Professional Documents
Culture Documents
On
Submitted By:
Robin Garg
A2315813054
13054
Signature
Noida
Date
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Robin Garg, student of B.Tech. In Civil Engineering has carried out
the work presented in the project of the Term paper entitled TYPES OF CONSTRUCTON
MATERIALS as a part of Second Year programme of Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering from Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, NOIDA,
under my supervision..
GUIDE
(Mr. N.B. Mishra)
ASET (NOIDA)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It has come out to be a sort of great pleasure and experience for me to work on the project
Types of Construction Materials. I wish to express my indebtedness to those who helped us i.e.
the faculty of our Institute Mr. N.B. Mishra during the preparation of the manual script of this
text. This would not have been made successful without the help of my friends and family
members who had helped me and gave me precious suggestions. Finally, I also warmly thanks to
all our colleagues who encouraged us to an extent, which made the project successful.
ROBIN GARG
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION.......7
2. CONCRETE - CONSTITUENTS............................................8
2.1 PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE.....8
2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH OF CONCRETE....................................8
2.3 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES..9
2.4 WATER CEMENT RATIO..9
2.5 ADVANTAGES OF LOW WATER AND CEMENT RATIO....................................9
3. CEMENT - IMPORTANCE & TYPES OF CEMENT ..10
3.1 SELECTION,STORAGE.......11
3.2 GOOD AXIOMS12
4. BRICK - INDUSTRIAL AREA & TYPES ...13
4.1 BRICKLAYING TERMS.............................................14
5. LIME- LIME PRODUCTION PROCESS...15
5.1 LIME BUILDING PRODUCTS ..16
6. STEEL-TYPES OF STEEL & THEIR PROPERTIES.17
6.1 USES OF STEEL ..18
6.2 MANUFACTURE OF STEEL..18
7. STONES- CLASSIFICATION OF STONES19
7.1 PROPERTIES OF STONES & USES20
8. TIMBER- FORMS OF TIMER21
8.1 USES OF TIMBER & GOOD QUALITIES OF TIMBER...22
9. SAND- SOURCES OF SAND & GRADING OF FINE AGGREGATE..23
9.1 PROPERTIES &BULKING OF SAND& SUBSTITUTE..24
10. PLASTICS- PROPERTIES & USES OF PLASTICS...25
11. MORTAR- FUNCTIONS 26
12. TYPES & USES OF MORTAR..27
13. GLASS-CONSTITUENTS OF GLASS...28
13.1 COMPOSITION &CLASSIFICATION & PROPERTIES OF GLASS29
13.2 MARKET FORMS AND USES OF GLASS.30
14. PAINTS- FUNCTONS & CONSTTUENTS OF PAINTS31
14.1 PIGMENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PAINTS..32
15. CONCLUSIONS33
16. REFERENCE..34
ABSTRACT
All the engineering structures are composed of different types of materials. Each
material which is used in the construction, in one form or the other, is known as the
Engineering materials or Building materials of construction. No material, existing in this
universe is useless. Every material has its own field of application. It is essential for a builder,
architect or engineer to become conversant thoroughly with these materials. Selection of
building materials, to be used in any construction, is done on the basis of strength, durability,
appearance, and permeability. The knowledge of different types of materials, their properties
and uses for different purposes provide important tool in hands of Engineers in achieving
economy in building material cost.
INTRODUCTION
Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes. Many natural
occurring substances, such as clay, rock sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves, has been used to
construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in
use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacture of building materials is an established
industries in many countries.
There are several type of materials used in the construction activities such as:
Concrete
Cement
Lime
Brick
Metal
Steel
Sand
Soil
Rock/Stone
Wood/Timber
Glass
Plastics
CONCRETE
Concrete is one of the most common building material in construction sites. Concrete is a
composite material made from several readily available constituents (aggregates, sand, cement,
water).Concrete is a versatile material that can be easily mixed to meet a variety of special needs
and formed to virtually any shaped.
Constituents
Cement
Water
Fine Agg.
Coarse Agg.
