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161
ASHU GROUP OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ... Design of Foundation
CHAPTER 7
Foundation
7.1 General
The primary function of all structural elements is to transfer the applied dead and
imposed loading from whichever source to the foundation and subsequently to the ground.
The type of foundation required in any particular circumstance is dependent on number of
factors such as:
1- The magnitude and type of applied loading,
2- The pressure which the ground can safely support,
3- The acceptable levels of settlement,
4- The location and proximity of adjacent structures, and
5- The soil properties and conditions.
7.2 Type of Foundations

The different types of footing used in our project are mentioned below:
1. Isolated footing for individual columns.
2. Combined footing for two adjacent columns.
3. Strip footing.
The choice is usually made from experience but comparative designs are often
necessary to determine the most economical type to be used.
Type of foundation currently used is explained as follows:
7.2.1 Pad (Isolated) Footing:

These are normally adopted for single columns (either steel or concrete),
And can be either square or rectangular in plan see fig. (7.1). When only concentric vertical
loading is applied, square pads are applied, assuming a uniform pressure under the whole
base area. If the applied loading is eccentric or if a moment is applied to the base, then it is
more efficient to adopt a rectangular base. In this case the pressure under the base is assumed
to vary linearly.
(a) Square isolated footing

(b) Rectangular isolated footing
Fig. (7.1) Show different type of isolated footing.
162
7.2.2 Combined Footing:

These are normally adopted for two columns either when they are relatively close
together or when one of the columns is adjacent to an existing structure. The shape of
combined footing is generally rectangular, trapezoidal or combination of two rectangles, as
shown in fig. (7.2). In the last case, a rib-beam the same width as the column is often
incorporated either the whole length of the base or between the columns. This foundation can
be designed as a T-section and requires less concrete.
a) Rectangular combined footing.
b) Trapezoidal combined footing c) Combined rectangular footing
Fig. (7.2) Show different type of combined footing.

The dimension of a combined footing can be determine such that the resultant load
from the columns passes through the centroid of the base area. In this case the resulting
pressure on the soil will be uniform.
A rectangular base does not always provide the most economic arrangement due to the
difficulty of making the resultant load pass through the centroid of the base area. The
trapezoidal base has the disadvantage of the detailing and cutting the transverse
reinforcement. It is most suitable when there is a large variation in the column loads and there
are limitations on the dimension of the foundation. The combined rectangular solution can be
used in most cases.
7.2.3 Strip Footing:

These are normally adopted for lines of closed spaced columns or under walls as shown
in fig. (7.3). The strip footings are designed as pad footing in the transverse direction and in
the longitudinal direction as an inverted continuous beam subject to the ground bearing
pressure. In good ground conditions where the soil is firm (and the columns are evenly
spaced), the ground pressure can be assumed to be uniform. When columns are unevenly
spaced and the soil is firm, the variation in pressure can be assumed to vary linearly. In
compressible and/or poor soil the variation in the ground pressure will not be linear, resulting
in a different distribution of bending moments. In many situations, other than on lightly
loaded strip foundation, reinforcement will be necessary.
163
Fig. (7.3) Show strip footing.
7.3 Design of Pad Footing

7.3.1 Critical Section for Bending:
The critical section which considered for bending is at the face of the column in a pad
footing or the wall in a strip footing and extending across the full width of the base as shown
in fig. (7.4). The area of reinforcement required is calculated in the same manner as for beam
using clause (3.4.4.4) of BS8110-1. The minimum and maximum area of steel reinforcement
is determined by using Table (3.25) and clause (3.12.6) of BS8110-1 respectively.
Fig. (7.4) Show the critical section for bending.
164
7.3.2 Distribution of Reinforcement:

The code states arbitrarily that when " " exceeds [(3/4)* (3d + C)], two thirds of
required reinforcement for a given direction should be concentrated within a zone from the
centerline of column to a distance 1.5d from the face of column.
Where:
C = column width.
d = effective depth of footing.
= half the spacing between column centers (if more than one) or the distance to the edge of
the pad, whichever is the greater.
Otherwise, reinforcement may be distributed uniformly over . The reason for this is that
although base pressure is assumed to be uniform, the bending moment tends to be somewhat
higher towards the column than away from it. The concentration of reinforcement below the
column area allows for this higher bending moment.
7.3.3 Critical Section for Shear:

The critical sections which should be considered for shear are as shown in fig. (7.5).
The shear stress at the column face should not exceed the maximum values indicated in
BS8110-1, clause (3.7.7.2);
The direct shear stress should be checked at distance of 1.0d from the column face, and
if it is less than
from table 3.8 of code no shear reinforcement is required. If the direct
shear is more than
the depth of the footing should be increased. It is normal practice to
make the base sufficiently deep so that shear reinforcement is not required. The depth of the
base is controlled by the design for shear.
7.3.4 Critical Section for Punching Shear:

The punching shear force is the sum of the loads outside the periphery of the critical
section. Refer to clause 3.7.7.6 of the code. The punching shear failure should be checked
distance of 1.5d from the column face see fig. (7.5), and if it is less than from table 3.8 of
code no shear reinforcement is required. If the Punching shear is more than
the depth of
the footing should be increased.
Fig. (7.5) Show the critical section for direct shear and punching.
7.3.5 Cracking:
See the rules for slabs in clause 3.12.11.2.7 of the code. The bar spacing is not to
exceed 3d or 750 mm, but much lesser spacing is possible depending on the amount of
flexural steel supplied.
165
7.3.6 Minimum grade of concrete

The minimum grade of concrete to be used in foundations is grade C35 to meet the
serviceability requirement of BS8110-1.
7.3.7 Nominal cover

Clause 3.3.1.4 of the code states that the minimum cover should be 75 mm if the
concrete is cast directly against the earth, or 40mm if cast against adequate blinding.
Table (3.2) of the code classes non-aggressive soil as a moderate exposure condition.
7.3.8 Design procedure:

The isolated footing should be checked for bending, direct shear, and punching shear.
The shearing forces and bending moments are caused by the ultimate design loads from the
column and the weight of the base should not be included in these calculations. The thickness
of the base is often governed by the requirement for shear resistance. The principle steps in
the design calculations are as follows:
Calculate the plan size of the foundation using the permissible bearing pressure and
the critical loading arrangement for the serviceability limit state; i.e. working load.
Assume a suitable value of thickness (h) and determine the effective depth (d).
Check for maximum soil pressure.
Calculate the bearing pressure associated with the critical loading arrangement at the
ultimate limit state; i.e. ultimate load.
Determine the reinforcement required to resist bending.
Check the distribution of reinforcement.
Check that the shear stress at column face is less than

whichever is the smaller.
Check that the direct shear stress at a section 1.0d from the column face is less than vc
from table 3.8 of code.
Check that the punching shear stress on a perimeter 1.5d from the column face is less
than from Table 3.8 of code.
Finally the details of reinforcement are drawing.
Note: design procedure for isolated footing can be used for design of other type of footing.
Reinforcement to resist bending in the bottom of the base should extend at least a full
tension anchorage length beyond the critical section for bending.
7.3.9 Specification:
In our project, the design of all different type of footing using the following specification:
Characteristic strength of concrete
=
Characteristic strength of steel
=
Soil bearing capacity
=
Nominal cover for mild condition of exposure = 50 mm (BS8110-1, Clause 3.3.1.4).
166
7.4 Calculation sheet of Design of isolated footing located under column

(D-2)
BS8110
Calculation
Output
Fig. (7.6) Show the layout of isolated footing (D2) in plan.
Loading:
From Staad Pro analysis for frame (D-D) and (2-2) we get:
N (kN)
(KN.m)
(KN.m)
Ultimate Load
1823.5
21.0
-4.08
Working Load
1270.73
14.63
-2.84
Note:
Column dimension 600 mm*200 mm
Area of footing:
Determination area of footing:
Where:
: Working load which transferred from building.

