Sample
Ratio
207
Z6
Z56
Z53
Z52
Z32
Z55
Z10
Z27
Z58
Z20
Z57
Z36
Z21
Z5
Z54
Z23
Z26
Z9
Z22
Z29
Z25
Z42
Z41
Z46
Z4
Z18
Z45
Z2
Z51
Z28
Z14
Z16
Z35
Z15
Z19
Z11
Z17
Z13
Z59
Z1
Z12
Z33
Z31
Z8
Z44
Z7
Z50
Z49
Z24
Pb/
Rho
206
0.05862
0.05784
0.05758
0.05768
0.05761
0.05751
0.05815
0.05750
0.05837
0.05832
0.05791
0.05803
0.05832
0.05789
0.05786
0.05837
0.05791
0.05763
0.05887
0.05758
0.05794
0.05913
0.05839
0.05847
0.05825
0.05809
0.05878
0.05832
0.05807
0.05754
0.05913
0.05875
0.05782
0.05928
0.05834
0.05833
0.05859
0.05825
0.05829
0.05831
0.05798
0.05885
0.06927
0.07332
0.07425
0.07451
0.11415
0.12089
0.19361
Pb
1s (%)
207
0.8
1.2
0.7
1.5
1.3
0.6
1.4
1.0
0.6
0.9
1.0
0.7
1.6
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.5
0.9
0.9
1.7
1.4
0.8
0.8
0.6
1.0
1.3
0.8
1.0
1.3
0.8
1.9
1.3
0.6
1.8
0.9
0.8
1.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.7
1.2
0.7
0.6
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6554
0.6536
0.6586
0.6606
0.6607
0.6694
0.6773
0.6707
0.6825
0.6826
0.6782
0.6806
0.6845
0.6799
0.6822
0.6898
0.6874
0.6848
0.7000
0.6856
0.6904
0.7052
0.6988
0.7063
0.7058
0.7051
0.7169
0.7122
0.7105
0.7048
0.7261
0.7271
0.7164
0.7348
0.7242
0.7244
0.7289
0.7266
0.7366
0.7376
0.7339
0.7893
1.3345
1.6931
1.8765
1.7827
5.3107
6.0420
14.9218
Pb/
235
1s (%)
206
2.2
1.6
1.0
2.1
1.5
0.9
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.8
1.0
2.0
2.7
1.2
1.2
2.0
1.1
1.3
2.0
1.7
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.7
2.1
1.6
1.7
1.2
2.0
1.7
1.4
3.8
1.2
1.1
1.7
0.9
1.5
1.5
0.9
1.6
1.2
0.9
1.2
1.0
1.5
1.9
1.0
0.08110
0.08196
0.08296
0.08305
0.08318
0.08442
0.08448
0.08460
0.08480
0.08489
0.08494
0.08506
0.08513
0.08518
0.08550
0.08571
0.08610
0.08617
0.08625
0.08636
0.08642
0.08650
0.08680
0.08761
0.08788
0.08803
0.08846
0.08858
0.08875
0.08884
0.08906
0.08977
0.08987
0.08989
0.09003
0.09007
0.09023
0.09047
0.09165
0.09176
0.09181
0.09727
0.13973
0.16747
0.18330
0.17353
0.33743
0.36249
0.55898
Pb/
238
1s (%)
2.1
1.1
0.8
1.4
0.8
0.6
0.7
1.1
1.2
0.9
1.5
0.8
1.2
2.5
0.9
0.9
1.3
0.7
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.3
1.0
1.1
2.0
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.7
1.0
1.3
3.3
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.7
1.3
1.2
0.7
0.9
1.0
0.7
0.8
0.7
1.4
1.9
0.9
Ages
207
0.93
0.68
0.73
0.67
0.52
0.68
0.43
0.74
0.90
0.69
0.83
0.78
0.61
0.93
0.75
0.76
0.64
0.61
0.72
0.48
0.51
0.70
0.74
0.90
0.72
0.64
0.93
0.79
0.67
0.75
0.33
0.61
0.89
0.88
0.62
0.73
0.37
0.74
0.89
0.84
0.71
0.61
0.80
0.75
0.69
0.68
0.94
0.97
0.85
Pb/
% Disc
206
552.9
523.7
513.7
