by DO VAN MINH (Published in 1962) us $3.00 YN 8255 1 Glimpses : Geographical features, climate, population, vlages ad tages. religions, culture tory : Some notes on Vietnamese hisory ~ Aooter legend origin of BckDao, the Conference of Dion Hong omy, Society + Carain aipects of the Vistnamere economy — winter in Viem — The straggle against literacy — = Tet> the sew year and other Tos! fest, Sand Crafts, Folk Poetry : Spiitl load of the Viemomete rressions and Remembrances + Vie-Nom, an ancontlond but tks tas intestng become the center of word eto, 2 Tulor understanding of this Asan nation — «hare old men and 2 bhly verwated. and tho wise bower apprcted than the. brave ia oak thir lets and offerings Behind safes athouah VietNam i very snuck in the nows of Io vty file, a= 9 ee Inown about you havo peeducad provider an iervctve anf. stray fnteecing to your county. Sle simp bt catching, and usrains ar super tho gratet sone, Giovanni Orlandi Armbossodor of aly to: Vit Nam ENGLISH TRANSLATION, FOOTNOTES and ‘COMMENTARIES by LE-XUAN-THUY [Published in 1963) YN$ 150 focinetos ve, fscinating dete one ia the Eat, proven ind ndersandingh. Ths worm and esol tandton of Kia's sry ‘much plessre to Westrners > the orginal haw brouaht to. Ke a East De. Edward C. Briton render is civen the sietios and dlcta mssning of the poom in 2 “eprolform. Iam. sue thi tram of Kim Ven Kiss wil be ah the bullet enhaisan i 0 rihh deserves» De. Nguyen Van Tho Winner of Uecomt d Nowy Uiterary Pres 1960 by LE HUY HAP vn g35 ae a.VNCam NGUYEN. PHUT TAN, = odd i histor C OF «Raa TAMU 2920777066A MODERN HISTORY VIET. NAM (1802-1954)To my affectionate mother whese scifi Fees ile Ga eeeFOREWORD For ove contory td haf, fom the begining of the vieteot century to mideny of the preent one, the people of Vietnam wo seeing, to et the county on the way of schievemont of bering pee and prosperity. Daring the fst period rnging from 1802 1o 1885, whe npr of the Nguyen dynasty, offer recovering peace and uni OF heounty, from the 202.yexr foterecie ware (1600-1802) lept the Sine chlzation stoic and_ ther going to delve, facing the impact ofthe Christan eiviization of the Mora tine. The intelectual fe in Vietnam was decided static 10 many way rather Usa dhaamt. The fong Chinese intlectualn breeding. ed Fostered eens conse inte ruling close ond sbsluto monarchy, Ths ‘he tun From the Western inflenco had developed» Lind of esing SF tmtecatral suprinnty which ode it dificat for the hes) ale the Backwards of the comtry ia comparison with the Wes ‘Gn tke other and, Vietnam was charged by the West with o rlgio cose “ibid charge was followed by 2 highly developed enghe o wfc, The opetation of the two forces paved the way forthe agorsshe Tmuodscion of te Chitian cvaton imo the county. Th the ou er the dete and all of the Ngaven dynasty were shoped by dhe habe, willed fovees st inmotion by the West in iss of Fronee, TM the technical Westen proses. The movement of the nineteenth entydoltion found its bith by midway of the twenteth coli i Vierom. In ths book, we hove browght some facts chosen for the siantance, since they tend to ilcate. some partienar pons iv the Tikin Totes of the Vietnamese history We hove tied 10. gue af Clie of the chief eovements of the. decline period of the inde Vicia ako. an analysis, where we coud, of the ltrs which oe them Our atempt to give an iterpretton well 26 9 native. 3 the soquenes of svete would lad the readers to. sono illuminating indenting: Sigoe Mar 1964.‘A HISTORY OF VIET-NAM IN A NUTSHELL (fiom the beginaing to 1802) 1A Hinory of Vietnam in the ancient tines & 0 queer mistire ecived fom old sory and legend and modern fact for moder tis “According tothe eatlest stoves we pases of Vien, the res tert period lf legendary-was that of the Kingdom of Vor-Late, red ty she Hongbangéyamaty for abaut 26 centre, At die end of that id, jn ay8 BC, the couttry was ruled by 3 conquror fom the Noni, King ThoccPhan, The ler founded the Kingdom of A-t ity yea ter Aune was ranqe and consuered by the Chines Grae naned Teen The Genco ty anbion 2 well Oy lob ce say oh te ea of BigeorofCiny sie est man’ of me eumey with be maned Nant (one of te Vil ere i= he Sou Tews « pel Geter and concins ssense, consizel ie our, ed ting 4 Tom peta ant i ape fom the Cie Supers ple Hover, in HI BG, The Han dyssy GH aot sate to arennt sa ht woh of the Calm; i vad sh amor an ingot eon a domi 1s b toate dat by da: tne he Vienamest cel © male tems spas nity win ha omen cine of ig a thd mew wap nog quent fom the toe Cline fo the Mie pie. Ovt ofthe Stag Gan, the Varese ate 9 the OF The ie Chae pour, song tue, lil cst wes, dome dle py ep sss Beome Vez at and of Me rom Mh wou estry BG te Hwang Cnet ad eae Svat re Neco ad mde te tur a eifed grounds Abe dt eed ¥int praia, rida, ie nis aed he Be | rode way alse Now-vie. ‘Ducing the letindependence pol, the Nam-viee became a protectorate of the Midile Empire. She was aamed by the Chines + ogi, Ciao. Bordensome tite, pall t0 the protectors, sve fand toil ofthe people forthe mater, while tie wealh of the country went to Chins, such were aeoerl fentures fr # vanquished race, “The Vitwomess on the other part took advantage of the Chines ‘cure sud eis, wed thee thing and tarsed them ot into Vitnanese ‘to make» naonal colsre and vlzaon. Thus the Viewanese trough ‘he ages remained awate. than other inhabitants of Souh-ean-Asi, of theie enya 2 separate people ring the Chinese domination, Vienam fal sot bowed pitty before the bla ad ber initieent w the cue rule of the Cleat rls ‘Ske fought thet so drove ther owt ender Tragtrwc (in 39 AD) “Both feel and er ser, Trung were proline! Empress fr 3 short while © agp AD, Genutal Ma-yuan ted 2 strong. army, defeated he “Tong ster who commited auicie afer the detest by throwing thamaees Jno the sve of Hatgiang, Vsiaam ‘ll back tothe Chines dowioance for sbous goo yats doing whith she aberbed the Cheat caltire and ‘wade it her own ident of a synthesis of fring laments and thee ficion ota a common nanal way of Mf aod thought. Another aie to omenber i between 59 AD. and 999 AD- sever atemots to drive che Chine out were recorded under celaeely stall wrsiogs, and which kept alve in te Vstnamee het a deste for independence and freedom, “Then in 959 AD. se¥ wlovemets aon, important in oulak and epreseaing a esutgent matin 5 they mere tong enough © lst Termaenty this tne, By the Red Riser, Ne.qoyen defeated the Chinese fespatin army, broke out the Chinese yoke 10 ead for geod the foriea otinance fiom the Nor. For the easing sine cena, depite fccniona asempis at congue in the Toth, seth and ah emturieg, ‘omlog fom China, Vietnam's independence tool fim and remained abskableeuough her people's vitality. ‘ita with tra wo, howe is ern of vis tie prseeting, wih eney ond sproding ost in al fet of ant ivice Gare a deeping to 9 ek ction Cowen Je terre a, even pilionty- Fart onomy expanded. and Viens aon wien; thaw was 2 poweal ws, tard Mas whch eh wo eeashinest of ew secur tment be ‘alien's boundarn, oving the coming centuries, During fer, Visum was © deve ost all eps of asin from Foch at wel a from the Souk on the part of Cha, fom Et on the pat of Cambodia. “Thay bre the 18h ay he Soma Mah wat ‘Ao dng ‘Ue following soo yes or itera ole ete re ‘Thich cn on 30a by a co wi of the entry ender he set yey. Secesivey, ater the depuire of the Chine svat op AD) came he dynatig of the Neo, Dish and ery Le; all ea ado swe connanly tsi ave os» power ‘Tat was Ge gat pesod of sage for survival Then come the Guile iy yea), Tram and ater Le Te was the pest ern of natn bans up ito tal ste sided wit ite as, The Syne poner this Cou, anda Jee en, commie development, lary a nine ogi vel on regions bus with Matson Din. Tht awe ae Vien rveed a renky, 2 que covfilene of the pepe ia tem fevers te pease were proud «© lie & thot eng civiteon wih tha wage ree tsa expe ad ili develeomets | Regiling pola and iia fet mera wee 0 the aso te te Tran dynty, General Trnshng-Dep ed aay shee is te dsie out twice the Chie ovaders; he fist. bathe took poe i {ay vgs ha a mllon of lace aad ce cond in ly aga joo Gods of the Sane hordes “The Laur Le tepan as ule afer the Choe bal ben dives win yay. Daing to ye of esac Leo the atl so aie ‘yh pial Chit Seal, NgenTeai began the war of adpeennefiom 148. Loved by the pesints fom whom fe came, Lele the great, tonal gare started new ea with all wy. From Le-bi the end of 28th century, eve th the country was finder the sonal cule of the L's dyassty (Laer Le) yee the power wat jm the hands of fo feud fies: the Tesh inthe North and. the [Nguyen inthe South, However ie 9 record that Leo, the fat ele of the Laue Le was great figure in ailery foun az well a been polkcn. The Emperor asigned ines tothe tek of land rfom and planee ou the Southwaed March, whic Ined very shor, while minal file tom ou the country politically. In 2592, Viena wit reusing som ally under the Tvph who prot thensnves withthe Le, tobe the tiles of the soon Acualy, war Npayen-Kim who lod the move t9 overhow the Mac His daxendents saccerded in conmling thei pon in the South tnd ruled i independealy ous the warn. Nort ‘an uneasy tre existed between the Tea and the Nguyen, but a 27744 sumber of ea rblinns had ced in oth ate ofthe county. (One ed by she Tyson, beame widepend thst ie turn ioto 2 sation revolt From this pel onward, ur A Mode History of Vietnam dee Wilh te events which shaped ost the fortune of Vitam in the cae exo tury and half to come PART 1 ‘THE EMPERORS OF THE NGUYEN DYNASTYi THE TAY-SON , REVOLUTION INTRODUCTION With che wesknen of the L¢ dynasty, began a period of iil sere, internal. division wish ated 20a years fom 5600 19 roa During tht” pevod) both ambisons ruling ous, ce Tinh in the North and the Neuen ia. the Sowth, bad, seugbt 10 anitiate ech ter. The sufeing of the mines tad often een sp intense 5 and fer that log period, extersive sections of the county ware shes over to what was Fle beter shan anaohy. Vitam was divided im evo vor fegmens with the siver Gianh at pation tine (oughly the 0th allel) fr Eth frapmentiry Kiogdem® The Trish esublabel the capital Bt Thingeooe, st the preect Hanoi, while Nouyen ered. the cept St Phusuao, at the present He, Under the feeble vanishing reign of ie Te, both rulers wee the spontaneous expression of an innate eerey tnd 4 ative Gvicaton, Thus thee seylutionsy movements were the indigenous one not ving impose fom outside by a8 alien civization ‘Wen she Northern and Sosthem Lords steric themselves Kings of the respetve fil and Cou, they had dipayed outstanding genins sliiough within a fendlsic conception of the tines. The Trinh Skinguihed themssves as shill administrators and wariors in patiog iowa popular uprisings aod pandering activites Despite she grat achsvement of which the Noreen Lords wee eeponible, the almost consent warfire made. the geonle very sik in Thing and ody. Aliogetier sven ware were fought between the Trinh fad the Neuen jn a span of 45 seus namely those which ook ole in s62y, 0, 1635, 2648, 9655, 65x and Jn, 16a, A famine of vastSeyen yrs lier the dee of the Tyson betes) Whos prodkimed inal King Thaidac; the two other brohes gunenb and Neuen tue. Criginate fom the miss of people, the upbringing of the Taye | son brthers amid porary and Aardsip, and their asoations to recent ‘tional stfe and misery were in the spit of the rugged mountains of thie th plas, Nghe-An, Mach ltr afer thee bie, che brother sted ia the village whore mame they took he reputation Ti cts the village of Tay-on beloogr now to the Canton of Ancbe Province of Bink-dink. Time elpeed whe 4 ced thee lve in dae province. of dspsie induced by the county's misfortunes lensed with thet reams of petsonal ambitions, The reolton, when ie dawaed ia ogged Vieiam came to the thee bothers as 2 dosing lea crt ad dead uta bring by thowsnds in eich fi Jean Labo, fant Minister to the Bsiop of Adran and iter on became the Bishop ‘Vern, tinned tat the death hat corset the famine cat the Jason dowa to one fit, Vieuomn in the feast tines wat lind Contest, of some very ech and many vey poor men, of rulers fuled_men, Yet dating te tere fine, the to woods normally ‘anor, almost ignore of ech other, mere suddenly brow iy wether and exned sey side. Above all the sucess of Kings Vosoong i te Sontheen Cour, and. Tiiahuong, in the wiheen Coun, ere fit fiom being rales of vigour and ability of [Newyen and Tesh house. We cannot tay what dhe muses ft but can judge them by tGeir ston, ther urge fr peave or any ind change; hos the change dif emerge, despite the dias that follow Soom the Gisated ofthe hated rulers ete on the pariond son. Th CGroumsances of fnthee misery and comtity on the part of ‘anaring turned the mind of the people so mening. Moreover, THE RISE OF TAY-SON, In typ the country wm pagel ito an stoning miery fone jt pope wan othe we of sana, spared is rs hy he. ide gi, which no csidetion een of dea nity old ig; ie Se very ye 4 ae prod of Mey Shaped emo whireind foes at i matin by the Aton coau besmern tn Tinka the spe. Tht wa he ee “ular and rapid rise of the Tay.son. How clery, the Tay-soa sensed. the prblen std ow deere a poy the sie rote coed and a ae for meeting ‘the popular yearning wishes and aspirations, we Court of King Huenong, Hie icompsence and coruption pat eorle to a. mood of sevot against the southem rule. The Tay owe, (765-79), then evel yea old, when Re succeded to hi ft King Vo-wong, 19 the those of the aspen. iS cca ee eee gee ae fiom te ashore of the mat of people andthe fh err of 1 few rcmen, Thus the tans of the Tao. bare te eed To] treminae the coved ond ations Regt an ve the Nes] Symagy ie teptng oevong byte bir ape Pnee Dio for the peace and happiness of Vietnam *, Prince Duong was grandson Of King! Vong a som of Pare Hy who wat sine hor esate by tt este Kew el ded a Gn yea 7 ze 2 iciclere id King Vo-wong. Tht his son Duong should have been hei The Tassos sce vp ior milry pens ten 1 swipy fa Qusson, and the zevolwionary movement colina fn 1773 the expe of the chy and guiciton of Qui-ahon, in which they cf with ther good war focuten Despite the desperate station in ‘ate of food and weapons, she Souther Court Gapatshed a fore on to check the svance of the Revolucion. Nauyen-Nhse then sd the royal atmy that took 10 flight ‘Atee tue fit visor the Tapaon ined the confidenr of the ple and she sums anlled up sapity in strengts with new crs “and with tie tly of the Chines ueila forces bended by Tapia “ged Lyi The wo Chinese Contin were fomesiy merchants who “armed oot primarily int pillage singlenders common to such circumstances ok soca dinners Afterwards, they Decome Teds of the bands of the vs ging in the vexal gurl watire ‘The fr winery over the Neyer was te prenge of the fature “of the Tayson. The rut people began to feel tis power while the “wo Chinese Coptsins cat theit lot into the Tayson's foranes of wat Tic slderiy saint of the the brothers tad altenty been encouraged by dhe file ressaace offer bs the rope tops who were turing, fetrcen and halted, With the supplies cmp i the parson (Quinion, the Tayon reenitioed and trained ued (90 song Steaiey wade ap of the Viinstese and Chinese hited solders By the “ced oF the yeas, they were tpg fromm vstory to very and showed tuff of which they ‘vere ainde by gaining the whole tertiary of meal Vetans extending to Phattng- The yar of 73 was marked te fret ine by the iepration of possonate fuilinent of the ses wits; ee Tayson wer «prove their stitial ails and “fe ipiay the boundless actvtie’ whieh were the armsing unoing ‘of thet opponents, eg. the ler of both the Southern and Northern sons in oe quartet of 4 century. which was easly pt back to social onder, By the end of e774 the Nowyen rulers dispatched fom Pl ence Nehiem at the head of the expeditionary forces against te Tx fon, But 10 sooner than the atace began tht Pisce Nghe ec to Hue to fice the chrge bunched by the Teoh from ‘Nord General Nguyen-cus Da was then apoined in Tet of the Pra Under the command of the able General the Tay.con tap were is ck to Quaog-am where they eld a em foothold, F ‘THE TAY-SON'S STATEMANSHIP AT WORK este the famine sh was raging in the Southern pt ofthe ‘ons, Trias (2760-8) the then wal in he Northern Coors avanage of ze sau iated by the Tay-son, and sent an amy of trong ander the Command of he veteran Gentil Moang-gisP asst he capital ofthe Neuyen, Pustuon. The Genel arrived st Qu Dinh by Ociober 1774, afer creeiag the river Ginnk, boundary Tetween the Nguyen ond the ‘Tein Proce Nekiem was defented Geoers) Hosng-a-Piuc aad Phusion was copnured in the Beg ns. The reget, Truong phucLoan wat given wp tothe Terk and King Hue-wong took 1 flight to Soulviewam and was by General Nouyencta-Dat ; the Inter had jst defeted the Tay Jo ee eS fe pene Geo tes eee eee ee ee ee eee ee eee oe eee ee eee ee eee Se ea eee ee eee eee ee 4coy i the area they ad conquered Prior tthe seize of Peace “Duong, wlom Naayentiac ive is she fr wie, de Tayen 1 prmit to Kigg Huewoong. When the King and his Gesend en-cau-Dat fled tothe sith to tke sefige and peck for ceinforcemests eee bead flee southant wile Nl oman ed ay a pursed he Neen wnete sling t2 Passa. The foo! conibted gray 19 reine the populton in Qesas-agt aed thus bul up she Taysoa. power. fp enavl battle on his way to de South wit Kink Hue-wong ‘aftr the capsce of Phusxuon by dhe Tah Genet, Hoang Phuc the Inter marched hi oops southwards an sized Quang [Npunentiue sine Tep-lah, 2 vangusrdonho was folbwed by Ly, meet the Tei troops) but the Tayson seme were beten off. In ofthe Tayzon. King Hue-viorg ezapd to Gini ond was harboured ‘Macshen-Te oe af the tongs ills ofthe Nguyen in Sout-vetan, 1 amos be meted about the origin of Macthien-Ta and con- the corbin of the Chibese elements tothe Sosthwanis expansion duce the seventeenth and cghcemh een. 10 ‘ter the fia colngte of the Ming dynasty, about 3000 Chinese Hie revels cipaey {oF statemansip, his ral compton of th rivaly between the Nguyen apd the Trish, by his importnt cay i = politcal resin. He lat to disibute bribes and fateries tothe owses fo mingle blo, igeoases in prasice of his diplomacy; and “the place war + vilage where gathered ll iad of adventurer, eg) the "Malayan, he Coon he Siamese, ee. Gray, Moco se "ded in confirming hn autoty sponte et of the vais elements of “the pulaon and contvoled. Hastie, Raia and Co-man wherespoa be Stet up. pumerous new vilge nd ade offen. In 1775 the See fae det Fisn, Gee Maco wih the tp mated by Kh Mla “Yuva (91-175) drove off the invaders Tn 2739, another wave of Carbo © inn toope croed the Foner tm view of occupying Haven, she te the “Gene's son Macthien-Tu, fought out the enemies ing Vo-wuons (738+ ous, ‘Accoing 19 shedele, Npuyer-Mhac sent his General as bs fer of alae to beat down the Nguyén. The Trinh General, na Irsbed aoing che tak sich ofr j ds be acknowledged the subai fon the pa of Npwen-Ntac and set him sword std. an etendard wounted aris 6 