Energy Efficiency Benefit or RAN-as-a

Service Concept for a Cloud-Based 5G

Mobile Network Infrastructure A

Submitted in partial fulfilment

For the bechelor of the degree

Bachelor of Technology
in department of computer science engineering
(with specialization in computer science Engineering)

Submitted to:Mr.R.K Somani

Submitted by:Dipesh Kumar

HOD (CSE)
Institute Of Technology &
Management, Bhilwara.

VIII Sem B.Tech (CSE)

Institute Of Technology
& Management, Bhilwara

Department of Computer Science

Engineering
Institute of Technology and Management, Bhilwara
Rajasthan Technical University

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To begin with, I wish to express my sincere thanks to each and
every person who has helped me directly or indirectly to
complete my dissertation work in the most efficient manner.
My sincere thanks towards my internal guide Mr . R. K.
Somani
(H.O.D,
Department
of Computer
Science
Engineering ), for his full hearted Cooperation during the
course and guidance
in
writing
and
completion the
dissertation. Without his encouragement and able guidance this
project would not have materialized .This blessing , help and
guidance given by him shall carry me a long way in the journey
my life on which I am about to embark.
My sincere thanks are due to my external guide Mr. Abhishek
Singh (Department of Computer science Engineering ) , for her
exemplary guidance , monitoring and constant encouragement
throughout the course of this dissertation. The blessing , help
and guidance given by her shall carry me a long way in the
journey my life on which I am about to embark.
I highly acknowledge towards the concerned authorities of
Rajasthan Technical university Kota for providing me the higher
education and facilities .

ABSTRACT
5G Technology stands for 5th generation mobile technology. 5G denote the next
major phase of mobile telecommunication standards beyond the upcoming 4G
standards.
5G technology will change the way most high bandwidth users access their
phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP enabled device, people will experience a
level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before. 5G
technology is offering the service in Product Engineering, Documentation,
supporting electronic transactions.
As the customer become more and more aware of the mobile phone technology,
he or she will look for a decent package all together including all the advanced
features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new technology always
the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their
competitors. The goal of a 5G based telecommunication network would ideally
answer the challenges that a 4G model would present once it has entered
widespread use.

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION................ 6
2. EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 5G NETWORKS...... 9
3. 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM.... 11
4. 2G WIRELESS SYSTEM ....................... 12
5. 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM .... 13
6. 4G WIRELESS SYSTEM ........ 14
7. Comparison of 5G with other wireless technologies 1
7.1 COMPARISON BETWEEN 1G & 5G . 1
7.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN 2G & 5G . 1
7.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G & 5G . 1
7.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN 4G & 5G . 1

7. WHAT IS 5G & WHAT IT OFFERS... 15

8. BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF 5G TECHNOLOGY... 17
8.1. UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING ... 17
8.2. AGGREGATOR ..17
8.3. FLATTER IP CONCEPT ..18
9. 5G NANOCORE19
9.1. NANOTECHNOLOGY.........20
9.2. NANO EQUIPMENT....20
9.3. CLOUD COMPUTING.21
9.4. ALL IP NETWORKS....22
9.5. HETEROGENOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS ... 23
10. DESIGN OF 5G MOBILE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE..25
11.KEY CONCEPT OF 5G26
12. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 5G.. 27
12.1 HARDWARE OF 5G...27
12.2 SOFTWARE OF 5G ..................................................27
13.FEATURES OF 5G NETWORK TECHNOLOGY. 28
14. BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY.. 29
15. CONCLUSION....30
16. ACRONYMS...31
17. REFERENCES....3

LIST OF FIGURES
1. 5G ARCHITECTURE....17
2. SYSTEM MODEL FOR 5G ARCHITECTURE.. 25

INTRODUCTION
The current vision towards 5G is often driven by traffic forecasts that
suggest increasing data volumes, number of more intelligent terminals and an
ever growing capacity and service-aware demand. This discussion is also
accompanied by the fundamental question related to the need to define a new
air interface or consider 5G as an evolution of current systems.
Launching a higher number of base stations i.e. introducing traditional network
densification, may provide a solution for such a tremendous traffic increase,
but would result in increased network infrastructure costs, which are
expected to see a consequent explosion through the years. In
particular, energy consumption is an important part of Operational
Expenditure (OPEX) and its relevance in upcoming systems will be
somehow proportional to network growth. In fact, energy consumption at
network level depends on large part on the number of installed radio base
stations. In addition to this essential densification of network nodes,
integrating new systems upon the existing ones unavoidably increases the
energy consumption, even if new systems are more efficient than the old
ones ( this happened by adding LTE on top of 2G/3G ). Increased energy
consumption means higher costs and a greater carbon footprint, since today
mobile systems are present everywhere in the world. The European
Commission (EC) recognized the need for further actions towards energy
efficiency and green communications and introduced the Code-of-Conduct
to provide a policy that regulates energy consumption and carbon dioxide
emissions.
As a consequence, Energy Efficiency (EE) and sustainability of 5G networks
have recently received significant attention from mobile operators, vendors and
research projects [2]. Figure 1 shows our vision of the EE evolution in mobile
networks toward a sustainable 5G, where the exponential mobile traffic growth
toward 2020 (blue curve) goes with a stable network energy consumption (red
curve), resulting in an increasing EE of the system through the years (green
curve).

