Architecture for Barbarians: Ludwig Hilberseimer and the Rise of the Generic City

Author(s): Pier Vittorio Aureli

Source: AA Files, No. 63 (2011), pp. 3-18
Published by: Architectural Association School of Architecture
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41337471 .
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Architecture

for

Barbarians

Ludwig

Hilberseimer

the Rise

of the Generic

and
City

Pier Vittorio Aureli

Grosz,
George
Grey
Day,1921
NeueNationalgalerie,
zuBerlin
Museen
Staatliche

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

- thatis,thecirculawhatallowsthatpotential
Rmischer
Inhiscontroversial
The man who hasn 4 signed anything,
pamphlet,
or
even
thesocialinits
tion
of
the
undPolitische
Form(1923),
Katholizismus
consumption,
who has leftnopicture
most
that
Carl
Schmitt
theorist
aspect).
disguised
argued
political
Whowas not there,who said nothing:
becomes
Theprocessbywhichthegeneric
isincapableofanycultural,
economicreasoning
How can theycatch him?
is
an
attribute
of
because
visualorpolitical
capitalistic
production
explicit
representation
Erase
the
traces!
Karl
In
the
Grundrisse
of
abstraction.
the
it
does.
Unlike
it
is
what
process
ultimately simply
of
as botha method
Marxdescribes
abstraction
suchas god,thepeople,thestate,
BertoldiBrecht,poemfromthe
categories
that
and
a
concrete
ideas
about
orequality,
thepublic,freedom
reality
economy
political
any
Reader forThose Who
to
theethosofcapitalism.
dataare
outoftechnical
theeconomy
According
permeates
arising
Live in Cities, 1930
a
concrete
abstraction
is
a
Marx
as
and
instead
positive
thing,
appearonly
unrepresentable
suchas labourandproducina
offacts.
toSchmitt,
a matter
reality.
Categories
According
toone
becausethey
donotrefer
is
tionareabstract
ofeconomic
fundamental
flowof
worlddominated
mastery
principle
bythemechanistic
but
of
their
manifestation
of
moment
to
exclude
no
of
establishthere
is
particular
process
representaanyconvincing
possibility
production,
that
constitute
frameworks
Hilberseimer
instead
At
the
core
of
his
In
tion.
of
value
or
charisma.
condition
general
project,
ingany
ForMarx
economic
relations.
andthearts
determine
ofarchitecture
ofrepresentation sawthereduction
contrast
toothertraditions
- suchas thosepractised
suchas 'labouringeneral'express
notjust
abstractions
totheirimmanent
orthe
properties
generic
bythechurch
move
inwhichindividuals
theethosofa society
oftheethos
as themechanical
isbasedonmetawhoseexpertise
consequence
monarchy,
indifferent
tothe
onejob toanother,
butas a potentially
values(identifying ofcapitalistic
andtranscendental
easilyfrom
production,
physical
kindofworkthey
do.Inthisway,themost
anaesthetic,
toprovide
whoorwhat)- theabstraction proactive
a representative
attempt
- labouras a generic
- thatis,
valueanda socialform
a pedagogical
isincapableofbeing
ofthemodernfactory
faculty
simpleabstraction
becomes
ofitsartisan-like
tocontainsuchanethos.Assuch,hiswork
thishecitedthe
To support
character,
stripped
represented.
meansofcapital.AsFrancthemostadvanced
notjusthisdesignsbuthis
whichhadto
encompassing
exampleoftheSovietrepublic,
themorework
hasdemonstrated,
articles
andbooks- fundamentally
work- suchas
useobsoleteemblemstosignify
represents escoMarnilo
as
laboursans
essence
andthesickle inordertofinda
thehammer
(inallsensesoftheword)theindustrial
metrop- isreducedtoitsgeneric
thatis
more
the
the
becauseitremoves
forcommunism,
,
spatialapparatus
anydepiction phrase
despite olisprecisely
symbol
representative
from
labour
value
meant
to
extract
numerous
most
On
anachrothatisnotthe
thefactthattheseseemedobviously
surplus
generic.
ofpossibility.
embodiesthebarestcondition
statedthatthegeneral
occasionsHilberseimer
nisticwhenseenalongsideLenin'sown
inarchitecture
is
what
condition
This
minimal
the
architectural
constitute
and
the
'soviet
electrificacommunism
as
+
of
definition
only
typical
ofarchitecreduction
This
a
we
call
the
in
the
modern
of
criteria
the
For
tion'.1 Schmitt, very
plan,
typical
metropolis.2
impossibility
structural
universal
not
be
understood
ture
to
its
most
should
becomes
in
industrial
an
essential,
however,
statement,
society
representation
the
the
that
for
functional
and
as
a
aesthetic
for
value-free
thefertile
simplicity
plea
system,
figure postulates
polemical
ground
its
structure
towards
the
material
indifference
of
of
the
standardisation
and
of
once
the
building
compoagency representation
expressions
a
Such
wasrootedin
and
distributive
hisargument
nents.Rather,
orsymbolism
hascollapsed,anyfiguration
organisation.
spatial
thesubject's
ofthe
thepurposeofmaking
from a muchmoreprofound
disconnected
becomesmerely
understanding
planserves
superficial,
withother
if
as
simultaneous
form
of
the
of
and
cultural
universe
andever-changing
theinfinitesimal
metropolis.
experience place
physical
a
I
like
to
reconThis
is
made
would
the
Over
oftechnological
spatial
possible
through
places.
following
pages
precision.
rather
ofthe
thatimpliesinteraction
Hilberseimer's
Withtheriseofindustrialisation,
therefore, struct
understanding
organisation
whichinturnallowsforthe
thetotality thenself-sufficiency,
tenetsofproduction,
anditsexpanding
metropolis
byembracing
capitalistic
elements
theentirety
different
thanthrough
coexistence
ofqualitatively
ofitsproject
andtheefficient
(rather
circulation,
consumption
- anarchival
thatis
within
anoverall
ofhisprojects
thatart
oflabour,itwasnosurprise
division
Infinitely
totality'.5
undertaking
'collage-like
and
ofitssimplelayout
werenolongerconsidered
andarchitecture
byvirtue
required,
desperately
giventhescarceliterature reproducible,
thetypical
towards
oftwentieth- indifference
availableonsucha keyprotagonist
ofsometranscenanycontext,
representations
persuasive
ofthe
Andsothetotality
inthemselves. century
butonlyrealities
dentalmessage,
architecture).3
apparatus
planbecamethearchitectural
- theplaceofwork
And
isevokedhereby
ofHilberseimer's
weredictated
Theserealities
parexcellence.
factory
project
bytheirform,
- inother
andubiquitous
isa generic
as they
itstheoretical
words,
premises
justas labouritself
reinterpreting
space,massandmovement
allaspectsofsociallife,
condition
theGerman
In
weremanifested
visibleproperties.
periodof
informing
during
bytheirmostgeneric,
ofthetypical
that
thentheapparatus
awareness
hiswork,
andinlightoftoday's
thegeneric
isnotthe
plansoon
production
capitalistic
the
the
to
new
out
from
of
a
is
no
the
thegeneric longer epiphany
butmore
resultofitsvariousforces,
default
factoryunderpin
spread
I
will
As
of
the
condition
whole
the
urban
but
those
actual
therawmaterial
of
city.
argue
system
accomplished
building
reality
fundamentally
overthefollowing
ofourcivilisation.4
Andso as PaoloVirno
wouldhaveit,
forces.
pages,thespatiallogicof
Hilberseimer's
theGreek
comesfrom
Thetermgeneric
typical
planiswhatconstitutes
capitalism
putstoworkthemostgeneric
of
architecture.
or
and
idea
'kind'
ofthehumanspecies,likeitscapacity genus
faculties
(andMies's)
'race',
,meaning
'species',
It
Architektur
and'producing'.
from
theverbs'generating'
Groszstadt
tospeak,
tomove,toadapttoanyenvironment,
(1927),Hilberseimer's
as one
can
mostimportant
commonquality
refers
toanundifferentiated
tocooperate
with
toabstract,
toremember,
book, beunderstood
- thatis,humannature
the
few
to
theorise
of
the
individual.
of
the
that
to
that
without
others
cityin
very attempts
appearsprior
qualities.
ofcapital
relation
toitsroleas a concentration
isthusbothwhatiscommonandwhat
Generic
thereis
Within
thehistory
ofarchitecture
and
Itisfor
andworkers.
whatispotential.
iscoming-into-being,
ofthegeneric
nomoredrastic
Thoughmanyofitsexamples
representation
the
time
outdated
a
fundamental
case
studies
were
that
the
is
this
reason
and
the
urban
ethosofcapitalistic
already
by
generic
production
movedtotheUnitedStatesinthe
Ifcapitalism
is Hilberseimer
ofcapitalist
thanthe
ofeconomicreasoning
production.
category
consequences
ofthebookinmany
and
late1930s,thepremise
ofproduction,
ofallthemanagement
first
Itis
Hilberseimer
workofLudwig
ways
(1885-1967).
of
all
of
and
direction
is
at
the
then
what
indicates
not
here
that
from
the
worth
,
meaning
however,
outset,
perse
simply
production
stating
isorganwork.
Thebookitself
butalso Hilberseimer's
isintroduced
thetermrepresentation
paradoxi- stakeisnotonlywhatisbeingproduced
twoaredevoted
Thefirst
isedintotenchapters.
forproduction
the thevery
hasledustobelieve,
(as muchas
potential
cally.Indeed,as Schmitt
AAFILES63

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as anunprectothereality
oftheGroszstadt
Reinhard
Baumeisterand
Camillo
Stbben,
driven
edentedurbanformation
who
all
the
of
Sitte,
bycapital,
emphasised continuity
whilethelastsectiondetailsa generalideaof
urbandesign,from
themodern
all
period the
conceived
inresponse
tothisnew
architecture
back
to
There
was,
however,
way
antiquity.
Thechapters
inbetween
can
urbancondition.
oneimportant,
perhapsunlikely,
precedent
beunderstood
as anatlasofthemostimportant forHilberseimer's
ofthemodern
conception
forthenewcapitalist
address- metropolis
as distinct
from
that
city,
programmes
anything
commercial
hadcomebefore
it:OttoWagner's
ideasabout
ing,insuccession,
housing,
andtheatres,
in
skyscrapers,
building,
galleries
Despitetheobviousdisparities
planning.
andairports,
industrial
stations
theirarchitectural
thesimilarity
oftheir
buildings
styles,
between
traditional approachtothecityis striking.
thedifferences
and,finally,
Onlyintheir
artisanal
construction
andthe
techniques
politicsdothetwoarchitects
really
diverge.
In 1911Wagner
hadpublished
hisown
industry.
contemporary
building
- significantly
Architektur
isessentially pamphlet
DieGroalsotitled
ThoughGroszstadt
is
a cityplanning
-devoted
tothethreemainaspectsof
szstadt
manual,eachprogramme
illustrated
selection
ofprojects
urbandesign:thecityscape,
theplanning
of
bya careful
builtandunbuilt thatHilberseimer
as thecityandtheeconomicfoundations
ofthe
presents
forthemodern
Withthissmallbook
The
modern
exemplary
metropolis.
metropolis.6
selection
israther
eclecticinterms
ofitsstyle
attacked
a
kind
ofpalliative
Wagner
approachto
andlanguage,
from
Le
Corbusier's
Ville
urban
and
one
based
on
historical
ranging
design,
toAdolf
Loos'sterraced
anda purely
houses, precedents
Contemporaine
morphological
from
FrankLloydWright's
Terraces
to
approach thecity- anapproachthatreached
Lexington
toAntonBrenner's
blockinRauchitsapogeewithSitte'sDerStadtbau
(1889).7
apartment
from
Mies
van
der
Rohe's
advocated
a 'realist'attitude
1923 Instead,
fangkehrergasse,
Wagner
toHenry
vander
andanurbanmodelthatwouldtakeinto
designforanoffice
building
Velde'sWerkbund
theatre.
Butnevertheless
accountnotonlythelarge-scale
form
ofthe
thereisa commonthreadrunning
but
also
its
social
and
economic
throughout: metropolis,
theappropriateness
ofthebuildings
structures.
Before
was
Hilberseimer,
notably,
Wagner
totheirprogrammatic
andstructural
therefore
thevery
first
architect
toviewthecity
purpose.
toLeCorbusier's
Vers
as theresultofeconomic
unearchitecandwhose
Compared
processes,
ture
Hilberseimer's form
neededtoberadically
He
,published
earlier,
fouryears
re-imagined.
bookisnotso mucha manifesto
fora new
forexample,
thatthecity's
fundarecognised,
architecture
as a realistcompendium
of
mentalassetwasnolongerthebuilding,
but
architectural
solutions
fortheproblems
rather
thedynamism
ofthetraffic
then
systems
themetropolis.
Theordering
ofthe whoselogicshapedtheurbanform.
Another
confronting
andtheselection
ofthevariousprojects innovative
forthecity
chapters
aspectofWagner's
project
reflect
anattempt
toillustrate
themostobvious washisemphasisoneconomicmanagement.
ofthetotalising
Thecity,
heargued,
offered
a kindofinvestment
typologies
spaceofindustrial
not
industrial
as inHaussmann's
where,
Paris,
production,
opportunity
encompassing only
suchas factories
butalsohousing,
onpublicspacescouldberecouped
expenditure
buildings
offices
Inthisway,implicit
andtheatres.
tothe
from
theappreciation
ofprivate
landvalues.8
is
a
of
the
As
a
focused
to
result,
study critique
city
attempted subsumethe
existing
Wagner
notonitspurposebutinhowsuchpurposehad
of
the
intoa predefined
individuality building
notbeenanswered
an
This
by adequateproject.
planning
principle. approachhadalready
ForHilberseimer
thenewcity- theGroszstadt beenanticipated
byWagner's
planforgreater
- requires
in
anoverall
economic
Vienna
and
which
anunlimited
structural,
1893,
proposed
that
the
scale
of
of
the
the
fuelled
the
spatialplan
expansion
goesbeyond
city
by concentratraditional
For
this
tion
he
of
This
wastobe divided
Groszstadt
reason,
city.
placesgreat
capital.
oftheindividual byradialroadsintodistinct
each
districts,
emphasisonboththeproblem
cell(orroomorapartment)
andontraffic
between
100,000and150,000
containing
sinceitisprecisely
inhabitants.
these
Residential
andpublicfacilities
circulation,
bylinking
twoextreme
scalesthatitbecomespossible
weredistributed
witha
uniformly
throughout
todefine
thestrategic
scaleoftheurbanproject. generic
theeffect
ofwhichwasthat
gridiron;
AboveallHilberseimer
itscentral
monumental
axis,this
arguedthatthe
apartfrom
wastheproduct
Groszstadt
ofeconomic
wasreadonlyas aninfinite
Groszstadt
carpetof
andthenatural
of
urbanisation
formed
development
consequence
byanonymous
buildings,
- ananonymity
modern
themodern
blocksandstreets
ofurbanform
industry.
Accordingly,
wasfundamentally
from
madeexplicit
different
metropolis
bytheeconomicandmanagerial
thetraditional
whichhadneverexperienced condition
ofthecity.
Schmitt'
s
city,
Anticipating
industrial
onsucha massiveand
aboutthepossibility
ofrepresenting
production
scepticism
scale.Whatisinteresting
aneconomicprocess,
aboutthis
seemsto
totalising
Wagner
claimisthatinmaking
itHilberseimer
broke
that
the
of
urban
economics
suggest
impact
withthetradition
ofurbantheorists
likeJoseph reducesthecitytoa non-descript
placeof

humanassociation
wherethesoledesign
are
to
circulation
and
principles
managetraffic
structure
financial
investment.
Thisapproachisbestillustrated
bythe
for
for
If
the
Vienna.
s
plan
renderings
Wagner'
mostrenowned
have
the
reputation
buildings
ofbeingtours
ofdecoration,
thenhis
deforce
incontrast
is stripped
bareand
Groszstadt
initsutmost
revealed
use-value
dimension.
Inparticular,
onecanseehowtheoverall
plan
isrendered
a graphic
minimalism
that
through
reducesthecityform
toa radialcirculation
overthetopography
ofits
system
superimposed
site.Another
a bird's-eye
striking
imagefeatures
ofthenewcentral
perspective
parkinwhat
wasimagined
as Vienna's22nddistrict.
Inthis
thecityappearsas a vastfieldof
drawing
urbanisation
madeupoftheendlessrepetition
ofgeneric
ForWagner,
a fundamental
buildings.
attribute
oftheGroszstadt
hadtoembrace
thesocialanonymity
ofitsenvironment,
best
an
architectural
and
urban
form
expressed
by
madeofstraight
lines,purevolumesand
elemental
compositions.
thebestindividual
of
Ironically,
exemplar
was
later
to
be
found
in
Groszstadt
Wagner's
a building
critic
ofWagner's
bya fierce
designed
over-decorated
the
Villa
Moller
(1927-28)
style:
Hilberseimer
Loos,anarchitect
byAdolf
hugely
admired.
Loos'houseisdefined
bytheoppositionbetween
itsricharticulated
interior
andthe
radicalsimplicity
ofitsexterior.
Thebuilding's
facadeseemstoconfirm
ideaofthe
Wagner's
whileitsroomscreatetheillusionof
Groszstadt
a morearticulated
andpersonalised
space:
theRaumplan.
Itwasthesimplicity
oftheVilla
Moller'soutward
thatresonated
appearance
mostpowerfully
withHilberseimer's
elementaristarchitecture;
itsmutevolumesoffered
as
themostappropriate
mirrored
reflection
ofthe
urbananonymity
thatsurrounded
it.Hilberseimer's
to
its
would
have
onlychange
design
beentohaveerasedanyopposition,
sothatits
interior
of
spoketothesame,resigned
feelings
as
its
external
form
and
silhouette.
placelessness
ForbothWagner
andHilberseimer,
then,
themodern
is
the
outcomeoftheconcentracity
tionofcapitalandthescientific
andtechnical
innovations
thistriggers.
Theinternational
natureofcapital(bythistime,already
defined
by
meansthatthemodern
Marx),
cityisalsosubject
toglobalising
oras Hilberseimer
influences,
put
ofthecapitalistic
it,'Thebigcityistheproduct
a symbol
ofitsanonymity,
an
omnipotence,
urbantypewhosesocial,economicandpsychothe
logicalcharacteristics
givetoitsinhabitants
mostradicalsocialproximity,
andgreater
isolation.
thatislocalandindividual
Everything
isoverwhelmed
and
bythecity's
vertiginous
frantic
Interms
oftheirmain
development.
characteristics,
bigcitieslocatedindifferent
eachother.'9
This
partsoftheworldresemble
or
forms
the
main
sameness, generic
quality,