symbol of his pleat cons, [Nguyen Nhe thus suceeded t0 appease the Trinh when be prepavig © fake the Nguyen Sill, before geting sid of the Nguyen, ‘NguyenNiac played allo the same trick to advantage in Te 1765) sade Kim then Genel, Commanderin-Chit ef ce mea of Hsien “Sie the, Machen bit wp an army and ceed Hr ahoriy in heave, inthe same tine showed Me algance to the King. Both the “Geowrl a his fatiet, Maca, emerged the climing of the tad ia "waite in dhe wast ora covering the thre provinces of Hain, Racha and “Cas, with sew snless and fel migratory waves of Chine laer that his very ambidens were 10 erick down the Tek in view 0 eer Race Cra eb tree er oe feet Fa ela ofthe Nguyen tule snd to the Ngujen General, Tong-phic Hop. CasbahTNpeyenNhac now snapped out his plan of operations and ordered his Iroc, Nguyen-Hee, «2 arance stoops apt Tongophuc-tHops amy, the gence coniros of the ner; Nyuyen-Hue thea ite upon the Newyets anny 2 deutous def ‘After the vcr, Ngupen-Nio was able @ crown his sucess ith the pene aad revaed grated by the Teas Coot; this fe added the reputation of diplomat of fim magnitude to thst of a talented General. while the Tayson were mabiag 2 bid for hegemony by the Teovering alliance withthe Nortern Court, Hoangngi-Piats. army was Thicken by a plage, with vimatd his cldies by ball, The Genet fad to fll buck to Hac, leaving his the field free the Tayom ‘Boing coniius of the role of petcemaer, cater than congueoe, Npsyen- Nino went to Qusugtim whete he impressed the people by hs miliary poner, creed his prion belo Heving for Quéaon, Hs peoanent ‘oot te ving 176 Ngoy-shac seat bie brother, Newyen-La in purest’ of King Muvoong wie took rfage jn Glan, ater te fife, Newyent mares his woops co Ginsinh and sled easly the (own, wile the Xing fled 10 Can-ho, under the protection of Mae- HisencTo, Bat she NgipeoLa’s trom didnot lt Jog enough 3 bY Jaly tae yea, Gestal Macahin-Ta oppor. she Tayzn's seme of egrondzement_wit hi wrong amy baced up by he Dons-on tov tub eateworty 1 mention that the Dovg-tn toes stone ef 3,000 sen ware veel mint and wai by DostaaluNton, 2 Captain write Neuen, The tonne wore ons garments pine in gaudy col, Sthich ende them resemble t tig’ ide: Tae troops took the name Doss (Gas) Som (cunts) by oppesion to Tay (wes) Sea (mount) COvinsntored by the Neuye's well ganized and_well fed anny the -tayaon wope weve deeied bat Newyen-Lu sil ook! eck che cy of Ceti Before wiheawing Bi 0p. ‘a thi joacre, Pie Dung seapel from Nguyeo-Nhoo's fads od 2 fod to Ginigh Sy 2a, and wo whom Ly-tat joined wit his rope and pledged alwziance, On Desenber rq, 1778, King Hue-wens shite ia favour of Ponce Duong, who stented te tone under the sie of Tan chinh-Vaorg, The sew eotronistion, sppareally stil. by L7H, di ‘ot met with the gene apeobation of te Court, ily that of Do-thaa ‘hoa, the mua pil of the Napen amed force Tn the ginning of 1777 Nguyen-Nhas, wes seme caleba, sent tis ambsssor tothe Coat ofthe Trinh, t enest Trinh Sum the bine of the Goverortip of Quanginan aad the tide of Gersralisino, iah-Suim foul no deste of tevtoril expansion further South grated so. Naw [hoe what the liter aeted for, phar the tlde of mobility of Grand ke ofthe Trnk Court and Kingdom. The Tay.mon, who had bees Joking for the detrston of the mumbling southern Bngdom wore delshted 10 fave soured peace wih the Trish i= te Noth; and ith hat vison the eldest brother plined out the southern eampign, Newyen-La and INgwyen-Hue were made respectively heads of the ground feres and. te flee meted out for the souhetn congue. “The Nguyes's army war well tned and equpped thetoe he ‘Tayson combined oops niet the furious fight and finally cspmred ee ly of Gita, They marched on spon te provinces whoae gavsons fell one 69 coe, King Huesiong and his aut took w flight ander te Proteton of Gena Mocdhice- Ta, During the Sight, Kieg Tan chin. Vung ves lid; Hu-vuong and his pephews Pisce Paue-Doay and Phuc took sefage in Cansho, wherespon the Chisee Groen iad 2 song artioo, The encep of the Tay-son arms ened iesble; il, the (Chinese fol Genta cpatced his on, Macou-Duyen tothe King’s eve but Tu Deen's oops encountered diasts ia opposing the advance of te “Tayson both by Lind and seer Finally the General gave up the ate sd conempbed_ wo recut the Kingly auc by 22. Mac ien-Ta bipselh went © Racha in view to cath an Baropeas boat, which he bad ses foe, probably from the Bishop of Adan. Ia the meantine, Hueuong fled 12 Loogauyen with a spall ceort of uoope The Taye puso afait and killed King Hiensviocg and i nephew, Prince Phuce fos Ouober 183777, Newjeastnh escaped miraclosly fom the resin rom the blpody delet. The Pesce was ten fieen years ld, [Now th Taso rtumed to Gin rergnind the gion snd the poy mie out an asninsative poy for the southern tenitony befor ming © Quislion, Daring the fist semester of 2778, Ngwren-Nhoo Mowing, binae®! a tough organs tock of she army and the mission ia Suhvician fom. which the Ngiyen house wat cone Theat pamnery a capeled. He promoted che welfre of the curl fhe of peopl and procaned ngelf King Thai-due, x78. Thus the oe aot the svthers fare of Vietnam, fm Quang-nam to Caxmas, " NGUYEN-ANH AND THE BISHOP OF ADRAN ‘A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY Price Ngwjen-Anh was bom on February 8,762, in the elage GGismien, Disc: of Tongso0, province of Thonbun : he wat | Prince Neuyenephuc-Anh, commealy cll Nguyen-Aah had four “wen-puc-Cao, NguyenphieDong bis elder Brother, and Nguyen Man, Ngujesphic-Dies, his younger Broder. While his two olor ‘yee ile inthe wars of 1777 ad 1985, ony is younger bothers survive omy te tara ‘wet probably nepested, Due t2 bis asscason to she national sie irl, 5 capaci fer endurance and his s-lcpine in hard work imple veg were asorihing for a young Prince. By vote sate Frince was masked by occxiaal outburst of erp, which ba bees down cnly by bis save of ceponaiblity toward his people inthe growth this mind and charter, Wie intellectual power and few sora qu | iting hia fom otters im the howe af Nguyen. He grew tobe a naa of exttanding couage and proept action in facing bis own woubles sgvaey, By his ited ante of janice, sometimes, his nd mate cold “one with + suldcn fice His fons and painful sis in the dite seeds Td in all ewe the some intesty and ceaio emenes in detail. He eal E gees deal and. pondered the reading, ot with » dreamy pare foteecua interes, but lke one who dies to acquire a wespen of lene for peactcal ends. His energy was prodiiony when something sired ep| poling te icine coast, Macthien-Tanow made is way to Chantaboun to apply fer lp fromthe Baop of dean The Bishop apeed to offer help fd wentt> Hatin wicte he fad a Cllge for poison, By hat time, INgujeaAah took refuge in the frat auowning the College > he es eccved duly fond, trough fer Hocvas-Nghi ftom the Bishop anit de Inter suse to wnt the royal Sito Polo Pajang (named To-has) oft shore of Racha, sbout 109 miles ‘rom the tp of Camas, “Ns anlition w doa atk quickly. Later on e rsd ot the pms and schemes srg his lic despite sine rnowledge of alvanced techniques, | When a boy, NawyenAuh indulged himself in drinking, bot he gave up Ibis nce he had bees pling ita the wie spd defeats rabt during his | ou and fom the very moment, hig ausre and simple Hivag hal is start. His constant taut wotking Going his reign ha been ssely and in i776 tn 1785, he aecompaniod he Bishop of Ado to Pondicers, “a o786, he scttiponid Lieutenant De Richey ia the sion of the coatal ates of South vista He cemained the reliable man of the Bidbop ntl he died Febuary 35,18. “tnd dy ofan Oren King wm sit hat Epa Gino he “The te bene King of Vira) were eben spe da, hviog al chur fr we and mas Fe gt gp =o ook inte morning Gocteet sis nut mane wih fn Mitten fom 7 Wc. et 19 Aste Macibici-Ty, the Chinese Goveror was conincel 30 son of the hopelenes of the crumbling house of the Nuyea, and Ife Hatin, hen the Prince went Poulo Pasgiang with his fly fr Phuuoe fit “Later om pon on acrecble offs tendered by King Phya Tak of Siam, he ‘pent t2 Ranglok in company with Peace Xun, the sevententh zon of King Vo.wong ‘ing Phya Tak of Sint was by nace diestul and cruel Thus the mandarina of bis Cour tok advantage of hi wet point and prompret it to eradinte the foreign element fa the Siamese Cour. Tn 178, the. orm brought great dite within his Court; and the reaction culminated jn bloody outreak. the work in pending unl Telsk in the sfemoon. He hunched on the place, ened 9 the plac, bad a sits Aty oldotky he denied the ley ostes within iff and civil mates ith the mandarin. He ead the report gate sesordingly aatractons wnt midnight 7 Uh he cook hi Debepe oie, seid ogsn eyes celts AE. ate eppeopite ‘not ll 3 olka the morning; hen be went 0 bed fora show whi Wis ambidons and diligent chances, and personal ability mace Bi the democratic sway eleewhere in the weld. (Oe April 198, King Phys Tak jst, esivd the Havoys dispatched ‘by NjuyenAnk to his Court that he learn that one of the Stee ships hat were tating with Canton, war pillaged by the Vietnamese mantarins se Hten, Piciouly, he ill the Viemanese Eneoss; the tsgedy did not however end these, A Cambodian mandarin ia his Court asus openly Bse- “ Gien Tu and Prince Xan of pling agit the Court of Bangkok, in| collusion wit he Bavos: The King thon tortured the accuse; Mactn-Doyen Droste songlist the wished acest and wat killed wihout ta 2 Prince Naguyen-Ash was al young, when the Tay.ton entered Phe sits After the deft in Southsiam, he wap covered by General Do | shanikon sod Macsthieo-Ta, the Goveraoe of Hates, UNHAPPY BEGINNING OF NGUYEN-ANH [Now the Prine sethed Hatem, while Mac thion-Tu went co Rach"The Sunese maar ow induced the King t il te lene sumed tobe ingen hese Kig exemintolthe to ober soos of Mache Ts, | rine Ho and the avoye of NgoverAsh, inating 2 munber of = Vetoamee in the Cot Aer the cislont minder perce by. the dl im; pt Prine Ag Eg, yens oi the throne ander | Samee King, Mastien-Te commited. isRageny. Ho-ta-Lan, who was seoad ia Coonan t Geel Dosa ‘Let os comte ack to Nguyen. The Prince stayed i Poul Pars Gin ws et in Canta to ook fr te peace andl len oe we in ord Merced ct ti Tu Sk Sl, Nusa i Vg i Ge Taye ee Cini for Qian, His Grol Dothnkon al Bie ey tly Gens Ok aed oe ot Vga “fevered the sop sn wot fre Bn, By the endo 17, Dos eh un det hcp, aly Te ti (Se an) Pa {tu-Nion fought cue Tayacn soe ks Soutien Bes (Gee Ding) cn Leng (Visng ad eg A oecned galaly Leng (te pemnt Vins) and ter we a “ten proviso ene Sly euphty Gin (eS ee Sea es (On Febrarary 1738, Do-tah-Nhon and his Offices cffeed Prince ‘Nauven-Aeh the tle of General isino with he charze ofthe sate firs in Ts 5780, upon the enreaty of is pracpaleftinrs apd mandrns, he | took the tle of King, appoited Miners, Generale of bth Aris, crested 4 obey iste ant ars, finally the Court fll magnifies. Do-that= hon wor spine Sitene Commander f here To ht ee SouthViewsn. Eifecively, frome that year onward, Neuen. Ah made use of tis royal power, without, nevertcless baviog the cle of Vuong (ting) He tok immedi sens to cadet hel Taysn element i is CComeranier went Train and checked down the rebel, Soutera Rago, puted the cousty in king some innovation inthe eld of aves by his own inestine, Doxtaab-Nhon was appeitel bead of the Royal Navy; war alleys were conse ol equipped wth ocenary forces. Rouyer-Aok dpatsied Lesan Quan wih she exedtinary force to asl Bthuan; he ako set Enver othe Cour of Banglok sie as Alliaace wet, but the Bavoys were made 2 previously related. On May +781, the General meet with a fateful end. He was cold. Ss certs ote es Rewe e Hee ce dereanioaliae Be ig cane pone on te ahd ra Cla co oun we ns a of he rete me my Doe ics oe chou he he yay may eee Ki eee ors as aries aaa eee ene By tet snes aber evens ocr in Cambodia, which made the Gece ight evo hic Thu te uravowed coulis ee quam intervention seen In ryt, Prise AngNon. a he hed ing. Angaton hed an seated he ron. 79, ie ania of Hb Desh Nion, rch a vatky,conedines, orebeaing manne and en Court apo King Ang Non tet ten down; bate weblion ined tempt plot asa the Tely author pomble alee wih the ty the ona deoyd some grist! ete he a et Taps. The Haclened sin romDly cine fom Tonesne-The, ative tet peace. The Gover of Boa, Mende i, sng de inves ci proice of Thaah-ton in whl Naupenh wn boa Pein thon incdad ntave the dan by an nur combination of dreams thus ved the Kine tet ofthe Gera, Af the miler perp tuo} ths he ppd for help som Nguen-Aah. Dotach-Nton wot‘aking of al hour previous award im. The Bishop of Adm intervened in sine wo prevent th King from snfl acon, The Bip aly for the evo inte by the companions of the murdered Gene, at avid he ‘King to sooth the rez event. NewyeorAn hus tle 2 rage at funeral in hoa ofthe Gene 0 appes the ange of the Donen 093+ “The death of General Dosthanl-Nhon deprived obviesly Nouyen- ‘Anh of his test chance to defeat the Tiy-son. I so remained sine seaion the youne King an his shameful pndsrins forthe deeaes (0 me ‘he conseence, the poll huge mistake of Neuyea-Anh prompt the Dong-sm troops 4 open revelt; they fell back to thee iit prO= vince of Diskwong, tok to bani, and cweled op the ilies otorcs of the segonal wards, Ngwyen-Aa bad to dnp the roval teeops 10 repr them, and 4 vies cle as thus created whch made the exter difcukiy restored, In the meine, she dtestal Sinese ‘ing was indeed by Nb mandarinn 49 blleve that the Cambodian Regent, Governor Munvéss plotting. against his Kingdom with the support of the Vietnamese cops stationed in Cambodian mal To prevent such ping fom ecoming 2 ray, King Phya Tak prompted a miltory ation, which was considered by Nrjen-Anh 2 testmount to a decaaton of war agaist Southsea . (On Novenber 178, the Siamese King lunched tee armies against CCombotin, The fist one, ander the comand ofa King's son, marched wpe, ‘along ; te second ane, ide the Command of is Miner for Nation ‘Defense asaulted Anghos, at the Th ove, commanded by one matdacin vanend to the siege of Kompongsnay. The Cambotinn counter.tick at Kompongsnay was ruled ov by the Sines troops that advaoel towards Phnow-pesh, The Vieuamese sy voder the Command of HowrinLas- tioned ten st» Quste brs the futon af the four branches of the Mong ter) Hoste-tan digpishes a cosigens of Viewamese rps wer the command of Newyendwi-Thay, 10 the adranee of the, Stanese_ 1008 Toeidetly, unfortmse events cocued (0 the Caurt of Daogkok (was fn Act e7Bn) and wich were ewiging to dst. King, Phya Tak became a ucdely ice and wat hep under contd within dhe royal pace. A. evotion brake out and Bangkok war ia a rel mate of soe. The Sine Minizer of Notional Deere and bis colleague, the maadarinonleted the pediionayy free te fallback t9 Daag; the Miniter had to. cece ows the revelation to ave the kingdom the insice King waz put 22 loth thereupon and che Miniver hill aended the aone and tok the tide of Phra Plott Ciaoang, the fist King of the dymsy chat fad tata tl quite rece Cambodia, aler taving rid of she Sime invader id not for fhe lease recover fr former peace and order, owing fe Journal d= Seasons crnted by the rival clans inthe Court, The breakiown of the ‘entra Power was followed by anarchy. The Tay-so, liter on, afer having Afesed the Npuren tops, atthe! spon Phooapenh an occupied 3 lige par of the Kingdom, The young. Kiag tok‘9 fight to Siam with Is ay: Ts the year 1781 Nguyen-And eorganized hs army strong of 3000 tem, His Navy wr under de fet fosing of Bo warship (war elle) Fe pec ae te meal Pac, me arses Ter asset Eve up Ke ambitions e mmter the whole county, oace agin Iooked sounds, Aer the aes of Dethan-Nhon, deta able General of the Ngwyenthe pear wan spe fr the Tay.son; due Neupen-Mac, ind by his brother Nguyen-Hue, marched his teope, on March 1783, qusinard. The. Sapreme commander of the Tayson, Nruyen-Nhactedet the set caring 19.09 mies or Saigon ever} Newye-Anh sent Tonge hie-Thion to tet the Tay-son armada, but he was deft by the TTay-so in the Ssigen siver; im tat anal bate, Manel, Captain of he French ship involved inthe bale, Dew up. is ship to prevent che “Tayo from seizing it The Tay-son advanced upon Stigon, cok it 1 & to mena chat Manuel was oem in Breagee (Frans ; he ad seve the Bishop of Ada site the Itet was in Pondichery, x74, He served Newyea-Ank nce £777 with hi apn Later on Dgoyen-An avanded oetomousy the French Offer whose remains were buted at Chon 3‘THE CATHOLIC MISSIONS IN FAR-EAST “The great maitine discoveries ofthe een century were rade main | ander the auspices of Portgal and Spsia, which held the dominion of the fens. As a motive in thee exfediions, there mingled with the sit of vena and capi, the dete o propagate the Catt fh in slxoms Tegions. The grand achieveent of 1498 of Vasco da Cama opened the ay foe Ponguesecleizationy and fr the planing ofthe cons in Tdla and “Farut, To the fit age ofthe Reformation, misionary zl yas omy Confined tthe Reman Catholic, With te counter Reformation thee 2ppere Timing dee to spred the dominion of te Chore in he pagan won ‘The Jnuten were the moe rss of ll the odes in ech dearest of hig bay crude The founder of the Society of Jesus wan Tavs Leys, ft Spunand of aoble bith The gry of Doninic wd Francs charmed ie oveinati; be aueered himself toa ife of amese severity At Pal eke in #528 Tgnatos went 1 ed theslogs Be our dhe minds of evo Tompson, Faber and Francs Xavier, completly wader tenes of Ws lines, The Te soceyy which way formed in ace of the Colle of Sint Tartar wos soon estar by the ation of Seven ewe members In Veni, they were ordained pies thee onet wor sanctioned by Pope asl TIT in ul. Thy chose Tt or peient. The soci, with et four canes of cre the novies, the dls, the conus and the profesdvas Teepouy -onmaiedj ech member was bound to yield uoquestoing SRedunce to Rr mperor A meniber might be orered. 