From the standardization point of view, EE in wireless systems mainly

concentrates on the efforts of 3GPP for LTE and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) [3].
The 3GPP Radio Access Network (RAN) groups were the first to deal with EE
in Release 9 by investigating energy-aware network management with small
cells, allowing LTE base stations (called eNBs) to switch-off, based on local
load information and configuration data or via the Operation and Management
(OAM).The RAN groups further introduced the cell DTX'' mechanism, which
deactivates the transmitter of an eNBs based on certain patterns, conserving
energy on the fraction of inactivity time [4]. Energy saving management was
later suggested by the Service Architecture Group 5 (SA5) that introduced SelfOrganizing Network (SON) operations in relation with overlaid and dense urban
networks, wherein certain eNBs may compensate in terms of coverage and
service allowing selected eNBs to be powered-off [5].
Besides 3GPP, the effort of the research community in this topic is also notable.
Current activities mainly focus on evolving flexible hardware for enhancing
eNBs, novel architectures based on small cells deployment and adaptive
schemes that adjust network capacity with respect to service loads [2].
Nevertheless, while research on green communications has produced notable
results, improving the wireless network EE is still an open research
_eld with Green Touch recently announcing that the potential of reducing
the net energy consumption may reach up to 90% by 2020 [6]. However, a main
challenge is to elaborate realistic and complete models of innovative solutions
for new generation networks, in order to correctly influence the definition of
affordable and sustainable 5G systems.

In [7], the EE benefits of a centralized RAN are analyzed in terms of hardware

design, i.e., cooling and soft technologies including cooperative processing,
virtualization and dynamic cell re-configuration. In addition, signalling and
control optimizations are explored to move away from the conventional
connection-oriented paradigm, i.e., the use of ``virtual'' eNBs with irregular
antenna arrays and new interference mitigation schemes.
A more flexible cloud-based RAN architecture is proposed in [8], where the
front-haul is logically re-adapted to the corresponding requirements. Such
cloud-RAN architecture enables energy saving on the cloud-RAN platform, by
re-arranging the number of active Base Band processing Units (BBUs), when
the traffic is low.
More recently, the concept of RAN-as-a-Service (RANaaS) has been introduced
in [9], where some RAN functionalities are partially and flexibly centralized,
depending on the actual load and network characteristics. In the view of future
definition of 5G systems, these cloud-based designs together with RAN sharing
mechanisms appear to be the most promising solutions in terms of efficient
usage of network resources.
The aim of the paper is to present a vision of the advantages of the RANaaS
paradigm and its benefits in terms of EE. To do so, we will introduce a
consistent system-level power consumption model, which is intended to be a
useful reference for the EE performance evaluation of innovative RAN
mechanisms. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II describes
the proposed mobile access architecture. Section III gives an overview of
current status and future trends of IT platforms, with a description of related
performances offered for hosting RANaaS entities. Section IV provides a
detailed analysis of the proposed architecture from an EE perspective, with a
derivation of a comprehensive power model for each involved entity. Section V
gives an exemplary description of small cell management using the RANaaS
paradigm, as a promising solution for future sustainable 5G systems. Finally,
Section VI concludes the paper.

2. EVOLUTION FROM 1G-5G NETWORKS

Cell phones are used millions and billions of users worldwide. How many of us
know the technology behind cell phones that is used for our communication? I
have also intrigued about the type of technology used in my phone. What are
1G, 2G, 3G and 4G technologies? 1G, 2G, 3G & 4G ("G" stands for
"Generation") are the generations of wireless telecom connectivity. In 1945, the
zero generation (0G) of mobile telephones was introduced. Mobile Telephone
Service, were not officially categorized as mobile phones, since they did not
support the automatic change of channel frequency during calls. 1G (Time
Division Multiple Access and Frequency Division Multiple Access) was the
initial wireless telecom network system. It's out-dated now. The analog brick
phones and bag phones are under 1G technology. Cell phones era began with
1G.The next era, 2G has taken its place of 1G. Cell phones received their first
major upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G. This leap effectively took cell
phones from analog to digital. 2G and 2.5G were versions of the GSM and
CDMA connections. And GSM is still the most popular technology, but with no
internet. Fortunately, GPRS, an additional service, is provided over GSM for the
purpose of internet access. GPRS has been developed and thus, EGPRS was
created. It's more secure and faster than GPRS.
Then 3G came, the new Wireless CDMA technology. It is the first wireless
telecom technology that provides broadband-speed internet connection on
mobile phones. It has been specially made for the demand of internet on smart
phones. Further development led to the creation of 3.5G, which provides
blazing fast internet connection on phones, up to the speed of 7.2 MBPS. A
smart phone can be connected to a PC to share its internet connection and 3G
and 3.5G are ideal for this. But, as this WCDMA technology is not available in
all regions, its not as popular as GSM yet. Before making the major leap from
2G to 3G wireless networks, the lesser-known 2.5G was an interim standard that
bridged the gap. Following 2.5G, 3G ushered in faster data-transmission speeds
so you could use your cell phone in more data-demanding ways. This has meant
streaming video (i.e. movie trailers and television), audio and much more. Cell
phone companies today are spending a lot of money to brand to you the
importance of their 3G network. The above systems and radio interfaces are
based on kindred spread spectrum radio transmission technology. While the
GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile Wi MAX
standards formally also fulfil the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as
3G standards by ITU, these are typically not branded 3G, and are based on
completely different technologies.