Admixtures
Consistency
Workability
Segregation
Bleeding
Setting time
Unit weight
Uniformity
size of specimen
Size of specimen in relation with size of agg.
moisture condition of specimen
rate of loading
type of test machine
type of cement
degree of compaction
mixed proportion
type of curing
type of stress situation
Advantages
Economical
Ability to be cast
Durable
Fire resistant
Energy efficient
On-site fabrication
Disadvantages
Low permeability
Increased strength
Increased resistance to gathering
Increased resistance to weathering
Better bond between concrete and reinforcement
Reduced dry shrinkage and cracking
Less volume change from wetting and drying
CEMENT
Cement is a fine powder which is when mixed with water undergoes chemical change and
thereafter allowed to set and harden is capable of uniting fragments or masses of solid matter
together to produce a mechanically strong material. Cement is used as binding material with
water, for bonding solid particles of different sizes like bricks, stones or aggregate to form
monolith. Cement is used in construction of buildings works contain compounds of lime, silica
and alumina as their principal constituents and can be called as complex compounds.
10
Types of Cement
There are many types of cement in the market to suit every need. Some of them which are included
in the revised IS: 456-2000 are as follows:
Ordinary Portland Cement 33, 43, 53 grade (OPC), 53-S (Sleeper Cement)
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), both Fly ash and Calcined clay based
Rapid Hardening Portland c\Cement
Portland Slag Cement(PSC)
Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement (SRC)
Low Heat Portland Cement
Hydrophobic Cement
Selection of cement
Type of cement selected should be appropriate for the intended use. Functional requirement of the
structure, design parameters, speed of construction, durability characteristics, environmental
condition are some of the major factors which affect selection of application. The suggested uses
of various elements are given in the following tables:
Storage of cement
The binding property and strength of cement depends upon the cement capacity for chemical
reaction, which can take place in the presence of natural water. Cement tend to absorb moisture,
and react with it chemically. Cement loses strength as it ages.
Approximate reduction in strength with age (in standard water tight storage condition)
Loss of strength%
5-10
20-30
30-40
11
12
BRICK
A brick is a block or a single unit of a kneaded clay-bearing soil, sand and lime, or concrete
material, fire hardened or air dried, used in masonry construction.
Brick is used in the various types, materials and sizes which are vary with region and time
period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of brick are fired and nonfired brick. Fire brick are one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials, sometimes
referred to as artificial stone and have been used since circa 5000 BC. Air dried bricks have a
history older than fired bricks, are known by the synonyms mud brick and adobe, and have an
additional ingredient of a mechanical binder such as straw.
Industrial era
Production of bricks increased massively with the rise of the industrial revolution and the rise in
factory building in England. For reasons of speed and economy, bricks were increasingly
preferred as building material to stone, even in areas where the stone was available. It was at
this time in London, that bright red brick was
chosen for construction in order to make the
buildings more visible in the heavy fog and to
prevent traffic accidents.
Normally, bricks contained the following
ingredients:
1. Silica (sand)-50% to 60% by weight
2. Alumina (clay) - 20% to 30% by weight
3. Lime- 2 to 5% by weight
4. Iron oxide- < 7% by weight
5. Magnesia- less than 1% by weight
Mud Brick
The soft mud method is the most common, as it is most economical. It starts with the soft clay,
preferably in a mix with 25-30% sand to reduce shrinkage. The clay is the first ground and
mixed with water to the desired consistency. The clay is then pressed into steel molds with
hydraulic press. The shaped clay is then fired (burned) at 900-1000 C to achieve strength.
13
Concrete bricks
A concrete brick-making assembly line Guilinvang Town Hainan, China. This operation
produces a pallet containing 42 bricks, approximately every 30 seconds.
Bricklaying terms
Before beginning any of the bricklaying projects, study the following terms and their
definitions. This will help you understand the various brick position and patterns as well as the
typical mortars joints used.
Bull Header
a rowlock brick laid with its longest dimensions perpendicular to the face of the wall.
Bull stretcher
A rowlock brick laid with its longest dimensions parallel to the face of the wall.
