Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr. H. K. Verma
Distinguished Professor (EEE)
Sharda University, Greater Noida
(Formerly: Deputy Director and Professor of Instrumentation
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee)
CONTENTS
1. Basics of Sensor
2. Signal Conditioning or Processing
3. Sensor versus Transducer
4. What is a Smart Sensor?
5. Levels of Integration
6. Advantages of Smart Sensors
1.1
Basics of Sensors
o What is a Sensor?
o Sensor Input
o Sensor Output
o Operating Principles of Sensors
o Energy Source for Sensor
o Active or Generating Sensor
o Passive or Parametric Sensor
What is a Sensor?
v Device that senses a physical quantity
v This physical quantity becomes input to the sensor
v In the present context, the output of the sensor should be an
electrical quantity
v Sensor output is a function of sensor input
v Input is called measured quantity or measurand
Input
(Physical quantity
or Measurand)
Output
Sensor
(Electrical quantity)
Sensor Input
v
v
Sensor Output
v
Active Sensor
or
Generating Sensor
Passive Sensor
or
Parametric Sensor
Input (I)
(Stimulus)
Active or
Generating
Sensor
(Transfer
Function : F)
Output (O)
(Electrical Signal)
O = F.I
O I is preferred by users
v
v
v
v
Input (I)
(Stimulus)
Passive or
Parametric
Sensor
(Transfer
Function: F)
Output (O)
(Electrical Signal)
O = F.I
O I is preferred by users
v
v
v
v
10
11
1.2
12
Measurand
Sensor
Signal
A Conditioning
or
Processing
Unit
End Device
Indicating device
Display device
Storage device
Communication device
Data processor
13
q Operational circuits
Adder
Subtractor
Multiplier
Divider
Integrator
Differentiator
q Active filters
Low pass
High pass
Band pass
Band reject (notch)
q Modulators/Demodulators
Pulse width modulator (PWM)
Amplitude detector (demodulator)
Phase sensitive amplitude detector
14
Output of ADC
Binary-output
BCD-output
15
Error
detector
Set point
Error
signal
Control
Control
action
Actuator
signal
generator
Controlled
system
Controlled
variable
Excitation*
Signal
B conditioning
Voltage comparator
Current comparator
Digital comparator
Microprocessor
or processing
unit
Sensor
Feedback
device
*For passive
sensor only
16
1.3
Sensor
17
1.4
18
1.5
Levels of Integration
v The electrical signal after signal conditioning (or processing) can have
one of the following forms:
Digital
Analog
Quasi-digital (pulse width or pulse frequency)
v The extent or level of integration of electronics with the micro-sensor can
vary very widely as under:
Lowest Level: Smart sensor with analog output
Low Level:
Smart sensor with quasi-digital output
o Smart sensor with PWM output
o Smart sensor with pulse-frequency output
High Level: Smart sensor with digital output
Higher Level: Smart intelligent sensor or (simply) intelligent sensor
Highest Level: Smart network sensor or (simply) network sensor
Basics of Smart Sensor
19
Microsensor
(Analog type)
Analog signal
processing
unit
(ASPU)
Integrated together
20
Microsensor
ASPU
PWM
Quasi-digital output
(Analog type)
Integrated together
Pulse width Measurand
21
Microsensor
Pulse
shaper
Quasi-digital output
Integrated together
22
Microsensor
ASPU
VFC
Quasi-digital output
(Analog type)
Pulse freq. Measurand
Integrated together
23
Microsensor
Pulse
shaper
Quasi-digital output
Integrated together
24
Microsensor
ADC
ASPU
Digital output
(serial or parallel)
(Analog type)
Integrated together
Bits: 8-16
Format: Binary/BCD
25
Microsensor
Pulse
shaper
FDC
Digital output
(serial or parallel)
(Pulse type)
Integrated together
Bits: 8-16
Format: Binary/BCD
26
Intelligent Sensor
Analog signal
Microsensor
ASPU
ADC
Data
processing
unit (DPU)
Processed data
(serial or parallel)
(Analog type)
Integrated together
Can be readily connected
to a host computer or
other digital system
DPU = Microcontroller
OR
P + memory + I/O interface
OR
DSP +memory + I/O interface
Basics of Smart Sensor
27
Network Sensor
Microsensor
ASPU
ADC
DPU
Comm.
interface
Network
port
output
Data Network
28
1.6
29
31
32
q Ease of networking
q Reduced cost of networking
q Reduced time for setting-up a sensor network
33