10 visit 0 tbe of ree in the remote prt ofthe pbe bat he must dps fatamly ad without 2 mar “The mot famous and the most mutes of the Jet misioaies yas Bragels Xavier (106-153) by wthont Chrisiiny was cried to Ta and Te puree, and be wan revered among Roman Cahsis = another Aponte Pat tn obedience the request of the King of Por that Igatna would omh him ith missionaries for the Poruguese sekments in the Est Xavie, who wat made by the Pope spaselic muncio for Toda. He ade te Gos on Bay 6,154. Xavier wis an acts who dren from ao suse 2 bot rather alighted in opportunites of wiimarifitin. Reaite and |e by opposton, he was natrly Kind, snd his cele fecings did at yee by ei gai rr oft were comer. He id long een ein ‘ on oni 9 ike = i capi is Chia, bat ta Be swag aboot © enter tar ounty his ani iste by arsiingt belay to hima, and by witiraing Intercourse even with the Chrsian conver, who were generally of th lewest cite, He ausieedd by this oe of conformity in wining prone in the higher ranks, but the cell of his py was vigorous opposition ‘oo ser ort, and fom the authorities of the Church. Ia Chiss alte aeconmoditing policy wat vinderiken in 1585 by Mathew Ricca member ofthe Jit onder, who tak oa hi the character ofa mandi, and By Smportnt technolo! servis ta the Chase Goverinet, opened the way for an exeasive ison of te Reman Catholic etm in tht expe. sesomanodition 1 the pagan anges invlted the Jenite ia China ia the ‘me totes a thom which befell thei trethren is Inds Ta Jana the Jas the Jesuit preachers am great wat he progres of the converts wat sid to. Este tern cos la ll oe a ‘Bt lero a 1606 an eit. was Sed from Veo apn Catan work ts tested i 3615 in an imence slaughter of ative conve: “The Jeri at dhe out and fora long paved, hal een obedient to the pois nd devoted ts bing up des authority. But lar on the seriou clition between the Jet onder andthe athores of te Ghutch svi elated to the cond of tie mins. In what were called the «labs stom, oF ses, the Jeu weat on in the ay of ind | sy oF naling thi cones ee iene | of he cher oes, and fil of the Popes shames, The Frascane | 8ofthe Eightenth century, the long confi broke out fet; the Jesuits ered in disegaeding se intnctions of the Popes to abandon the noo» in Christian anges. De Tosrnon, the Patstch of Antioch, whom the st sent tothe misions on tur of iaserin, was maleested by them ‘esis in Tia turned ound t0 aid she applition. Repeated dis ‘he Hoty See wee dirgaded and rested by the Jets in the Fst i Fally in r74t, they gwve way and ball of Benedict XIV produce I Tadochins, Father Alxanre de Rhodes, Joie wie repel ras iy for the fit and main propupton of Chitin in de ceteteenth airing at Maco, on May 2, 1622. The Father civ in South-Vitnam Tamary 1635, being diver from enteing Japan, country where Chrsi- Gn was boise to which he wat nally apoined by Rome, Be Rhodes was very Hitt man whose vat clon cover de eine ld of knowledge jhe was parally ited with ngage il fe toew Heian, Lai, Grek, Hebrew; Portopicse, Persian, Chinese and - Vinsamese, Jst 6 months ater bis ariving fm Vietam, she Father ae able fo prech in Viewamese. Alcndie de Rhodes wa: responsible for the “tir and we of the «Qiong ied Veanese nn Tay Fates is, Bor, Guy de Artal aa Anao Bato were workig tioned Pornguese and Tation Jesuit, prie, to the eeifcason and Fee el ieeresrere ete te Being Jet, De Rhodes did sot apply pracy the © Mab id is aumos efforts to sd the Cvinianisn of he lement of eaiton in rif he stove to apt to ocaltes to the tal Sonal religion TE was ths the key of iasmense and fst cos sree convered) and the mass ef people by he it of arte diplomat 164 the conver aroused to 39200 in Sowth-Vietsam an 82000 jn Ro ‘Vetta. Ip #830, de Rhodes was expelled from the North by Prince Te “Trang; by the time, the wart between the Noch and the South ‘eis fll swing and uk peevious flernce came t9 2p end, in bo of the country. ‘The Jet went then to Macao and supe shesogy in he C2 of the emits for tn geo rom 2650 to 6, After the death of Fat Buromi, de Rhodes wa once agin sent Soet-Vitaam whe he wo ‘urd tl dhe sesond expubion, July 2645 He went thn o Macao and hezeupon, taught Vietamce 1 tro Ten fhe sppoined to Vie te Hel definitly Maco and Fa-Eam in Desenber 265 for Burpe, Ti the Prosiitr of the Jouite st Masso siputhed de Rhodes to Es porpsy om pleat with Poni, the Genel ofthe Order and the Ci Princes of Burope fr the sappart ofthe Catalic ison ia. Vien. Fr svved at Rome after 2 souble ave, nly in June s8qp. te reste that almost eter da, the Jesuit misionary wa on the «door the Candas, in order t> secure their support isa-vit the Pope. Dh Rhodes id his utmost to obtain fm the Toosent Pope and the the sensing tothe Far-Estern sision, msinly to. Viena Bishopsdepending dirtly om she sutoriy of the Hily See, oie hit Pope Alexander Bors had conceded in 1gp>-Aia the race of the Portgatse minions. The Father got what he had wanted the poof an te Proapandaasthorad hi to rer Misonay= ‘ut practical kept nesponing de application. De Rhodes this went ani ssrived at Pais in 1652, He obtined without difly adoption of + lanofcvngctiston of Vitam; be was pported many by the cel of sons ger to net tra pins n dian ognry. He am gine upprt ofthe French Chuich. Sapporsd by Father Boge, father-cn- or of Loxis XIV infant, che Company of Saint-Srrement te tater re ands, enanmuse amount by that sede Rhodes founda che th Society of Foe Minions, which was gazed by Lous XIV in 166, whith a Semniary in chore of seeing misonsris for Catholic ison in Par East, The Seriry war located, ip Paris Rue a Bos, The Tisinaries lft Rance i 1661 fr Fars j thee seat was set up TBeglck, country whee Chriianien wae ert. Ta 2658, Pope Aleatst VIE appoated Mesignori Pla and Lambe Tamote, Bihons i parties penic Views for Farina. Ths the of Foreign Misioes war devoted soce then tothe popipon of ith in Vietnam nd otter ounce of Ala "Since dat days the rapacy sad crucky of the explorers and colo, lias cemacves made the bours of the midonais of comparatively es in Ue coum of te ifemmsh century, boom Hels orm aml rare 2 check the wont ort of iol In Bape econ “fat nce days nota hg eset a he his Sve uve Sh in Views ed Pope, fr example cpl set © ei ol Th nero of Kg and pcs ete pwetl f en he civ amas of Eoopem sete Tn the fate past of fhe cin of Luis XIV ty hve een dominant fe Fac. 1a Jopan the advance of Chistinity tad bien owing ia ao small tis cise In v6, aya, commuter, who fomey supper G [Nobunaga abaied eidens, a be beret « contiety of astive co td foreigors to overow the independence of Jpan Pigasas de Besine was tora on November 31741 inthe b of Origy-en-Thitshe, His father Georg Pgneas was Collec ad surname the sate of his oma land, Hebsinelacated sear by Mtl, fn the fist part of hi fe, te pret called himself only Me. Pgnea. ued the fll mame of igneau de Behave ony since he wr Rep of guseoeAnk a we Court of the King of France and alo in the w ing of de Trent of Veale. Ales his sucess sues atthe « es Trestecs » and. te tsiog cater of prietond the + Senne 1 Rue du Bac, Pgneas was onal priest, At once Le Jet Pai fut ‘whet the Catoie Frenc Society of Foreign Misioas tad a Helga He posed afterward to SoulVieinim and seed on Match 76) Hten, By the tne Monsignor Piguel beg drive out of Sian by. Bir forcings el tack io Coin tel bere edo ocd at eight ils Nordowert of Hotien. Pigoeis de Behioe yas ‘once appeinte by Monsigine Pguel who wat bead of the titiog ‘ceced at Hod abd white gathered a group of Vietmete Catiategally, In 17, the Cllge an the three churches ected ia ne were Setoved by the spear ised by both the King of Sime ‘the Governor of Hosen; Pisa ceeded co escape by October id ae way t0 Molora with i fourty deat, Ta 177, Pignsu rans Ais Colge to Poodshery and sei at Veampatnam. Tn hat year he ‘aprainted Bion of Adan (Adana 1a Bly) in potas idl te his young age The Baton wat sppolaed ler on apostle View doch “The Bishop of Alat, who had been by the sider of Newen-Anh se vitry upon Tay Son, by ee end of 177), sole away tke an fal ventuce frm Ssigos hough much hardship ; he fell tack ‘Carta with his Cllge. Ii Cabos the Bishop eoeed to met ago ‘Wea the Bishop ariel, the Tassp's woop, alter having cnmue- Saigon at maserod the whole South-vemam, were matching 08 Canbotin, Tas: Gey ited orders 10 size all Vietnamese fvng then “Cambodn ‘The Bishop was panicabicen, oce the onde were strily “cared out by the Tayson elie in power and on the oer hand the situation of tie christian people was lamentable. However, with good faith [gwen who wae driven of Saigon, fought his way throu Hasen where he stove to teaemble He seared oops He sent fora m Ryoyen-nui-Thay sto shold bare ved ie Pbaom-Pea, but Thy ‘ily the Cambodians. Ngeye-He arched his troops apon Hae and cated down te royal Army. NgayensAth and handfl servants provinse of Soath-vietsam snl Jone 1782. Dating the time Berwern fin Jane of 78, though aceders and weariness cased by Oe tray the perle was aparently wag to accept the spt syed the Nguyen rulers because dey wanted 2 song one who could put se te the diarded sation of the eunty. Consequently they Deed fr |y- the shared royat army. On de other fund dhe Chee slder the Tay.oon's army tuned ther coas and joined the sem co by Prince Du; ith the Chinese supper the Prince xual down ‘ceny vangant at Blah-thuan Ngpyen-Niac became furious, ordre ring al Chines living ia Giadibh (Cho Sago). The vat muner fan end 10 the les of 20 Chinese Now, as ust, the Tyson Stigon ekiad with 2 garnson 3000 tones stone ner the cf an Office ofthe Donguna womps, and made way for Quist, Now the Royal army planned out the zeapure of Ssigon. On. and Howan-Lan based cemeenly the Tassie forts ot the oth hind, Le-vat-Quas, wih the lp of is brotero-Law, gathered te oop in Binns and fined Prince PhucMan, brother of Neuyen-Anii the march open Suga, On Oxober x78 Prince Phue-Man assault dh “Tayson gation with a sopetiy of armed fers and dove his ex cou of the oty of Saigon, Thus NguyeacAnb setamed 19 the 1 ishep avilles hinselt upen the opporusity and returned abo to to comfot the crsian pists and fotowers 7 “The deeted ‘Tay-san toepe fought tec way 12 Qylaion wl [Npuyes-Nhac continlated to chage agai dhe Sout, knowing the Nesyes! salty weakness. 7 (On the beginning of 1785, Ngupen-He and Nguveo-La headed & expeonary forces toward Sigs ad defeed the Royal fet commanle by Cha-van-Tep at Cae. Nguyen-Ash tok 1 fight to PouloCon Inte mas puued by TruongeranDa, de Price ofthe Tay-on. Fora ‘str wa rigiag and thar dipemed the Tay-ss's fleet and froure the esape of Nguyee-Anh to the Mand of Phu.qucDeore being ivan aut of Sige once asin the Bishop of Aden ‘sy ja he Western provinces of Southvsinam Jn comforting the inn followers and reoranisiog Se scanty framework set op thereupon tose seven years Upon te defer of Nyen-An, the Bop made yay to Phicquos whee he wok a Sacrament, of Estes, He kart that ‘Price tad ea sn the land and he had’ dapanced 1 mevenger win ia slew of seeking id fom the Spaniards apd alo to pashie ii oe Spaidn Misiones in, Mails ined capely upon the ger vo a tobe inreued to Nguyen-Ash ; they also hoped to ave ee apna the cvoian converts ia SouBvitnam. Th steengee 0 “depertely with the mensiag pus of the Tay-on. The Sponish misi- ‘aries who wise! co 30 to Southvictnm to ste thei conver, based the “Rlkiop of deat aad had ote of iv tuee bons, for the voyage. Oa te sway to Sutheietwamy, the Misionaties were caught by the Tey-sn fet “tae wos ering. off Raceg's hore. The were brought to Sigon for as but Were roleemed in due tine by tele crea people ata couly ‘Asee tke lene the Spkh Misiones fll back to Cambodia, sucsmive dees inflicted by the Tay-ion apon the Nguyen, He sed Sim and awed at Chamtaboun on Aagast 783, Siamore millory old. Afer te fl of Sion iat the hands of the “Tayson, Chan-ran-Tiep tok #9 flight to Siam and was ahelitel in de ‘Gout of Baglok Later on he was followed by Lean-Qusa who was ‘pete in tra bY the Toy-son im several bates given in the Western provinces I hos uforunae ya, when ths power was ‘ining out of lags Nguyen-Ank and bis Generale wee looking for frig sid, “Tin Chas-an-Tiep opprosthed te King of Sian for that mater white Poilo Pais. Neyen-Auh went © Bangok and was warmly welcomed by the King of Siam, The Proc’ sad outlock had expanded with his responsibilities for the 200-year old kingslom of his ancestors ; ow as he was elles, his conception of zetaration of the temporary as wan a9 state since he never stood sll A siamese expedition under the Vietuneie Command to encounter the Tyson wae his dynamic idea; it soared Jmzgnation and took shape wilh the agreimest of the King of Sim. Fo the King, such a mitary aid was s meite of he titeaph of a im, sace the Kingdom of Siam had been nursing the ambition to brea tp any sea force Ja. South-vietna, Thus Siam, » Saino-ietnamese soliton bad to end at let to staining the Souls. ietamess military strength, ‘The thea King put to the dpa of Nguyen-Ash an aehiy of 2 men pronided with 200 galkys, The eampuign again Tayicon wes how sit and desis: Another Vieamese Army wae to pu ito the fey under the Carmand of General Chavran-Tisp. The ‘Genel sloted te plan of operations meted cut by Ngwyer-Anh, sunely to athe eras the Sears Seles On Novenber 1784 the Genel reached Sadee with his emmy: Oa November 30, heen the Tayson weops at Vitel and was sbowt fore the enemies to sureser when he wes etiosely wounded; be ded ser ea from his wound when his Command was given to Le-vis-Qaan whe Pushed hisarmy eres the Basse river and dove off the Tayaod rome, Inthe meantime, the Siamese amy case the frost and marched pon Longto (now Ving) "The Tay-sa General, Trvongran-Di-advane fed hurielly hs fore wo mest the Sates but was deleted, bing out. sumbere. Thanks t the vicores wou by thie ipernity in woop and oats, the Siamese alvanced and ined exily grounds, However, de bied soles tuned ot ito ihscilined cohorts and excelled in depeeatons epon te sural people thus they were finaly defesed. Naipen-Nhe dpa | hed guyenu a he ead ofthe winforeements which arrive im Saigon“fll back; the cats led the Siamese oops belived tot sey won the ‘upeemacy ithe field and iced them fo parse the Tay-son tops up C0 | iptto. Now the Tay-son oops turatd cut eo be asive with an intesive | firing. power both on land and siver. The Siamese were enveloped and ered inthis improvidest advance, The Smee song amy was lft with sf thousands of solder; they ae tsi way back t Siam in leaving Debind dead sen and Bootes as wel “The Bishop of Adran, ater having gut back exder in his Colge at CChasabain wat casio 0 sett agin by the ead of 178. By thet cine the Siamese Army was about (0 bnch the expedition to South-viemam ; thus the Bishop was thestened inhi move by seals Januar, his hips were fa the Say of Kompongsom, off the Siamo-cmbodian coastal font, and Ivbers he met Ngujen-Ac in pifl station, The Prince held aboot 620 ooops wih one warship and fen jks, and was in a dranic station of shortage of fod “The Bishop tnd to ite to NqwensAnh + part of his commo- es te tance ept the ‘prelate one week by his sles and. during ‘which ime he dicused with the prdate about the eventual aif Som France. Appoenl, the Bishop, aot only approved the intention of the sic, but abo encouraged hi in that section Ie mest be noted that by ‘hat time any eventual belpon the part of the Bits might ane. opened the coutty to the dcfene of the Protea ad if the Dutch help faterened the Calvinism might le eats Vitsam, sace both Carision tyaaches wete ceasidered by he Bishop of Aran as berets. As wo the Spanish and Portuguese influence upon Vitaam, it could not be vse fines te Misiones of both counties were up agsnst the Frenck [Now he Baten of Aden left NeujeneAn fr Poul-Pasing where ie aned on Febrinty 651784. Afr his call at the Poul ie atemtel ‘6 cao the Gulf of Siam but didnot acted. He thes west to Pou.Obi, quinion of France's ald with the pres, this cine with strong dese Taye the sing done, comeing his signal weskaes to ward olf the | banger coming from the Tayson. Theepen the Bishop wat enue ‘span the ttebgs of Hele Peace Cink, thn four yeas old.who bad to bbe uiod ovenealy 6 testimony of th sincere iotetion oa the parto [Npuyen-Anh, ia the request for French id, To prove full confidence ia ani t empower the Babop of Adran in his mision of conducting egeasioas with France for miliary aily Ngoyen-Anh imparted the Bishop bis Rojal Seal and gave him 4 leter aldresel w the Grae ing of Oasdest in lew of King Losis XVI of France), The ewer was wmesdol et at flow 4 Siac 1 am tving eon he aie of any ses ano om your snowaed glosses Tam ipl by sy cola tat fos bee io my sinarigy; dae T am deerme, apon te sive Dire aitep of haray, w sabo you my coy, T hme | nuused open the Bishop my tlved son and my royal Sel a dete | this tax exons ay condense in he madite which have amigo | fe hn to ee or te orcmnny see rege for he secon of | © go, Deine conident Ho the ate vee of sour dasa, Late | yen, Mansty (9 have meey upon she fo of my uatorwnue dex som. fay ope tat smn my soa aay rears out cousey wid your | S necesiy anes Ta allog carey for the ra of te Bishop | 6 Airs, Pleat aoe Wash fo the benefits of your genous | fusout which yor may te poapt to dipash 0 ay king. “Tis Newpensk was lel to embark definitly spon a program of“rotation of bis Kingdom though forign mitaey ld to defeat his own ‘compart, , the revoltonary Tay-son Kaders; anda new en arse fn the history of Vien. Ie ust be abo aoed that, before rising de ‘mandate upon the Bsop of Aran, Nyuyen-n ad pa e gueton wer ‘the consideration of the Royal Cound which Se presided, The flowing -estons were passed by the Council 1 The Royal Couch sve srl atesoa tothe even: ha ave ‘lea place in the Higioon ofthe Neuyea, thus the Cousil approves ant endorses the folowing cession: Jn der 9 anniilte he Tey.son revolution and 9 restore the “King 10 his all ati, and promote the aational cause, a succor on ths ‘port of an European Power is proved secemary. His Majesty the King is fesougit to ears his interests epon the King of Franc, i pefereace 0 ther Powers in consideration of hi poteatal authority, his just and good and well known Goverment. 2 To bepin aod terminate the aegsions of sch importance, the Couacit quets the King apply to te Bishop of Adtaa, French Prelate rho anton had een twa eer sac for er peace al er love fr the good hing. 54 The Bion with his beualles power, inthe sae of His Mae, wl ques seseuy ref fom the Court of Franc. 4 Invi of convincing the Court of France ot his complete sincerity J hi itesion, the Crit eaueats she King Wo atest pan the Bishop the soyat Price Nguyen-Caaby nit of his Kagom, Hie Majeay as lio to rely pon the Pret for the eluction of te Proce te dear 29 im tau too pees to te whole naan. 5: Tn onder to avid dificubie tat ay ais, in 2 fori country evel of averpee, fom searing secure meaning ofthe futre documents, ‘the King is Beoupht 0 Sapa to the Bthop his royal Sea. 6, In view of sowing an efit sl the Prelate is sequesed 10 sk fom the Court of France to provide aa sda 25,000 scope, Slt Airy | ‘ap ammunition: and sffiient aber of hips ear the tro Die everything secesury and uel to an expedition. 1 (This arise conctnng the principal Ofc: ofthe Cour who had {© accompany the Bishop io proved iexing ..) |S In view of compenting the Frendkaid, the Bihop of Ada 4 auborzed 10 propose co the King of France and his Court, in the | fime of the King and Vietmese Cour, the exson of the ishnd lected st the month of the harbour of Tousnt, med in Viewamese Hole 5, and upon vthichialand he King of France wil have fll sveriat. 