Any lines visible in a view that define edges or outlines of objects are drawnwith lines

referred to as visible lines. Visible lines are drawn as solid, thicklines. In drawings
that do not have cutting planes, visible lines will be thethickest lines drawn.
Hidden lines are used to represent surfaces that are not directly visible in the orthographic
view. Without hidden lines all information about the features that are not directly visible
would be lost.Whenever possible show intersections and corners of hidden lines as
touching lines, not gaps. There should be a gap at the transition between line types so that
it is clear where one line type starts and the other ends.
Centerline may refer to an engineering drawing symbol, stylized by an overlapping C and
L
Section lines in the United States are one mile (1.6 km) apart. When surveyors originally
mapped an area, for instance a township, it was their custom to divide the new township
into 36 1-square-milesections
Extension lines are thin lines that extend from the object outline or point onthe object to a
place outside the image area. Extension lines define areas fordimensions. You should
leave a 1/16" gap between the object outline orpoint on the object and the beginning of
the extension line.Extension linesproject 1/8" beyond the outermost dimension line.
Extension and dimensionlines are drawn at right angles to each other.
dimension line
Definition
A light, fine line with arrowheads or tic marks at each end, used to show
themeasurements of the main object lines.
LONG BREAK LINES: Long break lines are ruled lines with freehandzigzags that
reduce the size of the drawing required to delineate an object andreduce detail.
PHANTOM LINES consist of long dashesseparated by pairs of short dashes (fig.
2-11). The longdashes may vary in length, depending on the size ofthe drawing. Phantom
lines show alternate positionsof related parts, adjacent positions of related parts, and
SHORT BREAK LINES: To indicate a short break in an object, use thick,solid, wavy
freehand lines.Rods, tubes, and bars have additional conventions that not only break
theirlength but also imply the material or texture of the object.

Types of

Quadrilaterals
There are special types of quadrilateral:
In Euclidean plane geometry, aquadrilateral is
a polygon with four sides (or edges) and four
vertices or corners. Sometimes, the
term quadrangle is used, by analogy with triangle,
consistency withpentagon (5-sided), hexagon (6and so on.
The origin of the word "quadrilateral" is the two
Latin words quadri, a variant of four, and latus,

and sometimestetragon for

sided)
meaning "side".
Quadrilaterals are simple (not self-intersecting)
quadrilaterals are either convex or concave.

or complex(self-intersecting), also called crossed. Simple

Some types are also included in the definition of other types! For example a square, rhombus andrectangle are
also parallelograms.

See below

for more details.

Let us look at each type in turn:

The Rectangle

rectangle

is a four-sided shape where every angle is a

Also opposite sides are

parallel

right angle

(90).

and of equal length.

The Rhombus
A

rhombus

is a four-sided shape where all sides have equal length.

Also opposite sides are parallel and opposite angles are equal.
Another interesting thing is that the diagonals (dashed lines in second figure) meet in the middle at a right angle. In other words they
"bisect" (cut in half) each other at right angles.
A rhombus is sometimes called a rhomb or a diamond.
The Square

square

has equal sides and every angle is a right angle (90)

Also opposite sides are parallel.

A square also fits the definition of a rectangle (all angles are 90), and a rhombus (all sides are equal length).
The Parallelogram
A

parallelogram

has opposite sides parallel and equal in length. Also opposite angles are equal (angles "a" are the same, and

angles "b" are the same).

NOTE: Squares, Rectangles and Rhombuses are all Parallelograms!
Example:
The Trapezoid (UK: Trapezium)
Trapezoid

Isosceles Trapezoid

trapezoid

(called a trapezium in the UK) has a pair of opposite sides parallel.

It is called an Isosceles trapezoid if the sides that aren't parallel are equal in length and both angles coming from a parallel side are
equal, as shown.
And a trapezium (UK: trapezoid) is a quadrilateral with NO parallel sides: