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Apple'stransitiontoIntelprocessorsWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Apple'stransitiontoIntelprocessors
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Apple'sInteltransitionwastheprocessofchangingtheCPUofMacintoshcomputersfromPowerPC
processorstoIntelx86processors.Thetransitionbecamepublicknowledgeatthe2005Worldwide
DevelopersConference(WWDC),whenApple'sthenCEOSteveJobsmadetheannouncementthatthe
companywouldmakeatransitionfromtheuseofPowerPCmicroprocessorssuppliedbyFreescale
(formerlyMotorola)andIBMinitsMacintoshcomputers,toprocessorsdesignedandmanufacturedby
Intel,achiefsupplierformostofApple'scompetitors.[1]
ThetransitionmarkedtheMacintoshplatform'ssecondmigrationtoanewCPUarchitecture.Thefirstwas
theswitchfromtheMotorola68karchitecture(usedsincetheoriginalMacintosh128k)tothePowerPC
architecture.Appleistheonlypersonalcomputercompanytohavesuccessfullycompletedsuchatransition
competitorsCommodoreandAtarineverregainedtheirmarketpositionsaftertheirswitchfrom6502to
68kinthemid1980s[2][3]andstoppedmanufacturingcomputersintheearly1990s,aroundthetimeApple
wasswitchingtoPowerPC.
Apple'sinitialpressreleaseindicatedthetransitionwouldbeginbyJune2006andfinishbytheendof
2007,butitactuallyproceededmuchmorequickly.ThefirstgenerationIntelbasedMacintosheswere
releasedinJanuary2006,andSteveJobsannouncedthelastmodelstoswitchinAugust2006,withtheMac
ProavailableimmediatelyandwiththeIntelXserveavailablebyOctober2006.[4]TheXserveserverswere
availableinDecember2006.[5]
ApplereleasedMacOSXv10.6"SnowLeopard"onAugust28,2009asIntelonly,removingsupportfor
thePowerPCarchitecture.[6]

Contents
1Timeline
2Productrenaming
3Precedents
4Reasons
5Benefits
6Drawbacks
6.1Reactiontothechange
6.2Hardwareoriented
6.3ExistingPowerPCapplications
7Seealso
8References
9Externallinks
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Timeline
June6,2005:AppleannouncesitsplanstoswitchtoIntelprocessorsattheWorldwideDeveloper
ConferenceandreleasedaDeveloperTransitionKit,aPCwithaTrustedPlatformModuleina
modifiedPowerMacG5case,toallSelectandPremiermembersoftheAppleDeveloperConnection
atapriceof$999.[7]
January10,2006:Jobsannouncesthefirsttwocomputersinthisseries,the15"MacBookProand
iMacCoreDuoline,bothusinganIntelCoreDuochipandofferstotradeintheDeveloper
TransitionKitsforiMacs.
February28,2006:JobsannouncesthattheMacmininowalsocomeswithanIntelCorechip,in
eithertheSoloorDuovarieties.
April5,2006:AppleannouncedthereleaseofBootCamp,whichallowsusersofIntelbasedMacs
torunWindowsXP.[8]
April24,2006:Appleannouncesthe17"MacBookPro,replacingthe17"PowerBook.
April27,2006:IntelannouncesthatprocessorswiththeCoremicroarchitecturewouldbereleased
monthssoonerthanpreviouslythought.
May16,2006:Appleannouncesthe13"MacBook,replacingboththeiBooklineandthe12"
PowerBook.
June26,2006:IntelannouncestheXeon5100seriesserver/workstationCPU.[9]
July5,2006:AppleannouncesaspecialeducationalconfigurationoftheiMac,replacingtheoldG4
eMac.
August7,2006:"TransitionComplete"AppleannouncestheIntelbasedMacProandXserve,
replacingthePowerMacG5andXserveG5,attheWorldwideDevelopersConferencebothusethe
Xeon5100series("Woodcrest")processors.
August28,2009:AppleshipsMacOSX10.6"SnowLeopard,"whichisthefirstOSXversionthat
doesnotsupportthePowerPCfamilycomputers.
March1,2011:ThebetaversionofthethenupcomingMacOSXLiondrops"Rosetta"andwillnot
beabletorunPowerPCbasedsoftware.[10]

