Gate house is example of early roman design based on the fact the

gate house has rounded arches, and the columns are specific to
imagery to triumphly arches (three arches)
Plan for monastery in St Gall plan to guide the building of the
comments. Looks like mini village. Monasteries were places you
wanted to be because of their stability. Meant to accommodate
pilgrims. Monks could not leave
Map of pilgrim map Starts of in France and ends in Compostela in
Spain (pilgrimage) Nobody wanted to go to Rome because of political
tensions. People wanted to see the remains of the cross
Sainte Foy (Still in Romanesc period) example of key pilgrimage
church on the path from France to Compostela. The theme above the
door, depicts the scene of the last judgment when you walk through
the doors, it decides whether heaven or hell. And Jesus Christ is in the
middle. The image is designed to provide something they can read
because back then people were illiterate. Have a long nave
Nave of Sainte-Madeleine Used pictures to depict meaning of
something (tipanium). Influenced by Spain, bursars at top of arches
stones that make up arch when separated in wedge shape or tapered
to fit
San Miniato al Monte block white with black lines, very florentne.
Overlooked city, Passad followed a flat geometrical scheme. Designers
altered green and white panels. Grotestec figures are in building which
shows shift from classical to romenesc architecture
Abbey Church of St. Michaels Double ended church (abbey on each
side), popular. Uses banded arches (romenesc)
Imperial Cathedral great example of granger that romanesc arch
could achieve because vaulted arches were so hard to make Vaulted
ceilings, nave had to isles
Abbey Church of St. Denis Rose window (rose is symbol of virgin
Mary), uses pointed arches, shows the last judgment, lots of vaulting,
stained glass, the light entering the cathedral is God, so the light is
representing God in the basilica.
Gothic arch stresses flying buttresses, ribbed vaults, pointed
arches
St Denis was the place where monarchs were buried, treasury was
here. Abbey Sushet was a regent to the king, a statesman, not a
religious figure

Sketchbook demonstrating underlying geometry of the world and

nature from gothic era. Creating a uniform geometry between figures.
Stepping away from Spiritual world view
Notre Dame Has big rose window, contained tunic of virgin Mary,
large pilgrimage site, surrounded by markets had enormous ribbed
vaults buttress, and had wagon wheel vaults. Church was symbol of
prosperity of town (good trade). References to different guilds. Statue
of the angel, holding sundial, reminder that life is flinging, church offers
plan to live forever. Labyrinth is something that is insurable , think of
life as a labyrinth. Lots of ribbed vaults
Building looked like mountain from a distance
Duomo (Santa Maria del Fiore) took a long time to build, mystery of
how it got built. Built without wooden pre-structure, made two rings to
support dome (one sandstone, the other wood) Brunelleschi covered a
distance that was almost impossible to cover
Ospedale Degli Innocenti another Brunelleschi building, originally an
orphanage, then converted into a hospital. Keying in on barrel vaults,
archways
Old Sacristy Brunelleschi (sacristy- place where pries is or changes
his garbs)
San Lorenzo cooling effect (cool and beautiful, but not over effective)
Alberti battle of civic properties, then there are private residences
(mostly owned by rich families) drawing on coliseum (three tiers of
columns)
Plasters- columns arent holding up anything just for show
Triumphal Arch added onto church
Villa Rotonda dominance of architecture, square built building, no a
hill, could get great view of the area. Very precise on geometry
Tempietto Transfers us into higher renaissance (brings out the most
of resonance), Murdering site of St. Peter (turned upside down).
Building itself demands to be seen. Very sculptural like, has dome.
Columns look as though they are not holding the top up. Part of a much
larger structural that never got built. Linking of many circles within
circles.
Mannerism pushing the boundaries of what is now being created
(expanding limits of buildings)
New Sacristy Done by Michelangelo, one of the resonance men (good
from art to poetry to architecture) pushing of the limits of combining
columns together, pendentives have other features. Sculptures look as
though they are falling off. Everything looks as though it is on edge

Sculpture by Bernini Animated, over elaborate. Columns within wall

for extra effect
Suleymaniye Mosque focusing on high resonance, structure for
learning. University of its day. Trade center. Not isolated
Church designs by da Vinci never built, focusing on a central plan
(usually built on cross)
Leonardo Da Vinci resonance man
Vitruvian Man embodies the resonance, draw on the idea of
humanism how do humans fit with geometrical forms
Plan for St. Peters designed by Michelangelo (there were four others
before him that died off) under Julius II, centralized on idea of central
plan. Using rounded edges, being creative with architecture
Piazza Del Campidoglio inner Rome, taken on by Michelangelo.
Sculptures themselves look as though they might start acting. Place
used as capital
Quatro Fontane Bernini had some input, had mannerism (curven
sense) makes things look as it is off balance. Put two circles together to
form distinct oval with coffering in top. On a central plan, oval is
central point
Front of St. Peters done by different people (Bernini) keying in on
ovatatunda (two intersecting circles that make you want to fill space)
hundreds of sculptures around it. Make you feel for the saints, make
you feel bad for them, holy place. West Phasad, designed by
Michelangelo