AAFILES63

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suchas a newspaper
art
pointforHilberseimer's
metropolis
production,
,forwhichheactedas resident
starting
headquarters, Monatshefte
inthelastchapter
ideaspresented
ofGroszstadt butfornowitisimportant
tonotehowthesame
unlike
was
never
critic,
Hilberseimer, Mies,
Architektur
hadalready
been
totheelevation
canbefoundinother shyinaligning
hisworkas anarchitect
tothe
; whichitself
approach
a fewyears
earlier
inthe
suchas a proposal
of
the
German
Social
Democratic
published
separately
projects
byHilberseimer,
politics
Party.
ofa smallpamphlet
form
titledGrossstadtbaut- fora Boarding
House(1922)andtheFabrikbau Foundedinthe1870s,thespd'sgreatinnovation
en.InthissmallbookHilberseimer
stated
thatcombines
wastoimposethediscipline
ofa massparty
on
(1926),a mixed-use
building
thattherearethreefundamental
fieldsinwhich housingandcommercial
whatwerethenrelatively
unionsand
spacesina single
dispersed
toadvancethearchitecture
ofthemodern
block.Theonlysurviving
intheprocessgaining
city:
societies,
planoftheFabrikbau industrial
commerce
andthefactory.
For
a squarecomprised
offourdetached
class.
housing,
presents
powerfortheGerman
bargaining
working
Hilberseimer
allthreetypes
werecrucially
slabsofvarying
Whiletheseheight
Thisstrategy
waspossiblelargely
becauseit
heights.
enabledbytheplan,withtheindividual
maximise
theinsulation
ofthe
inparallel
withtheincreased
scale
building differences
emerged
volumeandtheform
ofitselevation
conceived
theuniformity
ofbothplanandfacade ofworkers'
movements
andoppositional
building,
as a direct
oftheplan- thatis,
doesnotreflect
thediversity
oftheprogramme
theauthority
ofBismarck's
consequence
groups,
challenging
forms
andfacadesareextrusions.
a concealment
madeevenmorestriking
Inspiteofthereputation
and
Anyother
by
imperialism.
formal
isforHilberseimer
Hilberseimer's
usenotonlyofthesame
militaristic
ambitions
oftheMachstaat,
manipulation
redundant.
Asa result,
thevolumesareconsist- construction
forproduction
Bismarck's
unified
German
was
techniques
spaces
newly
empire
cubic
and
andtheirsurfaces
are andresidential
a 'republic
elemental,
ently
Naumann,
spaces,butalsothesameforms. inthewordsofFriedrich
covered
withopenings,
sothatrather
than Onecouldarguethatthisindifference
ofform
Anditwasprecisely
this
founded
onlabour'.11
evenly
on
the
the
windows
it
towards
what
contains
is
the
outcome
of
foundational
the
once
mobilised
the
facades,
class,
being'negatives'
through
a uniform
that
constitute
reinforces
of
the
in
SPD
which
we
have
into
a
the
one
of
its
kind
(as
pattern
very
logic
typical
plan,
political
party only
thebuilding's
Here
as fixed
inEuropeatthetime- thatsoondeveloped
the
seen)architecture
appearance.
generic
capitalisdeployed
isappropriating
inordertoharnessandorganise
Hilberseimer
thespatiallogic
inthemost
clouttoinfluence
statepolicy
ontheorganisa- a logicstrictly
ofindustrial
deterrational
tionoflabour.Thispolitical
for
buildings
waytheworker's
capacity
generic
pressure
quickly
minedbytheplan- andapplying
ittoa domestic production.
Thisindifference
towards
forced
a dramatic
ofGermany's
development
living
YetlikeMies,heneveractually
andworking,
andthetransfer
ofthespatialand
industrial
sectorintheperiodimmediately
typology.
a
ultimate
manifestation
formal
framework
of
the
to
office
the
oftheSecond
(the
designed factory
factory
space
following 1871proclamation
he
In
ofthetypical
Instead
focused
his
and
also
seems
to
the
increasReich.
the
of
a
few
decades
the
Berlin,
plan).
parallel
space
housing,
on
and
of
new
industrialisation
white-collar
work.
of
this
was
also
Reich,
transformed,
exclusively housing
designspeculations
capital
ing
Ifmaterial
thearchitecture
offitsprevious
incarnation
as a Prussian
offices,
effectively
extending
production
impliedtheisolation
casting
from
ofproduction
thefactory,
as theplace
offactory
facilities
from
otherzonesofthecity, garrison
towntobecomeanadvanced
global
totheentire
ofmaterial
immaterial
citieslikeLondonand
production,
cityseen
production
impliedthecombinametropolis,
alongside
ofcapitalist
inthesameplace.
as thetotality
tionofliving
andworking
NewYork.Muchofthisgrowth
wasbasedonthe
production.
Inthisregard,
oneofthemoststriking
Hilberseimer's
thusmadeexplicit
ofBerlin's
orservice
sector,
project
development
tertiary
in
illustrated
a condition
inwhichlabourlosesitsspecific
withthetransition
from
theWilhelmine
byHilberseimer
projects
period
Grossstadtbauten
ishiscompetition
forthe attributes
andbecomesgeneric
on
toWeimar
Berlinseeingtheemergence
of
entry
bytaking
Tribune
Tower.
Thiscompetition
canbe
a wholenewtypeofindustrial
the
worker,
Chicago
anyaspectofthecity.
a turning
considered
tomaterial
theforerunner
Moreover,
,or'brain-worker',
pointinthearchitecture
compared
production, Kopfarbeiter
ofthehigh-rise,
moment
when
wherethechoreography
oftheassembly
line
ofthecontemporary
signifyingthe
knowledge-worker.12
itceasedtobeapproached
as anadaptation
dictates
a predictable
inthepolitical
ofspaceand
theState
occupation
Deployed
party,
ofmonumental
andwasrecognised reduces
workers
tosilentcontrollers,
bureaucratic
immatetheprivate
precedents
apparatus,
corporation
insteadas a newtypeonitsown,andonethat
rialproduction
createsanincreasingly
flexible andthenascent'cultural'
these
industry,
itsowndistinctive
The
ofhumanassociation
andexchange.
brain-workers
becamea keyassetofthe
required
organisation.
pattern
brief
hadcalledfora headquarters
Confronted
withthismoreopenworkplace
advanced
Anditwasprecisely
building
political
economy.
thatwasefficient
andatthesametimeiconic.
in
which
the
of
this
the
ofintellecscenario,
predictability
professionalisation
increasing
of
the
entries
machine
is
with
the
tual
life
that
led
like
Martin
many
Accordingly,
resulting
replaced
unpredictability
philosophers
theuniqueness
oftheirproposals, ofhumanbehaviour,
thearchitectural
tobeso radically
aboutthe
emphasised
apparatus Heidegger
sceptical
butHilberseimer's
submitted
retroto
harness
must
necessarnature
of
the
no
the
design
deployed
production
very
publicsphere longer
after
the
deadline
strive
towards
a
zero
of
formal
and
autonomous
arena
of
discussion
and
spectively,
competition
ily
degree
political
addressed
thebrief
as therigorous
Theoretical
such
butrather,
morefundamentally,
confrontation,
application spatialarticulation.
projects
ofthearchitecture
ofthetypical
as
Hilberseimer's
Tribune
Tower
a
of
or
So
intellectual
plan.
functions,
Chicago
space production.
Ifthetypical
thestapleof
Fabrikbau
andMiesvanderRohe'soffice
onceembodiedinthesolitary
andeconomically
planwasalready
whatmade
of1923addressprecisely
thisdefacto
disinterested
becamewithwhitemanyAmerican
individual,
high-rise
buildings,
building
Hilberseimer's
novelwasthattheelevation industrialisation
ofwhite-collar
workandthe
another
ofthe
collarwork,
entry
merely
segment
alsoreflected
theuniformity
oftheplan.Indeed, consequent
ofthewholecity,
with
industrial
because
ofthe
However,
integration
system.
wage
thecorrespondence
between
theplanand
itsprogrammes
ofliving,
commerce
andproduc- lackoftraditional
attributes
ofclassrepresentatheelevation
oftheChicago
Tribune
seems
tioninGermany
atthattime,theeconomic
tion,intothesamegeneric
system.
- Albert
todevelopfrom
a precedent
Kahn's
Butbefore
theimplications
ofthis conditions
oftheKopfarbeiter
wereactually
analysing
ParkFactory
inDetroit
scenarioitisimportant
tonotethatHilberinferior
tothoseoftheFacharbeiter
orskilled
(1908)Highland
inHilberseimer's
bookontheuseof
seimer's
commitment
toa single,
Nonetheless,
analysed
typical
bythe1920s,theKopfarbedesign worker.
Wewillconsider system,
BetonalsGestalter.10
andeventoarchitecture
andurban
iterhadbecomethecentral
in
concrete,
component
latertheimplications
ofHilberseimer's
as a whole,wasalways
theorganisation
oflabourinBerlin.
coloured
AsSergio
planning
byhis
translation
ofanarchitecture
formaterial
Afrequent
oftheprevalence
contributor
political
allegiances.
Bolognahasnoted,a register
into
an
architecture
forimmaterial tothesocialdemocratic
theWeimar
Socialistische ofthisnewurbanworker
production
during
monthly
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Berlin
Hilberseimer,
Development
Project,
Ludwig
District:
Office
andCommercial
Friedrichstadt
1928
Buildings,
ofChicago
TheArt
Institute

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Hilberseimer,
Ludwig
Tribune
1922
Chicago
competition
entry,
Ryerson
&Burnham
Archives,
theArt
Institute
ofChicago