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July20,2011:ThereleaseofMacOSX10.7LionformallyendsApple'ssupportofPowerPCbased
software.
August7,2013:ThePowerMacG5reaches"old"statushavingbeendiscontinuedsevenyears
earlier,endingApple'sserviceandpartssupportforPowerPChardware.PowerPCMacsreached
"obsolete"statusthroughout2013.

Productrenaming
ThenamesofsomeofApple'sdesktopandlaptopproductlineschangedbetweenthePowerPCversionand
thecorrespondingIntelversion.Mostnotably,theword"Power"wasdroppedfromallproductlines.
DuringtheKeynoteaddressatMacworldin2006,wherethefirstIntelbasedMacs,theiMacandMacBook
Pro,wereannounced,SteveJobsremarkedthatthenewnamingschemesfortheirproductsreflectedtheir
desiretohave"Mac"inthenameofalloftheircomputers,andbecausetheywere"donewithpower."This
wasinreferencetothefactthatthepreviousPowerPCG5processorswerenotenergyefficient,and
thereforeusedfartoomuchpowertobeusedinanyportableMacs.
PowerPC

Intel

MacMini

MacMini

iMac

iMac

PowerMac MacPro
Xserve

Xserve

iBook

MacBook

PowerBook MacBookPro

Precedents
ThefirstknownattempttomovetoIntelplatformswastheStarTrekprojectfromspring1992to1993,a
jointeffortwithNovelltoportMacOStorunonordinary486PCs.ItwasbasedonNovell'snextin
developmentversionofDRDOSwithitspreemptivemultitasker,whichprovidedahybrid32bit/16bit
coresystemsimilarinarchitecturetoWindows3.1in386EnhancedMode,butwithoutaGUI.Theported
System7.1ranontopofthisenvironment.Whiletheprojectwassuccessfulwithrunningprebetaversions
itwasstoppedin1993aftermanagementandstrategychanges.Thecoresystem(butwithouttheStarTrek
specificcomponents)waslaterreleasedaspartofNovellDOS7.
TheMacintoshlineunderwentasimilartransitionbetween1994andabout1996,whenAppleswitched
fromMotorola's68KseriesofchipstoIBM/MotorolaPowerPCprocessors,developedjointlybyMotorola,
Apple,andIBM.Thistookseveralyears,duringwhichAppleproducedversionsoftheMacOSthatcould
runoneitherplatform,introducedfairlylowlevelemulationofthe68KarchitecturebythePowerPC
models,andencouragedthirdpartydeveloperstoreleasefatbinariesthatcouldrunnativelyoneither
architecture.

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Morerecently,ApplehastransitionedtheMacintoshfromtheearlierMacOStoMacOSX.Thistransition
alsotookanumberofyears(asmallpercentageofolderMacintoshesstillruntheearlieroperatingsystem),
andwasfacilitatedbytheinclusionofClassic,anenvironmentinwhichaninstanceofMacOS9couldbe
run,permittingtheexecutionofprogramsthathadnotbeenportedtoMacOSX,aswellastheintroduction
ofCarbonforMacOS9andMacOSX,allowingprogramstorunnativelyoneithersystem.
Jobsrevealedatthe2005WWDCthateveryversionofOSXhadbeensecretlydevelopedandcompiledfor
IntelprocessorsaswellasPowerPCastheyweredevelopedtheportabilityofitspredecessorNeXTSTEP
hadbeenmaintained.ItisnotpubliclyknownwhetherApplemaintainscurrentbuildsforanyother
architecturesalthoughthecloselyrelatediOSprojectrunsontheiPhone'sARMarchitecture.