Course
One of the horizontal rows of masonry that, bonded together, forms the masonry structures.
Header
A masonry unit laid flat with its longest dimension perpendicular to the face of the wall. It is
generally used to the tie two Wythes of masonry together.
Rowlock
A brick laid on its face, or edge.
Soldier
A brick laid on its end so that its longest dimension is parallel to the vertical axis of the face of
the wall.
Stretcher
A masonry unit laid flat with its longest dimensions parallel to the face of wall.
14
LIME
Lime is calcium-containing(chemical) inorganic material in which carbonates, oxides and
hydroxides predominate. These materials are still used in large quantities as building and
engineering materials. The rocks and minerals from which these substances are derived, typically
limestone or chalk, are made of mainly calcium carbonate.
15
Lime used in building products is broadly classified as pure, hydraulic, and poor lime; can
be natural or artificial; and may be further identified by its magnesium content such as
dolomitic or magnesium lime. Lime has many, complex qualities as a building product including
workability which includes cohesion, adhesion, air content, water content, crystal shape, boardlife, spread ability, flow ability; bond strength; comprehensive strength; setting time; sand
carrying capacity; hydrolocity ; free lime content; vapor permeability; flexibility; and resistance
to sulfates. These qualities are effected by many factors during each step of manufacturing.
Pure lime is also known as fat, rich, common, air, slaked, slack, pickling,
hydrated, and high calcium lime. It consists primarily of calcium hydroxide which is derived by
slaking quicklime (calcium oxide), and may contain up to 5% of other ingredients. Pure lime sets
very slowly through contact with carbon dioxide in the air and moisture; it is not a hydraulic lime
so it will not set under water. Pure lime is pure white and can be used for whitewash, plaster, and
mortar. Pure lime is soluble in water.
Semi-hydraulic lime is also known as partially-hydraulic and grey lime which sets
initially with water and then continues to set with air. This lime is similar to hydraulic lime but
has less soluble silica (usually minimum 6%) and aluminates, and will set under water but will
never harden.
Hydraulic Lime is also known as water lime. Hydraulic lime contains lime with
silica and alumina and sets with exposure to water and can set under water.
Poor lime is also known as lean or meager lime. Poor lime sets and cures very
slowly and has weak bonding. Poor lime is grey in color.
Magnesium lime contains more than 5% magnesium oxide (BS 6100) or 5-35%
magnesium carbonate (ASTM C 59-91). Dolomitic lime has a high magnesium content of 3546% magnesium carbonate (ASTM C 59-91). Dolomitic lime is named for the Dolomite
Mountains in the Italian and Austrian Alps.
16
STEEL
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, and the percentage of carbon is limited to 1.5%. Pure iron
without carbon content is not very strong but when alloyed with carbon its strength can be
increased remarkably. The steel becomes harder and tougher as its carbon content goes on
increasing.
Types of steel
Based on the amount of carbon present in steel, it is classified into three types:
Material
Carbon content
Up to 0.25%
0.25%-0.7%
0.7 1.5%
17
Manufacture of steel
The principal methods of manufacturing different grades of steel are
1. Cementation power
2. Crucible process
3. Bessemer (acid or basic) process
4. Open hearth process
18
STONES
Stones are natural materials of constructions and have been used
from time immemorial in the construction of buildings, dams,
bridges, palaces and monuments. The stones are derived from
rocks which form the earths crust and have no definite shape or
chemical composition but are mixtures of two or more minerals.
The properties of stones are normally depend on the type of rock from which they are formed.
Classification of rocks
a) Igneous rocks
b) Sedimentary rocks
c) Metamorphic rocks
Igneous Rocks
Rocks which are formed by the cooling of molten lava on or inside the earths surface during the
volcanic eruption are known as igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are generally very hard and durable.
Granite, basalt, syenite, diorites and trap are examples of igneous rocks.
Sedimentary rocks
These rocks are formed by the deposition of broken products of rocks and compressed in earth for
millions of years. These rocks are stratified and have well defined bedding planes. Sand stones,
lime stones, dolomite and shales are the example of sedimentary rocks.