10/16/2014

Subjective ascetics articulated in early 1800th century (comes from

senses)
Ascetics science of how our senses work
Landscapes viewed as works of art
Beauty can be seen in the form of an s curve, this is why women are
perceived as beautiful and they are also smoother and smaller than
men
Sublime two instincts (reproduction and death, two powerful human
emotions)
Person looking off of cliff has removed fear of death and is in sublime
Caspar David Friedrich painted images to explain the idea of sublime
in pictures
Abbey in the Oak Forest- (chronological sublime of time) gothic
creation, fallen into ruin, trees are blasted and gnarly, cemetery,

moments of decline and decay to baffle the viewer with chronological

sublime.
Plan of Rome (by Piranesi) view element of chronological sublime
Metropolitan Church (Etienne-Louis Boullee) wanted to artist, dad
said no, studies architecture, and becomes a professor, makes
drawings of buildings. Proposes ideas of projects, but the idea is too
vast and so far beyond the technology they could not build something
of this scale. So vast, clouds start to emerge in the ceiling
Romantic classism interest in power of architecture
Cenotaph to Newton memorial or tomb without body. Built for Newton
because of his laws and physics developed. Project is inconceivable,
and is also too large of a structure. Enter the building through an
underground passageway
Project was to have holes in top to show the stars of the night when
the sun is out, at night the interior could be like the day time. Orrary,
planets orbiting sun
The oxbow (1830s) sublime is not an everyday emotion, storm is
moving away, nor is the beautiful
Picturesque Castle Howard palace with gardens behind it. Wall with
crenulations(defense) and arches where vehicles go through, and
pyramids (referencing Egypt)
Temple of poor men has 4 porches where you can see other
monuments from every direction. Building is made to look out on
landscape
As you move through castle Howard, you make images and memories
with every building as you move through the passage
Castle howard is a way to introduce a whole new way to think of the
world being divided
Landscape division explains the division of the world
At the Stowe Landscape Garden, you could basically travel all around
the world and see all kinds of sites and therefore see most of Europe
Coming across all kinds of pavilions to see how the buildings have
developed and the different kinds of buildings people have been
exposed to.
At end of circuit, there is a horseshoe shape wall (styx), and in it with
notable English busts making you realize you have moved through
English history
Stourhead Garden has been constructed with lakes and trees, and
cottages to suggest a little village church

Landscape of Aeneas at Delos elements of picturesque, that explains

pieces of architecture that help frame different views. Painting about
travels
There is a mental theory of picturesque, sublime causes fibers of mind
to contract and you were paralyzed, and beautiful would cause people
to relax
Depictions of doctor syntax reading about picturesque and about to
fall into water
English garden can see axis and has open grassy areas
Humphrey repton showing picturesque of land as a surveyor, he had
the problem of helping people visualize something that hasnt been
created yet, invented the before and after picture
Haha fence is not a desirable element, the purpose of this is so
animals cannot get up on main lawn, but can look out and still see
them. Basically a trench that has a slope on one side and a cliff on the
other
The urban garden goes on to effect Bath , which contains the circle and
crescent and has dense urban building looking out onto nature
The idea of smaller dwellings facing onto picturesque that
revolutionized the idea of developments and the suburbs

10/21/14

Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand-student of , is a teacher of architecture, he

takes all of measurements of buildings and draws all of buildings from
antiquity, has various plan types, drawn to scale, he simplifies the
buildings, and makes the point that there is a key point (economy,
utility, and convinced)
utility- how it satisfies in its purpose
He shows how buildings can be designed in the future with core
geometry
Public museum Durand tries to come up with a way to design this
Industrial revolution (early 1900th century) started in England,
England has a lot of coal for the use of a new fuel
James watt invented steam engine, and helped get rid of floods in in
coal mines
This leads to the development of the factory which helped with
isolation of mass production

Arkwrights cotton mill powered by water (water wheel) where power

is distributed through building, steam power is portable, this effected
the deskilling of labor
Cotton was produced from slave labor
Cheap cotton underwear was invented and personal hygiene improved
along with life expectancy
The revolution reinvented the bridge with a new resource of iron
(strong in tension and compression)
Iron bridge (Severn Bridge) first large scale use of iron for
construction, with a series of iron arches interconnecting the bridge,
less material used compared to stone, Abraham Darby uses the joint
connection of morteson and tenon techniques
New London bridge (Thomas Telford) big single span bridge of
repeated members added up which allowed larger boats to go under
Clifton Suspension Bridge made of series of bars of iron joined with
lose joint to allow bridge to move, purely in tension
Britannia Bridge designed as a locomotive bridge, it was more of a
tube
The locomotive carriage with steam engine on it, w whole new way of
transportation, people thought 20 mph would make the head explode,
and there was controversy about how much speed can the mind take
The application of steam was looked at as awe but also used to make
parodys
The railroads presented problem with their size and smoke produced,
so propapla was created (gateway to the city)
Kings Cross Station formed by two barrel vaults, iron construction,
glass on tops, and size of vaults mattered because trains are big, lots
of people and lots of smoke. This represents internal construction of
buildings
St. Pancras Station one of largest stations (next to Kings Cross), one
large arch, truss helped span larger distance,
shed - the iron and glass part (made by engineer)
head house - where ticket office and hotel are located (made by
architect)
bolts hold the thing together
Biblioteque Ste-Genevieve (by Labrouste) a way to work iron into a
new form, the place dupantheon right next to pantheon, this building
was the first public library, solid walls with punched openings on first
story, then second story is columns with arches