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were
bythefactthatthere
periodisillustrated
inBerlin,
some20dailynewspapers
indicating
whoseworkers
a substantial
industry
publishing
writers
wereinlargepartjournalists,
editors,
ofthislabour
Thetransformation
anddesigners.
alterclassstructures
wouldsignificantly
force
in1920sBerlin,
inGermany
and,especially
movements
wouldbringhometoworking-class
suchas thetradesunionsandthespdtherising
ormiddle-class
oftheMittelstand
importance
of
ofthepolitical
as a keycomponent
struggles
Weimar
Germany.
itisagainstthis
toHilberseimer,
Returning
his
thatwehavetoconsider
backdrop
political
the
theoretical
twomostimportant
projects,
orHigh-Rise
Hochhausstadt
City(1925)andthe
zurCity-Bebauung{
1928),a proposal
Vorschlag
andcommerofa tertiary
forthedevelopment
Hilberinthecentre
ofBerlin.
cialdistrict
in
forthecity,
seimer'
s first
published
projects
such
had
focused
on
common
1919,
typologies
market
and
as theurbanvilla,theatre,
station,
Allarecharacterised
an
elementatownhall.13
by
thatseemstoputintopractice
ristcomposition
onart,andspecifically
histheoretical
writings
hadto
thethesisthatanyideaorintention
inthesimplest,
mostdirect
beexpressed
way
ofthe
possibleso as toavoidthedistortions
reveals
itspotential
creative
process.Here,form
oftheindustrialised
toaddressthereality
world,
islessandless
toHilberseimer
whichaccording
of
availabletothevalue-free
manipulations
ofform
isthus
thecreative
genius.Simplicity
nota retreat
from
but
forHilberseimer
reality,
themostrealistic
meanstoapproach
rather
ofthecity
whosesocial,political
thecomplexity
eludethepretensions
andeconomicforms
ofunrestricted
creativity.
inthe
Thisattitude
isespecially
apparent
and
inGrossstadtbauten
projects
presented
aboveallinhisdesignfora Trabantenstadt
,
HilberorSatellite
of1925,whichreveals
City,
as anattempt
seimer'
s approachtocityplanning
the
tofindanoverall
between
relationship
the
of
the
and
system
planning
large-scale
architectural
unitorhousingblock.Theanswer
forHilberseimer
wastheZeilenbau
orterraced
the
an
overall
within
block, defining
typology
that
further
the
decentralcityplan
developed
Howardand
isedideasofnotjustEbenezer
UnwinbutalsoErnstMay.Thetwo
Raymond
consistofthin
longsidesoftheZeilenbau
mid-rise
slabsoriented
north-south
tooptimise
intheliving
spaces,whilethetwoshort
daylight
thecommercial
sides,containing
facilities,
arearranged
streets
and
alongtheeast-west
arelow-rise
tokeeptheblockopen.Theresult
isa muchmorecompacttownform
thaneither
theEnglish
gardencitiesortheplanned
medieval
inFrance,
cities,suchas Montpazier
thatHilberseimer
wouldlaterstudy
(andthat
Pommer
hasproposedas a direct
Richard
An
aspectoftheblock
precedent).14interesting

thatinorder
bothwiththe
believed
iscoherent
ofhislife,Hilberseimer
designisthatitsform
thatresults todefine
theproject
forthemodern
form
ofthetown- a rectangle
overall
metropolis,
ofthecity
thereality
oftheblock
onehadfirst
toabstract
from
thesimplemultiplication
- andwiththelogicoftheinterior
whichitwouldthen
ofthe
from
toa setofproblems,
andurban
thelinearconfigura- bepossibletodefine
architectural
residential
units.Following
HilberHence
abstraction
is
for
tionofthethinslabs,thevariousroomsof
principles.
to
ina linearway.
anattempt
aredistributed
seimernota priori
theapartments
,butrather
ofthemanifold
Hilberseimer
a smallatrium,
reachanoverall
understanding
Byintroducing
a classictoposofthetraditional
ofthemetropolis.
alsoremoves
reality
- thecorridor.
ofHilberseimer's
Thesetwodevices
Themostfamousproject
apartment
theSatellite
inwhichthe
German
flexible
createa highly
apartment
periodwasnot,however,
theHigh-Rise
butitssuccessor,
roomscanpotentially
different
Cityfor
mergeinto
City,
- a project
isbuiltin,
thatcanbe
onemillioninhabitants
spaces.Muchofthefurniture
larger
of
hotel seenas bothanevolution
andcontradiction
thatwasinspired
a technique
byAmerican
Itisanevolution
ofitsforerunner.
roomsandthecabinsoftransatlantic
shipping thepremises
radicalises
theintegrative
liners.Thebedrooms,
becauseitfurther
,arealso
Schlafkabine
scales
arejustlarge
onthetwoextreme
likea ship'scabininthatthey
approach,
focusing
urban
ofthecity- thesinglecellandtheoverall
enoughtosleepin.
becauseitis
thedesignoftheseExistenzmini- plan.Anditisa contradiction
Through
ofthehorizontal
mumbedrooms
andwallsthatincorporated
formulated
as a critique
underof
it
is
clear
that
Hilberseimer
of
the
furniture,
cityand,moresignificantly,
expansion
zonesforworking
stoodtheinhabitants
ofhiscityas nomads,
itsseparation
intotwodistinct
andable
inGroszstadt
Architektur
andliving.
Published
unencumbered
possessions
byheavy
their
worktookthem.The
outofthe
in1924,theHigh-Rise
tomovewherever
Citydevelops
butwith
therefore
not
so
much
a
of
the
Satellite
domestic
was
Zeilenbau
City,
space
typology
to
inhabit
for
that
and
to
dwell
as
a
the
vital
difference
space
space
place simply
living working
and
within
eachblock.Offices
a while,likea hotelroom.Attheotherendofthe areintegrated
thesatellite
onthelowerlevel,in
scale,Hilberseimer
city
imagined
shopsarecontained
rise
ofresidential
units- a cityofhousing a five-storey
while
theapartments
as a system
plinth,
- surrounding
thecityofwork
in15-storey
abovethem,
slabs.Thisinitial
{Wohnstadt)
wouldbe
forfactories,
which
schememakesnoprovision
Arbeitsstadt
). Thewholesystem
lines- thecityas organic
thatHilberseimer
sawlabour
connected
seemstoconfirm
byrailway
and inthemetropolis
thearchitectural
as increasingly
Grosssiedlung.
tertiary,
Juxtaposing
solutions
ofhisproposal,
Hilberofservices
rather
than
theplanning
theproduction
involving
whatwouldbethecornerseimerformulates
post-zoning,
goods.Asourcontemporary
theseare
theproject
ofthecity
stoneofhisapproach:
demonstrates,
post-Fordist
metropolis
thedesignofthetwooppositescalesof
oflabourthatallowthe
theonlyconditions
requires
unitandthegeneralurban
theindividual
ofworking
andliving
living
spacesinthe
integration
- thearchitectural
sameplace.ThusHilberseimer's
plan.Thebuilding
objectCity
High-Rise
isthussubordinate
urbanplantobebasedona service
to,ifnotsubsumed
by,these wasthefirst
onthe
whichwasprecisely
theeconomy
that
scales,withitsform
strictly
dependent
economy,
themicroandmacro-forms
of
rulesgoverning
wasemerging
inBerlinatthattime.
thecity.
Yetwhatisnewandexceptional
about
inGroszstadt
hisproject
Describing
is
that
it
does
not
thisintegrative
a contrast
with
Architektur
Hilberseimer
draws
,
imply
approach
as wascommonin
thetotaldesignofthecity,
ownCityforThreeMillion
LeCorbusier's
Whilehepraises
urbanplanning.
Inhabitants
(1922).15
turn-of-the-century
LeCorbusier's
intention
tooffer
anabstract,
Insteadofdetailedplans,Hilberseimer
model
for
the
rather
thanjust
alsopresents
a
few
city,
only
general
strategic
drawings.
ad-hocsolutions,
hecriticises
therationale
What'smore,thesedrawings
areassumedto
toHilbertheplan.According
andthusliabletomodification underpinning
beabstractions
LeCorbusier's
whenappliedtoa specific
ForHilberseimer,
proposaltoincrease
project.
inthecitycentre
while
thepopulation
thisabstraction
oftheplanisnota
seimer,
density
a vastopenground
withdrawal
from
thechaosofthemetropolis,
simultaneously
maintaining
- the
towers
butrather
theonlypossiblemeanstoaddress
planeas thebaseforhigh-rise
Cartesian
wasbasedon
ofitsproblems,
theextent
whosevastness
eludes so-called
skyscrapers
falseassumptions,
as itcollapsedtogether
the
thescaleofthetraditional
forms
ofthecityareas
densities
ofworking
areasandresidential
theindividual
the
block,theneighbourhood,
a strict
ofthetwo.
ina number
district.
ofhiswritings, whileproposing
separation
Apparent
wasanimbalanced
Theresult
from
boththeGerman
andAmerican
spatialorganisaperiods
tionthatfailedtoaddresswhatHilberseimer
Hilberseimer,
City,
Overleaf:
Ludwig
High-Rise
sawas thefundamental
issueofthecontempoview
north-south,
1924
perspective
looking
If
circulation
andmobility.
rary
metropolis:
&Burnham
Ryerson
Archives,
in
Le
Corbusier's
is
still
effect
a
theArt
Institute
ofChicago
city
composition