517.8
514.9
511.3
535.5
510.6
543.7
541.7
526.2
530.7
541.7
525.5
524.6
543.7
526.3
515.9
562.1
513.6
527.4
571.8
544.4
547.4
539.3
533.2
559.0
541.7
532.3
512.3
571.7
557.7
522.8
577.4
542.6
542.1
551.9
539.0
540.5
541.3
528.8
561.7
906.8
1022.9
1048.2
1055.3
1866.5
1969.4
2773.1
Pb
1s (Ma)
207
18.1
25.2
15.5
33.5
27.3
13.8
29.8
22.2
12.8
19.4
21.5
14.2
33.9
22.1
17.0
16.8
33.6
19.7
19.7
37.9
30.8
18.2
17.3
13.7
22.0
29.0
16.5
21.0
27.8
17.6
41.3
28.5
13.7
38.0
20.2
16.9
34.5
13.8
15.0
17.2
14.3
26.8
15.1
12.4
17.7
14.8
9.3
8.4
8.9
511.8
510.7
513.8
515.0
515.0
520.4
525.2
521.1
528.3
528.4
525.7
527.1
529.5
526.7
528.1
532.7
531.3
529.6
538.8
530.2
533.0
541.9
538.1
542.5
542.3
541.8
548.9
546.1
545.1
541.7
554.3
554.8
548.5
559.3
553.1
553.2
555.9
554.5
560.4
561.0
558.8
590.8
860.9
1005.9
1072.8
1039.2
1870.6
1981.9
2810.3
Pb/
235
1s (Ma)
206
8.9
6.3
4.2
8.4
5.9
3.5
6.2
6.2
5.5
5.1
7.3
4.2
8.1
11.2
4.9
4.9
8.3
4.7
5.5
8.2
6.8
4.9
4.9
6.1
6.1
7.3
8.9
6.6
7.2
5.1
8.7
7.1
5.9
16.1
5.1
4.9
7.3
4.0
6.5
6.3
4.0
7.0
7.0
5.9
8.0
6.6
13.0
16.8
9.8
502.7
507.8
513.8
514.3
515.1
522.4
522.8
523.5
524.7
525.3
525.6
526.3
526.7
527.0
528.9
530.1
532.4
532.8
533.3
534.0
534.3
534.8
536.6
541.4
543.0
543.9
546.4
547.1
548.1
548.7
550.0
554.2
554.8
554.9
555.7
555.9
556.9
558.3
565.3
565.9
566.2
598.4
843.1
998.2
1085.0
1031.5
1874.3
1994.0
2862.4
Pb/
238
1s (Ma)
9.9
5.3
3.7
7.0
3.8
2.9
3.3
5.6
6.0
4.3
7.5
4.1
6.1
12.9
4.5
4.5
6.6
3.5
4.9
4.9
4.3
4.2
4.5
6.8
5.4
5.9
10.3
6.4
6.0
4.8
3.5
5.4
6.6
17.7
3.9
4.5
3.4
3.7
7.3
6.8
3.6
5.4
7.6
6.4
8.4
6.6
23.5
32.2
20.3
98
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
99
100
100
99
100
100
100
100
101
99
101
100
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
101
101
99
100
101
99
100
100
100
101
101
101
101
101
98
99
101
99
100
101
102
P.A. Aparicio Gonzlez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 49 (2014) 39e50
49
Acknowledgments
The rst author thanks CONICET for the scholarship granted.
Thanks Laura and Muriel for revising the English text. I appreciate
the help of N. Uriz for making some of the gures. I would also like
to thank the valuable recommendations made by Dr. Maximiliano
Naipauer which helped improve the manuscript. The reviewer and
anonymous reviewer are gratefully acknowledged
References
Adams, C.J., Miller, H., Toselli, A.J., 2007. Detrital zircon ages of the Puncoviscana
Formation of NW Argentina, and their bearing on stratigraphic age and provenance. In: 20th Colloquium on Latin American Earth Sciences Kiel, pp. 68e69.
Germany. Abstracts.