9 The propesty sits on the mentioned arbour i aso to be froted pay to the French man and 10 the Vietmmest aatos, both Hall ealoy the benefit jointly and severally 2 dat the French ships cald fe rip sit consroted whenever dein necssmy Ge Hie tide a se eared tel a erage Hee Of the lin of Poulo Condon hy the Viemaneae King fr the Benet of ‘he French nition rx The King will ako gra to the French ctisens eee ey wil fie all commercial intecerses within and without the county Fate Gclatoy of al otter Exvopan Power 12 The King pes hms bing to France te same i aroops feos giles, and the tke whenever sod wherever Face shall be in ees if Frans rotorer the King and hie gon and support i Iron. 15 The King i ao salisted by the Cesnel to forewara the iskep shat in cae the condtoasstipalted by the Court of Frnce Isond she King's expectations the Prenle cold give it consent oly i ‘He sipsaons wil not damage the interes of Vitoam whose defender aed proctor King Ngusen-Ash 4 Finally he King Best t0 let te Bishop haw dh ine His Msbary exited upon him is ot and tat of hs poole His Majxy“expects from the Prete an wafiled atachment, that the Biop ts to Conuct the negtitions i the most brief delay that circumstances may tow ie and oko witk su exteme pradeoce, mane conierton an 4 oper, which gules have bon recognised as his by che King. The tain yl end sicceniuly the Bishop wil apply is sel and make great “erie. Lay, the suc wil alo prove the bounty of Heaven of Whom | the Bishop is Miter and i proves the teifsence of the King of whom fe is the sabe, He wil deserve forever the praise and grate of the “King an his post. © ‘THE BISHOP OF ADRAN AND HIS MISSION “Thol the Bahop of Aden, aplated and empowered by Rguser-Ank fandeneck the mioion to secure Fresch aid. He left Poulo Pain. with + ie Prince Cah and his ait, The party arved at Matica on, Dewember 4g. The Bishop remained i the Stats over founy Sve days: when he tend fave anointed Tosh Losis Coade ar Bthop of Resi; but ‘he Tater ded on his way to Malis, romewbere between Bangkok and sk. The Bishop een the ews when he axived 6 the Niobor sani, nthe way 10 Tain ‘The Biop contimed ik tip and arved at Pandichery on Febrany 1785. Arrived with his ut compeising tte dozens of Christians andthe Price Cah, the Bishop applied early © the sacred Congre- fetion of the pce for rls dn his ak of feeding his men and euinly fn hs hacd task of upbringing she Prince in cron belie, The Bisop fen sid + eT must compen the Peace for his ss of an earthly Tira, with the ra Kingdom of Heaven, which eu lass for ever and ig work 19 ve Ja. é When the Bebop and his pany aved at Pondichery, the Bench -—ponenions in Todin were der the Tigh Command of Coutancen des [gains (ers0768), Bega General of te Aemy of the Wig of France ‘The Governor General of the French ponesions beyond the Cape of Goad thane fe T pt forma 9 the oreite tht, aeonton he ris of wate. Covereat al ey pret Regie of Fray, fal the chaser of er fen poly, Face opts the fas Bliss ein) vee te pom ot cecieeal Cheats Sal Croton in onset oy t a nitin sve hn and tht pa cee ee clea recta eee ee ee lee fa wert eal efernateas peat er ea by the Bishop. of Adon, wil nly approve my negative reponse to the request of the polar * “The Governor General sther approved the request of the Bishop of Adan tenting 19 istsh mitary aid to Ngujea-Anh ou ofthe Fetch Farce: hued in the Preach possesions in Toi, nor as favorable for any support. The apumtet of the Goveor was arunded ox the ft, ancl «9 poly comtry to de intrest of France, wo her sund rotiy, “wie the Commodore to his Mines for the Ravy, on Aust 3, 1780 feuach an expen aia he Toy’ fores in order pt the King back | “bebe shone of Sowh-vietnm> The soong royal Prince Cah was ented |spon him withthe mandate and the presumptive eit is now ander his are ‘a Pondichery. My anoner ws, hit wishes cold be fulfilled only afr Ge approbation of His Meaty, the King of France ie scured, Talo wit {Be Bishop that, is wating for the decone coming from the Court of Pits, T may be wet to him in dispatching sion of investigation 19 Southeviemim in view of scring peoper dats rezaning the country whit hard in the fare ifesce an appropiate id. The Bishop decked that offer on the ground that = tate expetion fe seguzel, otherwise the sd may tot be vsti in consdertion of the emergency of the (On July 8, #785, the Bishop of Advan wrote histo the Minister foc the Navy, the Wages De Cuoco Te sunt be noted that daring the Bishop's stayin Pondichery, Coutencenn and Soule were rele renee tively by David Charpentier de Cossgny (1790-180), Colon! Coma ing the Royal Regimett ofthe +Teue-Pesce» an the very capable alo set, Chevalier de Rowecnteaue (19591963) The newly appointed ight ‘aking Office .of the Count of France were more comprhecive toward the projet put formard by the Bishop of Aran Coospuy wete 10 the ‘Minister for the Royal Navy en Jly 5, 1786: « Without becutely suppor flag the views of the Bop, Ido. aot agree with she arguments put for- ‘ward by the Brigadier General De Coutancess, namely such expedition is eatrary to the intr of Fasc, to the sound foreign pote itined by the Cont of Paris sod it fcuk tobe materi «© Comigny a0 De Rntracaeapx however could. male ao deison in ‘avous of the requested expedion. They took a limited acon in patching Aamo, the «Marquis de Canis», wider the Command of a Lieut sant of the Royal Navy, Richey, 19 Sowhvietaam with mision to secure sffsient data repaiiig 2 posible expedition and lbo to pet in touch i Nguenah Sisal “The Bio, since lsving no definite hope inthe French aortic fn Tadia to seus prompt aid, decided finally 1 wil for Peace. Before ‘aking up the fia dein, he Bishop eat wondesng whether he had to ‘ante to ire mary aid fom Pores. By Oetaber 1786, Neu ‘Asn tn inthe Cour of Bangkok ;zeeved 3 kt from the Go ‘fGen (Indi), The Governor ovited Neuyen-Anh to Goa mere ‘ing dectned the Poetiguee offer, sine he had chomn for dhe Fee “To convince te French authors in Teds the Bishop of Ada ee fs Le Malabar», wer the command of Capi Pagal LLesiet on Jnssry 118, Probibly the Bthop of Adran wae coniored ‘the necnity of bashing Nauyen-Aah becuse ofthe view of the Com of Chanderager, Chesley Brigde ofthe Reva army ; Cheval. 4 menorndum 10 te Goverror of Popdshery on February 22, 1775) fayous of NgupencAnh, During his say in Pendishry, which ged ‘Shzen onthe, the Bsbop was in and of agony, as his sound request ‘sone band, ignored by the Representatives af the Cout of Pais ia fon the oer hand, he war denounced by the his caleaues the Por aod Spanish Missoni, tothe Holy Se, ahavng interfere in the po Mls of Veto. Prtunatsi, the seoouive Distre of te Sal Co ation of the Propigaada of Tath in Pars andertook the defense of dnp, Aimong thom, Joreph. Descourvieres (e7-r8oq, proczsor of 1 onsen at Maca aad Deis Bote (735-813), Dito of the | Coleze for piehool in Paris, championed the Bishop's cause soard Crs! Otol, Prefect ofthe Propaganda, and toward the Holy se, 4n Ge mesaine, the Mivner fr the Navy, Marshal DePome Eatin. Inte meni, te Cees meant ae to dipuch a gun-oot of His Mast + dhe « Margui de Castres wer the [Command of Lieucnant De Richey, o Soath-veaass The boat hall weigh anchor on Jone 20, 1786 with definite instractions to cll at oulo Pas ef the expan, Tncuded in ie sports the folowing remarks: « We net to see, 28 the Bishop of Adran ssl uo the King of South-vitnam. 1 he counry an Offer who knows i he haul rive beyond posiility {al ato the ane of De Richary .-* 7 +e doe to sex the inportnce of the vantage we may expec om such an | exyitn. Mainly be shoal be able sre dhe advantage repading the evelopment of ear tne Jn the Est Southvissnam isa ich country and | ust be valued for bee wet nd her commercial cen Toute sng | is rangi command upon the sea of China and tag suroending her “Aihipages, mast be wed ar calng sation anda cena pin fr oot ninhac de Lamothe, Colona ofthe Royal Baginerng Regiment, to study Sie gueton, The Coll thas submited to the Minister to repr, 2 “The mat intretng insrctons gies to De Richey are qeated felons: «The Fresch ship bad tote aboard 34 ae converts who came t Fotichery with the Bishop, They wil sve 2 Jo th ques of secsing shit infomation comerig the ined Cf the King Sn i ing f Sothitam Wh the hp eal Poul Pnjog, Be Ricery shuld do tet to nce mic informations ihr fom thei iad goad which infrton, he hs 6 ford fs te Sng who ok cage a Cott of Bogs Atervad Cn tus to trie throughout Sout-vitam fom 21h 10 18h paral 0 find) ‘ot the mais of ing of the pep hee ably aed evel, toca the dled King The opr oy st oman i Itade and the sent penn commanding he commer inteeoae must be abo prospect. A thorn srvey of the batburs aad the approaches, 1 big cities, namely the Bay of Tourane and its strates value must be made he survey hat te done with abiliy to avid ay rosie hut to feclig ofthe To penis whom the Conta at meet. Ae the the ship mast make way tothe Golf of Sas where, scoring 1 the previo sungeton of the King-De Richey has 0 fey ssa is i o onder fo Poul Paine, Tac the hog wishes to resin incl toch wih it Ministers and remain a the Poul, afew Frencinien should be lat thee) ith eftcint ane asin note of wing ff any ey ati] pon the Kil nd. Above al, foe eating. France int the unfrnnte Io of the King, De Richery fos f comprebe thoroughly the character and the ably of she ing, Bi proper meant, he potnay of Me army Imi the poten woah of i comiey Whish permis lar | Beret ee fs ey Taba King bck ois throne which acon sill gurantee her privegs inthe fare A milary requirement of B20 Woops, Desde 4a0 Negroes under the "Command ofa capable itary man of good hear and peace making spi | shoul be tien forthe operons « The Bisiop and the purty reshed He-deFeance, at the time when © Commodore De Soul, Governor of he He-deFeance jut retuned rom his Decine French Colony until 814, when France ceded it to Gret Brisin | Its located in Tian Osa, about 450 miles off the Eason cone of Madi said tht he had seen again the Bishop of Adan; however he held on ‘on Bs opiion, which was unfavourable to the Bishop's projec, as expressed "by Coxtancca, He cid not ht tthe ini held by Cosiny inthe ame ‘ne he made no comment up it. On the other sie, Coss’ report the "Miniter borve a changing exdock «Ax won asthe Bishop of Adean wil "ge i Your ofc, Your Excellence wil judge by yourcel his wide knowledge a ists dabei alae halla“The Buop of Adran arvived ia Pane afer» bre of eneat-o0o| “yas, a tke smeiof pla turmoil trough about by the Convention of | the Asuembiy of Notables Februey-May 2787) The couney wis rushing ovabil to banluptey with = mad peodinliy of exprendiure, However the Bisop found 2 suppor st te Court the thence the «Pary of | he Queen of France», Mare-Anointe. The mos earnet supporters of the | Dikop at the Cour of Laue XVI wete Lomoale de Brense, Contlioe General af Finan, the Archbishop Dion; the later wis responsible for “he eduction of the Quien, when she was Dauphines of France, Pine | Conk thus made hie appesinee Ja Verses with 2, teumphant sucess (On May 6, x78, the Bishop of Aan was grated an. audince by King | Louis XVI who as ait dig the suince by the Oro Secret of | Sit, the Earl de Montmacin an the Marsa ko Esl) De Carica. The Bishop plat arial fr the expen ia favour of Ngujen-Aa. ing Leak XVI wae of opnion at the Hnevible consequence of| | wich aon ten bythe Tsy-son would be #9 ageravste the pate a Soathe vets. Ie mace be further observed that the agoment put forvands, by the skep of Adran in favs of te resin ofthe King of Scathveteam tp ‘a rone whose misfortane fll im, ha ben proved ound and appropri Conssuenly King Lois XVI mandsted on November 1787, his Minis for | Foreign Afni the Easel Eile de Montnorinavth fll powers to determine the extent and the kindof sun tl fective means to coat the Tay-ton ‘Thineen days later, a ety was signed by the Plenipotentiary Miner of King Louie XVT apd the Plesipotemtiny of Nuyea-Anhy the Bebop of ‘des, After the sisture of the tey, the Kies of Frosce offered to che ‘Bkhop a8 oy sit, one copy of his photo ad agolen suf-box. TREATY OF VERSAILLES OF DEFENSIVE AND. (OFFENSIVE MILITARY ALLIANCE [sloned on November 28, 787) [gujeteAnh, King of South-vietmam, being despilel of his Kingdom | ‘mandated Mr, PlteJosph-Georgs Pgnesu de Betnine, Bishop of Aran, 20 1 Bans with misono apy fra ad asians om Hs Maen evry fo juste; thus he makes up his mind to agree favourably tothe enteaty. His Mojecty hos authorized the att Bile de Montniin, Mahl of His Moiety' Arte. Forse, Chevalitr ofthe Orders of iis Majny and of the Toso dorm Advisor in all Counc ark Marsal Mints and Sere tary of State for Finsnow, bead of the Ministry for Foreign Affsirs eo ss wit the Bishop of Adean ae tothe extent, the ad and the con ofthe relief to be brought «6, Nguyer-Anhy The oxo Penipotestiiy ler ‘eing eegaied to be quid namely, the Hanl De Montmerin conveys is fall power and the Bio of Adan addacen the Great Seal of the Kingdon of Southvietnam andthe Ressition paned by the Royal Caunel of dhe Kingdon agree upon te follwing cases 4 (Clase 1. The very cision King promises and contests to support inthe most effescioes manters the efforts determinedly undertten Yy the “King of South-vietram in view of restoring Bis kingdom and entering into posesin of his kingdom, * me 1a that orden Hla very criinn My shall puch vxy se to South vietsm,a Majey's Gaverament expen, fou) aes an an expettionary Corpse comprising 1on0 Inftry-es, seo. Artl ‘mea and 250 nesro-roops. The woop sil be provided with spmeopite wat | equipaeats aad mare) an adequate isl Arley. Clone 5. The King of Soutk-viemam, in waiting for the inportne eric hat the vary tristan King stay wo sendet, agrees erexuty 10) cede 10 the King af Feance ad tothe French Crown, able soversignety " opon the lad mabing se main hahoor of Soith-vetat, nated Haan by the Vieemmese and Touran, bythe Buropeans... j le 4 Fut: apd We vey ns Hing al oyome 9. The very inn Rig ots 0 cnt te Hag Southovtmam when the later shall be diturbed in the posesion of | Angiorn, The auitace shall be ia sppeoprie eee equied by the a Dil ol rosy et Kg Stina te tof ome upon the above-mentioned harbour, and other riglits shall be conceded to all ane ay ts ce a ten ee ay eel even eta een ee esto Gre oe en eee forth inthe nue number co (2) ofthe presen ay Clase 20, ‘The peesne tty sal be ratified by the to Sever igh contracting Pass, and the sfcaion evidenrs shall be exc within one year or sooner, f ecumstanes pera. : | Chae 6, The bjs of His Moje she vey crsan King sal be “conceded with fll rights ia trade tasicione within the whole inglom, ta. wines: whereof we Pleipotstaies have signed the ‘Teeny to which we afi the scl of our arms theolte fcedom of tavel and f abode’ without payieg any tx, providing that they sould be bears of pusipre fra by she Oficer commanding | the harbour of Tourane. They will be fre to‘mpore all kind of commodities coming from Burope or oer pars of the word, exept thee forbidden by =the lows and jrsdson of the caunzy. They sall be granted the pic ees of exporting esully all goods aad comnts from the eonaty of from the idhbouring countries. They salle submited tothe sme tif yt of cats in force toward the nalonal Tt is ao agreed that 20 foreign ship peraining to the Merchant or Miliary Navy shall be allowed | nenter the kingdom, expt those oitiag French fag or felting, Fresh pron, Clase 7. The Govenmest of South-vtsam shall grant to th abe jects of te very cntion King, the mex effacious protection in respect to "Ghee individual erty and fey + a cae of cifsty or dispute, gensine vice rst be eendered. Veil, November 3, 2787. Sige: East Be Mowtnorin PG. Bishop of Adan. Sent dae view of eetig es 2 nin etaning wad ive bie, ck ey ci uc eee Geen eee a oie a ere oie et cranes erase ere fete sais, aaurateene ce ise i ea eayidane pepe nate. Be ae wane Ger em iy er eerie ee ee Govcnel Ti ey aged Set oll Preheat 8. ici ai ta ieee ee ees ia ct tat mab cee el ee Clos 8, Tn ae the vexy cvinin King aonld be atached ot trea "teat to bes, wile enjoying the posession of Tourane and Polo Condore fand in exe Hio Maley, the very cian Kg abould ener into ar Ipins any European or Asin Power, the King of South-veiam cotaets to bring aid and sxizace to His Mojosy in kind of tops, ships aid spre, The aif tall be given fee n¢ must be provided thee moms ter the equet i made, The aif could at be ulizel beyond the Celeb, Ve Rove 8 18 Sina! : fal De Moniness PIG Bip of Ad[AGREEMENT RELATIVE TO THE EXPEDITION TO BE "and furnished the same quant of craft ofthe same quality and capacity as DISPATCHED TO SOUTH-VIETNAM how etm th epee, Tis bon tat efile a eee Sa ip er yoyo begin es tne we Kg wl ul | is Manny vey inition King, deren so provide all ops “requested by the King of Sooth-vietam ‘These troops shall comprise VA elie ta mamely + a. the Regiment of the «Ile-de-France »; b. that of the “Ile Bourbon » ‘STATEMENT MADE BY THE BISHOP OF ADRAN, 4 Pee ae eo ivaeuicey ee ae eta asl eritenle tser enna eee ee ee ee ee Be taney ay era ae cee ee ee ee eee ee feos ee eee ae oe ! | sine to ph tent... Foof miplis far cco men and for eae year ‘ita, ware-houes and lodging ite fer the Comianding Offices, Te oblige "begining for the day trope aris to Soutvitmam, 1/00 spae ils tion shold be failed by the King of Sowth-vieaam in providing eer 3 | Morover His vexy china Majesty underiles to provide transportation mse of funds required by such esublikment Ia wits Bers J sgn “ncaa fe the expedonary force, The following figtes; Aste, Calpe, ‘he present statement to which Tali the seal of my arms, dh promi vo | Diyade, Meduse and the gus-tont Mulkt, Diomadaie, ae eacmatked foe eral saitios ay ie pe of de ey of Sth a ‘he tarsponaton. Two or three sualary eats desined eo cary he tr0ps in ee | Sins. G. Bip of Aan. ah ree ae pee reacts es I acd i Rani Ad Pea cree 0 ED eS Neves a in py cin Gant eal ai ot 4 bl for sof 20 eons pons ih wae Be cnn of money yt tn Oi te a ate soni aren lee a ee es elie eae es ae PE Peete eee eee ee re eee ee ae IVES a cates) ya Untied ed eotees| artes ae Fac in tm of ops fond pty si, ene a whe TE won io nt ta ce Kl De Mantra si: He (- Ore nguas ant fo ls clean Foner il ute ne oom yim fom Aswewe, we de fend of King Las XVI The T epiy othe igton of Souvvonan 9 ar an! te cenrsane Bibs sorely Ace of ue i Mali) Gore | lee sal be plied; 6. ave te King of Sndizam ced Sto ate on ebony 7 Bing a porter of te et 8. 