Metamorphic Rocks
Rocks which are formed by the change in character, structure and mineral composition when they
are subjected to either heat or pressure or both are known as metamorphic rocks. Examples of
metamorphic rocks are Marble, Slate, Quartzite and Gneiss.
Stratified rocks
It shows distinct layers along which the rocks can be split. Limestone, slate, shale and sand are
the examples.
19
Uses of stones
1. Construction of foundations, walls, columns, arches, roofs, lintels, floors, light houses .
2. For facing works in brick masonry.
3. For making concrete used as coarse aggregate.
4. As ballast in railways and as a flux in ballast furnace.
5. Used as a stone masonry in place where naturally available.
7. As a soling material in the construction of railways and runways.
8. For the construction of break water in harbors.
20
TIMBER
The word timber is derived from an old English word timberian which means to build. Wood,
suitable for building or various other engineering purposes and obtained from trees measuring not
less than 0.6m in girth or circumference, is called timber. It may have three forms:
1. Standing timber: it is a timer available in a living tree.
2. Rough timber: it is the timber obtained after falling tree.
3. Converted timber: it is the timber which is sawn and cut into suitable sizes such as beams,
battens, planks, etc.
Timber has been in very common use engineering
purposes since ancient times. Even today there is
certain works, where timber is considered as the
most ideal material. There is a difference between
terms timber and wood. Wood includes all types of
wood which includes may be burning wood,
structural wood, furniture wood, etc. but wood
suitable for use of structural material is called
timber.
21
Strip: It is the piece of timber under 50mm thickness and less than 100mm width.
Sleeper: It is a piece of timber used as a transverse support under rails in railway lines, usually
square sawn. Most commonly used sections are: 250mm X 125mm or 200mm X 115mm.
Uses of timber
1. It is used for door and window frames, shutters or doors and windows, etc.
2. It is used for form work of cement concrete, centering of RCC slabs, beams, columns, lintel,
arch, scaffolding, etc.
3. It is used for making railway coaches and wagon.
4. It is used for making statues, engraving works, matches, etc.
5. It is used for making furniture, sports goods, agricultural instruments, musical instruments, etc.
6. It is used for railways sleepers, packing cases, etc.
22
SAND
These are cohesion less fine aggregate of either rounded,
sub rounded, angular, sub angular of flat fragments of
more or less unaltered rock. Sand is an important building
material. It is abundantly occurs in nature and is formed
by decomposition in rocks. Sand particle consists of small
grains in silica (SiO2). It is used for making concrete,
mortars and plasters. It is also used for filling under floor,
basements.
Sources of sand
River sand: This sand is widely used for all purposes. It is obtained from the banks or beds of
rivers and it consists of fine rounded grains. The presence of fine rounded grains is due to mutual
arrition under the action of water current. The river sand is available in ocean conditons. The
river sand is almost white in colour.
Sea sand: Sea sand is obtained from the sea shores. It consists of fine rounded grains like the
river sand. Sea sand is light brown in colour. Since the sea sand contains the salt, it attracts
moisture from the atmosphere.Sea sand increases the setting time of cement. Hence, the general
rule to avoid use of sea sand for engineering purposs even though it is available in plenty.
Stream sand: It is obtained from small streams near hills that may dry out in summer. This type
of sand is generally cores in size.
23
Bulking of sand
The increase in the volume of sand due to the presence of moisture is known as bulking of sand.
This is due to tha fat that moisture forms the film of water around the sand particles and these
results to an increase in the volume of sand.
Substitute of sand
Sand has now become scarce and costly material and extraction of reverse sand is now said a
affect the ecological balance. The use of subsitutes for sand has gain great importance.
Hence, in future it will be necessary to plan to use fine aagregate obtained by crushing rocks or
use a mixture of natural sand and crused rob aggregates for making concrete. The main objection
of crushed rock fine aggregate is that these aggregates are flaky and badly-graded whereas natural
sand is well rounded and well graded. The latter requires less water from the workability and
thus, gives better concrete.
