University of New Hampshire

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

ECE537

Laboratory#5
Weeks of 11/17/14 and 12/05/14
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)

Reference: Hambley Chapters 11 and 14

Objectives

To construct an amplifier containing an integrated circuit

To verify the behavior of op amps as discussed in lecture

Equipment and Components

One (1) GW GOS-622G Oscilloscope
One (1) GW Instek GFG-8216A Function Generator
One (1) Solderless Protoboard
Two (2) Hewlett Packard 6216B Power supplies
Two (2) 741 operational amplifiers
Two (2) 1 k resistors
Four (4) 100 resistors
Pre-Lab Procedure
Calculate the voltage gain (Av=Vout/Vs), input resistance (Rin) and output resistance (Rout)
of the circuits in figures 1 and 2 below. You may assume an ideal infinite input resistance
or ideal zero output resistance where appropriate. Be sure to include the appropriate sign
|V out|
(+ or -) for the gain (Av)of both circuits. Calculate the output voltage magnitude
)

of the circuits if the source (Vs) is a 0.1 volt peak-to-peak sine wave with a source
resistance of 50 (this resistance is not shown on the schematics). Lastly, specify the
V out
output voltage phase shift with respect to the input (
.

Figure 1
Av

|V out|
V out

Rin
Rout

Figure 2

Figure 1. Inverting amplifier

Figure 2. Non-inverting amplifier

In-Lab Procedure
1) Build the circuit in figure 1(inverting amplifier) using the protoboard. Use two power
supplies, each set at 15 volts. The pin-out for the 741 op amp is shown below.

741

- Input 2

V+

+ Input 3

Output

V-4

The op amp requires both a positive and negative supply voltage. To achieve this, set two
power supplies to 15 volts. Connect the negative terminal of one power supply to the
positive terminal of the other supply as shown in figure 3 below. This connection point
will be the circuit reference point and is shown with the ground symbol.

Figure 3

2) Now add the resistors to the circuit as shown in figure 4 below. Be sure to connect the
circuit reference point to the non-inverting input.

Figure 4

3) Using the oscilloscope to set the amplitude, set the function generator so that it
generates a 1 kHz sine wave with an amplitude of 0.1 volts peak-to-peak. Keep in mind
that the function generator has an internal resistance of 50 . Do NOT connect the
output of the function generator to the circuit while setting the amplitude.
Connect the function generator to the input of the circuit (one wire to the 100 input
resistor, and the other wire to ground).
Measure and record the peak-to-peak voltage magnitude at the output of the inverting
amplifier circuit (Fig 1) with the scope. Using the other scope channel to display the
input, record the output phase with respect to the input (180 or 0).

|V out|

=__________________

V out

=__________________

Enter these values in the table at the end of the report.

4) We now have an amplifier circuit and we would like to model this circuit with the
amplifier block diagram shown below in figure 5.

Figure 5
We will need to find the input resistance (Rin) of the circuit, the voltage gain (Av) of the
circuit, and the output resistance (Rout) of the circuit to complete the model. We will start
by finding the input resistance.
Recall the formula for voltage division. In this case, our voltage divider consists of the
internal resistance of the function generator (Rs) and the input resistance of the amplifier
circuit as shown below in figure 6.

Figure 6
R
R
Where V =( V s ) R +50 =(0.1 V ) R + 50

Measure and record the peak-to-peak voltage at the input of the inverting amplifier circuit
(Fig 1) with the scope.
Vin = _______________
Algebraic manipulation of the above yields an expression for the input resistance of the
op amp circuit using measured values.
V
( )50
0.1 V V
R =

Record the input resistance of the inverting amplifier circuit (Fig 1):Rin = ____________
Enter this value in the table at the end of this report.
5) Now that we know the input voltage to the amplifier (Vin) and the output voltage of the
amplifier (Vout), we may calculate the voltage gain (with the appropriate sign).
Av = Vout/Vin

Record the gain of the inverting amplifier circuit (Fig 1): Av = _____________
Enter this value in the table at the end of this report.
6) Finally, we wish to find the output resistance (Rout) of the amplifier circuit. We can
find this using the same method that we used to find the input resistance of the circuit.
We already know the unloaded output voltage of the circuit (Vout). If we attach a 100
load resistor to the circuit and measure the amplifier output voltage again, we can
rearrange the voltage division formula again to solve for the output resistance of the
amplifier circuit.
Attach a 100 load resistor (RL) between the op amp output and ground.
Measure and record the peak-to-peak loaded output voltage of the inverting amplifier
circuit (Fig 1) with the scope. We will designate this loaded output voltage as VL since it
is the voltage across the output load resistor.
VL = _________________
Note that this voltage is somewhat lower than the unloaded output voltage. Now that
current is flowing, some of the output voltage is dropped across the internal output
resistance(Rout)of the amplifier circuit as shown below in figure 7.

Where

Figure 7

V L =( V out )

100
R out +100

Algebraic manipulation of the above yields an expression for the output resistance of the
op amp circuit using measured values.
Rout =

100 (V out V L )
VL

Record the output resistance of the inverting amplifier circuit (Fig 1): Rout = __________
Enter this value in the table at the end of this report.

7) Repeat steps 1 through 6 above for the non-inverting amplifier circuit of figure 2 as
follows:
Steps 1 and 2) Build the circuit.
Step 3) Measure the magnitude and phase output voltage
(enter values in table).
Step 4) Measure the input voltage and find the input
resistance (enter value in table)
Step 5) Find the voltage gain (enter value in table).
Step 6) Attach a 100 load resistor, measure the loaded
output voltage, and find the output resistance (enter value
in table).

The same formulae are valid!

8. At this point you have measured the voltage gain of the op amp circuits (Av), the input
resistance of the op amp circuits (Rin), the output resistance of the op amp circuits (Rout),
and the output voltage (magnitude and phase) of the circuits. These are the same values
you calculated at the beginning of this exercise. Compare the calculated and measured
values.
Make sure that you understand the derivation of the formulae introduced in this
laboratory exercise. They are simple algebraic manipulations of the voltage division
formula.

Inverting Amp
Calculated

Inverting Amp
Measured

Non-Inverting Amp
Calculated

Non-Inverting Amp
Measured

|V out|
V out
Av
Rin
Rout

In this exercise, you looked at two op amp circuits: the inverting amplifier and the noninverting amplifier.
Which circuit has the higher gain? ________________
Which circuit has the higher input resistance? ________________
Which circuit causes a phase shift? ________________