In the main lobby are square piers, with iron shallow arches not used
for support, there are busts of famous French authors, large vaults
overhead in the library help make the space feel much more open
The arch is supported by a bolt that goes through wall and locks it to
the outside of the wall
The library is the first place where gas lighting is used, with allegorical
illustrations of night and day on the columns
Crystal palace the most important building project in the 1900th
century, built in London, comprised of individual parts of iron and
glass, exhibition building (start of world fairs tradition)
Prince Albert is interested in industrial reform, and has plans for a
building that is larger than one he saw on his travels. With the addition
of domes and arches they introduce it into the architectural world.
Joseph Paxton offered to build it and promised the building could be
built and then tore down and be sold again
This introduced the idea of a greenhouse because the building was
mostly glass and helped plants thrive
Invents machines to help create glass building in 6 months
Most components are raised into place, start charging admission to
watch the building go up
Trees were not tore down and are within the building, and start to
blossom early
The glazing machine helped with the installation of gutters and glass
roof
The great exhibition dance was created for the crystal palace
Lowered entrance fee to enter the palace, but had to keep it high
enough so poor people could not enter. The building is a social
condenser because the different classes come together
The plan consisted of two levels
The raj - England claims ownership of India
The start of capitalism begins at the height of the revolution
The building was taken down and there were ideas of making it into a
skyscraper or ring room, the building is rebuilt and then burns down
after the rebuild, considered first shopping mall

Start for quiz 5 10/23/14

Because of industrialization, cities are growing rapidly. As a result of

industries developing in and around cities, providing jobs and better
housing conditions, moving from country sides into city because
machines are taking over agriculture jobs

Rapid growth in cities in 1900th century

Development of middle class during this time. People who have
adapted to new income flow from capitalism
Planning throughout Europe, shows expansion throughout the city
Vienna planning shows a city up against the Ottoman Empire. City had
a field around it in case the city had to take down people.
Glacis open field around the walls
There are also developments of new weapons
As the walls became less useful against foreign nations, there was a
call to take them down. In 1857 there was a competition won by a
planner (Ludwig Forster) who chose to take down the wall and the
glacis in order to make new urban fabric, and fill it with new buildings.
Series of apartment buildings and civic buildings
Buildings are vaguely neoclassical, with pitched roofs and tighter fabric
Enormously wide corridors of roads, people would come and parade
through the streets and stroll about, development of the boulevard
culture
Eclecticism the use of different parts of mosques
Barracks building used for the army
Other building were built for different purposes
Parliament building is rendered in Greek temple, Greek is prototype for
ideas of democracy, except they are more of an empire
University of Austria is built in a resonance style, rediscover of text and
learning
Theater is designed in baroque form, baroque had a key emphases on
theater was a guiding metaphor for the baroque
Each building reflecting back on their key emphases
City of Paris grows even more rapidly than Vienna. Initially a roman
settlement
Due to rapid growth, there was the development of diseases, mainly
cholera, where there are epidemics. This is developed from the
underground sewers where the incoming water and outgoing water are
mixed due to heavy rain
Trains had a major impact on the city as well, due to the city being a
major connecting site
Napoleon commissions Baron George Eugene Haussmann to open up
the city by designing boulevards, and he sees how the pantheon is
surrounded by roads and decides that the roads need to be surrounded
by buildings (ru su flo)

Makes books showing how he wanted to redesign the city by opening

up the rivers
Traffic of Paris becomes a new form of art due to the new boulevards,
showing how efficient the city can be
Flaneur someone who is there to look at others, as an excuse a guy
who goes to walk his dog just so he could absorb the city
The arcade the passage way. A narrow boulevard covered over to
protect from weather, with goods on display in windows
Diamond shaped site with a building known as the Paris opera will be
School of architecture Ecole des Berux-arts (school of fine arts) is
created and really changes how architects design new buildings
leading to modernism
The model of the opera shows multiple volumes of space
Stair hall forms the most important space of the building

10/28/14

Crystal palace start of a great fair tradition in London

Steel buildings are introduced and one of the most renown buildings is
the Eiffel tower, and it amazed people because of the speed it was built
at
Art nouveau the new art, part of a widespread movement of new art
You can see how the columns are curved around the overhang; there
are lots of curves in metal. Just the detail in the new architecture really
makes an impact on how new buildings are designed
Whiplash lines which are on the wall and the stairs to give a vine like
feel on metal elements
Metro stations in Paris have the same kind of whiplash lines on its
metal pieces
Style that spreads really rapidly, said to be the first non-historical style
Antoni Gaudl the faade of Casa Batllo has a front with a cave like
feel and the balconies are metal that look like masks
Casa Mila (the quarry) looks like the face of a cliff, have what look like
helmets as balconies
European designers try to find a way to design structures within the
city
Wienzeilebrucke (Otto Wagner) used by trains, also separates out the
elements of the bridge with the compression and tension
Karlsplatz train stations that use steel skeletons that share a
structural system, that have panels of marble between the steel
skeleton. Use of curved elements at the base of structures