Assume self-weight of footing = 8% of
:. Area required including weight of footing:
Rectangular Footing (2.53.0) = 7.5
L = 3.0 m
B = 2.5 m
167
Fig.(7.7) Show layout of footing area
Determination depth of footing:

Actual weight of footing = 2.5*3.0*0.6*24 = 108 KN
h = 600 mm.
Check for area:

Area is
satisfactory
Check for maximum soil pressure:

:. Total working Load
= (108 +1270.73) = 1378.73 kN.
Working soil stress below base:
Max. Soil
stress is ok.
168
Structural Design of Footing:

About (x-x) axis:
Design stresses computation:
Determine ultimate soil stress below shaded area (See fig. (7.8)):
Ultimate soil stress =
Clauses
3.11.2.2
and
3.11.3.1
Analysis and design:

a) The results of analysis:
Bending moment :
The critical section of moment at face support about (X1-X1)
see fig. (7.8)
Fig.(7.8) Show the critical section of moment about X axis
169
Shear force:
The critical shear will be at distance 'd' from the column face see fig.(7.9)
Fig. (7.9) Show the critical section of vertical shear about X axis
The critical value of shear at distance "d" from the column face :
b) Design for moment:
Clause
3.4.4.4
provide
12 16mm
@225mm c/c
Table 3.25
Check for steel reinforcement distribution:

Clause
3.11.3.2
= (3000/2) = 1500 mm
Lcx< 3(Cx/4) + 9(
/4) (the distribution of bars is equally).
About (y-y)axis:
Design stresses computation:
Determine ultimate soil stress below shaded area (See fig. (7.10)):
Total steel
reinforcement
is distributed
along the
width
170
Analysis and design:

a) The results of analysis:
Bending moment:
Clause
3.11.2.2
And
3.11.3.1
The critical section of moment at face of support see fig. (7.10)
Fig. (7.10) Show the critical section of moment about Y axis
Shear force:
The critical shear will be at distance "d" from the column face
The critical value of shear about (y-y)axis:
b) Design for moment:

Clause
3.4.4.4
Table(3.25)
Provide
11 16mm
@225mm c/c
171

Clause
3.11.3.2
Total steel
reinforcement
is distributed
along the
width
Lcy< 3(Cy/4) + 9(d/4) (the distribution of bars is equally)

Clause
3.12.11
Check for Crack:

Max. Spacing = 3*d = 3*542 = 1626 mm or 750 mm.
Actual spacing = 225 mm < max. Spacing.
The crack is
satisfactory
Check for maximum shear at face of column:

Clauses
3.11.3.3
and
3.7.7.2
Perimeter of column (u0) =2*200+2*600 = 1600 mm
Max. Shear in
acceptable
limit.
Maximum shear at face of column is with acceptable limit.
Check for critical vertical shear:

The critical value of shear about X-X axis:
The shear stress at distance "d" from face of support:
Vertical shear
is satisfied.
Clauses
3.7.7.1
Check for punching shear :

The critical section of punching shear at distance "1.5d" from the face of
support see fig.(7.11)
Perimeter of punching shear zone =

Punching shear force =
172
Fig. (7.11) Show the critical section of punching shear about X axis
Area of reinforcement at zone of Punching:
Punching
shear is
satisfied.
173
Detail of isolated footing:

The arrangement of steel reinforcement of combined footing is shown in fig. (7.12)
Fig. (7.12) Show the detail of reinforcement of isolated footing
Table (7.1) Isolated Footing

