Well Performance

(PR,TR)

(a) Reservoir

(Pwf,Twf) (b) Wellbore

Critical Point
(c)

Pressure

Liquid Phase Only

le
bb
Bu

in
Po

100% Liquid
e
80%

Two
Phase
Region

in
tL

(d)
60%
40%

(e)

20%
5% 0% Liquid
Transition zone
to fully turbulent
flow

Complete turbulence

inar
Flow
f=6
4/Re

0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005

0.003
0.0025
0.00225
0.002
3

10

2 3 4 56 8

10

2 3 4 56 8

2 3 4 56 8

10

Reynolds Number, Re

Ref. No. PT/2, Version 1.1 Date of issue

9 / 10 / 00

0.05 Rough pipe

0.04
0.03
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004

Gas Phase Only

Lam

0.025
0.0225
0.020
e
Li n
t0.0175
n
i
o 0.015
P
w
0.014
De
0.013
0.012
0.011
0.010
Temperature 0.009
0.008
0.007
0.0065
0.006
0.0055
0.005
0.0045
0.004
0.0035

10

2 3 4 56 8

10

2 3

56 8

Relative Roughness, e = k/D

(f)
Separator

Friction Factor, f

(Psep,Tsep)

0.00001
8

10

0.00 0.000005
0001
Smooth pipe

Selection of Ar tificial Lift Types

Gas Flow Rate

Control Valve

Production

High
Pressure
Power
Fluid

Gas Flow
Meter
Electric Motor

Production

Production
Production
Rod

Production

Gas Flow

Rod

Power
Fluid

Electric
Power
Cable

Rod
Pump
Gas Lift Valve
(unloading)
Pump
Tubing
Anchor

Fluid
Driven
Pump

Operating Valve

Stator
Motor

(i) Rod Pump (ii) Hydraulic Pump

Ref. No. PT/2, Version 1.1 Date of issue

9 / 10 / 00

(iii) Submersible
Electric
Pump

(iv) Gas lift

(v) Progressing Cavity Pump

(May also be driven by
electric submersible motor)

Gas Lift

Produced Fluid
and Injected Gas
to Separator

Injected Gas
(Control and Metering)

(c) Large Gas Bubble

Displaces Liquid Slug
Gas

Gas

(b) Gas Bubble

Expands as
the Hydrostatic
Pressure Reduces

Liquid

(c)
Displacement of
Liquid Slugs
by Gas Bubbles
Liquid

Gas Lift Valves

Liquid

(b)
Expansion of Gas
Bubbles

(a) Injected Gas Reduces

Average Fluid Density
Gas Injected at
"Operating Valve"

Gas

(a)
Reduction of
Fluid Density
Producing Formation

Perforations

Ref. No. PT/2, Version 1.1 Date of issue

9 / 10 / 00

Formation Damage

Damaged
Zone

Wellbore
Centreline

Reservoir

kd

Pr

Ideal Pressure Profile

(Undamaged)

P2
Actual Pressure Profile
(Damaged) (kd < k)

Pd

1000

P3
rw

rd

Production Rate, bbl/day

100

kd = 50md

re

10

Pd - Extra pressure drop due to Formation Damage

kd = 10md
kd = 1md

1
Permeability of undamaged resrervoir = 100 md
Formation thickness 10ft.
Wellbore radius 0.25ft.
Drainage radius 500ft.
Oil viscosity 0.5 cp
Drawdown 536 psi

0.1

0.01
0

10

12

14

16

18

20

Radius of Damaged Zone Beyond Wellbore, ft

Effect of Formation Damage on Well Production

Ref. No. PT/2, Version 1.1 Date of issue

9 / 10 / 00

22

24

Matrix Acidising

Contours With Constant Production Increase (Q acid / Q original)

Insufficient HCI

Concentration HF (% Wt)

Acidized Porosity

< 35 %

1.45

Optimum
Acid
Formations
(10% wt HCl
0.7% wt HF)

35 % < < 40 %

Composition of Rock

> 40 %

Quartz
74.9 % wt
K-Feldspar 7.0 % wt
Illite
6.0 % wt
Kaolinite
10.0 % wt
Dolomite
0.1 % wt
Anhydrite
0.5 % wt
Albite
1.0 % wt
Siderite
0.5 % wt
Porosity (%) : 20
No Drilling Impairment

1.45
1.40

1.35

0
0

10

15

Concentration HCI (% Wt)

Ref. No. PT/2, Version 1.1 Date of issue

9 / 10 / 00

20

25

Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracture closure stress

Embedment in
formation

(Soft) Formation Fracture Face

Filter cake Original propped

width fracture

Effective fracture width for flow

(Soft) Formation Fracture Face

N.B. Proppant grain crushing and deformation not illustrated (see Fig 30)

Ref. No. PT/2, Version 1.1 Date of issue

9 / 10 / 00

Unstable Formations and

Sand Control

Strengthened Zone

SAND
CONSOLIDATION

Producing Interval

yy
,,
,
y
,,,
yyy
,,,
yyy
,,
yy
,
y
,,,
yyy
,,,
yyy
,,
yy
,
y
,,,
yyy
,,,,
yyyy
,,,,
yyyy
,,,,
yyyy
Cement