Postsparkasse (postal savings bank) meant to enfranchise the middle

class to help them save money. There are dots on the building which
are aluminum bolt heads attached to a little square of marble, which
tells how the building was made. When you walk in the place looks like
a train shed, with multiple tellers and tons of light to open up the
building. Also tries to show how the building has its purposes with
aluminum pieces
AEG turbine factory building has a tall shed with a thin wall and a
large back. The purpose of the building is to move large turbines so
there is a crane in the building that causes the building to move. To
counteract this he has a three point arch and a hinge on the thin wall
so the wall can move in response to the load on the building
Chicago becomes one of the largest industrial places. Lots of ships
come through Chicago. Gets tons of rail lines so the products that
come from boats can be shipped to other cities and agriculture can be
moved about to other cities
One of the worst fires is the Chicago fire
Chicago tries to maximize the amount of space they have with the
amount of people within the city and this leads to the development of
the skyscraper
First skyscraper is said to be the Home Insurance building (William Le
Baron Jenney). Has a steel frame and has the first elevator because of
the values of a floor
Elevators are thought to be a scary invention due to cables snapping,
until Elijah Oddis invents the safety break
There is also the invention of electricity for lighting
People were amazed at how fast these buildings were produced
because the parts were simply snapped together on site and it wasnt
made of concrete so there was no cure time
Once frame was in place the exterior cladding could start to be put on.
NY times building was one of the first to use the curtain wall
Wainwright building (Louis Sullivan) aimed to make the tall building
feel lofty. Wants you to read the cage of steel and emphasizes the
verticals, and shows how some verticals are fake shown by the steel
work, every other column is fake. The corners are thicker to look like
they have a much greater impact on the structure of building
New York develops its own kind of architecture, with the use of Europe
styles (gothic, greek)
White city was made to have lots of large white buildings that really
encompass a great city

The invention of the Ferris wheel (George Washington Ferris Jr) was
made as an icon like the Eiffel tower, it was a way for people to look
out over the city

10/30/14

The image of American dream is like a development like setting

About 66% of Americans own their own home and end up looking like
the ones in a development
Picturesque is the kind of images used in the suburb setting. Reminded
of Stowe
Should fix up cottages so the structure looks better when going
through landscape
Blaise Hamlet, first example of how high end architects are thinking
about housing for middle and upper middle class in terms of vernacular
and almost peasant buildings, simply brick walls and the addition of
little parts. This building design is specific to this image
The development of clusters of individual areas outside of cities
Llewellyn Park, first place of suburbs. Start of commuting due to
distance from city which is where the job is usually
Home becomes more dedicated to family ties, and the home becomes
a place for the female
First book on urban landscape where it helps people understand how
their house/land should look to meet an image
Riverside is one of most famous suburbs in Chicago, lots of curving
trees and roads. Also has railroad running through the place
People are moving to the suburb estates because people are critiquing
the city. Also people can get a way form things that are at the city that
could be creating problems
Notion of environment determine, the kind of environment you grow up
in determine the kind of character you grow up to be
Ebenezer Howard towns have their attractions (jobs) but also have
their down sides (diseases and crowdedness) town country has its
beauty and its limited in size, has all the benefits of both worlds of
country and city
William Morris writes about socialism, interested in reforming. Comes
up with term arts and crafts, finds a way to mass produce items with
lots of people with specific skills on that subject. Came up with
printing press
Red house uses humblest of materials (the brick), exaggeration of
asymmetry, functions of the house needs to give rise to the form

Stoughton house utilitarian function inside, shingles spread tightly

over the outside of the building, starting to open up the area by
widening the doorways and expanding the amount of living space
Gamble house sleeping porches on side and edge of building made
with the Japanese joinery, the house has nails to hold it together but
also has pegs to hold it together. There is also a joint that is made of
metal to join beams together by using wedges and metal strap
This house is made with mostly wood, every item is handpicked, tiffany
glasses and vases. The true craftsmanship of the house is seen in
almost every place
Milwaukee Public Library (Frank Lloyd Wright) competition entry for
public library, no schooling on architecture. Goes to work for Sullivan
and he sees his skills as something that is amazing
One building he places a stair case around the center of the building so
when you enter and look up the middle you see right to the roof
Winslow House first building after falling out with Sullivan. How he
uses the different materials to show the different levels of the house is
what is remarkable yet unusual about this structure. Fireplace in front
of house. The hearth represents the heart of the family and is why
wright put it here. Has extended roof, gives shadow effects on windows
Heurtley house he keep two separate materials between the floors.
Has horizontal lines to emphasize the horizontal portion of the house
(lawn).
Willits house (home, family, special dynamics) argues about breaking
down the box of this. The front door of this house is hard to find,
hidden. Movement around the house makes the person really take in
the different styles he has created (diagonal across the first room)
Wright is also interested in the suburb and tries to redesign the way we
view it
Robie house first house of the prairie era, has a different style of
bricks. This house has sections of the house which infer there are
private parties which people are not to look into. Entry is hidden.
Tightly wound stair case with light coming in (up against masonry mass
of house)
The different style of bricks dont have the middle piece which we are
used to seeing
Balloon frame, construction technique which makes use of soft timber
and low skilled labor so houses can be built by people with not a great
amount of knowledge. Lots of vertical elements (studs) and is also easy
to cut out window openings

Plumbing and electrical are starting to be hidden because of the new

way houses are being built. Allows for a more open space and cleaner
space
Bathroom invented in late 1900th century (combination of an outhouse,
bathtub, and grooming station)
Men are going off to work and the home becomes the image
associated with women taking care of the kids

11/4/14 (review)

Contrast shows how cities dominate the landscape when compared to

a church and a few houses
Commissioners plan use a uniform grid of oblong blocks layout with
narrow streets, right angle and straight sighted houses are the most
cheap and efficient way to build and the most convenient to live in
Central park inspired by casual organization of picturesque gardens,
had to import trees and soil
Olmsted introduced separate paths on different grades in central park,
for carriages to traverse around
Riverside (by Olmsted) original suburb plans outside of Chicago with
subdivisions to divide up houses and landscape, built along curving
streets
Ebenezer Howard describes the advantages of living in a town and
living in the country, and brings them together to make town and
country aka suburb
Plan for Ringstrasse takes place of the main city walls in Vienna. Also
takes care of the Glacis
Boulevard extensions in Paris destroys mid-evil Paris and replaces it
with a more uniform Paris. Used to help deteriorate against political
uprisings, and built to prevent barricades
Opera Paris (Garnier) initially a reaction to an assassination on
napoleon III, helped to organize social higharchy. Very interested in
having the circulation areas (hallways, stairways and salon rooms to be
much larger)
Tassel House art de bou, vision of a modern environment
Casa mila (Gaudi) house meant to look like quarry, large apartment
complex in Barcelona, avoided right angles
Balloon frame perfected in 1830s, precut joints to be shipped and
assembled for mass manufacture

Karlsplatz station modern style of architecture with the steel and

glass construction, skeleton is showing, metro stations all over Vienna
Postal savings bank a place for a post office and a bank in one, make
investments and network things, modern style to architecture with the
bolt heads showing. Starting to use aluminum as a style of architecture
Wainwright building first cage style skyscraper every other middle joint
is metal, has fake parts
Court of honor exhibition at worlds fair, very white, reference to the
white hall or white buildings. Chicago exposition
Plans to expand the city, need more streets, adding railroads
Red house unique house, arts and crafts movement
Watts Sherman House first house to use the shingles style, fully
roofed in shingles, instead of panels
Frank Lloyd wright- worked in because of his draft work, and later gets
commissions which help him achieve his status
Robie house the prairie home, focus on flat style, first American style
(claimed because Wright formed the home), calling on the space of the
house the function of the house. Walls are tall for privacy

Start of Quiz 6
11/6/14

Louis sullivans regular column grid of steel columns, architectural

effort, not interested in space (interested in structure and not in space
Fagus Factory (Walter Gropius) he has repeated alternation of glass
panels and columns, read the skeleton of the building. Pulls out the
glass and inverts the glass panels. Tries to show you how the building
is transparent. Glass isnt holding anything up
(wheel of German words) Gropius establishes the bau house, has an
effect on all the arts, uses fundamentals words of Germanic language.
When you first enter the school there are different studies that you
must go through in order to understand the methods to become an
architecture
People went through the school making different 3-D structures,
different perspectives, shadows and texture. New styles of furniture
were made and helped modernize it (made of metal), costume design
was big in the Bau house
Bauhaus Main building (Gropius) wall of glass panels, building looks
suspended in air. Has glass appearing as glass and beams appearing
as beams, utilitarian building

Schroder House (Gerrit Rietveld) De Stijl Movement, Dutch movement

around modern design for exterior and interior aspects. Abstracting
formal elements of the house into planes (walls, roof, and side pieces).
Takes everything to the extreme where the planes look like planes to
emphasize independence. The internal configuration would change to
the functional needs of the owners. Walls would move on tracks to
form linear elements. Structural elements can be seen in the furniture,
even uses red and blue colors
Maison Citrohan Project (Le Corbusier, polemicist) says this is the
answer to all of architecture. Have thin strong elements to make
vertical structure and thin concrete elements to form horizontal
elements. Typical plan is a field of columns, new way to think about the
design of a structure.
Free plan, none of the enclosures support anything.
With flat rooms you can have a roof garden, ribbon windows to allow
more light
Villa Savoie (Poissy-sur-Seine) used simply for functional
considerations, very utilitarian. Does not have central hearth, the
house is a machine to live in.
o Main living area lifted up above landscape
o Column grid
o Followed through on second floor
o But different floor plans
o Emphasizes movement through the building
o Separated the center structure and space
o Enters under the building and curves around
o Curve is generated by the turning radius of the automobile
o Has as much glass as possible
o Presents a ramp and stair (two forms of movement)
o Uses geometric forms in the forms of movement
o Puts column in front of window to demonstrate that there is a
difference between the structure and the function
o Special dynamism (wright)
o Independence of structure and space expression

11/11/14

Friedrichstrass Skyscraper project (Mies van der Rohe) focuses on the

new building types. Starts imagining the form of the skyscraper.
Sheathed in glass, interested in the formal values, interested in
reflection.