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

/';-=09

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the
likehistexts,
iscrucialforunderstanding
functional
zonesand
distributive
ofdifferent
zoninganddiverse
citydistricts,
Accordingly,
of
his
work.
because
the
inhabitants
of
then
Hilberseimer's
is
different
meaning
design
disappear
typologies
typologies,
Buthowexactly
didHilberseimer's
architecthe
a system
thatovercomes
theHigh-Rise
Citylive,workandmoveeveryfundamentally
tural
In
the
Weimar
two
ideal
aesthetic
and
functions
and
where.
As
a
of
of
zones
develop?
years
comparative
analysis
separation
organises
onecantracehisinfluences
hisrolein
condition.
onecanseethatinLeCorbusier's
thecityas anoverall
cities,
through
isotropic
Thereis,however,
anevenmoreradical
hierarchical
scene,writing
CityforThreeMillionprogrammaticBerlin's
flourishing
publishing
forDerEinzige,
Feuer
between
Hilberseimer's
andLe
isattained
alterna- onartandarchitecture
difference
bymeansofformal
diversity
inHilberseimer's
andDasKunstblattallcharacterised
ofthecity,
which
whereas
Corbusier's
tives,
City
conceptions
High-Rise
writings
of
concerns
thevery
ofurbanform itisaddressed
alltheelements
bytheiridealismandtheobviousinfluence
byassembling
understanding
- domestic
- as wellas,mostsignifiInhis
Friedrich
Nietzsche
witharchitecture.
ofthecity
anditsrelationship
space,roads,
space,office
theavant-garde
seemstoarrange
lines,etc- intoonegridded
composition cantly,
journalGandthespd
proposalLeCorbusier
railway
where
different
tothefigures thatcanberepeated
ad infinitum.
Formisno
Sozialistische
types
periodical
Monatshefte,
building
according
forexample,
thespace
hewascolumnist
from
ofclassicalarchitecture:
seenas representation
butas process,
1920to1933.Asthese
longer
notas
theCartesian
evokesthe
ofanyfigurative
orindividualistic
articles
makeclear,hesawartcriticism
between
skyscrapers
stripped
butas partofa larger
ofthetypical
Parisian
classicist
inordertoperform
inthemostrational, anendinitself
square; features,
project
spatiality
artas a vehicleforsocialand
blocksmimicthelayout
of
toitsreproduc- whichunderstood
thelong,set-back
uniform
way.Thecityisreduced
Atfirst
thePalaceofVersailles;
theImmeuble
Villa
tiveconditions.
Itsimagemayseemfrighteningly
political
emancipation.
glance,
Hilberseimer's
choiceoftopicsseemsquite
thecommunitarian
form
ofthe
butitalsoappearstobeserene,
monolithic,
reinterprets
from
theexpressionist
art
andtheform
ofthemaintrain
becauseithaseliminated
eclectic,
anyformal
anxiety
ranging
abbeycloister;
of
Max
Pechstein
to
Paul
from
the
of
a
andairterminal
atthecitycentre
theradicaldeployment generic
Klee,
baroque
type.
suggests
through
waspublished
first
TheHigh-Rise
toDada,from
classicism
outlineofMichelangelo's
City
twentieth-century
planforStPeter'sin
inGrossstadtbauten
in1925andagaina year
Yettogether
tracenot
uses
toconstructivism.
LeCorbusier
Rome.16
Moreover,
they
clearly
in
the
G
elementare
a
clear
within
the
from
the
later
diverse
arts,butalso
journal Zeitschrift
fr
only
position
moving
building
typologies,
Intheseearly
'aesthetic
thatseemsto
inthecentre
an
monumental
tothemoresuburban Gestaltung.17
publications,
project'
emerging
usestheHigh-Rise
as
and
motivate
the'style'
of
whereasHilberseimer
usesonly Hilberseimer
attheperiphery,
City
implicitly
support
to
a
of
his
architectural
onebuilding
a
of
blocks
and
slabs
approaches
critique contemporary
language.
type hybrid
inGrossstadtbauten Asmuchas thesubjectsofhisarticles,
Forexample,
inwhichallcivicactivities,
from
to
production
city-planning.
introduced
as a riposte
isalsodistintheproject
isbriefly
Hilberseimer's
artcriticism
tocommerce,
aresuperimposed
rather
living
ofsatellite
townsandthe
the
avoidance
ofany
locations.
Thustheform tothephenomena
thanzonedindifferent
guishedby apparent
horizontal
of
the
he
maintains
a
from
therepetition
ofa single unlimited
ofthecityemerges
expansion
city.
position
polemic.
Though
strong
in
avantWhileinGtheHigh-Rise
thatalignshimwiththecontemporary
element
ortype,
andreflects
thelogicofthe
Cityismentioned
anexhibition
ofAmerican garde,heisconsistently
andreflective,
anarticle
mostconventional
analytical
possible- thatof
criticising
geometry
inBerlin:
Hilberseimer rather
orcelebratory.
Itisalso
thandismissive
oftheHigh-Rise architecture
thegrid.Thecirculation
organised
system
withthewaythe
hiswritings
onartthatonecanbegin
inalldirections wantstodrawa contrast
extended
then,isuniformly
City,
through
utilitarian
raisond'tre
ofmuchAmerican
tounderstand
hisideasaboutarchitecture.
oftraintracks,
metro
bythesuperimposition
that
into
architecture
isconcealedwithin
'FormundIndividuum'
roadsandpedestrian
streets
(FormandIndividual),
lines,trams,
buildings
inthestyle
in1919,spellsouthis
ordesigned
of
inDerEinzige
a kindoftartan
ForHilberseimer,
areover-decorated
pattern.
published
ThustheHigh-Rise
nolongerseemsto
traditional
architectures.
onthepotential
ofartto
diversification
keyideas,focusing
typological
theEuropean becomeaninstrument
ofsynthesis
ableto
beanissue.
Cityisnotonlya meanstocounter
In
TheslabsoftheHigh-Rise
trendtoexpandcitiesbydecentralising
thegeneral
character
ofsociety.19
Cityareactually
express
oftheZeilenbau
thatHilberseimer
ordertodefine
thisgeneral
Hilbera radicaldevelopment
areas(a trend
character,
typology residential
usedintheplanfortheSatellite
himself
hadfollowed
inhisSatellite
ofthe
already
City.
Cityproject seimerusedAloisRiegl'scategory
in1924),butalsoanattempt
toun-mask
thevery Kunstwollen
whichindicated
the
(WilltoArt),
Here,thehotelisadoptedas a modelfor
moment
a
choice
that
seems
to
from
his
abstract
ethos
of
the
This
second
a
develop
city.
housing,
generalimpulsedrivingparticular
generic,
fora Boarding
House(1926),a high-rise attempt
notso muchin
ofartistic
Suchimpulses,
isclearly
articulated,
production.
project
according
residential
on
a
containas
in
the
to
are
thatis,they
Hilberseimer's
text,
placed plinth
developin
building
very
peculiarstyle
Riegl, contingent,
- the
facilities.
a specific
historical
butareindependent
ofhisdrawings.
Theseareneither
futuristic,
period,
ingcommunal
'Boarding'
of
and
rooms
rather
for
from
or
concerns.
like
Sant'Elia's
his
Citt
mimetic
Nuova,
possibilityrenting sharing
technological
drawings
- isinterpreted
thanapartments
Hilberseimer
in
of
Taut's
Kunstwollen
thediffernor
the
mould
Bruno
transcends
by
Utopian,
Alpine Moreover,
as anemerging
characteristic
ofthemodern
Architektur.
almost
ences
between
the
arts
and
manifests
itself
as
Harsh,dry,
dystopian,
in
which
the
extreme
of
Hilberseimer's
of
and
the
two
the
of
artistic
For
metropolis,
mobility
style drawing
totality
activity. Hilberseimer,
workers
callsforincreasingly
flexible
famoussingle-point
ofthe
a category
forreading
then,itisnotsimply
art,
perspectives
living
conditions.
IntheHigh-Rise
these
condiin
but
and
above
for
has
been
both
a
also,
all,
City
City particular
concept producing
High-Rise
tospecialbuildings
tionsarenotconfined
but
a sourceoffascination
andthemajortrigger
for artinwhichthegeneralisprioritised
overthe
aredeveloped
as a massphenomenon
ofthe
hisentire
oeuvre.
Forthisreason
expression.
rejecting
Notwithstanding cultofindividual
entire
Thehotel-like
oftheslabs,with Hilberseimer's
laterdismissal
oftheHigh-Rise Hilberseimer
advocates
anartistic
(and
city.
layout
theircorridors
flanked
makesclearthe City,
whichinhindsight
seemedtohim'more
reduced
tothevery
architectural)
byrooms,
language
intention
togobeyond
theapartment
andto
a necropolis
thana metropolis',18
onecould
essenceofitsmaterial
constitution.
Onlyby
think
ofthecityproject
as starting
from
themost arguethatthepeculiarstyle
ofthesedrawings, reaching
thiszerodegreeisitabletorepresent
theconditions
datum:theindividual
cell.Another
andconfront
ofitsage.
generic
Previous
: Ludwig
Hilberseimer,
City,
High-Rise
In
crucialaspectisthatwiththeexception
ofthe
this
it
is
tonotethat
regard
interesting
view
east-west,
1924
perspective
looking
reference
for
Hilberanother
fundamental
does
planoftheblock,Hilberseimer
general
&Burnham
Ryerson
Archives,
artcriticism
istheNietzschean
seimer's
notspecify
theplanoftheworking
theArt
Institute
ofChicago
spaces.
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andApollonian
distinction
between
Dyonisian
culture.
TheDionysian
as discussedby
principle,
inTheBirth
Nietzsche
and
ofTragedy, representedintheprimitive
form
ofGreektragedy,
is
embodiedbythecollective
andanonymous
voiceofthechorus,
whiletheclassicApollonian
is
characters.
propelled
byindividual
tragedy
Itisthusfrom
Nietzsche
thatHilberseimer
elaborates
theconceptofa generic,
anonymous
form
as aprimitive
withthenecessary
force
form,
toconfront
itsmoment
inhistory
andrevealits
material
andspiritual
dimensions.
Kunstwollen
,
inart,aretherefore
andtheideaoftheprimitive
forHilberseimer
fundamental
for
categories
thegeneric
ethosofindustrialisation
framing
anditsconsequences.
Fromthepointofview
ofHilberseimer'
s aesthetic
thegeneric
project,
isthustransformed
from
a bio-political
- thematerial
andimmaterial
form
apparatus
ofthecapitalist
driven
of
city
bytheforces
- toa cultural
andprofit
production
speculation
ethosinwhichtheforces
ofindustrialisation
aretamedandreformed
as a possibleproject
forthesocialdemocratic
city.
Hilberseimer's
arthistorical
andphilosophicalreferences
tosocialdemocracy
inRiegland
Nietzsche
alsoseemtochimewithitspolitical
manifestation
inGermany
atthattime,andin
withtherevisionist
thesisofEduard
particular
whichstatesthatthepolitical
isanact
Bernstein,
ofmediation
between
twoirreducible
poles:the
ofnecessity
of
conditions
(ie,the'natural'
reality
andtherealmofduty
(ie,thecollective
economy)
willtosocialism).20
Thereisaninteresting
herebetween
correspondence
Riegl'sconcept
ofKunstwollen,
willtoartindeas a collective
from
material
causes,andtheSocial
pendent
Democratic
beliefina willtosocialismindefrom
thematerial
conditions
ofthe
pendent
In
both
casestheagency
ofwillstands
economy.
- necesindirect
relation
toitsmaterial
context
without
overcome
it.
This
line
sity
being
by
ofreasoning
allowsHilberseimer
togather
clues
from
at
times
even
artistic
different,
conflicting,
towards
a unified
sources,
working
project.
Forexample,
as anartcritic
hepraisedboth
theabstract
filmic
s
languageofHansRichter'
21
and
the
classicism
of
artists
Rhythmus
within
theItalianValori
Plastici
gathered
suchas Giorgio
De Chirico,
Carlo
movement,
CarrandGiorgio
whosereturn
Morandi,
tomoredetached
andarchaicforms
provided
a counterpoint
totheFuturists'
one-sided
celebration
ofthemechanical
worldandtheir
value-free
also
apparent
playofforms
present
inCubism.21
Hilberseimer
sawintheneo-classicismofDe Chirico
anunprecedented
mixof
Renaissance
andreferarchaisms,
figuration
encestothecontemporary
urbanlandscape.
headmired
thesatirical
of
Similarly,
paintings
wheretheprimitive
andthearchaic
GeorgGrosz,
arecompletely
reinvented
within
theaggressive
of
the
For
setting
contemporary
metropolis.