Packer

Screen

"Frac Pack"

Gravel

Perforation

Producing Interval

INTERNAL
GRAVEL
PACK

Casing

Screen

Producing Interval

Gravel

EXTERNAL
GRAVEL
PACK

Vertical former
(for strength)

Stainless steel wire

in triangular shape
Gap kept constant
Key form allows any
sand grain that passes
narrowest point to be
flushed from slot
Spot weld

Ref. No. PT/2, Version 1.1 Date of issue

9 / 10 / 00

Oil and Gas Processing

Water Content of Hydrocarbon Gas

80000

80000
Correction Factor for Gas Gravity

60000

1.0

40000

60000

50 F
100 F
150 F
200 F

CG

0.9

40000

250 F
0.8

300 F

20000

20000

Gas Relative Density

0.7
0.6
20

10000

1.0

25

1.2

30

1.4

35

1.6

40

45

1.8
50

10000

Molecular Weight

8000

8000

6000

6000
Correction Factor for Salinity

0.98

ps
ia

0.96

10

Total Solids in Brine. %

800
600
400

100
80
60
40

1000
800
600
400

200

HYDRATE FORMATION LINE

200

0.90

20
0
30
0
50
0 40
0
80
0 600
15
00 10
00
30
00 20
50
00
80 00 40
00
6 00
10 000
00
0

14

0.92

1000

2000

.7

0.94

25

2000

4000

1.00

50

Cs = H20 From Brine

H20 From Water

4000

100
80
60
40

20

20

Annual Peak e.g. Winter in NW Europe

14
.7
ps
25
ia

Decline

1
-40

-20

20

40

60

Temperature F

Water contents of natural gasses with

corrections for salinity and relative density.
After McKetta and Wehe, Hydrocarbon
Processing. August 1958

1
80

Discovery

-60

10

6
10

50

Production

Position of this line

is a function of gas
composition
0

10

20
0
30
0
50
0 40
80
0 60 0
15
0
1
00 0
00
20
00

Water Content of Natural Gas (lb water/million cu ft. of wet gas at 60 F and 14.7 psia)

0.8

100 120 140 160 180 200

240

280

Abandonment

Plateau
First Gas
Operating Expenses (Gas Equivalent)

Years

Ref. No. PT/2, Version 1.1 Date of issue

9 / 10 / 00

Water Handling

Oil Froth

Gas Injection
Perforated Hood

Oil Outlet
Gas / Oil
Bubbles

Rapid Rotation of Paddle

Produces Small Gas Bubble

Clean
Water Outlet

Oily Water Inlet

Ref. No. PT/2, Version 1.1 Date of issue

9 / 10 / 00

10

50.0

9 / 10 / 00

1996

1995

1994

1993

0
1992

Ref. No. PT/2, Version 1.1 Date of issue

1996

100.0

1995

150.0
1994

1993
Millions of Tonnes

16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0

1992

Millions of Tonnes

Oil and Gas Field Operations

Exercise

Depth
ft. TVD-RKB
0

RKB / Xmas Tree

MSL

Riser / Mud Line

Seabed / Well Line

SSV
ft.

Top of Reservoir

OWC
Figure 2

Ref. No. PT/2, Version 1.1 Date of issue

Haggis-3 Well Schematic

9 / 10 / 00

11

Examination and Model

Solutions

RE

SI

E
RS
R:
EA

CO

.:

:
RE

TU

8 Pages

O
TI
E: RA
M
T
:
IS

yyyy
,,,,
yyyy
,,,,
yyyy
,,,,
yyyy
,,,,
t
no
o
td n
bu
o
on inati
cti
se xam
is
th
e e hed
te
l th inis
ple unti
f
m
is
l
Co sea

Answer to Q1

Date:

1(a)

(Standard) 3-phase horizontal separator diagram.

Subject:
Pressure Control Valve

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATESInlet Deflector/

PC

Momentum
Breaker

Gas
Mist Eliminator

No.

Mk.

Weir

GAS
Inlet
1. Complete the sections above but do not seal until the examination is finished.

2. Insert in box on right the numbers of the questions attempted.

OIL and EMULSION

OIL

3. Start each question on a new page.

WATER

4. Rough working should be confined to left hand pages.

To Produced
Water Treatment

5. This book must be handed in entire with the top corner sealed.
6. Additional books must bear the name of the candidate, be sealed and be affixed to
the first book by means of a tag provided

Oil Outlet and

Level Control
Water Outlet and
Level Control

Main components
PLEASE READ EXAMINATION REGULATIONS ON BACK COVER

Inlet momentum breaker =>

To Oil Export

Main function

to reduce inlet flow velocity (hence

helping disengage free gas)

Mist eliminator/extractor =>

to remove liquid drops from gas

(by allowing liquid droplets to impinge
on the wire, coalesce and flow down in
to the liquid phase)

Weir =>

to separate oil and water phases (oil

is collected here and skimmed off
from main settling area)

Liquid outlets under level controls =>

to evacuate oil and water (usually

equipped with a vortex breaker to
prevent re-entrainment of gas)

Ref. No. PT/2, Version 1.1 Date of issue

9 / 10 / 00

12