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Response of First-order RL
and RC Circuits
7.1-2 The Natural Response of RL and RC
Circuits
7.3 The Step Response of RL and RC
Circuits
7.4 A General Solution for Step and Natural
Responses
7.5 Sequential Switching
7.6 Unbounded Response
1
Overview
First-order circuit
Key points
2.
3.
i (0 ) i (0 ) I 0 I s
d
L i(t ) Ri(t ) 0.
dt
where L, R are independent of both i, and t.
8
d
ODE : L i (t ) Ri (t ) 0, IC : i (0 ) I 0 I s ;
dt
di
R
L(di ) Ri (dt ) 0,
dt ,
i
L
i ( t ) di
R t
R t
i (t )
dt , ln i i ( 0 ) t 0 ,
i ( 0 ) i
L 0
L
i (t )
R
ln i (t ) ln i (0) ln
t,
I0
L
L
t
i (t ) I 0 e
, where
time constant
R
9
0.37 I 0
10
RI 0 e
, for t 0 .
w p(t )dt I R e 2t dt
0
2
0
w0 1 e 2t , w0 LI 02 2 , for t 0 .
initial energy stored in L
11
12
Req =
v(0-) = 0 8
i
(
t
)
I
e
12
e
A,
4
0.5 s,
Req 8
v(t ) Ri (t ) 96e 2t V.
Leq
13
96e 2t V
1 t
1 t
i1 (t ) i1 (0) v(t )dt 8 96e 2t dt 1.6 9.6e 2t A.
L1 0
5 0
1
i2 (t ) i2 (0)
L2
1 t
2t
2t
v
(
t
)
d
t
96
e
d
t
1
.
6
2
.
4
e
A.
0
20 0
t
14
Since
v(t )
96e 2t
i4 (t )
9.6e 2t A.
4 (15 // 10)
10
3
i3 (t ) i4 (t ) 5.76e 2t A.
5
16
ODE & IC
v (0 ) v (0 ) V0 Vg
d
v(t )
C v(t )
0.
dt
R
where C, R are independent of both v, and t.
18
d
v(t )
ODE : C v(t )
0,
dt
R
IC : v(0 ) V0 Vg ;
Reducing R (loss)
and parasitic C is
critical for highspeed circuits.
19
v(t ) 0, for t 0 ,
abrupt change at t = 0.
i (t )
R
V0 R e
, for t 0 .
e
, for t 0 .
R
R
2
CV
0
p (t )dt w0 1 e 2t , w0
, for t 0 .
2
2.
3.
L R , or RC ;
4.
i (t ) I 0 e
, v(t ) V0 e
.
21
Section 7.3
The Step Response of
RL and RC Circuits
1.
2.
Charging an RC circuit
Charging an RL circuit
22
23
IC depends on
initial energy of
the capacitor:
v (0 ) v (0 ) V0
24
dt
v Vf
v(t )
V0
v (t ) V f
1 t
t v (t ) V f
dv
e t ,
dt , ln
,
0
V0 V f
V0 V f
v I s R
v (t ) V f V0 V f e t .
iC (t ) C v(t ) I s e , iR (t )
, for t 0.
dt
R
R
25
26
vo (0 ) vo (0 )
V0 30 V
v0
I s 1.5 mA
27
vo (t ) V f V0 V f e t 60 90e 100t V.
io (t ) I s V0 R e t 2.25e 100t mA.
28
Charging an RL circuit
IC depends on
initial energy of
the inductor:
i (0 ) i (0 ) I 0
d
Vs Ri (t ) L i (t ), i (t ) I f I 0 I f e t ,
dt
Vs
L
where , I f .
R
R
29
Section 7.5
Sequential Switching
30
31
v (t) = ? for t 0.
t =0
t =15 ms
IC: V0 v (0 ) 0
For
32
v2 (t ) V0e
( t t0 )
310.75e
200 ( t 0.015 )
V.
33
Section 7.6
Unbounded Response
34
35
Q: vo(t) = ? for t 0.
36
vT
vT
vT
iT
7
,
10 k 20 k
20 k
RTh vT iT -5 k 0.
37
V0 vo (0 ) 10 V, RC 25 ms 0,
Since
Charging
6i
2i
39
40
Key points
41