theuseofperspective
Hilberseimer,
by
De Chirico,
CarrandGroszalsoappearedto
accentuate
thestrangeness
ofmodern
objects
rather
thanbringthemtoa fabricated
unity.
Insteadofstabilising
theexperience
ofthe
theuseofperspective
inducesa sense
viewer,
thevertigo,
withinfinite
runsofbuildings
andobjects.Itseemsclear,then,thattheuse
inHilberseimer's
ofperspective
is
drawings
indebted
tothesepainters,
whose
profoundly
workissuspended
between
abstraction
and
between
caricature
andrealism.
figuration,
AtthesametimewhatHilberseimer
intheworkofDe Chirico
and
emphasises
Carristhesearchfora commonandgeneral
individual
expression.
languagetranscending
Thisleadshim,ina review
written
intheearly
in
1920s,tolinktheneo-classicist
tendency
withanother
movement
thatcould
painting
beconsidered
itsopposite:
constructivism,22
reason
of
the
between
its
by
correspondence
artistic
methods
andthecollective
nature
of
work.Onceagain,Hilberseimer
industrial
is
the
of
in
an
artistic
movement
using example
ordertohighlight
thesearchfora common
theproblem
languagethatwouldgobeyond
ofindividual
Rather
thantakea
expression.
in
terms
of
artistic
heprefers
position
style,
toextrapolate
from
a
anyproposal potential
contribution
tohisquestofanimpersonal
thatwouldnotconfine
itself
approachtoform
toartistic
movements
butwouldinsteadreflect
a growing
awareness
oftheethosofanincreasindustrialised
andgeneric
world.
ingly
Sucha position
isevident
inHilberseimer's
critical
of
film,
appraisalofDadaandofabstract
whichhewasoneoftheearliest
as
advocates,
Edward
hasnoted.23
WhatHilberDimendberg
seimerappreciated
inRichter's
andViking
inparticular,
wastheattempt
films,
Eggeling's
toreducefilmic
toanelemental
experience
languagedevoidofanynaturalistic
ormimetic
connotations.
tohim,
According
thislanguage
wouldintensify
theexperience
of
the
of
polarity counter-posingsimplegeomet- as theultimate
ricalforms
basisofhuman
the
perception,
establishing processbywhich
theindividual
couldcreatea possibleunity
of
form
outofa multiplicity
ofsensations.
Sucha
remark
isimportant
becauseitexplains
how
inHilberseimer's
isnot
approachtoform,
unity
proposedas ana priori
goalbutas theoutcome
ofanextremely
differentiated
sustained
context,
Thus
onlybythegeneralandthetypical.
Hilberseimer's
useofextremely
rigorous
forms
addressesprecisely
theintense
simplified
ofthemetropolitan
multiplicity
experience.
Thisisevident
inhismostimportant
for
project
zurCity-Bebauung,
Berlin,
1930,which
Vorschlag
ofthecitycentre.
In
proposeda restructuring
contrast
totheHigh-Rise
thisnewintervenCity,
tiondoesnotaddresshousingbutcontains
only
andcommercial
tertiary
space.Itsitstightly

within
thegridiron
ofBerlinFriedrichstadt,
butoverturns
thelogicofitsclosedblockforms,
insteadthesameZeilenbau
type
proposing
foundinthesatellite
Trabantenstadt
andthe
- anopenblockmade
Hochhausstadt
high-rise
oftwoparallelslabsplacedona plinth,
whichin
thiscasecontains
commercial
only
spacesand
exhibition
halls- further
onhisslab
elaborating
Tribune
as much
proposalfortheChicago
project
as Mies'sproject
fordiBrohaus.
TheVorschlag
zurCity-Bebauung
maybe
considered
thesummation
of,orepilogueto,all
Hilberseimer's
Moreover,
previous
projects.
unlikehisproposalfortheHigh-Rise
this
City,
timeHilberseimer
provided
plansandelevationsas wellas simply
sothatitwas
perspectives,
possibletoseeintheirprecisespatialorganisationtheideashewasputting
forward.
Among
oftheschemeis
these,theclear,novelelement
hisconfiguration
oftheplinth
as a vasthypostyle
hallcontaining
a multitude
ofsocialactivities
from
fairstoexhibitions.
Thiscommerranging
cial-cultural
from
element,
previous
missing
reflects
theimportance
ofculture
projects,
andspectacle
inthemetropolitan
lifeofBerlin.
cultural
activities
are
nolonger
Accordingly,
from
the
but
separated
workplace, completely
within
it.Afundamental
reference
for
integrated
thisunprecedented
solution
wasHilberseimer's
research
forhisbookonHallenbauten,
which
hewasworking
onatthistimeandwhichwas
in1931.Hallenbauten
areunobstructpublished
ed,widehorizontal
spacessuitablefora large
offunctions
andprogrammes,
and
variety
inthemseemstopick
Hilberseimer's
interest
between
MiesandHugoHring
upa discussion
onthenatureofspace.Mieshadcriticised
s organic
whichinhis
functionalism,
Hring'
inparticular
Miessawas resulting
in
hallways
oneendnarrower
thantheother,
the
meaning
withpeopleonly
spacebecameasymmetrical,
abletofully
oneend.Instead,Mies
occupy
proposeda 'universal
space'- a large,freespace
inwhichthestructure
wasreducedtoa miniit
to
mum,making open a rangeofunforeseen
activities
rather
thanbeingprogrammed
forone
function.
Besides
the
itis
Hallenbauten,
specific
clearthatbothMiesandHilberseimer
hadin
mindthearchitecture
ofthefactory
as a model
forsuchunobstructed
'free'space(bothwere
familiar
withthearchitecture
ofAlbert
Kahn,
whosincetheearly1900s,inhisfactories
for
Ford,hadproposeda seriesofradicalsolutions
usingtypical
plansthatwereabletokeeppace
withaccelerating
advancesintechnology.
Kahn's designforHighland
Parkplantin
inparticular,
wasseenas thefirst
Detroit,
architectural
line,
adoptionoftheassembly
Ford'sownfamously
efficient
of
Henry
system
Aswehaveseen,Hilberseimer
production.
hadreinterpreted
elements
ofHighland
Parkin
hisproposalfortheChicago
Tribune,
shifting
theemphasisfrom
material
toimmaterial

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infront
madeofsix
ofa tower
Hilberseimer,
Ludwig
standing
ofhis15-storey
from
theWelfare
model,
1927
City
buildings
&Burnham
Ryerson
Archives,
ofChicago
theArt
Institute