4G, which is also known as beyond 3G or fourth-generation cell phone

technology, refers to the entirely new evolution. Developers are now going for
4G (OFDMA), which will provide internet up to the speed of 1 GBPS! It is said
to be able to overcome the problems of weak network strength and should
provide a much wider network, making sure that the users get high-speed
connectivity anytime anywhere. No doubt, 4G will open new doors of
revolutionary internet technologies, but for now, 3G and 3.5G are the best.
4G will allow for speeds of up to 100Mbps. 4G promises voice, data and highquality multimedia in real-time form all the time and anywhere.

3. 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM

First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog(An analog or

analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature
(variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity),
voice-only cellular telephone standard, developed in the 1980s. The main
difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G,is that
the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are
digital. Although both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers
(which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself
during a call is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated
to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up. One such standard is NMT
(Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Eastern Europe and
Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the
United States, TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United
Kingdom, JTAGS in Japan, C-Netz in West Germany, Radio com 2000 in
France, and RTMI in Italy. Analog cellular service is being phased out in most
places worldwide. 1G technology replaced 0Gtechnology, which featured
mobile radio telephones and such technologies as Mobile Telephone System
(MTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Improved Mobile
Telephone Service (IMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT)[1]
Developed in 1980s and completed in early 1990s
1G was old analog system and supported the 1st generation of analog cell
Phones speed up to 2.4kbps
Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a
1G mobile system
Allows users to make voice calls in 1 country

4. 2G WIRELESS SYSTEM
2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second
generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the
GSM standard in Finland in 1991. 2G network allows for much greater
penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone
networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages and
MMS (multimedia messages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology
holds sufficient security for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages
are digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in
such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it. Second
generation technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or
code division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal
into timeslots. CDMA allocates each user a special code to communicate over a
multiplex physical channel. Different TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC,
iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technology is IS-95. GSM has its origin from the Group
special Mobile, in Europe. GSM (Global system for mobile communication) is
the most admired standard of all the mobile technologies.
Although this technology originates from the Europe, but now it is used in more
than 212 countries in the world. GSM technology was the first one to help
establish international roaming. This enabled the mobile subscribers to use their
mobile phone connections in many different countries of the worlds is based on
digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies which were used to transfer Analogue
signals. GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message services
(SMS) to any mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to send
a message to anyone, other than the voice call or conference. This technology is
beneficial to both the network operators and the ultimate users at the same time.
In comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on
location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away from a cell tower,
the digital signal may not be enough to reach it. While a call made from a 1G
handset had generally poor quality than that of a 2G handset, it survived longer
distances. This is due to the analog signal having a smooth curve compared to
the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular curve. As conditions worsen, the
quality of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually worsen, but a call
made from a 2Ghandset would fail completely. Data transfer in speeds is up to
64kbps.

5. 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM

International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known as

3G or 3rdGeneration, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile
telecommunications services fulfilling specifications by the International
Telecommunication Union. The use of 3G technology is also able to transmit
packet switch data efficiently at better and increased bandwidth. 3G mobile
technologies proffers more advanced services to mobile users. The spectral
efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G technologies. Spectral efficiency
is the measurement of rate of information transfer over any communication
system. 3G is also known as IMT-2000.

Transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps

In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer networking
(WCDMA,WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell phone and
GPS)
Data are sent through technology called packet switching
Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching
Access to Global Roaming
Clarity in voice calls
Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, Video Conferencing, Video
Calls, Multi Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi- Gaming,
etc. are also availablewith3G phones.

6. 4G WIRELESS SYSTEM

4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor

to 3G and 2G families of standards. The nomenclature of the generations
generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, nonbackwards compatible transmission technology, and new frequency bands.3G
technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA. 3G (Third Generation
Technology) technologies make use of value added services like mobile
television, GPS (global positioning system) and video conferencing.
The basic feature of 3G Technology (Third Generation Technology) is fast data
transfer rates. However this feature is not currently working properly because,
ITU 200 is still making decision to fix the data rates. It is expected that 2
Mbit/sec for stationary users, while 348 Kbits when moving or travelling. ITU
sell various frequency rates in order to make use of broadband technologies.
Network authentication has won the trust of users, because the user can rely on
its network as a reliable source of transferring data.3G technology is much
flexible, because it is able to support the 5 major radio technologies. These radio
technologies operate under CDMA, TDMA and FDMA.CDMA holds for IMTDS (direct spread), IMTMC (multi carrier). TDMA accounts for IMT-TC (time
code), IMT-SC (single carrier). FDMA has only one radio interface known as
IMT-FC or frequency code. Third generation technology is really affordable due
to the agreement of industry. This agreement took place in order to increase its
adoption by the users. 3G (Third Generation Technology) system is compatible
to work with the 2G technologies. 3G (Third Generation Technology)
technologies holds the vision that they should be expandable on demand. The
aim of the 3G (Third Generation Technology) is to allow for more coverage and
growth with minimum investment. The bandwidth and location information
available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available to
mobile phone users.

Mobile TV- a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's

phone where it can be watched.
Video on demand- a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.
Video conferencing- subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.
Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the
potentially isolated subscriber.
Mobile ultra-broadband(gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission.