7 ‘The Bishop of Aden inverted with the powers confer by the King of Southam and the Royal Couicl, undertakes: 3. to have the ‘and on which i crete the aia. arbour cf Soithvietn, Touane Beret wi seis ein es naan meat ip ea “be anlepe and rep je tht harbour aconing 10 the segues; to hae fll beesthe alvosed with Necker the dual repesation of the Third Stats by ‘ead, Aftrnars be sided Miabeaw in the aemptto ave the monarchy. he prepared for theft of the King to Heglnd via Le Havre. He wa ut and pot to dexnton at ue Abbaye on Aas z0,De Materia was Tully ssénated o September 1992. HE wie and son were eat © seafold one month ster, The Hotel Moatniia became i 283, the Tae tine of he Chrisie broters (atta des Frees de [a Doctrine chet) ad ist preset occupied by the Miasey of the Fagce Overs. Afr the siqntze of the Treaty of Alince, the fate of Vitam ‘usin tobe bound to France a last by coon tes. Yee it queer enough to cealze dat Bishop of Aiea, a man of remarlable encgy ant ability ia pesestion of cedertal tue expresion of Nguyen-Aah’s conte ence in the negtiaons, dif sot inclade the alight tem roping de feeeone of preaching the Gore! i Viera. In Pars, with is genial alee, the Bidhop won over the polhcins and. the technics in nity ort yet is deep th in the lry of God and the sation of sul gave way to ‘is poli plans « Diy the tine wen he Treaty was signe, the monarchy Regine was in dares, which comiated the period of pecRevlaton of France. The Sinages were dsned out wien taxes were calicled wih gest ificly and ioconveniene, The energy of the Crown was exhausted, which rate in a combination of inequality and derpotn, ‘The reforms were intel Ye abandoned the set day ce so TL was tragic sorrow fr de Bop of Aan to have won a high price the Alliance Agrees to abandon it the next month, His diplomatic vstory was voit of meaning = be lat ‘he tut ter on. | was appointed by the Ear De Montmoria, Commissioner of His Maety he King of France to Seuh-viemaa, Hercfler was the Dectee insu by the Mininer whom ic say coacesn sends his greengs. In ites of the zeal and te (the sine day of his achievement of hs gress fst the Bbeo ‘ Lows, by he grace of God, King of France and of Navate to consi of ur da ad ove Pie Fees ants de Ben, Diop of Adan a nel ath staseat to oar svi, we desde Coors cut peti confine in png od mag Him by he | present ac Paint tthe King of South Via, We sigs st | fo te ak of nking afer the nts of cur abies Thos ation) tel goa ce 10 Mn towed oat everthing he mn fee ecoiog Tet secon fa ceapect of te Ge mamb 345,6,7 a 8 of the | Frey Aline sed tay a one convenience. In wise whet we one ofc seal to Varies, Novnber 28, sea gh th cmt in Vem se by he He the Fe nrc, Foner wa it owe in mens fo dea ick tapetiin caving! ty he rte. Tea aftr shor met-onh ‘Etsy rg wich be dd teri moron he lnc of the stew ep byaate c Neket, Necker nocd ante sor: Be etd conan mae singe thn Tere bth oo fll i oie Gh tne etc Mite of Kg Los XV ad er oft Quen of rane wo al dames Som ir ofr, Vetie,whse enor ign oly ha ind Fess 0» hei sot eathed siete day of Loss IVs | Toe these coy Tergt a Ca The Pashanet ere ot ten repent ova ea eves nl ae mone. Tie inal qon “fiSeome w aval up every othr one The sew Miners were suorinte | Offa voit of ndaine Ope abd set oe rate teres 38d wee el cer in ring i fre he i int thik Brae ws futing Te eics oon the pole was 10 ee deat spison and Ghote. Th the eno onal ment iro gan end nao “al pen hich he Bip of Adan ba grounded i ope pracy King Louis XVI approved the project intated by the ‘ap of Aeon agains is will Yet fe had to have the Agreement sgoed in yew of esti i ewity and sry of the worrying pret. Four ay arth senate of ie Trenty, on Denes 2,-1787, se inteusons wee) fentio he Es De Conway, whose duty was 9 materialize the Arent, 2“Ou December 5 another tate was formarded De Soon Ache! in Pondi- | hry mith definite is’ His Mojey Sends to restore the King ef Sout- ‘Vvtam to is trore,f rmsances thus peri n>, Te was a msgiiient pit of Bl perpetnted by te Caure of Pars and of which, che Bishop, ‘vith pod fth appre igpored; and she poley of SE was afoped in thetine when the King was driven from one expedient to anther uni at las the Bishop of Aan, who was cooly pleating for the grade of ‘he enpine — unrtook to exabish, by his daring explit-Fance Sealy on thsi of Vietsm for ast one century. THE BISHOP OF ADRAN WAGGED ALONE FOR THE CONQUEST OF VIETNAM Grek eee eee eee PV im filed bese of the heaton ofthe Court of Laue XVI. However, fo mport the spa and tentrl conquest, the pete, By hi remate ne actin, ited up the pubis opison in Ponder in bis four, The pinion apres te atoag experince ofthe Freach tnders of the at Inca Copiany apd that of te adentarer 8 fad a ee one qualifstin, 666 to goin for Pesce a cokoy, Vitam. (On! June 15,1989, the Newspaper» Gare national» published a Ponschery the fllomieg atte + x... The Coutt fas given up. definitely the prot of ssisiog Souhvntoam, and this put a definite brake to the underaking visualize by De Conway. Yet m cicunstance would beso fiyourible fr a complete succes i rensblshing the dehoned King. He already catered into possson of five southern province of bis Hegdon; thus we bave mised the chance to set a fim and precious foundation in his Kingdom ; the colonial setlement, within fur oF (ve year hall secure our ation an exclave sade wih tmenty alone of intabans. 1 abo will provide us with she gsasine means to toe with Chin witheat gag to Canton whee we sulle fone 4 “The Bishop of Adan has oatded with hi ite Pins Cath, the figs «duce. The ship just sled off hie morning for South-veatn al ciety ate Dd Caawey ne pet eed teed "ruil in hindering the splendid. enterprie, 28 he had reduced bis | of he iy ha ed is wished actin the owsson, He sll be scone br late sade, but the inate dane tothe in is beyond mending “The suppose of the projet were sored tht the cost of the ex: “pilidoa would be sothig compared with the French tee ht wat growing | ey init. They even put the preaching ofthe Gospel into the ees "Gnd conlidod ist there showd be nething but gang 1 France ¢ cw ‘oli! stemert Gir ev ach Ale aie Nee uae! Ga of the Court of Yerlis. His dernionign involved ogo scons. Fit he Ate the mileary id ofest by the Brith, On May 178, the Brg ‘offeed 19 te Bishop about one milion of franc, ifthe prelate consented 10 “han overt them Prince Can The Brith popes of course arte to | much bs patrods fling to be asceted by the pele, since the grandeur of | Be secs and the tries tesa pened, Stel Adit 0 delay, he Bishop had o pomp heaton in he dition of itary sid, That wos in connection with toops on one hand and the other with fun. For that cond poit, the Bithop Ind te public opinion ie the Taian Golens on his side, The adeeotuers, either wade or servicemen thie hace frsceted by the msbebaving of the Bal De Conway and the ipo> ence of the Cont of Pars were plying rssutely ther part in supporting “the cus upheld by the Bao. lndeed, they payed even a decisive parton iso bball ad on thet af France, Thy wete spt to bulwe hatthee “wot sth prope, aoe uly venarcame to allow promising opportaiey © fe by when the way of eleive ston wa opened fo them. This fe fosbaion of Vita, freedom of ston wat smgeniy cere | pectve ofthe views of Pari "That wat te sychooseal stimulus when Baer tc at appr i ie “Peenhlisieael bing linda) Soc onto Seaham TASES the shop, his aton in tat diction wos gored by te oTcomsiderson hte ul ave nce hb chris foo Sout "a he abandoned Npuyen-Anb, Final, te test news recived fom South- “nn wee esc Reno kre cf io ose | weir Teron eens te aie fe poe of aaa ut | “The Diop fered te met ie he fmt ad ald Ee ePaRUGCE CrNCARAC | arom treet Neten wy a ih ate sy ot 3 (ircaly oc pine nthe ec ym pe oie (i es cays tne by he op of Aas ape 9 = NGUYEN-ANH LIGMIED AGAIN THERES OF tense ws sieving, ae wnt St WAR GAINS THE TAY-SON | ‘ietoam with an inportant quan of wa materi parched ost of the funds rad in Pontichery snd the Mascuénesisnds — groups of Bate ‘comprising the He-de-Franse, le Bourbon, le Rodrigass — and » ero of tffcers of the Preach Navy spd! a few Baginers flowed by abot one unde soldier. Since te Bishop of Adin Idk Nawyeo-Aah ot Polo Ping fr | Ponce, the war Sorsanes of the Dense wore at lo bb and wh oy rough 0b the sero and ery. Hi Rear wet out Wh sn, ite Prine Npoen-Cinin arent pe for a French b> | Speers to his eile sul opie the Tan. Now bw wan aring | fe} serve wo fe the bad ston ning mad he ey when 4 the foreign id soul ave. 4 nde the Bishop fad made his «evolution in Sowtievetam® lone” she sid preuly to De SsintRivel later en. Bo cin es piers espe 9 Geena REE epee arihenopcle | Ds estoy ee eal es ad a u(r fhe Cll Sy eof he The Cian | Petty cies ate ty wines as ee ete eee Bed mete, cal gt Sm elie ty | yese Generals who took refuge at tis Court, Nguyea-Anh took his Felipe Pahl le led ll Epo inaction’ so a1 to ot the ind of the Seas King at cust. He | OF ps tay i ron 0 oe ky. Talon el | Be a pete rod aie sr ea coe epee aiaieladaterile braces: ceca. ‘ 4a 2786, cicumstnses cur t9 sets the Pesce in gaining the+ confidence of the King of Sin, The Burmese wee invading Sins, Newyen- Tash took an acive pat inthe campaign by the Siamese side, and the Shvendes wer diven ont wih the efetve miliary id of the Viemamee Woops 1 Newyea-An ad chon the parton moent to supper fully the conpignagsins the ree, when the laura was imminest inde cceeded owir ie icy with Bango ino opportunity to have that Kine, gravely mbaformed boat dhe unfindly actives ofthe Viesamese Army in the Caicesied hin inthe fterseine war raping a Viena. His pps wt tow found ech in the Cou. The King thn offered oo ela Neayen- Anh The Prince stance gered = Gounel meting. After debetion, a eat tion inst ty General Npuyen-van-Thaok and Prince That-Hay, was ised, with he full eppet of Nuyen-Anb. a nang the rsion te Gesert baked up by That-Hy, sremed the dagger of sing the Stee ‘Army 0 combs he Tayson in siering the lotog perpetrated by that ‘Army desing te at campaia fr, even Nguyen woo the bal, ‘he Ty-2o should defen the fatze she Nguyen’ amy by the One weapon of the Later the anguent was raatded onthe dimen gpey Ts by the hormfolAfled Army. Tn conchsion, Nguyetaie-Thaah sated: «We thontd ely upon the Viktmimesfores a af buling up in South-vetnam® nthe meantime, he Malayan uphesvale died ance again Siam The ‘ig appealed again to NeupeaAal’sbelp A Vienamess fall Repiment, under the Command of Le-van Quin wa diatcbed tothe disturbed area which was once retabike to order. Tonthne- Hey, esas of King Vo-Vuon, son ofthe fifth ao ofthe King rise Doc. General Newen-tanThank was bor fp Gin-Din, hetookan ative part nthe wat agit the Tay-om and. was ‘ied inthe baefildn 7s, He was made Marshal ner on and his compe sr bis death-mas buried atthe preset; Langan (au-vetam) whee His, tomb esl see ‘Son afer that eves i Vietnam, the coafliet among the Ty brothers ba rated vslesce #0 the unity of tee case, Nyen-Hue, afer ving capac Phe-Xi (Hse) frm de Tih, mache his tops 10 Thaatc tong (ana and seized seca of he Trib, wich coped on June 26, ot aS ae ee ea, I pei ac Carpet «Rag Nougee eee caaeTrceg ge sels oe gente ees moe BGs detec pee ian oe ge a ee Re coat Carey eae et Gane te ore se br Nourse Tp cane eereteg Be eos wees Neneh Hs ges be os tease nena Aen tte Foss eickedemad aro cate y es eco mem Bg i Orcs w Sohne wre toe I rhcsg in oa Senisor vor Me ale ere tel eam Sealand cane iee a ee BE src ot see Lnty, Rew poe yh Ep eeserca ai sid tbdeevehl le of Sa on ce el Be i ica eats ond Sin stag 9 be Sora BEB a ce nr Ae xi tre rg I sand cece, Nowe bi wie pias tcl acs in Comasd, unr by Pong Phun, Pct, Gena] Bean retary, Cotes cal yn en cel ee eae eS ee I eri, oh Ngee shige eos twa Ocal ae pte vporerkch east reso ous one PE Ec reais mes ia to He orf as pod BE scope tl eax reste: ty ac oe Reta ei cicce ct sun oyna eee BG he wenn tent tr Wed ge Peal ‘van-Tham, the Goveror of Gia-dinh. Ste fulfilled sccordiggly het missioty i oe ce ta od bayer iptee ee Gp ae Ngags ees eves ie 7 wa tog eit ci dean ia ators, md ae a gl aly ines te satesl racy on cena Be cn ne maniacs oe ea os aw Gremee Trane ee Rygecnenaa| 6‘hes captret Gindch ey on Sotombe 7,178, and marched spon the I eV tel se Fe | _provn arze the Tyson enn which elle by ope ler almost wee, Se oe oe fronts of fre couste-aticks el by the Tay-son ground and naval forces, Be cia vacw Gius thdeacie eel - of theses atacffom the Nguyen she dare ot attack the Noyes, beng "is oppnest coca Rguyen-Ank Ind certs mci cri amount of eof is trotr dine southwards Those as confined fn Cond respons fom the Dutch, and id from the Frenchmen in tes of the ‘inam ws hope co be et soe This ond war mate After dhe fall of Gian, the whole. Southe etm tay ate fre of the Ngvyen who made sce power fle inthe THE BISHOP OF ADRAN JOINED NGUYEN-ANH 7 Winks coutey; tet diag of the wate and was reuibed wih new ‘inet one yeat elapsed sine the fll of Gindinh ito the hands Tesco serlenents improved by feigaton and dna apes et 8 Sf Ngsyes-Ank, 00 July 28, 178, she «Medes, under the Command of | fy NaiperAah. The Soathton couney wan now reonmized to four Costa Realy det Cop Sei Jcqus the Bop of An snd fron enh one under the Gopertosip of one mada aanely 1 Phin- uit, Bede four miniones, the Biop was flowed by 4 number Te Gener Trabdon-Deej 2 Tranbien, Govern Lenang Dish; BF Ofscers ofthe Frosh Navy ands few Eagacee, namely Pings Vani F eaninh, Govemor Nyosung Chas 4, Tean-Dinh, Covenor Hoang “Jess Mace Dist, Olver de Pupmane, Theodor Lebrun, Gedeey de Ruscramis The four Govences ware amined by et ther Ofc : ona forthe ching of he ile and snd oer aera aitis ob reicment. Laat tac and ee income (ct wee raed 10 support tbe eon gee The eur, with wradioral buremrateeeanizton eety retoes, appeed te have been sete down fy sap, Neen Jp coneel the Nguyen house a legate suceor of the Le dyassy fat hod led Viaum and eeceallycollapeed, For from actowledsing he esd of she nominal Le Bnpeter, Lechine-Thong-Ngupe-Ah Sioned ost the domination ofthe ete county fom Noth to Sauth engl righty, ke somlt 19 reste the Kinglom of Viewam fall ‘pen Hae sow rled the Northern part of Vietnam in the name ofthe ‘Wilh the techni ai, Newyea-Anh at once ave Sogpn eter iat 2 eetea Enperes Lehica-Thong, fut himself a an imposible tation [Nesyen-Aa asignal to besh Engineers Lebrun and Over de fe antgonind is eldest beer, Nguyen-Nhac. Being a man of moried tmasel to build up Scgon to 2 uropean model, provided with im- Chr and usages yee fond seety oon to tle forts. The Breach naval Offices wre made to arin he he Thai in Thaaglong, ate made his way © supreme power which tnd jo be sponsible of he serpainaton ofthe fet with madera avo’ indoced Bis eldest bots, Nguyen-Nsc-to suspicion and jelous. ot. Forzome were ao erected by the French Engineer ot ciety ‘Newyencttue tad no itenton tudo his brother, Song the pint of Southoietnam, War tater were either bought from on Vitonm whi had een conde Mala, Pines oF manicured with caw ates purchased From the itary view pain, he Npuyen forces were sonar than Npuyeacah cepauched Peace Hoi, High royal Representative to Devons the party. Copin Resly-Mesey, pon the ovaion ore? the 2800 Ib of gua-pomer. That was althe King of South-ietnam bd sve (ora France, Neverthe the Bishop was wioebeately wezomed by (reoctoh ; he was stig flly the young King with the tech aid terms of Ofiers and Eaginens, and the ented sxvicemen, and he ips the Bisop hat parched frm Macso, ont of the fonds the prelate ised in Tn, Praca teaonal ambi of the Chines op thet sine Chinese dominos, Nguen-Hue was preparing fice dhe dase eS 6 cat atl idNE Te RT a A ie on Se Ii, wth the break ven o Neos Aa by the Tyson's tempo- sy cad of the confi, tie Ngayen sulr wos in meante to take the problem of rural excoomy and sieticng the steed forces, Thus the Bie op of Adian made up the fire of the French aby his owa cosibu- tion + from tht day, he tonsil. by te sie of Noren-Ash = polit fu miliary advto, Al itary purchase made abroxd ws a afvrdance #9 the pelts avo and ented upon the Frenchmen who exe withthe Bishop t help Ngujen-Anh, The Kings ction inthe drson ha thaw two ‘vantage 2 he et withthe cerry aeed of reinforcement of ba wi ary potently; 2. sine the alventrers who followed the Bion, wert tnciey for personal intres, when they were fee so g» aad purchase War pan, they had oppartaniy 10 4o . Tn fact, mast of che Nguyen tauhigs were wade of wood, Dn eacoibiadate cil their Hulls were bess shee; dey were constructed scoring. 1 sign deawaup by she French Officers “The suenous financial efor, drained out the national budget. Tae fix to resort to loans contacted ip the Preach posasoas in Ind, Lageene and Combemle, who wee the stain dibarsr complied ‘May 1795 about the dey im reimbursement ofthe Ios, 2p. pater John Bstrow wat Aniché to the Biiish Special Eabassy dpa 0 China is 1792 under the Bal of Macaney the Briish pc, ay to Chins, cil at Tourate on MayJane sys, The Beith whom Barrow mentioned was probably Barisy, se-going Catia rts Merchant Navy On Februry 1730, Newjea-Ash wrote to te King of France 2 ‘which the Frosch hitorias teed ae «very tf, fall of digs, To 178 and 1990, had dhe King of South-vetam wished =, be should fave seonguered iumetiely i Kegon ene. The aval of the figues aad ofher ces from Pondichry. e-deTrance and Wits, ba aut slam ito the enemy camp. Masts Olivier and Tehran ad dex eect to te King 2 plan for Se fort ty of Saigon. Hs wanted ito tie bat ae ce, alo the work sequites some length of ine aod ioe olhes joi00 worker, beside the monk of denroyieg the exiting Duin, Trish alwady chained the people, sting tee Steet harmed by such Cotruion Th sass of people aad several mandarns wpscee, and Mess SOlvier aid Tran ae ronsig Jato toubi, belag both sponsor of the priest The Babop fad to cover them from being buried, The pace i= Tow revo, sice the King hae cabanded the workers and alowed thet ws 0"ores and ths We were restored tothe msn prtoftheingdom, Inthe preset ‘staan, even Uhough peace has not been flly restored tothe whole Kingdom, Dowerer, We consider tne our lt i iasuced. We are seting all ue eat, “the Usk of ining out officers and woops for a final deve. tz "“Coacrning th help, which we iad sought Sor fom His Majesty, although | We didnot resve i we are comfort Sat the failure was br no meas) ue w His Majesty's lew; bar it devolved upon tt ofthe General Ofer “a Tio, We coud exer express deqsaely our deep sate rowsrts His ‘ajay for the geneonsy to have retsraod 1 us our belovl vn, tas he and so can be reunited aptly, Uke $8 twened back to water. How far | nay we ate living fom His Majesty, we could never forget that hindoess encosty, iit as ought of the oles for Help on the part ofthe King of South-vctan», The let was worded out as folios = 4 eTtiving tea fois History that the fe of empires and Hades ‘Sean vila, and whose geod and bud fortunes ae gl aving een troogh the fluctators, We, Ngupen-Ash, King of South-vistary, eg to bring. to tie aeion of Hi igh and. Powerfel Mai, Kinz of eatce that We sway egret that i Kingdom i eae fr say from Te Depite merous sei between our tro Kingdoms, We have ben tld by the traveller shout te viwe and. geoerosiy of His Majeny. Since We fe wid of mass bave our woke bed at Hi Maesy’s fluent frone, We fave ben confined to amie and ripest such quai Regacding or pest armed fres thy ae considerable on Ib a at sex We have sffient atunitons and fois required forthe r= | easing erations, which we fave 10 carry out. We shold aot by any, esas ccquet His Majety’s ald with wooos ... We remain to enrst His " Msjaty to be amare of car sincere aad deep gratitude for the troops who “hull ave oon sent tof they Sad Bean really sent, In our ee | itso, anything could be well to His Mey, ple emake we of ty “plas to ie Mj to be ated that We would aeglet nothing 10 pesonpish evenly His intentions, if thee were