Reasons
SteveJobsstatedthatApple'sprimarymotivationforthetransitionwastheir
disappointmentwiththeprogressofIBM'sdevelopmentofPowerPC
technology,andtheirgreaterfaithinInteltomeetApple'sneeds.Inparticular,
hecitedtheperformanceperwattprojectionsintheroadmapprovidedby
Intel.[11]Thisisanespeciallyimportantconsiderationinlaptopdesign,which
affectsthehoursofuseperbatterycharge.
InJune2003,JobshadintroducedMacsbasedonthePowerPCG5processor
andpromisedthatwithinayear,theclockspeedofthepartwouldbeupto3
GHz.Twoyearslater,3GHzG5swerestillnotavailable,andrumors
continuedthatIBM'slowyieldsonthePOWER4derivedchipweretoblame.
Further,theheatproducedbythechipprovedanobstacletodeployingitina
laptopcomputer,whichhadbecomethefastestgrowingsegmentofthe
personalcomputerindustry.

SteveJobstalksaboutthe
transitiontoIntel

SomeobserversweresurprisedthatApplehadnotmadeadealwithAMD,
whichhadinrecentyearsbecomeastrongcompetitortoIntel.AMDhadrecentlyreleaseditscompetitive
64bitOpteronplatform,[12][13]andbymovingstraighttox8664Applewouldhavehadoneless
architecturetransition.AnalystshavespeculatedthatAMD'slackoflowpowerdesignsatthetimewere
behindthedecisiontogowithIntel.[11]Howeverin2011,AppleinvestigatedusingAMDslowpower
LlanoAPUfortheMacBookAir,buteventuallyoptedforIntelduetoAMD'spotentialinabilitytosupply
enoughLlanoprocessorstomeetdemand.[14]

Benefits
AdvocatesofthetransitionpointoutthepotentialforthenewIntelMacsystemstorunfourclassesof
softwareatnativespeeds:MacOSXbinaries,Java/.NETapplications,Unixapplications,andWin32/x86
applications.
Originally,emulationsoftwaresuchasDOSBoxorMicrosoftVirtualPCwasrequiredtorunx86software
ontheMacintosh.Suchsoftwarecouldnowenjoymuchmoresuccesswithnearnativeperformance
throughvirtualization,suchasiscurrentlybeingdonebyParallelsDesktopforMacandVMwareFusion.

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Forthosecustomerswishingtoachieveamoreconventionalenvironment,adualbootsolutionispossible
onanx86AppledeviceusingBootCampsoftware(whichincludesWindowsdriversforMachardware).
Somethirdpartypartitioningoptionscanevenprovidetriple,orevenquadrupleboot.
AlthoughmostgamesdependontheuseofDirectXAPIsnotavailableonMacOSX(oneitherprocessor
type),itshouldbeeasiertoportOSindependentcode,suchasOpenGL,nowthatdevelopersnolonger
havetoresolveendian,andotherISAdependencyissuesassociatedwithmovingfromx86toPowerPC.