2. Comparison of 5G with other wireless technologies

In this section we will compare the various features of 5G with other wireless
technologies which are as follows:

2.1. Comparison between 1G &5G

1G
1) It is the first generation technology
that
exists in 1980s
2) It works on analog signals
3) It supports data band width in Kbps
4) It is based on basic mobility
5) It is time consuming
6) During 1G wireless phones are used for
voice calls only.
7) It has no security
8)Poor carrier aggregation
9) Band width per frequency channel of 1G
is up to 30Khz

5G
1) 5G is the fifth generation technology and it
will be completely available in the market
by 2020
2) It is based on virtual private network
3) It support data band width up to 1GB
4) It is based on IPv6
5) Its a very fast means of communication
6) In 5G technology phones have HD
streaming, large memory, MP3 recording,
camera and all advanced features
7) It has very high security
8)Multiple carrier aggregation
9) Band width per frequency channel of 5G is
up to 28Ghz

This comparison shows that the 1G technology is much more back behind 5G
technology as 5G provides a very broad coverage network area and even safest
and the fastest means of communication. The mobility quality of 5G is thousand
times better than the old 1G technology as 1G provides only voice
communication and on the other hand 5G provide the fastest internet
communication.

2.1. Comparison between 2G &5G

2G

5G

1) It came in 1990
2) It is successor to 1G
3) It is based on digital signals
4) It is mainly used for mobile
Communication
5) No quality of service
6) Handsets are provided with messaging
facility (SMS, MMS and picture message)
7) Cannot take multiple parties
Simultaneously
8) Band width per frequency channel of 2G is

1) It will come till 2020

2) It is successor to 4G
3) It is based on internet protocol IPv6
4) It is for mobile communication and also
for wireless internet
5) Very high quality of service
6) Handsets are provided with ultrahigh
HD video calling
7) It can take unlimited number of parties
simultaneously
8) Band width per frequency channel of 5G is

up to 200Khz
9) Core network is PSTN
10) Maximum speed is up to 64Kbps

up to 28Ghz
9) Core network is internet
10) maximum speed is up to 1Gbps

As the successor of 1G 2G was far better than 1G but still it lags very much to
compete with 5G. 2G provides facility of messaging as well as data transfer. But
the speed of 2ginternet was very slow as compared to 5G, the 2G did not allow
the high data transfer rate for streaming multimedia whereas 5G provides a HD
video streaming.

2.1. Comparison between 3G &5G

3G
1) It is also called as tri band 3G
2) It is based on high capacity broad band
data
3) The maximum data transfer speed is up to
3.1 mbps
4) It provides digital navigation
5) It provides video access
6) 3G is successor to 2G
7) Seamless roaming
8) high data rates
9) Band width per frequency channel is up to
20Mhz

5G
1) It is fifth generation mobile
communication technology
2) It is based in internet protocol 6
3) The data transfer speed is up to 1gbps
4) It provides virtual private network
5) It provides high resolution and bi
directional large band width shaping
6) 5G is successor to 4G
7) IP based mobility
8) very high data rates
9) Band width per frequency channel is up to
28Ghz

3G is successor of 2G technology. 3G allows the video calling facility and

some additional features that are not present in 2G and also the data transfer
speed is higher than 2G, but in comparison to 5G it is very low. 5G allows the
very fast internet i.e, in gbps

2.1. Comparison between 4G &5G

4G

5G

1) 4G is present since 2000

2) 4G is the fourth generation of mobile
communication technology
3) 4G provides dynamic information access,
wearable devices
4) It supports data band width in Mbps
5) Speeds for 4G are further increased to
Keep up with data access demand used by
various services
6) 4G provide high definition streaming and
some additional features such as multimedia
Newspaper and ultra broad band internet
access which were not present in 3G
7) Band width per frequency channel is up to
100Mhz
8) In 4G concatenated codes are used for
error detection
9) CDMA multiple access

1) 5G will come completely in 2020

2) 5G is the revolution in 4G mobile
mobile communication technology
3) 5G provides dynamic information access,
Wearable devices with AI capabilities
4) It supports data band width in Gbps
5) 5G will provide very high speed as well as
efficient use of available band width to the
consumers
6) 5G includes large phone memory, dialing
speed, and much more and also we can hook
our 5G cell phones with laptop to get
broadband internet access
7) Band width per frequency channel is up to
28Ghz
8) The high quality of service of 5G
technology based on policy to avoid error
9) CDMA & BDMA multiple access

4g is the fourth generation of mobile communication but 5G is a revolution to

4G. 5G provides perfect real world wireless or called worldwide wireless web.
It allows data transfer in Gbps and whereas the uploading speed is much higher
than 4G. 5G includes all advance features and it is un-imaginable technology. It
will be more demanding in future.