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

- a phenomenon
Inthiswork,
hisfocuson
research.
IntheVorschlag
thatwould subsequent
zurCity-Bebauung, ofdecentralisation
production.
thecityas a wholeisemphasised
Parkarchitec- onlyhappeninthelate1960sinmostother
oftheHighland
theappropriation
byhisvery
where
theurbanform
thehugehorizontal
countries.
Rather
thanfollowing specific
tureisevenmoreliteral:
industrialised
graphic
language,
its
architecture
are
abstracted
as a pure
and
becomes
the
vast
Halle
of
of
the
now
the
trend
of
concentrations
factory
factory
space
large
The
famous
Hilberseimer
of
the
line
in
of
the
as
the
Fordist
mode
forevents,
workers,
system.
production, circulatory
though rigidity assembly
in1940
unitperfected
andprogram- thelabourforce
intosmaller
herebythefunctional
wasscattered
isreplaced
units, 'ladder'- thesettlement
attheendofthe
underdevelopment
revolution butalready
oftheuniversal
soas totamethethreat
ofa Bolshevik
maticunpredictability
space.
ofabstraction
a method
isdeveloped andallowformoreefficient
control
Theoffice
spaceintheBerlin
project
bythetrades 1920s- exemplifies
the
thedesignofthecityproceedsfrom
for
andespecially
tothesamecriteria,
unions.Weimar
Berlin, whereby
allowing
Germany,
according
definition
ofitscommondenominator,
that
thebirthplace
a variety
ofdifferent
cantherefore
beconsidered
namely
spatialarrangements
whichisthekey
circulation
ina seriesofdiagrams.
first
mature
manifestation theextensive
aredocumented
ofnotonlythevery
system
After
to
assetofurbanproduction.24
Tribune
as postofwhathassincecometobedefined
,theuseofan
If,intheChicago
moving
theUnitedStatesin1938(toteachatiit,atthe
was
foroffice
butalsoofanother
Fordism,
open-ended
system
building
phenomenon
- theprecarious
ofMies),Hilberseimer
would
witha proposalforonespecific
worker. invitation
addressed
ofpost-Fordism
typical
inWeimar concentrate
ontheurban
inthelabourmarket
almostexclusively
theninVorschlag
zurCity-Bebauung,
Uncertainty
building,
hadeffecintheconstant
scale.Theproblem
ofarchitecture
as the
Berlinhadresulted
ofthefactory
isrepeated
thearchitecture
mobility
beeneliminated
theGerman
tothepointwherethespaceofwork tively
fortheentire
LiketheHigh-Rise
ofworkers,
during
system
city.
but
withtheincreasing
a
wasnolongerthetraditional
thisproject
alsoseemstochallenge
period:confronted
complexworkplace,
City,
of
of
the
form
had
in
the
Plan
rather
the
itself
with
its
constant
Le
this
Groszstadt
schemeby Corbusier,
,architectural
case,
city
array
ity
Halleseemsto
Hilberseimer's
'meltedintoair',tousethefamousimage
ofa groupof6o-storey possibilities.
Voisin(1925).Consisting
evokedbyMarxandpromulgated
thePlanVoisinrepretothiscondition,
Cartesian
byMarshall
respond
beingthearchitecskyscrapers,
Berman
as
the
fundamental
of
tural
materialisation
of
such
a
sentedtheapplication
ofthecentral
of
the
just
space
goal modernity.25
part
Andyet,underlying
thesilent'extremism'
of
siteinParis,
ofpossibilities
inwhichworkisnolonger
CityofThreeMilliontoa specific
intheform
oftheclearly
Hilberseimer's
research
is
an
oftheSeine.Incontrast
totheCityfor
conceived
north
implicit
suggesorganised
invested
tionofthefundamental
thePlanVoisinisnot
butas a latentcondition
ThreeMillion,
however,
workplace,
imageofthecontempohiddenbythe
inthespaceofthecityinitstotality.
Andthe
as anexnihilo
butgavean
conceived
rary
city- animagehitherto
project,
is
not
the
that
since
the
ofthe
to
fundamental
asset
of
this
as
and
role
the
city factory
multiple
images
beginning
important strategic
city's
existing
the
real
condiline
in
but
twentieth
have
masked
suchas theArcdeTriomphe,
Notre machinic
the
monuments,
living
century
assembly
factory,
Inthiscontext, tionandtherealpurposeofthecity,
whichisto
labour-theworkers
themselves.
DameandEiffel
Tower.
Thereisa keysketch
of
andalsothe
thatshowshowthenewintervention theforms
andspatialassociations
theproject
puttoworkthebody,theintellect
resulting
soulofthepeopleinhabiting
it.
a kindofbackdrop
tothesemonuments, from
workbecomemuchlesspredictable.
forms
Thisreductivism
seemstobethereason
Nolongerformed
subsumed
whicharefinally
freed
from
thetight
urban
bypassiveintellect
accused
nowarise
hasbeenrepeatedly
Ina very
oftheassembly,
fabric.
similar
they
whyHilberseimer
wayHilberseimer
bythelinearity
ofhaving
conceived
themostinhuman
in
from
an 'active'intellect
conceived
hisVorschlag
zurCity-Bebauung
city
possibilities
seeking
fewand
ofthecity's
andhisvery
inBerlin, ofworkinallthemanifestations
direct
relation
toexisting
monuments
possible.Tobothhiscritics
was
Theonlyspacethat timidsupporters,
Hilberseimer's
withSchinkel's
environment.
suchas theGendarmenmarkt,
project
kaleidoscopic
IntheShadowofMies,tousethe
thesecondiandthepairedFrench
and
canaccommodate
(andharness)
onlyacceptable
Schauspielhaus
titleoftheonly
sad(andprofoundly
Ina photomontage
and
tionsisthe'free'spaceoftheHalle,thatisan
German
cathedrals.
unfair)
very
onhisworkavailableinEnglish.26
heclearly
showshowthe
architecture
withnofurther
sketch
oftheproject
qualitiesbeyond
monograph
AndyetHilberseimer's
wasnotconofa generic
newintervention
isfocusedonthecomplemen- thesimpledelimitation
space.
project
In
this
with
the
ceived
as
a
butrather
between
the
and
zur
way,
Vorschlag City-Bebaupolemicalmanifesto,
tary
relationship
baroque
arrives
atthevery
essenceof
as a realistic
meanstoaccommodate
andreform
and ungHilberseimer
classicist
forms
oftheexisting
architectures
theexisting
hiswork,
whichistheproposalofanarchitecconditions
ofthemetropolis
therigorous
abstraction
oftheZeilenbau
slabs.
more
tural
that
is
of
a
less
form
and
the
scheme
is
both
like
the
Yet,
deprived anyspecificity metropolis
shaped by
by
language
City,
High-Rise
inordertorespondtoa city
whosepoweris
theubiquity
ofurbanspace,withitsincreasingly
ofLeCorbusier'
s
a homagetoanda critique
onthepoweroflabourand
ineffable
tradesandtransactions.
Toadvance
ofParis.ThePlan
basedexclusively
proposalforthenewcentre
Yetaswehaveseen,Hilberseimer's suchreform,
Hilberseimer
didnotsimply
Voisinimpliesa totalreform
oftheurbanlayout, production.
oflabour,though
neverexplicitly proposeanalternative
architectural
forthe
whereas
theVorschlag
zurCity-Bebauung
style
understanding
is
not
in
the
of
of
traditional
but
used
a
combination
visual
the
and
theorised,
art,
film,
Friedrichstadt,
expressed
city,
respects gridlayout
form
of
the
but
as
a
total
condition
and
architecture
to
set
the
condidoubles
the
size
of
the
blocks
and
opens
workplace,
planning
up
simply
It
thattendstosubsumetheentire
tionsfora radicalsubjectivity
abletoaccept
themup.Moreover,
whileLeCorbusier
spaceofcity.
proistruethatafter
theVorschlag
ofthemetropolis.
madeupmainly
forces
zurCity-Bebauung andabsorbthereifying
workplace
poseda tertiary
Hilberseimer
wouldfocusonmore'traditional' Theseforces
rendered
as theimpetus
ofoffice
conceived
a much
areclearly
space,Hilberseimer
forhousing,
onthenowmorenuancedenvironment
inwhichwork
ofthegeneric,
theriseofthegeneralnotas
projects
especially
andleisurearemixed.
famous
a mixed-density
harmonic
whole,butas the
Mischsiedlung,
housing anoverarching
Inordertounderstand
thenovelty
of
whichwasbrought
toanadvanced coexistence
ofradically
different
development
phenomena
stateduring
hisGerman
andfinally
thatarelinkedtogether
Hilberseimer's
weneedtoreturn
period,
bytheunstable
totality
proposal,
realisedinDetroit
inthe1950swithhisproject
ofcapitalistic
Oncethisistaken
totheparticular
socialstructures
that
briefly
production.
inGermany
inBerlin
forLafayette
incollaboration intoaccount,
Hilberseimer's
andespecially
Park,undertaken
prevailed
seemingly
grey
withMies.Nonetheless,
withthe
atthattime.AsSergioBolognahasremarked,
a concern
anddryarchitectural
languageappearsneither
theyearsoftheGreatDepression
natureofwork,
anditsimplicaas anactofnegation,
noras a provocation,
during
all-subsuming
is
the
tions
for
the
entire
urban
visible
but
rather
as
a
critical
ofthecapitalistic
atomised
condi(from
condition,
1929on) extremely
project
andevenradicalised
further
inHilberseimer's Groszstadta representation,
the
tionsofindustrial
labourtriggered
a process
reflecting
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17

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oftheurbancondition
as the
expansiveness
ofhumancivilisation.
destiny
Inpursuing
thisincreasingly
abstract
and
visionofthecityHilberseimer
seems
generic
toconfirm
thearchitectural
mandatesetoutby
in'Experience
Walter
andPoverty',
Benjamin
reflected
onwhat
1933.27inthistextBenjamin
kindofcultural
valuestheworking
class- the
class- couldultimately
oppressed
relyon.He
thattheonlywaytorespondtothe
suggested
ofcrisisfacing
conditions
thethencrumbling
- thedevastation
Weimar
oftheFirst
republic
WorldWar,economiccollapse,thesubsuming
ofhumansubjectivity
totheforces
ofcapitaland
theriseofHitler- wastoembrace
thetabula
rasapromoted
ofthemodern
bythearchitects
movement.
OfcourseBenjamin
knewvery
well
thatthiserasedlandscapewasnotaninnocent
oftheavant-garde
buttheproduct
artist,
gesture
ofcapitalist
forces
towhichtheartist
orarchitect
couldatleastgivea specific
form.
recognisable

Andyethepraisedarchitects
likeLoosorartists
likeKlee(bothalsoadmired
byHilberseimer)
becausethey
theestablished
values
rejected
ofartandinsteadembraced
therigour
ofthose
who,ina stateofextreme
necessity,
operate
within
a strict
ofmeans.Benjamin
economy
calledthisnewtypeofcultural
producers
'barbarians'
theirfacility
withthe
,indicating
ofanerathat
rude,bare,uprooted
language
wasincapableofrelating
itsvicissitudes
inthe
nuancedandepicterms
oftheoldnarratives.
Thesebarbarians
werecompletely
disenchanted
aboutthepresent
andatthesametimetotally
toit.
committed
ForBenjamin,
barbarians
werealsoallthe
ormemory
andwho
peoplewhohadnohistory
as a result
hadtolearntheartofliving
inthese
bareplaces,becauseanyattempt
toleavetraces
inanenvironment
isimpossible
madeofthe
coldmaterials
oftheindustrial
age.Barbarians
havenotradition
have
(or
it)andthus
rejected

canstart
Theethosofthe
againfrom
nothing.
tabularasaisforBenjamin,
then,theonly
salvation
forthoseinhabitants
ofthecity
who,
inthefaceoftheincreasing
impoverishment
ofhumanexperience,
respond
hysterically
by
a surplus
of(false)humanexperisubstituting
enceconsisting
of'yoga,chiromancy,
vegetarianismandanysortofspiritualism'.28
Inplace
ofthispathetic
cultural
resistance
tothe
inhuman
character
ofthemetropolis,
itisbetter
- a disenchanted
tooppose- Benjamin
suggests
oftherealproductive
conditions
acceptance
InthissenseBenjamin
ofthecity.
seemsto
whenhe
Groszstadt
speakforHilberseimer's
callsonustorealisethatwehavebecome'poor
ofexperience',
inhumanity.
thatislacking
Yet,
as Benjamin
itissometimes
wrote,
precisely
by
thisextreme
condition,
accepting
byadmitting
thatwehavegivenupthelastremnants
of
ouroldhumanity,
thatwemight
onedayregain
itata doubledrateofinterest.