Drawbacks
Reactiontothechange
TheannouncementofApple'sintentiontoswitchtoIntelbasedMacscausedconcernbecauseRosetta,the
PowerPCdynamictranslator,whenfirstannounced,emulatedaG3atonly6080%ofasimilarlypowered
CPU'sclockspeed.Apartfromthis,Classic,theMacOS9virtualizationforMacOSX,wasnotportedto
thex86architecture,leavingthenewIntelpoweredMacsincompatiblewithoriginalMacOSapplications
withoutaproperthirdpartyPowerPCemulator.
TheperformanceofIntel'schipsetswasaconcern,alongwiththex86architectureitself,andwhetherit
wouldaffectsystemperformanceandapplicationquality.Otherproblemsincludeendiannessandreduced
floatingpointperformanceinrealworldapplicationsrelativetoequivalentorcontemporaryPowerPC
processors.
ItwasalsofearedthatitmaybepossibleforWindowsandWindowsapplicationstorunnativelyonMac
hardware,possiblykillingoffMacOSXand/orapplicationsdevelopedforit.Therewasconcernthatthe
earlyannouncementofthechangewouldcauseanOsborneeffect,andtherewasthepossibilitythatIntel
couldforceAppletousetheIntelInsidebranding.Inaddition,Applehadnurturedafeelingofanimosity
towardIntelamongitsloyalbase.ItwouldtaketimeandmoneytoconvinceApple'smostloyalcustomers
thatIntelwasacceptable.
TherewerealsofearsthatIntel,whichtookpartinthedevelopmentandimplementationoftheUSB,would
forceAppletodropalldevelopmentandsupportofitsFireWireserialbusonallIntelMacs.Thishasnot
occurred,withFireWireportscontinuedtobeincludedonallMacs,exceptcertainnotebookconfigurations
beginningwiththeMacBookAirin2008,untilbeingreplacedbythefasterThunderboltport.
ManyofthesefearswereputtorestatMacworld2006withthearrivalofthefirstIntelbasedMacs.
Rosettawasimprovedtooffermuchfasterspeedsthanoriginallydemonstrated(thoughbenchmarks
suggestthatPowerPCcodestilldoesnotperformaswellunderemulationonaCoreDuoiMacasitdoeson
aG5iMac[15]).Intel'sCoreDuoCPUsperformnearlyaswellasthemostpowerfulPowerMacG5towers,
andoutperformedtheG5chipinthe2005modelofiMaconbothintegerandfloatingpointSPECmark
tests.
ApplicationsnativetobothPPCandIntelbasedMacssuchasSafariwebbrowserwerefoundtoperform
betterontheIntelbasedMacthanonthePPCbasedMac.However,preOSXapplicationswillnotrun
directlyonIntelMacs.PreOSXapplicationscanonlyberunonIntelMacsbyusingemulatorssuchas
vMac,BasiliskII,andSheepShaver,thoughthelackofstabilityoftheseemulatorsseverelylimitstheir
functionality.
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FearsofanOsborneeffectweredismissedaftersalesofMacsfortheChristmas2005quartersawan
increaseoverthepreviousChristmas.UnlikeWindowsbasedPCcounterparts"IntelInside"stickershave
neverbeenincludedonanyAppleproduct.[16]