7. WHAT IS 5G & WHAT IT OFFERS

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology

has changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User
never experienced ever before such a high value technology. The 5G
technologies include all type of advanced features which makes 5G technology
most powerful and in huge demand in near future.
The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is
stunning. 5G technologies which are on hand held phone offering more power
and features than at least 1000 lunar modules. A user can also hook their
5Gtechnology cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband internet access. 5G
technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large phone
memory, dialling speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. For
children rocking fun Bluetooth technology and Pico nets has become in market.
As per the present status all over the world WCDMA is commercially
launched .Some nations has planned to launch LTE within next quarter.
Operator is looking ahead for widescale deployment of LTE in 2012. Operators
will also find that the timing is right to make the switch because much of the
first generation of 3G equipment will need to be upgraded soon. LTE
networking equipment and handsets, already under development, will become
available in 2010, and should be rolled out in large quantities in Europe by
2012. clearly shows that within 2020 LTE will become the latest trend for
wireless communication all over the world. But yet our question remains
unanswered. Why there is a need for 5G.
Even though LTE provides wide range of growth for present wireless
telecommunication. People are not in a circumstance to make use of those
benefits in an effective manner LTE might be rigorously used in
Commercial/Industrial areas. But think of a common man who utmost utilize
LTE for downloading a movie or make a video call. Fact is that there is no such
ground-breaking application exists in real world to be utilized by a common
man. You might doubt how this verdict is applicable for current innovative
world, where have enormous splendid real time applications. Concern is that
our present wireless telecommunications is bottlenecked to use those
applications in an effective manner. This paper mainly focuses on how a 5G
network can provide more approach to a common man to utilize his available
possessions in an immense way to make him to feel the real progress.

If you can able to pay all your bills in a single payment with your mobile.
If you can able to sense Tsunami/earthquake before it occurs.
If you can able to visualize lively all planets and Universe.
We can lock our Laptop, car, Bike using our mobile when you forgot to do
so.
Our mobile can share your work load.
5G Mobile can identify the best server.
Mobile can perform Radio resource management.
If your mobile can intimate you before the call drops.
Mobile phone get cleaned by its own. Can able to fold your mobile as per
your desire.
If you can able to expand your coverage using your mobile phones.
If you can able identify your stolen mobile with nanoseconds.
If you can able to access your office desktop by being at your bedroom.
Mobile can able to suggest you possible medicine as per your healthiness.
Mobile can estimate the quality of your new build house.
Mobile can able to provide recent worth on products using its barcode.

8. BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

8.1. Ubiquitous Computing

5G would be about "ubiquitous computing", that is, having the ability to access
the applications want from any platform, anywhere, any time. To create such an
environment, one needs to integrate various applications, emerging from various
engineering practices. Human life will be surrounded by intelligent sensors,
which will bring radical change to human lifes daily approaches of doing
things, as:
Your intelligent car will send SMS to your cell phone, from your car.
Your home security camera is attached to secured internet. So that you can
view your sitting room on your laptop/mobile phone screen, by accessing
secure website .
You are receiving regular MMS from your hospital about your medication
need and next doctor appointment
.

8.2. Aggregator
Existing telecom networks are fashioned in hierarchical way, where subscriber
traffic is aggregated at aggregation point (BSC/RNC) and then routed to
gateways. (As shown in figure).Flat IP architecture will lessen burden on
aggregation point and traffic will directly move from Base station to Media
gateways. Vision of Super Core is based on IP platform. All network operators
(GSM, CDMA, Wimax, and Wireline) can be connected to one Super core with
massive capacity. This is realization of single network infrastructure. The
concept of super core will eliminate all interconnecting charges and
complexities, which is right now network operator is facing. It will also reduce
number of network entities in end to end connection, thus reducing latency
considerably.

8.3. Flatter IP concept

At regular interval, semiconductor manufacturers advance to a new generation
with smaller feature sizes. This allows them to incorporate more functions into a
given area of silicon and, hence, more features or new capabilities into
electronic devices like cell phones, Increased processing capacity will be allow
Mobile devices (cell phones, PDAs, etc) to do more tasks (instructions per
minute) then before. This will lead to even the Flatter IP network. As Flat IP has
shifted some of the BSC/RNCs radio resource functions to Base station, Flatter
IP will shift some of the RR functions, to Mobile devices from Base station.
Finally your cell phone will not be just access device but, it will also perform
some of the Radio Resource Management functions. With the shift to flat IP
architectures, mobile operators can
Reduce the number of network elements in the data path to lower operations
costs and capital expenditure.
Partially decouple the cost of delivering service from the volume of data
transmitted to align infrastructure capabilities with emerging application
requirements.
Minimize system latency and enable applications with a lower tolerance for
delay; upcoming latency enhancements on the radio link can also be fully
realized.
Evolve radio access and packet core networks independently of each other to
a greater extent than in the past, creating greater flexibility in network
planning and deployment.
Develop a flexible core network that can serve as the basis for service
innovation across both mobile and generic IP access networks.
Create a platform that will enable mobile broadband operators to be
competitive, from a price/performance perspective, with wired networks.

Sophisticated technology has enabled an age of globalization. Technological

convergence is the tendency for different technological systems to evolve
towards performing similar tasks. What Nicholas Negroponte labelled the
transformation of "atoms to bits," the digitization of all media content. When
words, images and sounds are transformed into digital information, it expands
the potential relationships between them and enable them to flow across
platforms.
The 5G Nancore is a convergence of below mention technologies. These
technologies have their own impact on exiting wireless network which makes
them in to 5G.
Nanotechnology.
Cloud Computing.
All IP Platform.

9.1. Nanotechnology:

Nanotechnology is the application of Nano science to control process on

nanometer scale. i.e. between 0.1 and 100nm.The field is also known as
molecular nanotechnology (MNT). MNT deals with control of the structure of
matter based on atom-by-atom and molecule by molecule engineering. The term
nanotechnology was introduced by Nori Taniguchi in 1974 at the Tokyo
international conference on production engineering. Nanotechnology is the next
industrial revolution, and the telecommunications industry will be radically
transformed by it in a few years. Nanotechnology has shown its impact on both
mobile as well as the core network. Apart from this it has its own impact on
sensor as well as security. This is considered as a most significant in
telecommunication. We will be discussing the same in our further slides.