Brick Country House (Mies) walls that extend out into the landscape,
alternation of solid forms. Not quite rooms, yet he is recognizing how
rooms are
German Pavilion, International Exposition (Mies) building was so
inspirational to so many, only stood for about 9 months, been rebuilt.
o What we would call walls are now called planes.
o Vary in terms of transparency
o Marbled wall, with opaque wall, has little bit of roof hanging over
o Glass wall with roof plane over hanging. The glass is not doing
any structure work
o Everything is polished very highly
o Double glass wall has some electricity in it so the wall is glowing
o Book matched stone is cut from quarry and then cut again but
unfolded. When they are laid out on a wall it looks like half of it
was taken and flipped over
o The central line (where the cut is) is at an average eye level
o Wright said, machines can reveal new ornamental and decorative
properties of materials themselves
o The water is starting to be viewed as a plane
o The different kinds of materials used as the walls really show
how each room is different
o Mies coined the phrase less is more
o Nia nix almost nothing
Lovell House (health house) (Richard Neutra) wants to emphasize
how framy and skeletal it is, the glass is not yet installed
o Not as grassy as it is today
o Classical architecture could not build on this site
o Modernism can make use of this
o Neutra had panels sprayed on with Gunite, was liquid concrete
sprayed from a gun and meant to stay in place on a steel mesh
o Enter at the top, oriented towards the pacific ocean
o Introduced a ford model A headlight on the staircase
o Nothing was custom made (except lighting fixture)
These new styles will be known as new international style, they reject
old styles and really emphasize planes because of their spatially
defining elements
Kaufmann House (Fallingwater) (Wright) tries to synthesize the
different European styles, best known house of the 20th century
o Organic architecture grows from the site. The building is in a
specific part of the environment
o Brings together dramatic forms of architecture

o Kaufmann used to take family to spot (rock) to look at waterfall,

so they had wright build the house on a specific spot, yet wright
said ill make the house part of the waterfall
o Roofs are cantilevered
o Rock walls are different cause as they are pulled out giving a
different kind of contrast
o The materials are from the site so this building is from the area
o Emphasizes the diagonal of a room in this house
o Spacial core of modern architecture, a single continuous space is
made but is seen from the change in roofing, change in furniture,
and other changes
o The floor is waxed to have shiny rippley surface to represent the
stream
o There is also a giant hearth that are natural to the site. The rock
is part of the house
o Wright wanted a giant kettle so the family could have hot tea or
something. This is because he wanted to bring together the
elemental factors, water, earth, fire
o Has glass panels that open up to the river. There is a stairway
leading down to the water
Villa Mairea (Alvar Aalto) shows how modern architecture can have
different meanings to the culture/country. Builds a villa for a fin using
local elements of the site.
o Closed to the weather
o Has a sona right next to a plunge pool
o Inside there is a bench to take off all of gear
o The house has lots of birch and pine used to as columns for
structural support and design looks
Cities begin to be transformed by light
Electricity become major things of an exhibition
White city had giant carbon arc lamps that shown across the entire city
Edison tower would release light from a bunch of light bulbs on a
structure
Electricity was a major theme of every exhibition

11/13/14

Philadelphia saving funds society building (George Howe) recess the

internal columns for continuous bands of glass. Has multiple functions
within the building. Early versions of escalators in this building
Native Americans were using the skyscraper construction

New York institutes a zoning law which establishes a floor area ratio,
which says whatever size you can build up to a volume of whatever the
volume is. Either makes a short long building or a tall skinny building,
must have same volume. Helps invent the step structure we see on
skyscrapers we see today
Helped develop different furniture (step looking)
City of skyscrapers rising up, in the mode of the sublime, glowing
mountain of skyscrapers
Plan for city of three million (Corbusier) notices cities are getting
dense and need to create structures for cities that have too many
people. Crowded streets no longer make sense. Wants to flatten lower
Manhattan, and create large buildings that are taller. Has an airport in
the middle of the city (design)
Master plan (Mies) direct a new school of architecture, a lot like the
Barcelona building. Geometric forms placed in symmetry or in
asymmetry
Columbia University Campus lots of symmetry and has main
buildings in the middle wit collective
Alumni Memorial Hall (Mies) providing the structures at their most
utilitarian, must represent its own thing. Thicker member in the middle,
skeleton is clear, thin elements are there to separate in-fill panels,
architecture reduced to its most simple elements. Steel cannot be
exposed, so it has to be insulated. Takes two I-beams (web is middle
portion of the beam and top/bottom are the flange), takes a piece of
sheet metal to join the two beams together. This is here to represent
the column, objective zaktelkite
o Not about anything other than itself
Crown Hall uses girders so the column is in complete compression,
the girders hold everything else up. When seen from the outside it
becomes clear that the building is being held up. Does the same thing
with the I-beam for the corner beam. He referred to the floor plan as
universal space, referred to it as a container (weather enclosure)
Chapel has same principles as all the other buildings
Farnsworth House (Mies) lifts the house of the ground due to flooding
of the river. Trying to be as simple and as productive as possible. Two
slabs of material, one keeps out the weather one is one you walk on
Seagram building (Mies) breaks from step profile, he pulls it back to
half the width, gives it a small footprint, to allow same volume. Uses
the same column idea except there is an I-beam on the very outside of
it. More complex than prismatic form, has prison like feel to it