any. Despite the grat itance Sia sppartes w fom Mie Majty, We have the same cofilesce i Mls Mojary we were fcing. Hla Majrty. We bope that We coal expres aly ou tus felng inthis eer ad for which we ate happy.» “The royal mesige wat tandated by We Bishop of Adri, with te ‘mention 1, uersigoes, ates thac the above trae far 0, Stal conveys the acurte meaning of the let of the King of Sout, Th wines wheof Ihave signed i to-day, February 51790. “The fen, a fat fas given ot a. man whom we coud. est ceoticely and whows we are fond of in. 2 parcular way. He i the Bishop fof Advan, His Mbiesy’s mbjet. In 1785, We bad 10 sive ap our whole Ting, ue tthe inne revlon We have taken up with te Bishop the alas which we hal mediated previously. Aer having estes upon him our 9on and car royal Sel, We mandated him to His Majesty ot eapowered lenipstentary. The sop asived in India that year, bat Re tlesioed sthing rom the stores who commanded in His Majesty's name that prt ofthe world, He wis compelled 19 contin the trip. We reaained ter oro yeats without eaing fron him; hen bythe end of 1789, the fate “Ness brougt bck too the news that owe cherished vas ehaitbly ected by His lj, We ese al reported tht His Majesty ha the kind= ests gant ws the encour, which we too the bry to sec fos, The sepa tows conte our hope in wating for the ass of the i, The felling yer, we were happy to welone hoe the Babop'of Adrin and out son: [Rearing 1 the Bisiop’s report, We uadettod that His Matyas had tone fateon u succour uy yet the aid led duc to dhe ba ilo rather the indecision on the pat ofthe Sepeme Corpander in Inia. That General Officer, who did noe aow whether be hol wo adeance of recede, had Coised ua a go deal of sfosbles; and finally cut hope was frustrated. Fovtunaty, the whee of fate wraed in oar favor our sabes ind NGUYEN-ANH'S. CAMPAIGNS (On Jone ps0, Newea-A ordered Genel Lewar-Quanta machi tr sos salar song wpon Bint-thuan Both Genser Vo-Taxl an craa-Thah comsmanded the grog forces to seul he stronghold 7 w ii ic elt calla‘Mer the secestil ont bth Generals avang upon the vitrous apt ff the tovps coated the advance upon the suonghold of Dienthsnh (Wheat ther wore opposed by General Lewvan-Quaa, this the party turd 19 Gian, while Levan-Quan was asigned t beep Phan, In nner of that jen, the Tay ae rps oauter-atackel te Le-an-Qean's force, Being outeumbeted, Le-van-Qin had to give up thee song poi, but wat tolling on firmly the ground watl che reinforcements Ted by [Ngoren-Ach Kinself arrived jn Ge, He wat then rescued frm defeat; ‘bt later ne was dina by Nguyen-Aah, which action inde! hn 19 ‘ake up Se pices yen NauyenAsl sein te eraundy he needed trope Bolt i fiom 20 he reed two stogholde facing the Toy-con defense lines, {ei to nie that General Vo-Taby a talemed General ofthe Nguyen suo given te Princes NgocDus sna of NguyencAaiy for wie ‘Op Janay 5, 79%, the Thy.oon marched hi tors spon Binh= than an defeated the Ngoyen force, After that defeat the Diop of [Adran accor Newsen-Ash of having eked of temerity in the fit; be Als heatened 9 leve the county Dring the year of 3790, he poplin slfeed from famine, bese the land works mee giver ap in favour ofthe consecon of frrooes ad ce milary works; thus in dhe flowing year, Nguven-Anh tlewed 3 rest deal of moines for the benefit of Gaming the lands and the Gop ofthat yer was abo pleat, which replered the rua expony 12 ory I the sme yet t conc! hi aurea he ld of ral economy, the hey resorted nile propaganda, He vlgarzed te poplar sng: «Pleve to Hewes to bbw vp Noti-weit wind that wil sell up the sail of the igen ships histo hit atthe Nguyen fet dspntchel 0 Qsi-ahoo, sealed Toy-son gran). OF code, H was ut popaginds tat never fel uth bat le, Apparently Nguyes-Ack wanted, by a pacloiat Ufc, impees the mind of the people in bie favour, but wy, his ponte fear very ack with war, which made te ving uerly mibebte, Above Ail the King became impopla ia thowe years by two min enone 3 & p reat deal of pesants were ctl for hie Army and Navys 2. heavy tes ‘ised dowa thers is ofnaoe the armarest While NguyeacAah rsiaforced hin armed free: with the Help ofthe Frenseo, the Tapsca aif ewise with the belp of over Baronean funtrie, bat les copiouly. On the other haa Ngujeo-Anh secured fae help of the Siamese and Cambodians by tliag t these avphbours ‘hat once South-vetncy fe nt the hands ofthe Ty-say these aeahbouts Iwo be at se. THE SEASONABLE CAMPAIGNS From 1792 1 x77 Nauyen-Aah wadeook the sezoable campaiges gaia the Tyson, mans te campaigns cated out dering the wooo fess ofthe year, On July 1) 1993, NawensAnh Uonehed his fet spon “Then, te Bay of Quison, His naval ces were arsnged in thie manne two ves, the «Doni» andthe «Prince of Southvietsam » fb sips ‘nese Bris shethng al bought fon the Portus) under the Command of Jean Mati Dayo, Felix Dayot and Phillppe Vanier; two French vse he «medioe> and «Dyas, under the Command of Olivier de Carpentrss Gnd De Redon ; abot 209 other vena aad gills of home-male ene tere sk manacd bythe Presch Offices. The Naval operations were ple “ser the Supreme Conimand of Geanerls Nguyen-van-Thank and Nguyen- SwancTvone; and Neuyen-Anh kimslf headed sll lily ec by ‘the Fronds fate «Pandour tat followed te main Hest heading tonards “Tico. The Tajson fet ly in Ge Bay with all range. The Nauyen Fist opesed the fire upon the enemy flee and the Ges: sore "The sieling ned for at an ow, thea the lang began wih ce Marine re, previews rine by Colsel De Paymatel forthe purpose, A few son ships were Mown yp and ran aproundy while Colocel De Payrandi ‘he Nuen ship gall an hastened the Laing operation comma by Jem Mave Dsyot Abnst 000 oops ofthe Mine Coep took the the Tefasuynen followed them it wan 3 new eae sha astonished “Tayson woop, who either fed away op were expeed to the fag of the guse Eoaing from the Nguyen warips that covered dhe 8landing in the Bay waters. The aval bre was then captured, and [esyenAnh set the fie oa the gars aad the enemy fet exes Five traps and about ap other venele 237 Gel-guns were abo wed The Tyson sled a heavy les, wih 90 galleys, soo warjanis and one oven of vets detoyed. Tus thse Navy wat practically cued out by an fictive deablement. Te tail events ooezed when Ngoyer-Nhac weat t2 ‘ uotng pay, about heels om the Boy. ter the vcr, ad Newyene ‘ais puted he mach vom Qui-ahon, the Tay-son forces shoul Jave been hazed into piece. Yet, the King was quivcing on the brink of fs of the righty power arayed agaist ha: Gus e ordered his ek fore to with sins the dere ofthe Fresh Commanding Officer. ‘Aber the withrawalof the Nguyen lee rom This, immense set spread trourhot the popelaoa of Qui-abon. Ngryen-Nhae was tll magi- ficent in hie demeanour, ard seed to eogainsengh for farther cauntet- stuck, While Ngwjen-Ninc defied the Nguyen conqueror, 2 geal te beh he Tay-son, Kg Quangtring(Nearen-tue) did by the ead of tar ‘yest on the 2gth day ofthe oh nar month, 7a 3 the age of uty. His ‘iets, Ngayen-quang Toi, 10 yee ld, acces the throne and ook, the te of Cabin, Bu-die-Tayen, dace of the young King, was specie ted Regent. Before giving up he sol, King Quang.tung recommended ie ‘nandarins to move the copilot Thang-long to Ngbean and ta ateagtn the new sest ofthe Norbers Kingdom ; obviouly Quanetrng alte ee the Nguyen pressure upon the Tay-2n forces Davigg 1755, NewyerAnk's armed forces wize tiated by sew purchase of weapons fom abroad. Lauren: Buisy aloe, secured for the King ‘rom Manila, Mala and Tada, 3000 rifles, 94 pinto, «267 lanes and an Finportaet snout of amausiins ‘Bato uplift the Shing epiri f the toopy, Nguyen. Aah orate 10 of people who wete patty silig the Tayzon, Thus the ditbing and check and sebue the expreion of ose and il-tgeted opinion inthe mass «depen infence of fe supporers of the Taps, clad 10 sed “alent aa deypondeney oa the Sighog men were uproot, and marth Gualies were festred. How sin were Buman coleultons of sien ‘Tae enconqveable heirs ofthe mas of pemple were always beyoad 138 en though they wete siding the Nguyen ruler, in Hes of the King. wat fot, with elaning vehemently that they loved only peace, and bath |The ame feces were onpaited under the following commands Prince Hoi was te Contaner of the Ground forces; General Nguyen "Toone and Vo-di-Naxy restive the command of tie Royal Navy ; Pint ossortVo-tanh ait Nguyen tthe head of a small leet. The Fret (Ofc, che Dyce beware, Pilippe Vanaer, Olivier de Carpentry te ‘vee responsible fo the Acilry and Taney. ‘On june S793, NewyeasAh srt his fleet to atack Nba-ttong. Aft furious counter-stac, the Tay-on eoope were defeated, beng uma fe, Upon theartval ofthe einforcements led by Prince ol, Nguyen-At seach his oops on Dien Hanh and Biah Abang, the «vo swcagiolis of "Tayson in Khasi nd cptareé tem wihon gre lfrs. Prince sb captured Bishchuan with hie ground forces on the way of ra Tement«He mse then sidered to join fis oops to the fet at pon Phu-yen and Qsi-shon. ‘Aier the secure of Dien- thank, at the preseat Nbs-ang-Oliy Pymasel was entrusted withthe tsk of erecting Uhreypon a cy of Bt) pes model The royal tianphant mach Gaaly rexched Thissi set which foot door of Qubshon war fealy hell by Newyen-Nise; m+ the Hay seas agsin the ce pon which descended the exastophe, T “igen lect, mainly commande! by the French Offs a te am “on of Nruyet-Astutsaaced the aval bus while the ground fo Te by Prince Hot and Geral Nguyen-vanThanh besieged the forte “Thcsa, Nguren Nhat diopatsed Peace Newea-bno with Divi the mort skit uoops backed by the elephants 0 encounter the Nuh “The bate was essing Sarsusy; guyen-Anb then sextene Divis“to tle the for of Naper-bo) the Tayann Princ. This th Tayson evo were eavelned; they fel bick © Quan an ee Thin to the tan of the Rauje top, The war wopy comms, 3 Glu, © elas of war anal gates enol in the Day, Quiaion ga | ed sil 19900 tops ond as covered. by te rounding oor | Drop he Tapa’ wees i aed might, NewenAa's vaclaton “intend the complete and spi vi wished by the French Oe NqopnNhs, in the meanine segueted einfocenents from. Phew. |The young tng then pte 1700 woops and fo war epunr det "ti command of he cpule Genera Phan-cne-ang, Nguyen vats sed Ngzan-y to head corals Quon A fle of 0 vests. le | ile for Quiston, under the Command of Dag-an-Can. The reofor ements arved ding One, an broke tregh the dese nes “up by the Nun tops at Thisni, Both flanks, xa and land forces of the Tayson gee chang pon Thc Bld by the Ngoyen fc they | fcaptied se aval ts ile the pen oope fo ack t» Diwan at Posen” By the end of 1p the Bop of Ada was ented by Nguyen: An scopny Prince Nase Conk to eatce Dien-thanhy then Kept “by Genel NewpasaoToath Heater asthe kter the Bop eto "Leto oa Pha yen. Jane 16,274. ssn December 1755 the Kingwin compels to sa hs son © “the ater deem nes} T wan tea quel to atcmpany him. We were bese by the eal of Apil by 4am cay ape and eee lopment lied st cae sont. Dering the encelmet the 7200 ors nde the Command of Olver De Poynatel wed to beak tosgh dee tines wth for fps drama by Nore Fly he Tayo led th feces thr tome were ter kid or deat, At once Naren Cask “feet Northwar.. a te me just came back tothe peovtoe from which the exes “fell back, The King. wil be eiaciag on azack with Hs eet, but his “ton remains herewith te ground forces, He wate forthe cutee ef exp ion suerte by bs aber THE TAY-SON DISSENSION ‘Wea he seinem tat by Phusion defied the Nguyen to} sd oespind Thea, hey made way swan Quihon enter the fre ut Nowen-Niac ordered to bolt the entanoe agit the seinforcmen) troop, The Generle of Phan advcied that thy wasted t ete th ‘iy © pay eopect © che Emperor, thus seth endl seine Fall BNewsen-Nc oied the ain entrance opened (0 them The Phas Genesee ruinly the forts and behaved not a6 gate bat mate; the anise they showed 6d ot prenume thes Eenilyeo-operth, owerer by his inierent weakness Nyen-Nie failed to reponse. 1 ‘ine for rel dange, The highsuled King who wa unable to suler t Imiiacon vented fis wrth ne frnight ner by a sudo dest. Te was ¢ November 1793, Thos Nyuyen-quang-Toan and his regent had take ow the responsibly of Quinhon, while she frou of Ngwyen-Ninc were grow ye fcing the Nguyen oops, The Court of Phuscaan appictl. to) GGonesls Letrang sid. Nguen-va-Haan e9 command the ty and force of Quinton, and made Prive Ngsyen-bi, Deke of he Tay-son basen “Toe tril eves However put an ené tothe Tsy-on dezension Nyen.b fee othe task of testing gaat che Nguren rules o uphold the Taye use (On April 754 the Cour of Phuonian set General Newyensran-Ht ae bend ofan aomy strong of 4oj00 oor to resume the mark apon PL ‘yen, nove ld by dhe uyen rope who were defeated and fl ack &» Diet anh, which forte waren Sy Peace Cank andthe Bop of Aden. Tl “Tayson search continued and rence Dienthanh, which was excl, whi Kt ne nine the rifehcneteon they Dic a | ee eer the frets hl only 00 too the Fach Oices wh weze wits Naaset Cio opp tough dfeace apie the asl. Calooe Ovie wi a brettrough the epcnement bat dit nce suse; fall the Tay-mn didnot “pier sucned to cpt the city. "The amusing story stl further Dung te seg, the Bishop of Ada, whose duty wat to comfort “the eiary sen ad sive ave to the erases, weak asp to eat tthe ech nr dein with ing at The flowing ter ets LETTER TO MR, LETONDAL FROM FATHER LAVOUE é (Moy 19, 1794) “everyone own at, fad Monsgoor aot een hee fn the se Ft seamed obvi « “The Tayaon wrote eter byich they prompt he mandarin snd the soldiers endecl in the foes fo have tied anymore i the Burpenny who were nw enveloped, bernie the Inter were the cise Sf thc foes + the Tayson ako promis to capture the ciy_within fh few ayo to come, They fed the final day of one, May 6. When the Isisr seshed. them, the Bishop conculed that it was ‘bats pice of bag that impreed noone. Tn the meantime, the Bishop fa unease Fil-gune made of wood and pint to sive the likeness of rel Feléguns aad expec them oa the wall of the fries tothe conspicous sige of te ences The Tey-tn sought to know the cel srerath ofthe TNgnyen forces, scat asp the iy. The 495 teeged to see the Print, TNgsyer-Canh, under the pretense to offer surender tems onthe part of tis Gener He ws shen rouge before the Bishop upon tleky_quetions the apy confesed is real mina of dpying. Thus the Bishop tld. him 5 Go and se the cy by yourself and tell to your Genel that we ate Invghing ts preeraons to onset out cy jf euowed, we wlll 2 hog to offer = rng axuet for his vsiory ; but if anyone of you wishes to render, he fas to bury for abou be late for him by tomorrow sight Yor datve death, soc you a6 a spy But we let you free; 50 andl oyour Genurl that we are mocking his doing» Upon the lat word, the spy wis rested The ext day he Tajann ried the sep. Father Lavoue | isons oftheire oars eae i the cy with the Bahop of Adan, When the Taycon raised che sige, the claforcements commanded bby Noiyen-Anh scrved, The entmiss now sutained in thee tur 2 Body puke, Tae lanl forces der the command of Clove Ofvise, and the “Fler commanded by Philope Vanier and the two brothers Dsvot drove | the Tsvson back and caught 3000 prsoets, The Tayson flee was din Ick t0 Thsmi, while the ty of Phucren was secptred by the Navven “woop When the New Met seched Thins dil aot eapare the anal ‘ose af id preiculy, but fl ack to Keane afew alles south of the Bay 1 eto ote hat doing the setoable campaigns Reupet-Ank ove “Hs flr Nertvard when the Norwest monsoon blowed, but reed hen wind rewerad and blown Southeast, The ground free thus played only 4 supplnental role in de campaigns, But now the Bidtop concurred by the French Oiiers, vied Newjen-Ash tm match on epon Qui-ohout the King moted backward to Dieo-tbanh The ci was repied by eal Olver sezeding to Vaubsn se (On November 2734 the Tay-on Tanck a large scale assault pon the forces ia Phu-yey which was cepted by the Taj.son tops, who ched oa Bink bang and biadeed the seforementscomiag fiom Bh. Dienthash was once agin ealeloped, The Tay-son erected high| {oom wich they st heir pane afr Soto the fortes. Vota, the oder he ciy-was hard pees on every side; however he sso vow te enenie’s Sing 2 mesage to Ngwyes-Aah port te ination, Moreover the Tasca forces, arched pon Bishi, whe cic Dien-Hhaah and dene ee Nguyen trope. Newyen-Anh was fed br se march of the Taysor. gtenimat that his Generals were Gf firmness; the King therfore diesel them + Nguren-ran-Thah| TLesvan-Duyee were among. the digraced General, While Vo-nh eA the loge put up by the Tay-on, Ngoyen-Anh ent Cone er to India to purchase new fis-guns, and sent Nagwjen-Canh back 2fo Cinstinh while he took over the High command in the fie oper en ee ee | ions Yo March 1795 ie eed the feet Nontinard and detested the Se ie ee ‘Tajson at Bioh-naan aid ciptzed fom the enemies 7 vee, Nayen- aah contioued oo deve toward Dien, which ad ben enveloped tite months ; with the eiaforeements, Voth sce ss For the ist ime, Tan along he dona area of Soutien heard the hip of King NguyescAab, from Cap Sentacgues to Quishon as surprised of the ture ofthe apy harbouet and mocng grown tha have fund at every ep, which plats he map showed us as full of dane Garog ten Chiat eek op te enileent fay; was on Sopienber 17953 Be Goan Npulean Toa and Len-Dupet weve put bot | the command. and bowgbt ia a great contusion t the seeptue of seo rea | Destin The Topas remned se wee pursed and cred bye apeevreemuniver 0 | eet the ey; T abaty hve conned Ge dof capi: oil Taig he year of 175, orm wan ring in the Catt Ph esr thee ors Teen mbited my ices te Ki eho at ~ uan, Ta the count, the famine and. starvation outset the dite, ees intersted gresly in sciences and explorations, 1 was tot diappoited tha poi the montana in te Coe were trn of by fon and eer eee wine ee Shea he compet of te youn, Kg, Ngwenatng-Tesn, Pai Be nner ee eg fre wet guncd w te inp fovea ond por mani ssn by he Kin Thad ae pin ll aon amon at Meee oem he onea tune were made by te eaten, ee etn ery as aa oes Noho strove t stem the-tde, but the effos were unavailing, and the ee ee ee Tasca ce pie fom fad to one, On the year the Reet Ba De ee torres, ited Rnwan-So to pie he Gonemor of Thine ‘nei fm the woh of Buca tps dwar jk at we VorunDuog wo was ign The doneeé Governor, when sve | MERC es ee ne | jn Posen, poe with Gare NewyencngHon a Para day. Ths Tsk sane of the rt vey the eee th the lol es wees a Bese see ne pooner “pep prod | us he greet iafluesce upon the tae of hat empire aod also the ease to application for share, sf 1 am authorized... CComigny, Rus Masarine, No 6, Despite she urge of several French cobaiinie-minded-men, the poskon of France toward coloilstlenet resid saonary and bare “ cerain definite rents of pemagent vale, bowever wee acieved, thst [was owing 0 the tenacious will and cnetsy of the Prone, and of a of Frencaen who fad vestured for fabulous frtunes Cerinly “by the insigaion of the Bishop of Aden, vakable preparnary works re underaten, which were of great inportance to subsequent conquest Vien, ‘Thus the Buhop