9.2. Nano Equipment (NE):

Mobile phone has become more than a communication device in modern world
it has turned into an identity of an individual. In 5G Nanocore these mobile are
referred as Nano Equipment as they are geared up with nanotechnology. One of
the central visions of the wireless industry aims at ambient intelligence:
computation and communication always available and ready to serve the user in
an intelligent way. This requires that the devices are Mobile. Mobile devices
together with the intelligence that will be embedded in human environments
home, office, public places will create a new platform that enables ubiquitous
sensing, computing, and communication
Specifications of Nano Equipment are given as follow:
Self Cleaning the phone cleans by itself
Self powered the phone derives its energy/power from the sun, water, or air.
Sense the environment the phone will tell you the weather, the amount of air
pollution present, etc.
Flexible bend but not break
Transparent see through phones
9.3. Cloud Computing:

Mobile Computing and Cloud Computing are two technologies that are
converging into a rapidly growing field of Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC).
With the anticipated capacities of 5G mobile networks, people's work patterns
and habits can be dramatically changed. IBM predicts that by 2015, there will
be 1 trillion cloud-ready devices and most Internet users will work primarily
through cyberspace-based applications on remote servers accessed through
networked devices. MCC services are expected to witness a rapid development
and become a new hotspot of mobile Internet services. MCC's future
applications in 5G will have a profound impact on almost all activities of our
lives.
MCC's related research in 5G has attracted growing attention and efforts in both
academic and industry communities in recent years. An increasing demand for
resource management, data storage, and mobile sensing has motivated the
development of MCC architectures in 5G that focuses on mobility management,
resource offloading, and sensing services in various MCC application domains.
The MCC research in 5G emerges as a key paradigm, receiving increasing
attention and departing from the traditional mobile computing and cloud
computing. MCC in 5G will address issues that current Cloud Computing or
Mobile Computing Technologies alone cannot effectively or efficiently address.
However, many technical challenges still remain to be addressed in the related
areas. We encourage submissions on surveys, theoretical, practical, as well as
experimental studies, from both academia and industry, related to all aspects of
MCC in 5G. Topics of interests include (but are not limited to) the following
categories:

MCC models, infrastructures, and approaches in 5G

Mobility modeling, management solutions and measurement
Mobile cloud data center and storage technology in 5G
Mobile cloud sensing service and crowdsourcing in 5G
Mobile-aware cloud databases and data retrievals in 5G

Segments of Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing has three main segments which are as follows:
1. Applications It is based on, on demand software services. On demand
software services come in different varieties. They vary in their pricing
scheme and how the software is delivered to the end users. In the past, the
end-user would purchase a server that can be accessed by the end user over
the internet.
2. Platform - The platform segment of cloud computing refers to products that
are used to deploy internet. Net Suite, Amazon, Google, and Microsoft have
also developed platforms that allow users to access applications from
centralized servers. Google, Net Suite, Rack space cloud, amazon.com and
sales force are some of the active
3. Infrastructure The third segment in cloud computing, known as the
infrastructure, is the backbone of the entire concept. Infrastructure vendorsG
environments such as Google gears allow users to build applications. Cloud
storage, such as Amazons S3, is also considered to be part of the
infrastructure segment.
5G Nanocore will efficiently utilizes all the above 3 segments to satisfy his
customer demands. The concept of cloud computing will reduce the CAPEX of
5G network deployment. In turn this will create a less billing to the end user for
all kinds of services that he utilizes through Nanocore.

9.4. All IP Network:

As already discussed for converging different technologies to form a single 5G
Nanocore, We require a common platform to interact, Flat IP architecture act as
an essential part of 5G network. The All-IP Network (AIPN) is an evolution of
the 3GPP system to meet the increasing demands of the mobile
telecommunications market. To meets customer demand for real-time data
applications delivered over mobile broadband networks, wireless operators are
turning to flat IP network architectures. Primarily focused upon enhancements
of packet switched technology, AIPN provides a continued evolution and
optimization of the system concept in order to provide a competitive edge in
terms of both performance and cost.

The key benefits of flat IP architectures are:

Lower costs
Universal seamless access
Improved user experience
Reduced system latency
Decoupled radio access and core network evolution
The drive to all IP-based services is placing stringent performance demands on
IP based equipment and devices, which in turn is growing demand for multicore
technology. There is strong growing demand for advanced telecommunications
services on wired and wireless Next Generation Network (NGN) infrastructures,
and fast growing demand for the same in the enterprise too. Within a few years,
more than 10 billion fixed and mobile devices will be connected via the Internet
to add to the more than one billion already connected. All these services are
going to be deployed over full IP-based architecture.