Location
of footing
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
R.C.C Area of
Footing
Bottom Reinforcement
Short Direction
(B1)
2.8
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.1
1.8
1.5
3.1
3.0
2.8
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.5
0.65
0.60
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
T16-225mm
T16-225mm
T16-250mm
T12-150mm
T12-150mm
T12-150mm
T12-200mm
T12-225mm
Long Direction
(B2)
T16-225mm
T16-225mm
T16-250mm
T12-150mm
T12-175mm
T12-200mm
T12-200mm
T12-225mm
174
7.5 Calculation sheet of Design of combined footing located under

columns (U-1)&(S-1)
BS8110
Calculation
Fig. (7.13) Show the layout of combined footing on plan.
Loading:
From Staad pro analysis for frames (S-S ),(U-U) and (1-1) we get:
Column
Dead
Live
Working
Ultimate
dimension
load
load
load
Load
Column A
200*400
242.9
18.4
261.3
369.5
(U-1)
Column B
200*400
388.4
53
441.4
628.6
(S-1)
TOTAL
702.7
998.1
Note: moments resulting from column are very small; so it can be
neglected.
Distance between column (A and B) = 1.70 m
Area of footing:
Determination the position of Resultant maximum Load:
By taking moment about center line of column A we get:
R = (369.5 + 628.6) = 998.1 KN
Hence; the distance of resultant from center line of
Output
175
Where:
Working load which transferred from building.
:. Provide L = 2.8 m, B = 1.5 m.

Rectangular Footing
Fig. (7.14) Show the plan area of combined footing
Determination depth of footing:

h = 400 mm
Actual weight of footing = 1.5*2.8*0.40*24 = 40.32 KN

- Case (1) all max (CA+CB) :

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.07 1.07 = 0,
Therefore position of resultant load at center of the footing, so there is
no moment due eccentricity.
area is
satisfactory
176
Fig. (7.15) Case 1 (all max)
- Case (2) max on ( )and min on (
):

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.07 1.02 = 0.05
Fig.(7.16) Case 2 (CA(max) and CB(min))
177
- Case (3) max on (CB)and min on (CA):

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.07 1.1= -0.03
Fig. (7.17) Case 3 (CA (min) and CB (max))

Design stress computation:
Determine ultimate soil stress below base :
- Case (1) all max (
):

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.07 1.07 = 0,
no moment due eccentricity
Ultimate soil stress below base:
178
- Case (2) max on (CA)and min on (CB):
By taking moment about center line of column 'A' we get:

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.07 0.87 = 0.2 m
- Case (3) max on (CB)and min on (CA):
By taking moment about center line of column 'A' we get:

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.07 1.23 = -0.16 m
Analysis for actions in longitudinal direction :

The results of analysis:
):
The results of analysis are shown in fig. (7.18)
179
Fig.(7.18) Show load
B.M.D. and S.F.D. for case (1)
- Case (2) max on ( )and min on (
):
180
Fig.(7.19) Show load, B.M.D. and S.F.D. for case (2)
- Case (3) max on (
)and min on ( ):
181
Diagrams of envelope moment and shear for longitudinal

direction:
The envelope bending moment and shear force diagram shown in
Fig. (7.21)
Fig.(7.21) Show envelope B.M.D. and S.F.D. for all case
182
Design of longitudinal reinforcement :

Clause
3.11.2.2
And
3.11.3.1
The critical moment occur at face support

a) For bottom reinforcement (B1):
From analysis moment at face CB = 65.6 KN.m (from case 3)
Clause
3.4.4
Provide
8 12mm
@200 mmc/c
Table (3.25)

Clause
3.11.3.2
Total steel
reinforcement
is distributed
along the
width
(The distribution of bars is equally).

b) For top reinforcement (T1):
From analysis moment between column A and B = 69.6 KN.m (from case 1)
Clause
3.4.4
Provide
8 12mm
@200mmc/c
Table (3.25)
This area is provided along whole length of footing.
Analysis for actions in transverse direction :

Ultimate soil stress in this direction is uniform
Hence, Max. Design stress
Clause
3.11.2.2
(from load case 3).
Bending moment
The critical section of moment at face support see fig. (7.22)
Design moment per meter width:
183
Fig. (7.22) Show the critical section of transverse moment

Shear force:
Design shear per meter width:
Design of transverse reinforcement :

Clause
3.4.4

From analysis the moment at face column = 58.9 KN.m
Provide
5 12mm
@200mmc/c
Table 3.25
Table 3.25

provided nominal reinforcement
Provide
5 12mm
@200mmc/c
Check for Crack:

Clause
3.12.11
Max. Spacing = 3*d = 3*382 = 1146 mm or 750 mm.