24
PLASTICS
Plastic is one of the recent engineering materials available in market in various forms to suit
many requirements. Plastic is an organic substance and it consists of natural and synthetic binders
or resins with or without molding compounds.
Rigid Plastics
Soft Plastics
Elastomers
Properties of plastics
1. They are light in weight and glossy like glass.
2. They have resistance to corrosion, moisture, chemicals, and solvents.
3. The plastics possess excellent electric insulating properties.
4. Several types of plastics are transparent and translucent.
5. Some plastics have high compressive strength.
6. Melting point of plastics is about 500C.
7. Plastics are good in absorbing shocks and vibrations.
8. Thermal conductivity of plastics is low when compared with wood.
Uses of plastics
1. Doors, windows and frames.
2. Electric cables and hand rails.
3. Pipes, bath and sink unit.
4. Electric insulator.
5. Overhead water tanks.
6. Lampshades and electric fittings.
7. Dishes, drinking glass, plates and jars.
8. Wall tiles and floor tiles.
9. Paints and varnishes.
10. Decorative laminate and moldings.
11. Films for water proofing, damp-proofing and concrete curing.
25
MORTAR
Mortar may be defined as an intimate mixture of (i) cementing materials ( such as cement,
lime,etc.) (ii) fine aggregates or inert materials ( like sand, surkhi, etc.) and (iii) water. Mortar is
used a binding materials in stone or brick masonary, or concrete, as a covering material to walls
in the form of the plaster to provide a smooth, hard and decorative surface.
Functions of mortar
1. To bind building materials such as bricks and stones into a solid mass.
2. To form an even and soft bedding layer for building units.
3. To improve the general apperance of structure.
4. To prepare moulds for coping, corbels, cornice, etc.
5. To serve as a matrix or cavity to hold the coarse aggregates,etc.
6. To hide the open joints of brick work and stone work.
7. To fill up the cracks detected int the structure during maintainence process, etc.
26
Types of mortar
In general, mortars are classified as follows:
1. Cement mortars
2. Lime mortars
3. Lime-cement mortars (or composite or guage mortar)
4. Special mortars
a. mud mortar
b.cement-clay mortar
c. light and heavy mortars
d. decorative mortars
e. air entraines( plasticizer) mortar
f. Gypsum mortar
g. Fire- resistance mortar
h. Packing mortar
i. sound absorbing mortar
Uses of mortar
1. For binding masonary unites like stones, bricks, hollow cement block, burnt hollow clay block.
2. For pointing masonary joints.
3. For plastering external and internal walls, columns, boundary, walls, etc.
4. Used as filter material in ferro-cement works.
5. For giving neat finishing to concrete works.
6. Used as matrix for preparation for lean concrete.
7. For water proofing of roofs.
8. For topping cement concrete floors.
9. Used to fill up cracks, develpoed in structures, during the maintaince process.
10. This type of mortar can be used for half brick walls.
11. In cavity walls, it used to bind stones, bricks, concrete blocks, etc.
12. It is used for pointing the masonary joints.
27
GLASS
Glass has been used as an important engineering material since old times. Glass industries has
progressed very rapidly and new techniques have been developed with the help of which glass of
any type and quality can be produced.
Glass is a hard brittle, transparent, translucent
material. Its structure is amorphous. It is made by
fusion of silica with varying proportions of oxides of
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesia, iron and other
mineral. All these materials when melted, form a
number of metallic silicate. Hence glass may be said
as a material consisting of number of metallic
silicates.
Constituents of Glass
The various constituents of glass and their function are described below:
Silica: it is the principal constituent of glass. The average content of silicon dioxide (SiO2) in
glass is about 72%. Silica fuses at very high temperature hence in order to make it fuse at lower
temperature, some alkaline add mixtures like sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate is added.
These add mixtures also make the liquid viscous and better workable.
Potash: potash renders glass infusible and give fire resistant properties. It also increases thermal
expansion but decreases thermal conductivity.
Lead oxide: Lead oxide imparts color to glass and hence its presence in glass is very desirable.
However, lead oxide increases the density, brilliance and refractive index.