9.5. Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Interoperability

The challenge in the design of the terminals is connected to the management of
trade between the flexibility of how to use the spectrum and needed space and
power to given platform. New methods for partial reconfigurable offer design
dimensions that allow the system to adapt to the opportunities and requirements
of the terminals in a manner that shall maximize the spectral efficiency and also
maximize the battery power. As a result of growing level of acceptance of the
wireless technologies in different fields, challenges and types of wireless
systems associated with them are changing. In heterogeneous wireless networks
the concept is "always best connected" (always associated with the best quality),
aimed at client terminals, and is proposed in different researches.
Reviewing the concept of heterogeneous networks inevitably raises the question
of inter-working among the radio access technologies in a newly designed
system, which will not demand changes in the RATs, but only introduction of
control functionalities the core networks. In terms of the user or user
applications, heterogeneous system or a heterogeneous network is considered as

a unified network and access a single segment which will place the connection
with the application servers in and out of operators network. To meet the
relevant requirements of the user applications are generally considered two
possible models for interoperability between building blocks of radio access
technologies within the heterogeneous system. First one refers to a centralized
operator access, while the second one defines the Internet model of
interoperability. The first model involves introducing a certain level of
integration between the radio access technology through which mobile access
terminal, in this direction have been made different analysis and developed
different standards that should define the levels of architecture connectivity for
realizing vertical handover between different access technologies involved in
the construction of heterogeneous domain. The introduction of this model
implies interoperability protocol interoperability of lower levels of
communication in the field of radio access. The second model is called the
Internet model, which represents a focus for further development in this paper
and refers to providing continuity of customer service in case of independent
radio access technologies available to the mobile terminal by connecting on the
network level. In this case, interoperability between network technologies is
done on the upper (network) protocol levels, i.e. at a level that is common to all
access technologies for communication between user applications with the
appropriate application servers. The ultimate goal of both models for
interoperability is the same and it is providing a transparent transfer of user
information between client applications and related application servers without
impact on the diversity of access technologies in the communication process
and providing continuity of user sessions in the communication process. The
main difference between the two models concerns the way in providing
interoperability. Apart from this difference, very important are vertical handover
between access technologies and the conditions or circumstances which trigger
handovers. The first method provides an integrated architecture of radio access
technologies that builds heterogeneous network, and as such is applicable in
cooperative networks or in networks where the radio access technologies are
owned by the same operator or operators who have cooperation. In such
networks are strictly defined rules for vertical handovers, mainly dictated by
conditions in the radio access networks, or by the operator's
preference, while user preferences are taken into cooperative architectures. The
second method is more general and relates to interoperate regardless of the
users operators, which provide access technology for the user equipment. In
these methods, generally speaking, vertical handover is accomplished as a result
of the conditions under which user applications see main qualitative parameters
of service or experience to the user.

Figure 3.1 Basic Architecture[]

Figure shows the system model that proposes design of network architecture for
5G mobile systems, which is all-IP based model for wireless and mobile
networks interoperability. The system consists of a user terminal (which has a
crucial role in the new architecture) and a number of independent, autonomous
radio access technologies. Within each of the terminals, each of the radio access
technologies is seen as the IP link to the outside Internet world. However, there
should be different radio interface for each Radio Access Technology (RAT) in
the mobile terminal. For an example, if want to have access to four different
RATs, need to have four different access - specific interfaces in the mobile
terminal, and to have all of them active at the same time, with aim to have this
architecture to be functional.

11. KEY CONCEPTS OF 5G :

Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and zone issues.
Wearable devices with AI capabilities.

 Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6), where a visiting care of mobile IP address is

assigned according to location and connected network.
One unified global standard.
Pervasive networks providing ubiquitous computing: The user can
simultaneously be connected to several wireless access technologies and
seamlessly move between them (See Media independent handover
orvertical handover, IEEE 802.21, also expected to be provided by future
4Greleases). These access technologies can be a 2.5G, 3G, 4G or 5G
mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN or any other future access technology. In 5G, the
concept may be further developed into multiple concurrent data transfer paths.
Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart-radio: allowing Different
radio technologies to share the same spectrum efficiently by Adaptively
finding unused spectrum and adapting the transmission scheme to the
requirements of the technologies currently sharing the spectrum This
dynamic radio resource management is achieved in a distributed fashion,
and relies on software defined radio.
High altitude stratospheric platform station (HAPS) systems The radio interface of
5G communication systems is suggested in a Korean research and development
program to be based on beam division multiple access(BDMA) and group
cooperative relay techniques

12. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 5G

1. HARDWARE OF 5G
It uses UWB (Ultra Wide Band) networks with higher BW at low energy
levels.

This BW is of 4000 Mbps, which is 400 times faster than todays wireless
networks.

It uses smart antenna either Switched Beam Antennas or Adaptive Array

Antennas.
It uses CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).

2. SOFTWARE OF 5G
5G will be single unified standard of different wireless networks,
including LAN technologies, LAN/WAN, WWWW- World Wide
Wireless Web, unified IP & seamless combination of broadband.
Software defined radio, Packet layer, Implementation of Packets,
Encryption, Flexibility, Anti-Virus.

13. Features of 5G Technology: 5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bidirectional large bandwidth shaping.
The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more attractive
and effective.
5G technology also providing subscriber supervision tools for fast action.
The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.
5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which
supporting almost 65,000 connections.
5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.
The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate.
Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and
fast solution.
The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.
The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.
The 5G technology also support virtual private network.
The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of business
prospect
The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching the
peak . The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available
connectivity just about the world

14. BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit.
Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other
broadband services, more effective and more attractive, Bi directional,
accurate traffic statistics .
Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services.
The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.
5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which
supporting almost 65,000 connections.
5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.
Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better
and fast solution.