Actual spacing = 200 mm < max. Spacing.
crack is
satisfactory
184
Clauses
3.11.3.3
and
3.7.7.2

Perimeter of column (u0) =2*200+2*400 = 1200 mm
Max. shear is
with
acceptable
limit

Clauses
3.7.7.4

The critical shear will be at distance "d" from the column face and the
critical value of shear about (y-y):
From analysis
at column 'B' (from case 1)
Shear stress at distance "d" from face of column B:
Vertical shear
is satisfied
Clauses
3.7.71
Check for punching shear :

The critical section of punching shear at distance "1.5d" from the face of
support see fig. (7.23)
Fig. (7.23) Show the critical section of punching shear
185
Perimeter of punching shear zone

Punching shear force =
Area of reinforcement at zone of Punching:
Punching
shear is
satisfied.
186
Detail of combined footing:

The arrangement of steel reinforcement of combined footing is shown in
fig. (7.24)
Fig. (7.24) Show the detail of combined footing (F13)
Table (7.2) Design of Combined Footings

Name
of
footing
R.C.C. Area of Footing

b (m)
L (m)
h (m)
F9
2.3
3.8
0.60
F10
F11
2.5
2
5
4
0.55
0.45
F12
2.2
3.2
0.45
F13
1.5
2.8
0.40
F14
1.8
3.5
0.40
Bottom Reinforcement
Top Reinforcement
Long
Direction
(B1)
Short
Direction
(B2)
Long
Direction
(T1)
Short
Direction
(T2)
T12-125mm
T12-125mm
T12-175mm
T12-175mm
T12-200mm
T12-100mm
T12-150mm
T12-125mm
T12-150mm
T12-125mm
T12-200mm
T12-225mm
T12-125mm
T12-150mm
T12-175mm
T12-175mm
T12-200mm
T12-200mm
T12-150mm
T12-150mm
T12-225mm
T12-175mm
T12-200mm
T12-175mm
187
7.6 Calculation sheet of Design of strip footing located under columns

(O-9), (R-9)&(9-curve)
BS8110
Calculation
Output
Fig. (7.25) Show the layout of strip footing.

Loading:
From Staad Pro analysis for frame (9-9),(O-O),(R-R) and (curve) we get:
Column A
(9-CURVE)
Column B
(R-9)
Column C
(O-9)
Total
Column
dimension
Dead
load
Live
load
Working
load
Ultimate
load
600 * 200
1045.4
207.8
1253.2
1796
600 * 200
799.4
209.5
1008.9
1454.4
Cir. 400
1195.4
410.4
1605.8
2330.2
3867.9
5580.6
Note: moments resulting from column are very small; so it can be

neglected.
Distance between column (A and B) = 5.15 m
Distance between column (B and C) = 2.29 m
Area of footing:
Determination the position of Resultant maximum Load:
R = 1796 +1454.4 +2330.2 = 5580.6 KN
By taking the moment about the center line of column A we get:
Hence; the distance of resultant from center line of
188

Where:
: Total Working load which transferred from building.

B = 2.5 m
L = 9.5 m
:. Provide Rectangular Footing
Determination of self-weight of footing:

Assume section of footing of following dimension:
The total height of beam,
= 1200 mm
The thickness of the slab footing,= 500 mm
The width of beam,
= 500 mm
The clear depth of the beam,
= 700 mm
Fig. (7.26) Show the section

of footing
Actual weight of footing:

Wt. of slab footing
= 9.5*2.5*0.5*24 = 285 KN
Wt. of beam
= 9.5*0.5*0.7*24 = 79.8 KN
Total = 364.8 KN
For slab, Assume Clear Cover = 50 mm, bar Diameter =16 mm.
For beam, Assume Clear Cover = 50 mm, bar Diameter =20 mm.
189
Fig. (7.27) Show plan area and section of strip footing