Lime: lime or oxides of calcium imparts durability and toughness to glass. It is added in the form
of chalk.
28
Composition of glass
The glass consists of so many compounds and thus it is very difficult to give any particular
formula for its composition. It composition may be expressed by following formula:
ax2O,
bYO, 6SiO2
where a and b = no. of molecules
x= an atom of an alkali metal such as Na, K, etc.
Y= an atom of bivalent metal such as Ca, Pb, etc.
Classification of glass
For the purpose of classification, glass may be grouped into the following:
1. Soda-lime glass (Na2O, CaO, 6SiO2)
2. Potash-lime glass (K2O, CaO, 6SiO2)
3. Potash- lead glass (K2O, PbO, 6SiO2)
4. Common glass
Properties of glass
1. It has no definite crystalline structure. It shows amorphous structure.
2. It is very hard and tough, while in solid state.
3. It is extremely brittle.
4. It absorbs, refracts or transmits light.
5. It electrical insulator at elevated temperatures.
6. It is inert to air, water, chemical except alkalis.
7. Possible to weld pieces of glass by fusion.
8. Available in beautiful colors.
9. It can be cast in to any desired shape and size.
10. Can take up a high polish and may be used as substitute for very costly gems
11. As a result of advancement made in the science of glass production, it is possible to make
glass lighter than cork or softer than cotton or stronger than steel.
29
12. It is capable of being worked in many ways, such as blown, drown and pressed.
Uses of glass
a. Glass can be used for windows panels.
b. Glass blocks can be used for partitions up to 6m for insulations.
c. Sheet glass can be used for glazing.
d. Structural glass can be used for insulation, panel walls, wall facings, enclosures, etc.
e. potash lead glasses are used for making electric bulbs.
f. Tinted glass can be used for decorative glassworks.
g. Fiber glass reinforced plastics can be used to construct furniture, lampshades and bathroom
fittings.
30
PAINTS
Paints are liquid substance used as surface coating applied over plaster, concrete, wood, metal,
etc. For protection against the weathering effects and also to give attractive appearance. Paint is a
dispersion of pigment in a drying oil, with addition of driers and thinners, drier to accelerate film
formation and hardenings, the thinner allow ease and uniformity in brushing and spraying.
Functions of paint
1. It provides the surface from weathering effects of the atmosphere and actions by other
mechanical and chemical deterioration.
2. It prevents decay of wood and corrosion in metal.
3. Decorate the structure by giving smooth and colorful finish.
4. Protect the formation bacteria and fungus, which are unhygienic and give ugly look to the
walls.
5. It provides a smooth surface for easy cleaning and check corrosion of the metal structures.
Constituents of paints
Followings are the constituents of paint:
i) base
ii) vehicle
iii) pigment
iv) thinner
v) thinner
vi) Drier
vii) inert filter
31
32
CONCLUSION
As stated in my project, All the engineering structures are composed of
different types of materials. Each material which is used in the construction, in one form or
the other, is known as the Engineering materials or Building materials of construction. No
material, existing in this universe is useless. Every material has its own field of application. It
is essential for a builder, architect or engineer to become conversant thoroughly with these
materials. Selection of building materials, to be used in any construction, is done on the basis
of strength, durability, appearance, and permeability. The knowledge of different types of
materials, their properties and uses for different purposes provide important tool in hands of
Engineers in achieving economy in building material cost.
Through my research as well as my experience, I discovered that Building material
is any material which is used for construction purposes. Many natural occurring substances, such
as clay, rock sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves, has been used to construct buildings. Apart
from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some
less synthetic. The manufacture of building materials is an established industries in many
countries.
33
REFERENCES
WEB,http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/materialsgrp/cement.html
WEB ,http://www.concrete.org/general/fE4-03.pdf
WEB,http://architecture.arqhys.com/construction/properties-asphalt.html
WEB,http://www.cement.org/basics/concretebasics_aggregate.asp
Standard specification for portland cement (AASHTO M 85-89). 1986. AASHTO standard
specification for transportation materials. Part I, Specifications. 14th ed.
WEB, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_building_materials
34