of Adran ws the greet Frenchman of the cemary jhe steed brian to eatibla France in Vietam the label of safeguarding the hooour of France wile there wae = dtawa-cat inpeachmeat on the pat of the Portaguee and Spnish Gold mines in Souh-Vieaam may be the chet ones eer fou at Rome... “That one is ot used at money by shat country or by China, yt iis more ‘precious than sve. The King wil enesurge cay the local people to fun the mines, witk a certain ico tax tbe paid to the Royal Budget T fave no doube dit be woul st grant tis lied the privilege tn them ‘The crows Prince tothe throne of South Viet, a boy of 9 years Sd, pupil of he Bishop of Ades, has ben Ukig Chitaiy. The Prince Jug 2 partindar fends of the Frenchmen... T sever doubt that he would not fous oer provosl othe King, hi father, Ii that is becoming to psc to South Viewam a figte Holding 4o guns snd slop, icing | 2 Plenipotentiary empowered with mandate coda 2 testy of liane, fendsip sod commerce with the King c++ Besides the sft denned to the King, the Psiace and the Mase | darian we abo loo the Sass with elds morte and ower ad shel oe sld the King. Ie is lo exe o embark seer intent Daring ton year the Prelate who beloved in hasan wil eo make fr stove in van © shape a Catilic Vietnam to his ides Even though m pil oot ently euoced in his opr! mision, France owed ita for her eopite's aggrntivanest. Daring thos tn yea, the Bishop ‘The man who i sponsoring this projet, bad tavelled to China aed ying by the side of NuyerAnk he vial tole of mentor and ofplat and itary advisor. Over oace, he was involved in the campaigns a fipon the regiet of NgupenAsk and ia company with Ws pup, Prince efucace by the patan sounding, the Loren mera of the Oren Court, etc idous fies of gre, infeaion aad fondoess of gy-ife pervaded his ind an bis eat Ta the contest beeen the iso and the Mandarin 329 wn “Thus the fighting pid of ie fe ws fall of miseries of al kinds ‘ver he sul of th Princ, the ater defintely ot the best. “The ings ad jelusy on the pate of the Mandarina of the Cour the eden ooburss of Nguyen ad abo of Rpuco-Canky the mischavng (July 273 the Bishop of Adan wrote soy: «Phe Prine enjoys a the French Offers who served Nqwet-Anty his akty relative © goo! Health, but mentally he i= quite difreat from she bepining, cons: the futre of the Chritendon ia Viera, ruck were consuming wh she ea eed vy ila Eis 6: turounde br the Court woo influenced by the example by is tet pee iton andy the dicoones ofthe Mantas; al that coibued to ire it “Fea. Panions cone with in, i is hard tll what soll ne 1 pe + tn eiitary mater the Bishop of Adan was the sul of the Royal ut of that. © ores; Ri attempt arm the Nguyen rlers aginst she Tayton with uiopeon devices, armament, mem war cris, and oops ting end Despite ede ofthe affection and the grade forthe Bishop that cquspnent afer an fahon.were eplendily achieved. Yet tis ee Slee, ‘he Drincs hd prove, the Prelit gave ep his hope to make ot of his pupil Ginous eft to make the litle Pence Najera Cats chian- as aes “he lo ta the Cout of Npujeo-A, bys vigorous asitasce and ction, te ge eset BA ting and wed advise, the Bio of Adran was aegicved by the Man having who looked upon hm at an inter conveying sew talc Sioe the ‘Montarins and mat of the men of ket fle consientousty tat Chsindanity tros an enemy to thei traonal belts and practies and deaictive of the Tredemenal bons of sos, the Babop was the center of ings whic) amet hi Above aly Naye-Aoh ape + ce! ofc foe the cult of ancestor and Confauniem, He saw ia Chrsianiy revo ere ee en oe fo eee pltiog against he Pielate many assnst is split and socal structure of is kingdom, Despite is “ish rst Ngoyen-Can “ovals the Bihopy the King nat ako faid w be stanford by the mandsrine; this a0 privilege were granted tothe Chris; ever stay io Bronce wih he Bish id nt inate dsetio perectone, yet he did otter prevent Bi ia cin a from ibiéning and abusing the Christos onitions of Sect. sisi 4 | Panty dae 0 the wat the nner ef 19200 cian converts h-Vietn, prior to the tetra of the Bop of Adran to te country cist to a5o00 by x7o7. Revtead Father Leaboase mined up te of the Mision in SouthViewam 2 of Apri 1797 as follows 9 Dring the ten yeas, by the side of NguyensAnhy the pli em “devours of the Babop of Adtan were smal at the ukinate outcome ol fis hope e.g. to eublsh 4 frm chrsiendom in Vietnam. Bat great wert, “the obiaces on Sie way of prething she Gospel. Newen-Anb bins fxprewed his own conviction on the polat at ‘ase, sanely bis profession tateing aon upon Prine ‘As othe lite Pisce, during his ort cf Aen, even though he was not ret converte nach i the way of ling the ees owizdge. His contrptto comply with the customary wt in host ncaa on Joe, 792 when the Pace was offialy made own Prince fhe thee, was the very evidence. But Ue by Neysace Be had %AM Measgaor sill is lag the wouble to tute a Pace who as been ‘ot masch ia favour of the propagation of the faith, itis w afford the ‘Misionsris with the Hbery wo preach and i is > preter from wrong hing on the pat ofthe mundane 10 dhe Clvstas, which should have become snavoidable wih his depurtsr, Above all the King & worh ‘etur shan the Tayson i 1 war to be peneated I woul prefer t be thus from His part However the stunon sll sot come 10 sich stage 2 long 33 the Bishop will cemsia bere» Tee tm mote hut King Quang-trang, the Tay.som ruler Norte " Vietam was more tran tomar the Catholc cian chan Npusen-Aah ‘The day whe the young Pine fins taeowtow beers the alae of ancestors, Tenteed into long explnaion with the King. The King ‘emed very much apet by the conduct of bis soa and wondered how the Christian see coll aucherze people to forge thir desi’ paces. I replied that T would be noawtheles nursed i tly Christianity tolerates such conduce; however, I addad, aot only the rligon does not tkate Du slo considers she act of forging one's deswed parents ae 2 cme the ft magniade, Stilt would tke tat te remembrance of de Pps stout be rounded upon tut, that exes, such remembrance mat Iie fice fiom supentiion, In tht view point only, ohernite Clisiay eile the cult of anmnore teowing eat the papias have a fem bee tat the aes of the parents departed are ll ing on the ofrag, “towely the meal, ete. apd receiving the gretng on the part of the (frre who do the sien with expectation to secure wealth and tong fe Ae yould not be surprising when the rites are exeted with at ticking, ‘which ie thoroughly comzary tothe th» “Ts, the main cbse t widespread Christianity in Vietam, 35 was in Chineas the titonsl oult of ancestors performed by the rica: On tat matter the Bishop of Adran bad adopied a defiite concliaccy atstude, 1 know, the permisibilty of oncipation by the ‘Vietnmese criti inthe customary sites in honour of ancttors. TF these sites could te tleatal by the Church, then Chrstaniey sald be mae ‘neem Ie nimi tothe Vietnamese fasittons Daring his ie in Viet stot, the Bishop wae striving t defend his conelitry tess whic he bei sedccoull alts the confront Viet, While wi froin oe ion, many of hi cleapuesvgeurouely orpone it, mialy Monsignor Saint Marcin, Api vir of Stahan the contoversy sted several years tl Be death, Before sting p is sol th Bop of Adeas recommended expe city to Fates Liboune +10 lt the Stor. Congestion Know that i spet ofthe cle of ancezor, the Bishop of Aan was holing the same tsttade of lesion.» It wat id hat a the Eshop comme to Rom ‘he Hy See would be won overt lis eoaviions, While the Bishop wat ery much upset bs the deison of the Pope asst terion (17041721 er Since the Cathe Misions were operating in China mainland, the side couse or tthe the underzanding attude of Nguper-Aah via vi CCeistnty meant he gretest orl ass ia fovoue of the propagation of (he fi in Viet, "This the leuer conesiag that mater fom the Bishop of Adan “The King replied that ubetcupom he has the same prisciple of belie simply conceives the wabip at a token of geiinde até veneration ito che amcowses I then sid hat Te mist be very life to His He to consive the thing a= He does, and poi ou he rites the South- imme have been pevorasng to conclude fly If the pagan conser cule of sncenors ag a. putely «iil ceremony», the Christiane cout mply to theses witout endangrag thee bls». The King gave a Stites antwer: «It abou be desirable tae, de fl be concise with Christy my viewing the cing tei foal obstacle which could binder he conversion of my kingdom. 1 have fechidden wiesemfe perfemagces snd conidered the cule of dos eapersthius jf Tt lente dhe acts ofthe boner, ds son poll ip T should vot diplease my people. Mogan i neither a dificult 8thing to ave it adopted by ss, But Tike the calf ancestors i the way ave explained out which dass aot seem sical; ithe growed of cour elation, i ists tothe cidren respect towards thee pens ho tre thas given authority within the fly as eo prevent therein. dordes “The yeaa forthe psests becomes public and tskes root and extends 1 dese, a» you ssdhat t should be grounded upon tut, sud removed from siperion,T consent to cael theses, which you judge serous tut 7 coseot seen all tes Besa T should be in eouble with yw ‘peop who think et Tam professing smother reign, and. which induce lem to ge vp thle tachment to me, Teg You to pay sufentsteaton fo tint poet and allow your chitin folk drow chemslves nearer to thet Caparo, Taat conduct, being deable 0 indvidel, i aecesary to the fpsin tools igh pov inthe State, You have witnzed oar tht (hing diferent period? of the yew, the Cour formalities onan sever Clrcmonies o wih Thave nd to comply. Woeld the meity of the People, “nee profed Chvsionity sad had they sot have done Tkewise. 17 refsin ‘myielf fom doing the teadtionl ste, the pena of the throne shall be Alias The conversation was interuped by oter afi of the Cour, but ‘she King ad ct lst intern inthe mote: Oa ta evening he has disc sion withthe andavns on the subject at confided to them tat hey would ese the de rlon could orate dhe cul of ancestors. Once tat obtacl sot san fe wil ote in poignant ron told 0 is poeple Sn pagina dus to prevent them from conversion to Chrsian slo, sine his ving while is physi strength rather failed to support hie through all ind of mere and tie, Beside his makings of 2 geet soteman, the Mp war a bullee of eet vgs seh ores eee fe 2 God's servant, he wear dansing imal in this word, even ami his ‘woublsome polo activities, ia puatane of i dreamt propagation of iy aod in wis ak be led cbviuay The Bihop, of Aden died on Octbet 9,799 and was buted December 6 in the presnce of the Crown Prins, Ngupen-Ciss apd ll smandsins ofthe cot. “The Pralat wae bund, asrding eo hie at will. fll Vstamese rsx His tomb is nowadays il seen aca bythe Airport, by the ead of “the Stet Teusng--Giaag and lected to the North of the cy of Sazon | Acerding to Father Lin, the tomb ested by onder of Neyer: ‘ok wae the most beet monument exived by tht tne, Te coved “13,000 VN plats of the ine. Fe was alk sid thatthe plan of the toad drawn up by the Viewamens Citotic ahitest ofthe dine, Barthelemy — SANG who had accompanied the Bithop of Adin in Franeand whnse ation was of local ste. NguyencAah had otdeed the tom guarded erpmiy by 50 sollew. On Aru 3,185, Adit Charer declned fave been sting the tk of wtng to Pars and Rome daring ‘tn tt dys to explin aa the mate, Dat a siden nscaveiene oud tnd it indeted te implementation of my Deve «© gas de Beane ws of French maton. Crisis sinc his rine youth, vas very pleased with rang of he books on the Chinese Siges. Whea reached the matariy he cams to ou cticey hit was then n dsubance, 8 of our kingom, he pt to practice hi igh cult in bling sin the teoabous tines, He war in charge of he stot important eision, ‘THE BISHOP OF ADRAN DIED “Thos the siuation rbading the evnptisation war at the desde fama? o underte a pid trip w Fraace and seu therein an ay les tious dfichiee caused bythe travel. In mote tan twenty Yet aut usin commanding ear aries and jo orgaiing the snnsraonpostriy. The prom resorason of cur Higdom & owed i Inge part © the tireless efforts ofthe Grest Maser. : 1m x7, e flowed the army which war marching pan. Qui on; on the Ith day ofthe sth Slnar mont at 57. pene old, he fl dows foo an ies, amid the tops encamped in dhe mouth of the Day of Toei Tn the 00h lnar moat, be wa appointed by a toys eee, Precepor of dy Royal Pine j by the same decree he was sued to the rank of Duke. The place chosen = hia burislground iso the Newh of {Be town ck Give aoc i wu alo wiere, he ball ba Algom efit, ‘This mele hoe been erected om the gond-onened ‘day of the month of tata of the year 1800 % z ‘Before he passed away, the Bishop of Adron had tet to Nguyen ‘ak and tothe Royal Prince many ales of axay, precious and divere 4a chancer they were consiered a8 rare thous by that tine, even in Europe. landed to ave ja pusesion of sich things the living of the Prelate was of very high syle; was Keeping such ving forthe honour of France thom he wa lel Repesnaive. Iaset-Anh, web oe the gift owasd by the Bishop-aid «TE Asse only one thing tbe portit of the Mister» FINAL ELIMINATION OF THE TAY-SON “The lation which temited fom the death of Monszoor Pica e Reine encocige the Tiy-on to rename the charge upon Neuyen-Anh. “They loméd the opinion tit they had to onset Quishon by ground fonces and to charg upon Thi Boy by tie Flex, The Army. and “the Navy wese under the repenive communds of Teasquing-Dice an YVount-Dusg; the Inter headed Flee f 2 wanips snd soo vena soo hich though i had thing ke the qalty of the Nguyen Flt, et Bad the range which was what mattesed now. By sping of 1800, an etectve fange by land and By Se upon Quilon held by General Vo-ah gave the signal ofthe Taysaon vine rerival. Despite the intent sagle 40 wand off the caemice perce force, Votan war enczled with prison for cghtecs months. . i ‘Ta 1800, during the spring of intense struggle against the Tay-som and — ceases sna, Ngujen-Aaks epleihel his total Force which wore deeriba by Capsin De Biya flows ARMY 24 sauadron of cavalry (pom bafalonstaet) fe00— (0) 16 baton f slephasts (faa) (3) B00 50 betllons of stlery GQ). 15600 2 regiments (coropenly equipped)... 30000 Infieeysmeny equipped wih ards and oldies, gays CQ) Beige of oer teed vo Buopean warfare 100 ’ Toul 3500 Navy > Force ia dhe naval dockyard Sco ‘Cee ofthe lesa vex a io ours Bono (Crew of the European warships. Ad ec hegre (Crew of the wars : nfo Cre ofthe 300 galeys Adages to Tout a6 Oren wal? 335/00-— (2) The cavyon bul’ back wat at fice and it was suppesed co. (2)-The elephants, ured by oovpl-cnatted the fcacous shock “woop in oar contingents. 6) The Enginecring Corps (pt up by Colne] Dies) was pare and parcel of he Arley. The Geld-puns were des by ragrope.() The regular infoury.men wee raged in the provinces otcpied... threagh lick of modert weapon they were eavipped ‘Tye Fleet of Newyen-Anh was magnificent ia quay ain quasi» enarabl achievement wae du to the acigue bout ino the cote” the French Olficr and tothe geil entepreendertsken by Neuen A 7By April 8, acorn to Father Lelabonae, Nauyes-Aah tod real watshios coonractal by hit naval docyard, upon the movel of the European ‘yes Two ‘of them yosared ech one “36 gunt and two others 26 frm cach; They mete aamed Phoenix (Ceptsia: Vanni), Bale (Captain de Forcne), Fling Dragon (Capi: Chie), Peal (oder the Com- mand of Ngujen-Anl), Vann: was sconded ia Command by Renon, ‘The ciew of ch veil amounted to 200 samen, Bede the above men- tioned 4 washios to European mods, the let hai other go vesels of Too spe Holling eich one from 20 co 49 flekiguns of smaller sz, po wasnt ad galleys of diferent sizes for woops and sxpely tans port ‘With S000 realy skill able samen, the Nauyen-Ank's Fleet wat ectooed az the bes in SauthEaweAsa and SowthAda, insading. the THoropan Foros that stone Ly shat tine ia Tedia and other place “To lay singe to Quiahon, the Tay-som had an inmporant Land and sea force withthe trope of rematiable quale fied tothe ned, despite the incapable Toy-sons bei inthe governance of the country. With axious mind, Ryen-Ash measured the grvity of the envelopmest ofthe enemies fe Qui-shon; all hi personal Boyancy, his vious and ib genian prompted tim ws aneep the wory coming fom the encclement stile ; instead of patching reinforcements to General Vow‘, Neuyen-Anh ws conten ting daiag charge upon Phra witb his ene might. In the mesae tine the garton of Phu-yn held by the Nguyen forces was bead by 2 foemer Tajson Ciptsin who had raliedpeevioaly the Nysyen Army + thes Phusyenestped from dhe Nguyen hans into the Tay-sots while Que ‘hon wat sulted and eaveoped. Once again Nguyen-And requsste the (Coutof Sim to dispatch ae expedionary Corps, which was done at wil (On Api 1600, the Crown Prince Ngupen-Cash was asin sep Gindink while his rote, Prince Hi jened the Nenad expe tion, The hee famous Captains, Vanner, Chagneas and de Foran wete otiindng the ain royal wasps; Phoenic, Fhying Dragon and ale "The Vistmamee name of the wats and of the French Offers were Leng: pngdagon, Capa, Ngujenran-Thang(Chagneat) + Bang PH (Eagle) Copan, Leansang (le Eo) pwn tsk the High Command of the expelina (is ine out te helo of ae Hop of Ads, Mocs Pies) bad poh foundtin of st scien is prepartn forthe Ivan. He dd oe fil for fw i tu * (On May 1800, the Nguyen Fleet arcved st Nin-Trang. Pace Hi ply sores fr the Nonluvard expan. Afer the seeptre of Phase, fssenran-Thavlh and Le-an-Dayet advanced th oops epon Quin ‘NewyeacAnh deptchol a anval detchment to deer ‘Thi-ni Bay, on fut both flanks nd and sea fled to zexcue Vow, the Tay ores mere contetritdn the sige, Acoding to hi erate, Naver th bad to charge upon Phunuso, yet the ehtge shoud fl if the Tay-aon UPhct a Thinsi Bay wae sil remained tong and ona eeous chat for “the Nguyen advance tothe aimed target Thus the reeue operations upon Osos tad evo diferent enequsl advantages: af recucing Genera Vo-tank i poseble; but, bf deseoying the Tay.son might on the sea ear the main cay. Seve damages were recorded bot sles while the bate had 90 for almost one yest. The stale sesed to continue ideinitely pon and Thiel... Ont bepiting of xr, the Stxmese Army with Leonon fighting ee ete eatin of Veaatccte Gentle Mgsyervea thy da i a cae elder lee eee Ae ce ga of Thanks (Cental Vit) ad Hung-boa (NoctVienan) dsr es es, which ented to both Cours of Phan aed Thang-Long Ble vers Gal ects beatae lc aal eae | pis of waralphants diated by the Cambodian King. Tn Souths a god crop thie Yat sere the atonal Badges of NguyenAsk fresh teope wereraued by she cow Proce who thus secured the reinfirenents in troops and food supply esi, even from the distant Tse of Gindinh, Thor duvig the year, Nguyen-Cath suceeded in ‘einocing the expeiton ed by his aker With ro;20 men and 50 veel sewly constricted while the Teyspa’s eis were word © dexth with the mast epg att with the charge from the Slamene Army that hindered the reinforcement opsrtons coming fom the North pes from big_warhip t0 warunk