):

190
Fig. (7.28) Case 1 (all max)
- Case (2) max on (CA and CC) and min on (CB):

CA = 1253.2 kN.
CB = 799.4 kN.
CC = 1605.8 kN.
R = CA + CB + CC = 1253.2 + 799.4 + 1605.8 = 3658.4 KN

Me = N *e = 3658.4*0.06 = 219.5 KN.m
Fig. (7.29) Case 2 (max on (CA and Cc) and min on CB)
191
- Case (3) max on (CB) and min on (CA and CC):

CA = 1045.4 kN.
CB = 1008.9 kN.
CC = 1195.4 kN.
R = CA + CB + CC = 1045.4 + 1008.9 + 1195.4 = 3249.7 KN

Me = N *e = 3249.7*0.11 = 357.5 KN.m
Fig. (7.30) Case 3 (max on CB and min on (CA and Cc))

Design stress computation:
Determine ultimate soil stress below base :
) ):
= 1796.0 kN.
= 1454.4 kN.
= 2330.2 kN.
R=
= 1796.0 + 1454.4 + 2330.2 = 5580.6 KN
192
So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 4.45 4.45 = 0

no moment due eccentricity.
-Case (2) max on (

= 1796.0 kN.
= 799.4 kN.
= 2330.2 kN.
R=
and
) and min on (
):
= 1796.0 + 799.4 + 2330.2 = 4925.6 KN

Me = N *e = 4925.6*0.09 = 443.3 KN.m
-Case (3) max on (
) and min on (
and
):
= 1045.4 kN.
= 1454.4 kN.
= 1195.4 kN.
R=
= 1045.4 + 1454.4 + 1195.4 = 3695.2 KN
So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 4.45 4.43 = 0.02 mm

Me = N *e = 3695.2*0.02 = 73.9 KN.m
193
Analysis for actions in transverse direction :

Ultimate soil stress in this direction is uniform
Hence, Max. Design stress "P"= 235 KN/m2 (from load case 1)
Bending moment
The critical section of moment at face support.
Design moment per meter width:
Clauses
3.11.2.2
And
3.11.3.1
Shear force
Design shear per meter width:
Design of transverse reinforcement :

Clauses
3.4.4.4
Table 3.25

The critical shear will be at distance "d" from the beam face .
From analysis, shear force at "d" = 135.38 KN.
194
Analysis for actions in longitudinal direction :

The results of analysis:
- Case (1) all max ( + + ) ):
The results of analysis are shown in fig. (7.31).
195
-Case (2) max on (
and
) and min on (
):
The result of analysis is shown in fig. (7.32)
196
-Case (3) max on (
) and min on (
and
):
The results of analysis is shown in fig. (7.33)
197
Diagrams of envelope moment and shear for longitudinal

direction:
The envelope bending moment and shear force diagram shown in
Fig. (7.34)
Fig.(7.34) Show envelope B.M.D. and S.F.D. for all case
Design of longitudinal reinforcement

(Design inverted T-beam):
Clauses
3.11.2.2
And
3.11.3.1
Clauses
3.4.4.4

The section is T-beam but the flange is subject to tension hence the beam
is design as rectangular section.
1) From analysis, moment at face of column B = 1073 KN.m
198
Provide
8 20 mm
Table 3.25
2) Between column B and C:

Since the tension between column B&C still at bottom( i.e. negative
moment ); we apply check for the moment lies at the point (X) at which
bars will be cut; this point lies at distance equals to=0.25l from the face
of column B .
=785.2 KN.m
Clauses
3.4.4.4
Provide
6 20 mm
Table 3.25
3) From analysis, moment at face of column C = 821 KN.m
Provide
6 20 mm
4) At support of column A provided nominal reinforcement.