15. CONCLUSION
The development of the mobile and wireless networks is going towards higher
data rates and all-IP principle. Currently, there are many available radio access
technologies, which provide possibility for IP-based communication on the
network layer, as well as there is migration of all services in IP environment,
including the traditional telephony and even television, besides the traditional
Internet services, such as web and electronic mail as most used among the
others. On the other side, mobile terminals are obtaining each year more
processing power, more memory on board, and longer battery life for the same
applications (services). It is expected that the initial Internet philosophy of
keeping the network simple as possible, and giving more functionalities to the
end nodes, will become reality in the future generation of mobile networks, here
referred to as 5G.
Author have defined completely novel network architecture for such 5G mobile
networks. The architecture includes introduction of software agents in the
mobile terminal, which will be used for communication with newly defined
nodes called Policy Routers, which shall be placed in the core network. The
Policy Router creates IP tunnels with the mobile terminal via each of the
interfaces to different RATs available to the terminal. Based on the given
policies, the change of the RAT, i.e., vertical handover, is executed via tunnel
change by the Policy Router, and such change is based on the given policies
regarding the Quality of Service and user preferences, as well as performance
measurement obtained by the user equipment via new defined procedure for that
purpose in this paper, called Quality of Service Policy based ROuting
(QoSPRO).
The proposed architecture for future 5G mobile networks can be implemented
using components of the shelf (existing and standardized Internet technologies)
and its implementation is transparent to the radio access technologies, which
makes it very likeable solution for the next generation mobile and wireless
networks.

16. ACRONYMS
1G:
Old-fashioned analog mobile phone systems capable of handling very limited or
no data at all.

2G:
Second generation voice-centric mobile phones and services with limited data
rates ranging from 9.6 kbps to 19.2 kbps.

2.5G:
Interim hardware and software mobile solutions between 2G and 3G with voice
and data capabilities and data rates ranging from 56 kbps to 170 kbps.

3G:
A long awaited digital mobile systems with a maximum data rate of 2 Mbps
under stationary conditions and 384 kbps under mobile conditions. This
technology is capable of handling streaming video two way voice over IP and
Internet connectivity with support for high quality graphics.

3GPP:
Third Generation Partnership Project. 3GPP is an industry body set up to
develop a 3G standard based upon wideband CDMA (WCDMA).

3GPP2:
Third Generation Partnership Project 2. 3GPP2 is an industry standard set up to
develop a 3G standard based upon CDMA-2000.

3.5G:
Interim systems between 3G and 4G allowing a downlink data rate up to 14
Mbps. Sometimes it is also called as High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA).

4G:
Planned evolution of 3G technology that is expected to provide support for data
rates up to 100 Mbps allowing high quality and smooth video transmission.

5G:
In evolutionary view it will be capable of supporting wwww allowing highly
flexible dynamic adhoc wireless networks. In revolutionary view, this
intelligent technology is capable of interconnecting the entire world without
limits.

Bluetooth:
It is a wireless networking protocol designed to replace cable network
technology for devices within 30 feet. Like IEEE 802.11b, Bluetooth also
operates in unlicensed 2.4GHz spectrum, but it only supports data rates up to 1
Mbps.

CDMA-:
Code Division Multiple Access, also known as CDMA-ONE or IS-95 is a
spread spectrum communication technology that allows many users to
communicate simultaneously using the same frequency spectrum.
Communication between users are differentiated by using a unique code for
each user. This method allows more users to share the spectrum at the same time
than alternative technologies.

CDMA-2000-:
Sometimes also known as IS-136 and IMT-CDMA multicarrier (1X/3X) is an
evolution of narrowband radio transmission technology known as CDMA-ONE
(also called CDMA or IS-95), to third generation. 1X refers to the use of 1.25
MHz channel while 3X refers to 5 MHz channel.

EDGE-:
Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution technology gives GSM and TDMA
the capability to handle 3rd generation mobile phone services with speeds upto
384 kbps. Since it uses the TDMA infrastructure, a smooth transition from
TDMA based systems such as GSM to EDGE is expected.

GPRS-:
General Packet Radio Service provides data rates upto 115 kbps for wireless
Internet and other types of data communications using packet data services.

GSM:
Global Systems for Mobile Communication is a world-wide standard for digital
wireless mobile phone systems. The standard was originated by the European
Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) who

was responsible for the creation of ETSI. Currently ETSI is responsible for the
development of GSM standard.

Mobile phones:
Mobile communication systems that uses radio communication and
conventional telephone switching to allow communication to and from mobile
users.

PSTN:
Public Switched Telephone Network is a regular voice telephone network.

Spread Spectrum:
It is a form of wireless communication in which the frequency of the
transmitted signal is deliberately varied over a wide range. This results in a
higher bandwidth of the signal than the one without varied frequency.

TDMA:
Time Division Multiple Access is a technology for sharing a medium by several
users by dividing into different time slots transmitting at the same frequency.

UMTS:
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is the third generation mobile
telephone standard in Europe that was proposed by ETSI.

WAP:
Wireless Application Protocol defines the use of TCP/IP and web browsing for
mobile systems.

WCDMA:
Wideband CDMA is a technology for wideband digital radio communications of
multimedia and other capacity demanding applications. It is adopted by ITU
under the name IMT-2000 direct spread.

WWWW:
A world wide wireless web is capable of supporting a comprehensive wireless
based web application that includes full graphics and multimedia capability at
beyond 4G speeds.