1. Carl
Romischer
Katholizismus diunaideadicitt.
Ilperiodo
Tedesco
intellectual
within
The
Gabriele
Schmitt,
1964),
society.
pp34-43.
Mastrigli
und
IlLibraccio,
Francesca
common
useoftheterm
'intellectual' hasproposed
aclose
ofthe
(Milan:
2008);
politische
form
(Stuttgart:
reading
Hilberseimer:
Losviluppo
toaddress
aspecific
social
finds
inLeCorbusier's
'classical'
Klett-Cotta,
1923),
p25.
Scotti,
Ludwig
group
figures
2. Ludwig
diunaideadicitt.
Groszstadt
Ilperiodo
Americano itsorigin
inafamous
cause:
for
Three
Million.
Hilberseimer,
public
Contemporary
City
-in
Architektur
Hofmann
IlLibraccio,
HilbertheDreyfus
Affair
ofthe1890s
SeeGabriele
'InPraise
of
(Milan:
2008).
Julius
(Stuttgart:
Mastrigli,
seimer's
American
hasalso
which
aJewish
accused
of
OrLaLeon
deRome',
1927),
pp97-98.
official,
Verlag,
period
Discontinuity,
onHilberseimer
isscarce,
been
thesubject
oforiginal
andhighly
was
inBerlage
Power:
3. Literature
Institute,
betrayal
bytheFrench
army,
Producing
when
weconsider
the
believed
tobetheinnocent
victim
of
the
especially
(Rotterdam:
speculative
byAlbert
nai,
readings
Pope,
Contemporary
City
of
his
work.
This
Charles
Waldheim
andCaroline
ananti-Semitic
Writers
such
as
importance
essay
2007),
plot.
pp113-124.
doesnotaimtobeanall-encompassing Constant.
SeeAlbert
Ladders
Emile
Zolaandartists
such
asEdouard 17.Ludwig
Grosstadtbauten
Hilberseimer,
Pope,
butfocuses
on
York:
Princeton
Architectural
Manet
stated
their
(New
(Hannover:
scholarly
survey,
only
openly
1925),
support
Appos
Verlag,
p24;
afew
which
Iconsider
themost
Charles
Waldheim
for
Inreaction,
Alfred
the
'Amerikanische
Press,
(ed),
1996);
projects
Hilberseimer,
Dreyfus.
Ludwig
For
abroader
view
ofhis
Hilberseimer
/Mies
van
der
conservative
dismissed
these
Rohe,
speculative.
Architektur',
press
G-Zeitschriftfur
work
seeDavid
Karl
Detroit
York:
asintellectueles.
Since
then
no5,1926,
Park,
(New
Arbeit,
Spaeth,
Ludwig
Lafayette
figures
gestaltende
p190.
Hilberseimer:
An
Annotated
andCaroline
theterm
hascome
tobeapplied
to
18.Ludwig
einer
Constant,
2004);
Bibliography Prestei
Hilberseimer,
Entfaltung
andChronology
York:
'Hilberseimer
andCaldwell:
those
who
tothesphere
Ullstein
(New
Garland,
(Berlin:
Merging
figures
belong
Plannungsidee
For
theGerman
seethe
intheLafayette
Park
ofculture
but
whose
work
andbeliefs
Bauwelt
1981).
period,
Ideologies
Fundamente,
1963),
p20.
issues
oftheItalian
were
made
within
apublic
'Form
und
ibid,
monographic
Landscape',
pp95-111.
19.SeeLudwig
Hilberseimer,
explicit
no27/3,
wascoined
andwhose
influence
could
affect
Der
journal
Rassegna,
September 4. Theexpression
'generic
city'
Individuum',
space
03,
1919.
Einzige,
SeealsoRichard
David
Koolhaas
inhisfamous
text
issues.
Intellectuals
arethus
20.SeeLudwig
'Valori
1986.
Pommer,
byRem
Hilberseimer,
political
Kevin
ofthesame
title.
SeeRem
cultural
whose
work
and
(eds
Sozialistiche
),Inthe
Spaeth,
Koolhaas,
Harrington
Plastici',
agents
Monatshefte,
Shadow
Generic
ins,m,l,xl
activities
have
adirect
Hilberseimer, 'The
ofMies:
Ludwig
City'
23May
1921,
relationship
pp629-30;
Ludwig
Planner
York:
York:
Monacelli
with
affairs.
From
theepic
Architect,
Educator,
(New
(New
Press,
1995),
Hilberseimer,
public
'Neoklassizismus',
This
volume
istheonly
ofZola's
the
Sozialistiche
Rizzoli,
1988).
pp1239-57.
J'accuse,
appearance
25July
1922,
Monatshefte,
historical
'Free
Plan
famous
article
ofaccusation
study
monographic
existing 5. Christian
Norberg-Schultz,
'Konstruktivismus',
against
pp697-98;
onHilberseimer
inEnglish.
andOpen
no2,1983^5.
theestablishment
that
hadcondemned Sozialistiche
12September
Form',
Places,
Though
Monatshefte,
itoffers
historical
and
6. Otto
DieGrosstadt:
Eine
over
thecourse
ofthe
good
insights
Wagner,
1922,
Dreyfus,
pp831-32.
asurvey
ofhiswork,
italsorather
Studie
uber
diese
von
Otto
twentieth
theintellectual
21.Ludwig
Wagner
Hilberseimer,
century
'Bewegungunderestimates
Hilberseimer's
Anton
hasbecome
within
Sozialistiche
(Vienna:
Schroll,
1911).
kunst',
publicity
integral
Monatshefte,
a
Der
Stadtbau
nach
seinen
themost
crucial
andeconomic
contribution;
7. Camillo
Sitte,
position
clearly
23May
political
1921,
pp467-68.
inthebook's
title.
Another knstlerischen
EinBeitrag
Grundstzen.
ofsociety.
Ontherise
22.Ludwig
represented
Hilberseimer,
organisations
ofHilberseimer zur
moderner
der
oftheknowledge
worker
seeSergio
very
important
reading
Lsung
Fragen
'Konstruktivismus',
opcit.
isoffered
inhisstudy
Architektur
und
monumentalen
Plastik
Ceti
medi
?
senza
'Towards
an
byMichael
Hays
23.Edward
Bologna,
futuro
Dimendberg,
onthepost-humanist
turn
inmodern
unter
besonderer
Roma:
Derive
eAoorodi.
2007).
Elemental
Cinema:
Film
Aesthetic
Beziehung
aufWien
architecture.
SeeMichael
'Architectonische andPractice
inG',inDetlef
Mertins
Vienna:
1909).
Hays,
13.Max
Wagenfuhr,
Modernism
andthe
Post-humanist 8. August
'Realism
Versus
LHilberseimer',
Entwrfe
von
Deutsche andMichael
Sarnitz,
(eds),
WJennings
ma:mitPress,
TheDesign
ofthe
Kunst
und
no12,1919.
G:An
Subject
(Cambridge,
Dekoration,
Verniedlichung:
Journal
Avant-garde
ofArt,
More
Great
inHarry
Francis
"'More
aNecropolis Architecture,
and
Film
1992).
recently
important
Pommer,
City',
Mailgrave 14.Richard
Design
contributions
have
been
made
Otto
onthe
than
aMetropolis",
Hilbertrans.
Steven
(ed),
by
Wagner:
Reflections
ig23~ig26,
Ludwig
Lindberg,
German
architect
Markus
Kilian
and
Raiment
seimer's
andModem
Christian
(Santa
Monica,
ofModernity
Highrise
City
City
Margareta
Ingrid
Italian
scholars
Francesco
Bruno
and
ca:Getty
inRichard
David
Tate
Center,
1988),
Pommer,
(London:
pp85-112.
Planning',
2011),
Publishing,
p57.
Francesca
Scotti.
SeeMarkus
Hilberseimer
Groszstadt
andKevin
Kilian,
9. Ludwig
(eds),
Spaeth
24.SeeAlbert
Ladders,
Harrington
Pope,
opcit.
Grosstadtarchitektur
und
New
Eine
Inthe
Shadow
AllThat
isSolid
Melts
Architektur,
City:
opcit,
pp7-8.
25.Marshall
Berman,
ofMies:
Ludwig
der 10.Ludwig
Hilberseimer
andJulius
Educator
and
into
Air
York:
planungsmethodische
Hilberseimer,
Untersuchung
Architect,
(New
Verso,
1982).
Beton
alsGestalter
Urban
Planner
il:TheArt
26.Richard
Pommer
etal,Inthe
Shadow
Stadtplanungsmodelle
Vischer,
Ludwig
(Chicago,
Hilber
PhD
Institute
ofChicago,
seimers,
dissertation,
Hoffman,
Julius
1928).
1988),
(Stuttgart:
p31.
ofMies,
opcit.
Universitt
Karlsruhe
School
of
11.Asquoted
inMario
e
Groszstadt
and
Tronti,
15.Ludwig
Hilberseimer,
Operai
27.Walter
Benjamin,
'Experience
available
online
atdigbib.
Derive
inSelected
vol11
Architecture,
(Rome:
2006),
Architektur,
Capitale
Approdi,
opcit,
pp17-26.
Poverty',
Writings,
ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/
16.LeCorbusier,
'Une
Ville
ma:Belknap
Press
of
P254Contempo(Cambridge,
Francesco
12.Therise
othe
canbe
inOeuvre
Harvard
documents/1281;
Bruno,
raine',
igio-ig2g
Kopfarbeiter
1999),
Complete,
University,
pp731-36.
Hilberseimer:
Lacostruzione
traced
back
tothe
ofthe
LesEditions
(Zurich:
Ludwig
d'architecture,28.Ibid,
very
origin
p732.
l8

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