Hardwareoriented
TherewerequestionsovertheextenttowhichApplewouldretaincontroloverthenonprocessor
componentsofthesystemdesign.Appleistraditionallyasystemsbuilder,andsomefearedthatApple's
industrialdesignphilosophymaybeaffectedifthecompanyswitchedtocommodityparts.Othersnoted
thatApplehasslowlybeenswitchingtostandardpartssincetheintroductionofthePCIPowerMacin
1995,andsaidthatusinganonApplechipsetinitselfwouldnotharmtheMac'simage.
IntelMacsemployadifferentInteltechnologyforfirmware,ExtensibleFirmwareInterface,nottheOpen
FirmwareApplehadbeenusing.EFIremovesthetraditionalPCrelianceontheBIOSwhileproviding
morefunctionality.[17]
Theuseofthex86architectureallowsWindowstorunnativelyonApplehardware,andopensthe
possibilityofusingtheWinepackagetorunWindowsexecutablesdirectly.Somefearthatthechangewill
makeMacOSXalessvaluabletargetforsoftwaredevelopers,sinceMacOSXuserscanuseadualboot
setuporaWinevariant(suchasCrossOverMacorDarwine)torunWindowsappsinstead.Otherssaythat
itcouldbeaboontoswitchers,sincetheywouldnothavetoleavetheirWindowsapplicationsbehindwhile
tryingoutMacOSX.TheideaofMacOSXbeingavailableonregularPCshasalsobeendiscussed,but
ApplehassaidthattheywillnotallowregularPCstorunMacOSX.TheOSx86Project,however,isable
toinstallMacOSXonnonApplePCs.ItwaspreviouslythoughtthatsinceWindowsXPisincompatible
withtheExtensibleFirmwareInterface,itwouldnotberunonIntelbasedMacs.[18]PriortotheBootCamp
announcement,aprizecontest[19]resultedinaworkingsolutionfordualbootingWindowsXPandMacOS
XonanIntelMac.MicrosofthasannouncedthatWindowsVistawillnotbeEFIcompatibleon32bit
platforms,butthelatestversionsofBootCampallowVistatobeinstalledonanyIntelMac.
IntelwasseenamongtheMaccommunityasapurveyorofhotrunningchips(especiallythePentium4).
ApplethemselvesmockedthePentiumrangeintheir"ToastedBunnies"advertisementsofthelate1990s.
However,thePentiumMchips,whichweredesignedforlaptopuse,runmuchcoolerthanthePentium4.
AppleclaimedthethennewIntelCorechips,whicharebasedonthePentiumMmicroarchitecture,would
havedramaticallybetterperformanceperwattthanthePowerPCG4andG5.
Finally,therelativequalityofthex86architecturehasbeendiscussed.Criticsoftheswitchsaythatx86
wasapoorchoicebecauseofitslackofhardwareregisterscomparedtothePowerPC,andthelackof
AltiVec(alsoknownasVelocityEngine).Proponentshaverespondedbysayingthatthex86architecture
hasevolvedgreatlysincetheoriginal8086wasintroduced,andthatCPUsingeneralhavecombinedRISC
andCISCphilosophiesintheirinternaldesignsforsometime,makingthedistinctionobsolete.Theyalso
pointoutthatimprovedSSEcouldequalAltiVec,andthatmostprogrammersrarelydealwithx86's
peculiaritiesbecausethecompilerdoesthework.
TheCoreSoloandCoreDuochipsare32bitdesigns.OnAugust7,2006,ApplereleasedtheMacProand
IntelbasedXserve,introducingIntel64(Intel'simplementationofx8664)architectureintothelineup
throughtheuseoftheXeonprocessor.AsofAugust7,2007,allothercomputersinApple'sproductline
havebeenupdatedwiththe64bitCore2Duo.
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WhilethecurrentbenchmarkscomparingCoreDuotoCore2Duoprocessorsshowverylittledifference
whenrunningin32bit,the64bitedgehasbecomemoreofanissuewiththereleaseofMacOSXv10.6
(SnowLeopard),andnowuserscandualbootWindows7infull64bitmode.

ExistingPowerPCapplications
Javaapplications(thatdonotrelyonJavaNativeInterface),someDashboardWidgets,andscriptsthat
executeinsideaninterpreterallworkimmediatelyonbothprocessorsandareimmunetochanges.OSX
applicationsthatcannotbemigratedruninsideaPowerPCdynamictranslatoronIntelcalled"Rosetta."
RosettawasoriginallylimitedtoaG3instructionset,butcurrentlysupportsAltiVecandtheG4instruction
set,leavingonlytheG5additionsunsupported.Rosettaisaninstructiontranslatorcomparabletothe68K
emulatorthatallowsPowerPCMacintoshestorunprePowerPCcode,ratherthanavirtualsystemlike
Classicitdoesnotrequireasecondoperatingsystemtobeloadedasasubsystembeforetheapplication
canwork.
AltiVecitselfhasbeenencapsulatedsinceMacOS10.3byavectorizationlibrarythislibraryusesAltiVec
onthePowerPCandSSE(orequivalentregularinstructions)onx86.
AnewversionofXcodewasreleasedthatsupportedthegenerationofUniversalBinariesforInteland
PowerPC,thenewsystem'sequivalentoftheearlier68KPowerPCfatbinaries.Cocoaapplicationscanbe
portedsimplybyrecompilingthemandcheckingforendiannessproblems.Carbonapplicationsrequired
someadditionaltuning,butnotofthecomplexityofthetransitionfromMacOS9.Applicationswritten
usingMetrowerksCodeWarriorsuitehadtobemodifiedthosethatusePowerPlantrequiredfurthercode
changes,describedbyAppleandMetrowerks.
Classicisnotsupportedonthex86architecture.ThismeansthatpreMacOSXsoftwaredoesnotrunon
MacOSXoutofthebox,towhichsomeusersrunningolderapplications(suchasQuarkXPress4and5)
objected.However,thirdpartyemulators,suchasMinivMac,BasiliskII,andSheepShaver,havebeen
portedtoIntelbasedMacs,allowingsomepreMacOSXsoftwaretorun.