Adams, C.J., Miller, H., Toselli, A.J., Grifn, W.L., 2008. The Puncoviscana formation of
northwest Argentina: UePb geochronology of detrital zircons and RbeSr
metamorphic ages and their bearing on its stratigraphic age, sediment provenance and tectonic setting. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palantol. Abhand. 247, 341e352.
Adams, C.J., 2011. The Pacic Gondwana margin in the late Neoproterozoiceearly
Paleozoic: detrital zircon UePb ages from metasediments in northwest
Argentina reveal their maximum age, provenance and tectonic setting. Gondwana Res. 19, 71e83.
Aceolaza, F.G., Toselli, A.J., 1973. Consideraciones estratigrcas y tectnicas sobre
el Paleozoico inferior del Noroeste Argentino. In: Memorial del II Congreso
Latinoamericano de Geologa, Caracs, vol. 2. Ministerio de Minas e Hidrocarburos, Direccin de Geologa, Caracas, pp. 755e764.
Aceolaza, F.G., Miller, H., Toselli, A.J., 1988. The Puncoviscana Formacin (Late
Precambrian-Early Cambrian). Sedimentology, tectonometamorphic history
and age of the oldest rocks of NW Argentina. In: Bahlburg, H., Breitkreuz, Ch.,
Giese, P. (Eds.), The Southern Central Andes, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences,
vol. 17, pp. 25e37.
Aceolaza, F.G., Miller, H., Toselli, A.J. (Eds.), 1990. El Ciclo Pampeano en el Noroeste
Argentino. Serie de Correlacion Geolgica. Universidad Nacional de Tucumn,
pp. 1e227.
Aceolaza, F.G., Alonso, R., 2000. La formacin Puncoviscana s.l. a partir de nuevos
elementos icnolgicos en la provincia de Salta. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. Ameghiniana 37, 4.
Aceolaza, F.G., Aceolaza, G., 2005. La Formacin Puncoviscana y unidades estratigrcas vinculadas en el Neoproterozoico-Cmbrico Temprano del Noroeste
Argentino. Latin Am. J. Sedimentol. Basin Anal. 12, 65e87.
Amengual, R., Mendez, V., Navarini, A., Viera, O., Zanettini, J.C., 1979. Geologa de la
regin noroeste argentino. In: Segundo Congreso Latinoamericano de Geologa.
Caracas 2, pp. 755e763.
Aparicio Gonzlez, P.A., Moya, M.C., Impiccini, A., 2010. Estratigrafa del basamento
Neoproterozoico e Cmbrico, Sierra de Mojotoro, Cordillera Oriental Argentina.
Latin Am. J. Sedimentol. Basin Anal. 17, 65e83.
Aparicio Gonzlez, P.A., Pimentel, M., Hauser, N., 2011. Datacin U ePb por LA ICPMS
de diques granticos del ciclo Pampeano, sierra de Mojotoro, Cordillera Oriental
argentina. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. 68, 33e38.
Augustsson, C., Rsing, T., Adams, C.J., Chmiel, H., Kocabayoglu, M., Bld, M.,
Zimmermann, U., Berndt, J., Kooijman, E., 2011. Detrital quartz and zircon
combined: the production of mature sand with short transportation paths
along the Cambrian west Gondwana margin, northwestern Argentina.
J. Sediment. Res. 81, 284e298.
Bachmann, G., Grauert, B., Kramm, U., Lork, A., Miller, H., 1987. El magmatismo del
Cambrico medio/Cambrico Superior en el basamento del noroeste Argentina;
investigaciones isotpicas y geocronolgicas sobre los granitoides de los complejos intrusivos de Santa Rosa de Tastil y Caani. Actas Cong. Geol. Argent. 4,
125e127.
Baldis, B.A., Omarini, R., 1984. El Grupo Lerma (Precmbrico-Cmbrico) en la
comarca central saltea y su posicin en el borde pacco americano. In: Acta 9
Congreso Geolgico Argentino. S. C. Bariloche, vol. 1, pp. 64e78.
Cawood, P.A., 2005. Terra australis Orogen: Rodinia breakup and development of
the Pacic and Iapetus margins of Gondwana during the Neoproterozoic and
Paleozoic. Earth Sci. Rev. 69, 249e279.