Unite dHabitation (Corbusier) series of apartment buildings, raised

up off the ground, rooftop has lots of amenities, pools and sculptures.
Raw or rough concrete is used for the construction. Each unit has two
story space that is narrow, everyone has exterior space
Notre Dame du Haut, pilgrimage church (Corbusier) personal
structure, strong emphasize on the rough exterior of the concrete. The
wall is battered sloped inward. Anthropomorphized elements start
looking like two people who have their backs to each other. People
tend to read the structure. There is a gutter like thing where the
water would collect in a well when it rains. Reading the light as it falls
across the space
Bush hammered concrete has little ridges where people come by with
hammers to smack off pointy parts to give it a rough texture
Brutalism couple of towers that have big beams across that have
smaller infill filling up space, rough texture concrete platting over the
towers
Inside it has 4 story interior, has 6 storys but 36 different floors
General Motors Technical Center (Saariner) flat pane with individual
building that come together to create meeting areas, worked with very
tight module. Can see structural elements with very thin weather
enclosure. Got ideas from the windshield of the car. Modular grid is
applied everywhere throughout the structure, integrate all buildings
systems
Styling dome new styles are brought out into this space. 186 ft
diameter of aluminum with tiny holes perforated throughout to create
day lighting effect, where lighting can be dimmed or raised.
Emphasizing the breaks in technological advances (GM place)
Stairs are supported on thin cables that sway with walking, face is lit
from underneath. Can feel other people walking by. One side is brighter
than the other and you end up watching other people walk, theater of
ascension.
Compares women and machines and how they like to show what the
men like. Tries to show the lifestyle of the comparison
TWA terminal at JFK airport (Saarinen) recently saved from a threat
but was a jet terminal. Interested in making new technologies, thin
plate concrete. Building is in a bird like shape, made up of 4 big vaults
two of them look like wings. Uses lots of steel reinforcement. Forms are
very organic, very subjective to the looks of the building. Has a pit that
is focused on the runways so you can watch the planes take off. Has
lots of spots to eat with special names to capture the glamor of flying.

Creates an identification of TWA, effort to brand itself. Had tiny ceramic

tiles that covered the surface, to represent the informality of the
1940s

11/18/14

Jacques built a set outside Paris made out of steel and glass
skyscrapers, as the first idea of modernism
Architects will show interest in new materials and new designs, that
are more accessible and more open or that tries to excavate the ideas
there were at first
Brutalism from French word for raw concrete, gives an aggressive
look to the building
Dematerialization modern materials are so strong you can have less
of them
Late modernism taking modernism in a new directions
Archigram architecture students at school in London looking to draw
artistic themes, make comic books to propose ideas about architecture
Moving cities (master vehicle-habitation) city size building which
would hold all the people in the city. Were meant to be walking as well
Centre Georges-Pompidou high tech architecture, in this building they
moved all the heating and AC to the outside of the building. Made the
formal structure of the building a system. Big steel frame, to give a
completely open interior due to everything on the outside
Lloyds building (Richard Rogers) the financial building of London, has
fire stairs on the outside rendered in curving form in stainless steel.
has ducts on the outside due to wanting big open floor, bathrooms are
also on the outside. Most of the building is pre-fabricated, realized that
energy is not cheap so the sun light and heat could get in based on the
material placed on the walls. Has exterior elevators
Philips Exeter Academy (Louis Kahn) library at the academy.
Interested in keeping with the neo georgic architecture. Punched
openings, uses traditional materials, glass thats set back a little,
roughly square with bevels at corners. The walls is not just a wall, it is
a plane as well that is doing some supporting work. The piers get
thinner as it goes up, un glazed and open at the top. Getting hints from
the exterior that there is something interesting on the interior.
o Enter the building on axis, symmetrically disposed
o Has stairs leading to central place
o Exterior starts to suggest a singular interior space
o Has curving stair to lead to books