The section is T-beam but the flange is subject to compression hence the
beam is design as flange section.
Clause
3.4.1.5
Provide
5 20mm
199
1) From analysis moment between column A and B =1336 KN.m

section is
singly
reinforcement
Clause
3.4.4.4
Provide
10 20 mm
Table 3.25

Clauses
(3.11.3.3
and
3.7.7.2)
Check for critical vertical shear of inverted beam:

clauses
(3.11.3.3
and
3.7.7.4)
The critical shear will be at distance "d" from the column face and the
critical value of shear about (y-y) axis.
From analysis, shear force at "d" from left face of column B = 914 KN.
Max. shear is
with
acceptable
limit
200
Nominal links are to be provided as following:
Assume provision of two legged link 10 mm dia.

Provide
T10-175mm
Link
Provide 10 mm of links @ 175 mm c/c

Based on that:
Actual distance X from center of span of nominal links:
Fig. (7.35) Show location of nominal link

Similarly for
:
Provide
T10-60 mm
Link
201
Details of Strip Footing:

The arrangement of steel reinforcement of strip footing is shown in fig. (7.36)
Longitudinal section
Fig. (7.36) Reinforcement of strip footing
--------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------

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161

ASHU GROUP OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ... Design of Foundation

7.2 Type of Foundations

7.2.1 Pad (Isolated) Footing:

(a) Square isolated footing

ASHU GROUP OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ... Design of Foundation

7.2.2 Combined Footing:

a) Rectangular combined footing.

b) Trapezoidal combined footing c) Combined rectangular footing

Fig. (7.2) Show different type of combined footing.

7.2.3 Strip Footing:

ASHU GROUP OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ... Design of Foundation

Fig. (7.3) Show strip footing.

7.3 Design of Pad Footing

Fig. (7.4) Show the critical section for bending.

ASHU GROUP OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ... Design of Foundation

7.3.2 Distribution of Reinforcement:

7.3.3 Critical Section for Shear:

7.3.4 Critical Section for Punching Shear:

ASHU GROUP OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ... Design of Foundation

7.3.6 Minimum grade of concrete

7.3.7 Nominal cover

7.3.8 Design procedure:

Check that the shear stress at column face is less than

ASHU GROUP OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ... Design of Foundation

7.4 Calculation sheet of Design of isolated footing located under column

Fig. (7.6) Show the layout of isolated footing (D2) in plan.

: Working load which transferred from building.

Rectangular Footing (2.53.0) = 7.5

ASHU GROUP OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ... Design of Foundation

Fig.(7.7) Show layout of footing area

Determination depth of footing:

Check for area:

Check for maximum soil pressure:

= (108 +1270.73) = 1378.73 kN.

Working soil stress below base:

ASHU GROUP OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ... Design of Foundation

Structural Design of Footing:

Analysis and design:

Fig.(7.8) Show the critical section of moment about X axis

ASHU GROUP OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ... Design of Foundation

b) Design for moment:

Check for steel reinforcement distribution:

/4) (the distribution of bars is equally).

ASHU GROUP OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ... Design of Foundation

Analysis and design:

The critical section of moment at face of support see fig. (7.10)

Fig. (7.10) Show the critical section of moment about Y axis

b) Design for moment:

ASHU GROUP OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ... Design of Foundation

Check for steel reinforcement distribution:

Lcy< 3(Cy/4) + 9(d/4) (the distribution of bars is equally)

Check for Crack:

Check for maximum shear at face of column:

Perimeter of column (u0) =2*200+2*600 = 1600 mm

Maximum shear at face of column is with acceptable limit.

Check for critical vertical shear:

Check for punching shear :

Perimeter of punching shear zone =

ASHU GROUP OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ... Design of Foundation

Area of reinforcement at zone of Punching:

ASHU GROUP OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ... Design of Foundation

Detail of isolated footing:

Fig. (7.12) Show the detail of reinforcement of isolated footing

Perimeter of column (u0) =2200+2600 = 1600 mm

Actual weight of footing = 1.52.80.40*24 = 40.32 KN

Max. Spacing = 3d = 3382 = 1146 mm or 750 mm.