Cordani, U.G., Sato, K., Teixeira, W., Tassinari, C.C.G., Basei, M.A.S., 2000. Crustal
evolution of the South American Platform. In: Cordani, U.G., Milani, E.J., Thomaz
Filho, A., Campos, D.A. (Eds.), Tectonic Evolution of South America. 31st International Geological Congress. Ro de Janeiro, Brazil, pp. 19e40.
50
P.A. Aparicio Gonzlez et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 49 (2014) 39e50
Cordani, U.G., Brito-Neves, B.B., DAgrella, M.S., 2003. From Rodinia of Gondwana: a
review of the available evidence from South America. Gondwana Res. 6, 275e
283.
Do Campo, M., Guevara, S Ribeiro, 2005. Provenance anlisis and tectonic setting of
Late Neoproterozoic metasedimentary successions in NW Argentina. J. S. Am.
Earth Sci. 19, 143e145.
Escayola, M.P., Van Staal, C.R., Davis, W.J., 2011. The age and tectonic setting of the
Puncoviscana Formation in northwestern Argentina: an accretionary complex
related to Early Cambrian closure of the Puncoviscana Ocean and accretion of
the Arequipa-Antofalla block. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 32, 438e459.
Hallsworth, C.R., Knox, R.W.O.B., 1999. BGS Rock Classication Scheme. In: Classication of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, vol. 3. British Geological Survey,
pp. 1e44. Research Report, RR 99-03.
Harrington, H.J., Leanza, A.F., 1957. Ordovician Trilobites of Argentina, vol. 1.
Department of Geology, University of Kansas, p. 276. Special Publication.
Hauser, N., Matteini, M., Omarini, R.H., Pimentel, M.M., 2010. Combined UePb and
LueHf isotope data on turbidites of the Paleozoic basement of NW Argentina
and petrology of associated igneous rocks: Implications for the tectonic evolution of western Gondwana between 560 and 460 Ma. Gondwana Res. 19 (1),
100e127.
Hongn, F.D., 1996. La Estructura Pre-Grupo Mesn (Cmbrico) del Basamento del
Valle de Lerma, Provincia de Salta. Acta 13 Cong. Geol. Argent., 137e145.
Hongn, F.D., Tubia, J.M., Aranguren, A., Vegas, N., Mon, R., Dunning, G., 2010.
Magmatism coeval with lower Paleozoic shelf basins in NW-Argentina (Tastil
batholith): constraints on current stratigraphic and tectonic interpretations. J. S.
Am. Earth Sci. 29, 289e305.
Jackson, S.E., Pearson, N.J., Grifn, W.L., Belousava, E.A., 2004. The application of
laser ablationeinductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LAeICP-MS) to
in situ UePb zircon geochronology. Chem. Geol. 211, 47e69.
Jezek, P., 1990. Anlisis Sedimentolgico de la Formacin Puncoviscana entre
Tucumn y Salta. In: Aceolaza, F.G., Miller, H., Toselli, A.J. (Eds.), El Ciclo
Pampeano en el Noreste Argentino, Serie Correlacin Geolgica, vol. 4. (UNT.
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto Superior de
Correlacin Geolgica), Tucumn, pp. 9e36.
Keidel, J., 1910. Estudio geolgico en la quebrada de Humahuaca y en la de Iruya.
Anal. Minist. Agricult. Secc. Geol. Mineral. Minera 5, 76e77.
Keidel, J., 1943. El ordovcico inferior en los Andes del Norte argentino y sus
depsitos marinos-glaciales. Acad. Nacion. Cienc. Crdoba, Bol. 36, 140e229.
Keppie, J.D., Bahlburg, H., 1999. Puncoviscana Formation of northwestern and
central Argentina. In: Ramos, V.A., Keppie, J.D. (Eds.), Laurentia-Gondwana
Connections before Pangea. Geological Society of America, pp. 139e143. Special
Paper 336.
Kraemer, P., Escayola, M., Martino, R., 1995. Hiptesis sobre la evolucin tectnica
neoproterozoica de las Sierras Pampeanas de Crdoba (30 400 e 32 400 S)
Argentina. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. 50, 47e50.