Seealso
OSx86
StarTrekproject

References
1. ^Applepressrelease,June6,2005:AppletoUseIntelMicroprocessorsBeginningin2006
(https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jun/06intel.html)
2. ^"AppleSwitch,ByJohnC.Dvorak,March18,2003,PCMag.com"
(http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,933453,00.asp).PCMagazine."Applehasauniqueabilitytogetaway
withchangingprocessorsradically."
3. ^ThePastandPossibleFutureofApple'sIntelTransition(http://lowendmac.com/stotler/07/0104.html)
4. ^"WWDCLiveKeynoteUpdate"(http://macworld.com/news/2006/08/07/liveupdate/)
5. ^"XserveTechnologyOverview"
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(http://images.apple.com/xserve/pdf/Xserve_TechnologyOverview12202006.pdf)(PDF).
6. ^"ApplePreviewsMacOSXSnowLeopardtoDevelopers"
(http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/09snowleopard.html)(Pressrelease).AppleInc.June9,2008.
Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20080611151415/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/09snowleopard.html)
fromtheoriginalonJune11,2008.RetrievedJune11,2008.
7. ^https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jun/06intel.html
8. ^BBCNewsarticle,April5,2006:ApplemakesMacsrunWindowsXP
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4880022.stm)
9. ^MacWorldarticle,June26,2006:Intelrollsout'Woodcrest'chip
(http://www.macworld.com/news/2006/06/26/woodcrest/index.php)
10. ^MacWorldarticle,March1,2011:NoJava,Rosetta,orFrontRowinLion
(http://www.macworld.co.uk/macsoftware/news/index.cfm?newsid=3263138)
11. ^abhttp://www.macworld.com/article/46961/2005/09/intelvsamd.html
12. ^http://www.infoworld.com/t/hardware/amdsprofitsgrowopteronflashmemory511
13. ^http://debian.org/ports/amd64/
14. ^"Exclusive:AppleMacBookAirwithAMDprocessordead"(http://semiaccurate.com/2011/11/17/apple
macbookairwithamdprocessordead/).SemiAccurate.20111117.
15. ^Anandtech,January30,2006:AppleMakestheSwitch:iMacG5vs.iMacCoreDuo
(http://www.anandtech.com/mac/showdoc.aspx?i=2685)
16. ^Sorrel,Charlie(August13,2007)."AppleFanFrenzy:Stickergate"
(http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2007/08/applefanfrenz/).Wired.
17. ^Apple'stransitiondocumentation:ExtensibleFirmwareInterface
(http://developer.apple.com/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/universal_binary/universal_binary_diffs/chapt
er_3_section_10.html)
18. ^Engadget,January11,2006:NewMacsnotXPfriendly,butVistaisgoodtogo
(http://engadget.com/2006/01/11/noxponintelmacsbutvistaisgoodtogo/)
19. ^Onmac.net,March16,2006:WindowsXPonanIntelMac(http://onmac.net/)

Externallinks
AppleUniversalBinaryProgrammingGuidelines
(http://developer.apple.com/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/universal_binary/)
CanDevelopersGiveMactelanEnterpriseBoost?
(http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,1909736,00.asp)
BootCamp,Apple'ssolutiontorunningWindowsoperatingsystemsviaadualbootmethod
(https://www.apple.com/macosx/compatibility/)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Apple%27s_transition_to_Intel_processors&oldid=645042324"
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