o There are circles where the rows of books are

o Has large open space with light being let down from above
o Has elemental forms, building systems are articulated, the
structure is giving its own set of forms. Come together at key
points
o Building has lots of different geometry
o The big windows are there to let light in, the little windows are to
adjust your own light, and faade element
Postmodern architecture (Leon Krier) refers to a reference to
vernacular forms, a concern for popular understanding. Explains the
fundamentals of buildings how they are not changing over years,
modernism is being critiqued.
Robert Venturi start having design studios
Says there are two types of buildings, one being a duck (sell lots of
duck stuff) said to be what it is. The other kind is the decorated shed
with a symbol that tells about the use of the building. Proposes this is
the way you want to build
Guild Retirement House (Robert Venturi) rather ordinary, yet it draws
from buildings nearby, over scaling of the building, with a large column
in the middle. Knows the rules of vernacular architecture, but breaks
them anyway. Pulls out the wall to read the wall as a plane
Vanna Venturi House (Venturi) designed for his mother, returns to
classic gable front of the house, breaks in the middle, creates opening
for the front entrance, with an arch over the opening but not giving it a
structure value. Uses ribbon window.
Trabant student Center (Venturi) has monumental entrance with an
additional column that are huge to hold up a thin and tiny roof.
Designed as a public street,
Portland Building (Michael Graves) steel cage box with office space,
ironic reference to classical forms. Once you remove honesty from
modernism, there is a lot of variation and possibilities.
AT&T building (Philip Johnson) harkens back to glory days of New York
skyscrapers, clade in stone, structure in steel. Architecture can be an
advertisement for a corporation.
Starkatecture hire a star architecture to get your building into the
news. Instant advertising
Cities begin overhauling them at a colossal scale. Boston
flattens/demolished the poor and dirty west end, to rebuild at a new
scale. Was affordable housing but is now not

Pruitt-loge Housing area in central St. Louis. Idea was to level the
area to remove crime and have a better place to live
Historic preservation is made to make sure buildings arent destroyed
anymore
Seaside (Duany and Plater-Zyberk) variety of building types and
sizes. Has lots of buildings to create a new town. Home owners could
buy their own lot then hire their own architect. The planners wanted
something that was dimensionally coherent.
New urbanism new way to think about modernism
In seaside they outlaw the ribbon window. Has wood frame
construction, main streets with sidewalks, and couple of places where
a neighborhood could coheir. The railroad version of a village
Creation of a town to

11/20/14

Gehry House (Frank Gehry) 1960s doing a lot of art/ sculpting

projects. Starts carving into his own house and expands it, begins to
use corrugated metal and chain link fence
o Unfinished plywood
o Not interested in alignments
o Roofs slope off at different directions
o Rejects ideas of basic house models
o Deconstructivism to take apart and reassembly in different
ways or defy certain aspects
o Makes use of materials not usually used
o Pull out certain sides
o Has cube over kitchen which provides a skylight
o Part of incompleteness
o Opens up new possibilities
Swiss architect Bernard Tschumi argues that architecture is too
important to leave to the architects, thinks about cinema
Parc de la Villette (Tschumi) says when he is done the place will
create places for people to just enjoy, builds up layers of vegetation,
then uses building layer on top of that, replicates the random
encounters of the city. Has lots of buildings/structures that either have
a purpose or are something we just walk pass. The buildings are all
different
Guggenheim Museum (Gehry) clad in titanium steel, no piece of steel
is the same, took software used by the air force and adapts it to using
it for building construction. Able to develop a set of drawings to

contractor, then because the steel is made precisely the building is

made under budget. From this he changed the way buildings are now
made
Mass customization customize individual elements at a mass scale
Rejecting forms adding curves and elements that are not usually seen.
Uses dynamic spaces
Seattle Public Library (Rem Koolhaas) big walls on outside creat vast
spaces. The windows are diamond and slanted. Bookcases are not in
line; floor is uneven or sloping, tries to reject the flat floor. The
structures holding up the wall are not all at the same angle. When
going to get coffee there are red lights to create a different kind of
atmosphere. The sloping of the floor carries over to the bookcases. The
reference of books is on the floor instead of the shelf
Blur Building (Diller Scofidio) make a pavilion, a building exhibition.
On a lake, then created a framework that shot out the lake water to
create a fog/mist. Hear people before you see them.
Heydar Aliyev Center (Zaha Hadid) designed as cultural center, big
curvy building out in a large space. City is trying to rebuild itself in this
sort of modern way. With this new building they are generating
tourism. Varied geometries, rejection of idea of walls and ceilings,
white panels all over the place. Seems like an art gallery. Phenomenal
sets of forms
Daniel Libeskind makes crazy drawings with random lines and wins a
competition to make the Jewish museum. Each line connects to
somewhere on the map to form a building, his way of establishing
character of the building. Lines are scratched in the building, to let
light in but also perform a function. Main walkway has beams flying
through that form a 3D function. Introduced 2 voids that have iron
disks on the floor that are not fixed, shows uncomfortably of what the
Jews may have felt
Design for office building in Toronto, has the lines running through it
but not as sever. Buildings are absorbed by culture. Gift shops have
items that resemble the structure
French Opera
Pentronas Tower (Cesar Pelli) pair of towers, one of the tallest building
in the world for 6 years. Has to take an international style of building
and make it relevant to the city
Burj Al Arab (Tom wright/WKK) based on petroleum dollars. Takes
desert city and creates a vast scale of buildings. Looks like a sail from a
boat, it is a hotel. Built on sand. 800 or so ft with 28 floors, giving high

ceilings and expensive pieces of art in each room. Tennis game has
been played there
Burj Khalifa (Adrian Smith/SOM) tallest building in the world at 1500
ft. advanced form of construction, bundled tube construction (bundles
of tubes to reach the height) double the height of the empire state
building but half the steel. Helped put the city on the map.
Pom islands and the world island private lots of land made out in the
gulf, each house has its own private beach, designed to be seen from
the air, looks like a palm.