Lpez de Azarevich, V., Aceolaza, F.G., Omarini, R., Azarevich, M., 2012. La Cuenca
Neoproterozoica e Eocmbrica en el NOA: sedimentologa y ambientes de
depsito de secuencias con icnofsiles, nuevas perspectivas. In: XIII Reunin
Argentina de Sedimentologa, Relatorio, pp. 119e132.
Lork, A., Miller, H., Kramm, U., Grauert, B., 1990. Sistemtica UePb de circones
detrticos de la Fm. Puncoviscana y su signicado para la edad mxima de sedimentacin en la Sierra de Cachi (prov. de Salta, Argentina). In: Aceolaza, F.G.,
Miller, H., Toselli, A.J. (Eds.), El Ciclo Pampeano en el Noroeste Argentino,
Serie de Correlacin Geolgica N 4. Universidad de Tucumn, pp. 199e208.
Lucassen, F., Becchio, R., Wilke, H., Franz, G., Thirwall, M., Viramonte, J.G.,
Wemmer, K., 2000. Proterozoic-Paleozoic development of the basement of the
Central Andes (18e26 ) a mobile belt of the South America craton. J. S. Am.
Earth Sci. 13, 697e715.
Ludwig, K.R., 2003. Special Publication. Users Manual for Isoplot/Ex rev.3.00: a
Geochronological Toolkit for Microsft Excel, vol. 4. Berkeley Geochronology
Center, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
Llambas, E.J., Sato, A.M., Ortz Suarez, A., Proxy, C., 1998. The granitoids of the Sierra
de San Luis. In: Pankhurst, R.J., Rapela, C.W. (Eds.), The Proto-Andean Margin of
Gondwana, vol. 142. Geological Society of London, pp. 325e341. Special
Publications.
Mngano, M.G., Buatois, L.A., 2004. Integracin de estratigrafa secuencial, sedimentologa e icnologa para un anlisis cronoestratigrco del Paleozoico
inferior del noroeste argentino. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. 59, 273e280.
Matteini, M., Junges, S.L., Dantas, E.L., Pimentel, M.M., Bhn, B., 2009. In situ zircon
U-Pb and LueHf isotope systematic on magmatic rocks: insights on the crustal
evolution of the Neoproterozoic Gois Magmatic Arc, Braslia belt, Central
Brazil. Gondwana Res. 16, 200e212.
Meert, J.G., Torsvik, T.H., 2003. The making unmaking of a supercontinent: Rodinia
revisited. Tectonophysics 375, 261e288.
Mirr, J.C., Aceolaza, F.G., 1972. El hallazgo de Oldhamia isp. (traza fsil) y su valor
como evidencia de edad cmbrica para el supuesto Precmbrico del borde
occidental del Aconquija, Provincia de Catamarca. Ameghiniana 9, 72e78.
Moya, M.C., 1998. El Paleozoico inferior en la sierra de Mojotoro, SaltaeJujuy. Rev.
Asoc. Geol. Argent. 53, 219e238.
Moya, M.C., 2008. El Paleozoico inferior en el noroeste argentino. Evidencias, incgnitas, propuestas para la discusin. In: Coira, B., Zappettini, E. (Eds.), Geologa y Recursos Naturales de la Provincia de Jujuy, Relatorio del XVII Congreso
Geolgico Argentino, S.S. de Jujuy, pp. 74e84.
Omarini, R.H., Sureda, R.J., Gotze, H.J., Seilacher, A.Y., Puger, F., 1999. Puncoviscana
folded belt in northwestern Argentina: testimony of Late Proterozoic
Rodinia fragmentation and pre-Gondwana collisional episodes. Int. J. Earth Sci.
88, 76e97.
Pimentel, M.M., Fuck, R.A., Botelho, N.F., 1999. Granites and the geodynamic
history of the Neoproterozoic Brasilia belt, Central Brazil: a review. Lithos 46,
463e483.
Pimentel, M.M., Ferreira Filho, C.F., Armstrong, R.A., 2004. SHRIMP U-Pb and Sm-Nd
ages of the Niquelndia layered complex: Meso-(1.25 Ga) and Neoproterozoic
(0.79 Ga) extensional events in central Brazil. Precambrian Res. 132, 133e153.
Pimentel, M.M., Rodrigues, J.B., Della Giustina, M.E.S., Junges, S.L., Matteini, M., 2011.
The tectonic evolution of the Brasilia Belt, central Brazil, based on SHRIMP and
LA-ICPMS U-Pb sedimentary provenance data. J. S. Am. Early Sci. 31, 345e357.
Ramos, V.A., 1988. Tectonics of the Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic: a collisional
history of southern South America. Episodes 11, 168e174. Ottawa.
Ramos, V.A., 2008. The basement of the central Andes: the Arequipa and related
Terranes. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 36, 289e324.
Rapela, C.W., Casquet, C., Baldo, E., Dahlquist, J., Pankhurst, R.J., Galindo, C.,
Saavedra, J., 2001. Las Orognesis del Paleozoico Inferior en el margen protoandino de Amrica del Sur Sierras pampeanas, Argentina. J. Iber. Geol. 27,
23e41.
Rapela, C.W., Pankhurst, R.J., Casquet, C., Fanning, C.M., Baldo, E.G., GonzlesCasado, J.M., Galindo, C., Dahlquist, J., 2007. The Ro de la Plata craton and the
assembly of SW Gondwana. Earth Sci. Rev. 83, 49e82.
Salty, J.A., Omarini, R.H., Baldis, B., Gutirrez, W., 1975. Consideraciones sobre la
evolucin geotectnica del Precmbrico y Paleozoico Inferior del Norte de
Argentina. In: Acta 2 Congreso Iberoamericano de Geologa Econmica, vol. 4,
pp. 341e361.
Schwartz, J.J., Gromet, L.P., 2004. Provenance of a late Proterozoic-early Cambrian
basin, Sierras de Crdoba, Argentina. Precambrian Res. 129, 1e21.
Schwartz, J., Gromet, L., Miro, R., 2008. Timing and duration of the Calc-Alkaline Arc
of the Pampean Orogeny implications for the Late neoproterozoic to Cambrian
evolution of Western Gondwana. J. Geol. 116, 39e61.
Seilacher, A., Buatois, L.A., Mngano, M.G., 2005. Trace fossils in the EdiacaranCambrian transition: behavioral diversication, ecological turnover and environmental shift. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 227, 323e356.
Sims, P., Ireland, T.R., Camacho, A., Lyons, P., Pieters, P.E., Skirrow, R.G., StuartSmith, P.G., Mir, R., 1998. UePb, ThePb and AreAr geochronology from the
southern Sierras pampeanas, Argentina: implications for the Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the western Gondwana margin. In: Pankhurst, R.J.,
Rapela, C.W. (Eds.), The Proto-Andean Margin of Gondwana, vol. 142. Geological
Society, London, pp. 259e281. Special Publications.
Stacey, J.S., Kramers, J.D., 1975. Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution
by a two stage model. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 26, 207e221.
Tassinari, C.C.G., Macambira, M.J.B., 1999. Geochronological provinces of the
Amazonian Craton. Episodes 22, 174e182.
Turner, J.C.M., 1960. Estratigrafa de la Sierra de Santa Victoria y adyacencias. Bolet.
Acad. Nacion. Cienc. Crdoba 41, 163e196.
Vaughan, A.P.M., Pankhurst, R.J., 2008. Tectonic overview of the West Gondwana
margin. Gondwana Res. 13, 150e162.
Willner, A.P., 1990. Divisin tectometamrca del Basamento del Noroeste Argentino. In: Aceolaza, F., Miller, H., Toselli, A.J. (Eds.), El Ciclo Pampeano en el
Noroeste Argentino, Serie de Correlacin Geolgica, vol. 4, pp. 113e159.
Zappettini, E.O., Coira, B., Santos, J.O., 2008. Edad U/Pb de la Formacin Chai: un
granito del arco magmtico Tilcrico. In: Xvii Congreso Geolgico Argentino,
Jujuy, vol. 2, pp. 248e249.
Zimmermann, U., 2005. Provenance studies of very low to low-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Puncoviscana Complex, northwest Argentina. In:
Vaughan, A.P.M., Leat, P.T., Pankhurst, R.J. (Eds.), Terrane Processes at the Margins of Gondwana, vol. 246. Geological Society, London, pp. 381e416. Special
Publications.