of small sie6o20 fed guns, besides ples ores burt down or seized. fe was al etinated tt the casas smoustel 1 about sooo men kl and wounded slow, “Tsai fll; sil Quiahon war cackled by" the Tay.son. The is vicey wis foe t» Vota who wes rotted kaxp on te yun ee eenorements arrived. Nguyen. Ad, sccring 9 schedle wa resting fer the charge upon Phu-tsan when the ml event ated 0 im, Se renee, since Neuyen-Cash ded from soll poe. It occsted om March s0280, te ty Npupet-Ath opon the Flest and de asval bse of the Teyson at The aisallennand the capture ofthe Bay followed, The dapestion was at far: ‘ Prince had 29 yeas ol. Few months lat, om May 2%, his brotar Peace Hi ss led inthe build at Dien Khanh (On Apel tht year, General Npuyen-vaa-Tavoag sicced bs 009s ‘pon Quang-nam, which iy he copied oa May x2n0r. Nguyen-At “sptches 1.009 oops and 99 vessels to secure permanent fosthold i that province. Wile Ngeyen-Anh was progettg start, both Tay-son Geoe- ae Trao-quang-Dis, Voan-Dutg reinforce te enveopment, to keep Vow ‘anh fom Fgting his way out aftr the fll ef Thi. The ety of Quichon thus in a driest of strug of foes a ansmanioos supply the resins ofthe people wat died out to the Ist efor. Neuyen-Anl then ordered Vowanh apt hi second in coed Ngo-tng-Chal 0 ene forvely, thus to lave the ty behind: but both defender of they seid eurageouly*« When all Tayua force i conceited inthe exveopnet of (Quan, His Majesty bats takes vantage of in aging upon Phin, Le-vanDupit led lading amy of x0 sen cated by mamerous| ess; the landing begin stg soc Jn the moring oa Feary 27 By 10 llsk the fridgelvad was eased, The vanguard Get of Nguyen ‘Ash comprising f2 verre of ll types opened the fre upon the Tss-on “let while the Inding army advance! wpos the arson, Under the Command ff Nguyearan-Truon,aflollls followed the nding troops and sinforeed the Marine cerpor. The ceatline Srinled with defenses ant bateses reuced Feely. On the Nguyen se, the bayonets mere sharp and the ear ofthe toope rere high while snilir pasion burned in all beats of the Tay-on trooper Vo-de-Ngay willed by an ee sll ie men were shrisking whe fixing the Siviogscoantratatk, At ogce Le-van-Dayet ft off the Head ofthe Second Commander of the Ropinent and ths pushed the oops forward, The tle war rging hell wl te morniag of Febuary 28, The desive Blow rouled in 9 complete manary of the ‘Then By and alba of the Tay-ion by: Nauyen-Anh- The Flest of the Tay-am wat burnt dows, exept fw small veseds that cond cape The Tay son oops defended the be 19 death. Aewrding to Cesigncs the “Tay-son Fleet had sme warships eqlpped highly up to 50 or Go guns ech Ct ofthe enemy veel sent the botom of the bay, Nguyen-al eco sed by diving operations soo Geld-guts and a lege quency of weapons ff all kinds, The Tay-s loses ameanted bevy w 1800 vesels of all [Nguyen-Asd asgued General Nesyes-van-Than tothe Command of TBisesi with aision to cecue Voth, while the King proceeded to Pha- Suan. He asembled che Lest fighting foe, both and a 22 to open the coane, On Jane 5, Newen-Anh lee Thins with his Fee woe enain washipa were under the Command ofthe Freach Offs, Chigne, Vane tier, de Forcanz and Basty Barisy commanded bis owa vessel bearing INpsyen-Anks lp) The King wa nine by the Army of General Nguyen wancTruong at Toure which city be capsred afer aa esp victory Om Jane 9, + Division of the ground Aray a0 the Navy of Nguyen Imad tovarde Dhustion, On Jone 29 the invatiog Het arved at the 100 : 1south of the Perfume River, about one ale off the Tayson uot General Nguyen-van =Trucag altanced the main lest oyon the West fase of te city of Phususn, while NgvpeacAnh seconded by LevanDuvet was reqonsble for the landisg of 15000 toons Gatred by 45 watuoks and oo sling bom The Landing was made fon the Eat flank of the cl, On Jane 14, at 5 ollock in the morning the bridgehead was fimly exited : the landing troops adeaned in tree felumas towards the city by the Eadeen gateway, Brom the foried past the Tay-soa Prince, Ngujenva-Ta Jed 10009 oops to dive off the fremies, On acinist of the sliled stisegy and the exper force Lar ‘an-Dayer drove bik the Tay.soa uoops apd cated ave thee Genes Op the thor band, Nowren-vanTraong, fuipal by the French Olfices, shelld the TaySon Fhst, resemly reinforced by the squaton coming from Nora Vietnam and which competed 7 warhig, 63 aber vel fly tipped. The inital Fst of the Tayson anche! at Phusrean rat fecloned as 10 warship and mimeroas ves, fully lnded with oops “To face alight of she Tay-on Flet the General nsiualy advanced his let ander the selling of the batsios store until bath Flees eexched ‘he fing tage, abate was given with 2 helish far, while the nding fuoops asi the ty fom Eaten gate, After few hours of naval fighting, NgoyemAdh Fle had te command of the Perle Rivet and toved hie troops t and ffo to seinfore the Lending with a fly Incomparble & anything that could be athieved by the Tay-son land oresent to deve off the ivadiag expedion. Unel 28 boas that day ser polngal bard Sighs, the Nguyen force was se evtywbr, in the river at well tom oth ve ies, wile the Tay-soa Fe was almost ansihlted by the enemy ing “The next day June 15 at 20 ole in the morning, © mse of Iaot tops, spraled over Pn-saan. The cpl f she Nguyen ances ‘was hus cesapiced after 26 years of eccpation by the Tesh fmt, then aerwarls by the Tay-Son (January 30,177).-> Aer cttsng the Capital, Geel Nguyer-van-Truong pursued te “bee of Toysn, King CuaThioh wih hi eos bo sit not meh Tow te Gent headed ty Ft, whe Bs collage, Le-Chat el the oust sony torah Lshaiang chert hide te ce of he Taye feomans tovard te Nor Gna NgsemvancThey a Lette ee, sce ot Loi Acar, ee eres Nr “tr Toye caren coming om Tang Aone al he si ecuel in the Non, Thskson abd Hunton Rpt the Tan se Seay a the Toon er word 1 det Sach were he eee ee ie Nee ae VO-TANH ANH NGO-TUNG-CHAU COMMITTED. SUICIDE ‘When Patan was ale Ge Gea Trn-quin-Dis and Vor an-Dieg who hit if Qutnkon, patel dears of x 10 coe. Preise, Boe the rénbrcones_ avy the sons wee Shared ito pws by the say of Le-ae-Duyet wha mas ommnding Td foe of the Naajes fo te rox. Puan fe, Bot che Toys “Gases were pein t cate the fen of ovement em Qo afin sortwan. Tis seemed pike work many Hal Os te ose tie, Vota 18 sont of eaccenet, ta the iy dbl oof fost; he pole win the chy saved. wil the tore ep “ho Int hoa snd cranes seo hing Voy dhe Nauves Prae cnr ane Nro-ng-Cas te ier of Rin of the Court “of NerperAnh consared wth ec het of 0 star he ly 1 he Tan ter the apeonet rahe, Votan response defender of the Si “wrote fo the Tay-on a mera by whic he sarenderel te yt “the coeon dat he ter of he tops ane pene should te sepa “he Tay-on gave content. This Vos ala sal wostreye ecto “hone ced fl) dm of res cnc of te Cause cae 00 ‘hefner with stminiton and dM op: Vocab di “inthe fre. gating Cas followed is example He tak te pina and ths cael his ie Tey wat ofae The Tayson Gene ep prose‘They ordered magiiceat fuse in honour of the Nguyen Generals and fied the enemies. They reorganize the city's defence and marcheé thee ‘ecops upon Phu-fea, which frightened General Nguyen-van-Thanh, Come ‘ander of the moval ba of Thin. Upon the ems, NguyemAah lead Gini to dgptch rnforcement, a8 to defend Dien-thah and the gained erty. As tothe Tay-soa Genet, Tean-quag-Diey aad You ‘an-Ding, slr the collage of Phineiaa and the ight of King Canin, they took 2 resi «0 fight lone, if secestry, when thi troops dese hemes ready 10 share thee var forsnes Thus they reinforced thin forces by sew caliament and bean tit over eeathwans,. NagujencAnh didnot ett, ot his sig, contemplate his dangers of tring cut off fom the ditant be of Gain with an iisined ye ths he saw gies cesoas for viglace sting the glanty and the gene of the Tay-sou tops, he didnot see even hatter for pnic of fer. Upon this lat struggle depended the survival of che Tay-son in the sil of Viewaam, a2 upon that depended the long continity of the [Nguyen howe, Thus the wise fary and might ofthe Tayson Woops had {o tue very soon upon the Nguyen's oops. At H-ish 7200 toons of General Nguyencan-Teuoa’s ray were almost entirely dered by the Tay.son uoops. The cly of Quishon was Semly held by the Tay son despite te flere atack Inuoched daring two years by the famous [Nguyen Genera Lesan-Duyyet ed is army from Quangzam 2 Binh- ish, Ngen-ean-Thask matched. his toons from the bas of Tima to Qsi-nhon while Tong-vie-Phe headed hs army onthe same target, this Qui-aon had to face three ars made of the thee columns, ail t remained firm. The Nguyen atts were deven out ofthe smpeegable iy. Tn the norte pat of the country, sting from Phase, the [Nguyen cop were seater in numerous stonehols, thus hindered. the reiforements coming fom Teangoag «. Aer the Sight from Phsnsoa, King Casbthioh and his sit fived in Thanglng by Jane Sor. Canb-hiah reorganize in bsery hit sed forces and appointed bio bother Nguyen-qusng-Thuy = the bead of the Army shat marched pon Neho-an; the Tayison troops tow 108 rr boered at 0/000 men, were supported by the Flest of 100 vessel sed the Linking siver aad stoned at the mouth of the Nhat to give bale, Is the final bate, the Tayaon oops were ia pat led © the wile ofthe ailed General Tran-quaig Dies, Dethi-twan. She beade 2 brigaie of 500 men matching upon Dong. Saing the Tay. ah the Npuen Generale Npwyenvan-Truong, Toug-shue-Laong aad Dang twan-Thuong fl back to. Dong‘, NewensAsh himsetf led the mala tai force to meet the Tay-a he appt! Dang-tran-Taong head of bis round army and Nguvescraa-Triong, head of she Royal Navy. By Febmsity fo Sriaeanphibiows operations were led ia thee fonts: Af a the fortes of Trneink, bf atthe il af Dama, cat the meu Gf Nhsvle. On both sides, no ove was downhared inthe heavy fighting, teil in the Tayson brigade commanded by the woman Gener Buithi= ino. The bate wat ning one Week by the end of which the Tayann tops ee defintely cused down. Baishi-Xuan ecoted the King sui bck © Thanesone “The cy of Quiahon eld by the Tayson now cat out of spp, Ceserals Tran-quitg Dts and Vowvin-Dung took to fight to Nghe ove ripe with hi 3.000 oops and x5 pale of elephants assured before te {all of Thang-ong by she beginning of Bos NGUYEN-ANH PROCLAIMED HIMSELF EMPEROR (Os June x, roa, aftr the lt vidary, the victor of she Newyén owe procined himaeif Emperer of Vieusa ler the nae of Giscong. He Set op he Court st Phun. The tiy-yeat war came to an end. Givlong dad thelist ak of paying the country, tat to sy tm eradicate completly the Tey.soa's remaanis Bosh Geaeras Le-vanDuyer and Ngwyen.van-Triong sere mae Marsal sepeative Cosmanderia.Chef of the Arey and tie Nay is the acticaioy operations in Noth-Vietam pled under the High Command Of Cindong. who inthe sume tne eeu sno appeal the people and the Forel in which the Emperor ated hie am a0 of securing pee and pos 105, \ 2iy for the people by the pasfction ia Norh-Vitoam. He appesed das ‘9 the mppart an clabortion ofthe uoops and the peaple then under the ayes rulers. Te wat = mach a an esy Amrived at Bordease, afer the voyage to Vietam, on August 27, 188. 1h 1815, another mowhant shi the Larose» went to Vita with the «Flenry*; the esterovne was very suc. Ginlong showed to them ‘the same indness; the goods were pil ap aetnting act prices the | chip nade for setts tp, sug, silly chad to soa oa csi, Buh ships seed bck to Doss on May 1 Devween the commercial exedion, the Duke of Rcheles now Prime ‘Minister, dpsched co Viet the so-gun frigate «Cybele» under the com= ‘mand of Achille de Kergarion (775-1830) Commodore of the French Navy in Feta “The frigate left Brest on May 17, x819 with sect oner nit t9 mention ‘he Treaty of Vera: signed on =787. Tae Commodore ws ordered exter ‘0 sure Givtong of the sympathy andthe benevolence on the part ofthe King of Pance. The «Cybele rived st Tourane on December 361847, jat few dajs ser the depaare of she two merchant sips the «Bait™ and ‘Flay Kergriou spon is arial tse harbour-erot 19 Mess Chaigau “and Vanser, to insite te purpow of ks ep, aamely the pests 10 Git Tong... Herne is the Iter to Cagnens and Vana Teme Pee ey Ae Das Geatenen, ‘Ae te anna of the fgate «Cybele ia the harbour, I write you sly 10 ilcae you my mission and may hope of seuring you generous 4p. His Majesty Louis XVII Ins been tetted to the throne of his ances. tort he underating the welfare of his subject and & heaing the ural ‘wound cused By 2 mich long void of ptmate auth. He hae ordered thatthe former French fig, the ancient banner of Lishall rapper on the ee loki a distant countries, che King cast his attention © Vietnam, “ue om 2 France, hath unegon tas and cease ries abo “tte head of ae King now 3 eit sovereign whe hms ssid in the erties, bt afer peeing efor wa etc tbe throne of hit ance, He ao ses wih such lene that he gia “mena was pe svc by a half Frenchie, who wie ted 8 age isthe compere wok of eration. 1 the honorable isin at His Mieny a ete goa sich saying onthe as of Aas, the fling ofthe ing the Fen him, onthe pat of His Majsty, Very Chistian, and wo amare His Majeay’s rears aad afection in anaowncing him offically King XVI reswestion to the throne conoid by his vires, by the Thine w offer a git, on the par of His Maity-verily of small However, with your advices, dex Getsies, your god office, 1 nom ow fo mle de gift merle, (te gift compeised, ose ine uo, one-broaze chick ant one ptf pil T deste very much 1 Have the honous of greeting you pesoally + ok that is desrble dat one of you could came to Tourane ee ie me with an intereeter who tinge mie your advices and receives ‘me lters for you and for thee Highness de Veren and de Gor- 5 Mesignt Labret, Bishop of Vere, Apexi View of South and Longe, Bishop of Gorthone, Apostolic Vier of Norh-Vit- Hie Majety_the King vouch st the suience, au be dignified for our cousty and also in scardance with the guy of tigh ranking Otiar of the King of France © Ths Chie and Vannicr informed Gintoog of the aval of the Sagat and Gestion of Captain Kergviou. The Siapeie dupatsied Vanes ia 47‘company with two marine to welcome the Royal Commodore; Keres iow was aio cequeed to dplay the ctedenils ce eter fom the Prime Miniter to the King of Vien. Of conse the Captsia ad noting eae ‘Asporently, upon the reqsen of Chigheat and) Vanni, Gisdoog fat coremed to got audience to Captsin de Kerra ; but. when the Mandan in charge of the foriza relaons drew she atention of the King to the ft that de laws of phe Hmpire oppused sich sui nce, sine thee wit 90 cedenls enpomesing the mission. De Kergs- iow thus produced copy of the iasrucons ime ty King Louis XVI, seloting to he ion an hs cll tVietam and he waited forthe the Cabin mets. ‘On Janney 15,168 the decision asved to te Captsin «the Comme: ore of the Royal Nowy es ast cary credential wether let from he King ‘oF his Minster therefore he canna be seve in the Cont © De Kesstios thus ronan to lave a copy of the decison made by te Cabinet esting, whish copy ball afi ile towards his Mints, CGialong found hit equst only prope for a mandsin (ater Office) who ows his duty» The copy thas wa given to de Kergutioa > was worded out a2 fllows Hs, Jase 14188. ‘Tony, we ae thatthe Commodore of the French Navy is dspat het hse a bee of the it fom the King of Face tothe King of Vistar a alo a8 emenperaunouncing the estoraon of King Lows XVII to the feroce of hs ncenars, We have nferied the King of tnt His Majnty sit ‘hate doesnot stop all Envoys of ditant Kingdoms who come to Vietnam fiom arcing ho he ordered Cabinet meeting att decide wheter or net the Frech Commodore iz allowed to grest Him and to offer Him the gift [Afr deliberations, if decides that sxarsing 1 the old a well a5 ‘he present fanz governing foreign relations, the mondains tll ast the ‘King in the ulince by introducing the Autbssadors o: Envoys of risa ogioms wi crdentie and gifts to be offered to Hit Maley m8 “see do oot know ow 9 induce hin 10 the Kg. Tae manda fa "repre wo the King th decison; His Majesty ordered tat she denn shall ‘be made known tothe Commodore His Majesty alo add that He has bees fully sre to be unable t edve the Commodore, but He cannot goagaist "Ge lows rung the prtel, thatthe Coaodre & fice to lve the fnuniry at aby convenient moment. © 1 atest that the present traadtion is truly coreapaning tthe ipa 7 Signed =P. Vanni. Since Giatoag ad showed extreme kindaes towards the merchants “coming from Frases eumed thatthe Emperor wiss$ act be bound “ffir aay European Power, The comtecl relations would have beea “nore avantageoas and thos exgiged his country to none be did ot cae 13 forte any obligation towards tei governneats, Often, Gizdong sid that be “as ute Boppy that France ad defied on the westy of Vesales of 78 Trews in fend terms wit ll Euopess nations that had the inees ia ar Han, but di not have sty intention to fvourapyone, which vous oul to foegn encroachment upon his Kingdom. 0 commercial gins politcal the Tey-son Giadong ha bovght on cet arms and anmnins the Brish firms (Abbot aad Maithnd) se pin Mada a Caleut= of the debts; Pusey syed inthe county from 1800 10 #80). og the Bish Eat Inia Compagny dspatshed JW. Reber supe Hs with gilt to Ginlong with view of scaag cade privileges, Bat ts fied nis mos, Jus, son of a avyer (Mayor of Fate falguies) ader in India described the failure of the mission undertaken ‘by Roberts ot flee:Pai, November 15,188, cs The reote character of Giaong regarding tis eign poly ould be determined by the way he dismiss, fureet years ago-a Be- teh envoy. Sioce the King of Vietnam had taten bod ofthe whole King- dom. the Bris, who tad been aclectng Sou-Vieam, ever sae they Jnae bad lnge posesions in Indi whowe tae transactions were connected ‘wih Canton, bgsn to terest to Viena ‘This the Brith Hist India Company made decion to sat 1 the country one of jis most distinuhed agent, Mi. .W. Robes, eal fhe supercrzoes in Canton ; Mr. Robers wae supposed 19 cinty out 4 comme 2s wall a8 dilomatc mission in, Viet. ‘The agent arned to the country by 14 with wo merchant sipe loaded with goods aad gift for the King. He begin by iitratig the ‘manderas (oth ele which Victim would have made wilh the Brish Empire and which ade might eorck thamselves, The interted madras id toy to permade the King to aecept te git and to grand audinee en thet Wy Me Retell wid'd tealy tte of fis ese. “The Bosh did ot ignore the parce ep that Gindong. tad for the Frenchmen atthe Coit of Hue; ns in the gilt they dntentionaly ined the paintings pctrag the cet harmful periods of ou seve. tion, The pisares fezall mainly the misrtunes of ce dsresat Louis XVE They did mot raske anything to secure the supper of the French risioars who, 0 thie idea were stranger to the ieuree of thee cousty rane) ‘But two ote Peschnes, Chipneny and Vacnirwere serving by that tne the Cour of Giving. Thus the mpeor sought thee advice rep lag the power of the Br in rope sein Inds snd the purse ofthe sisson undertaken by Me Raber the agen reqacted to hate ao Less tat the ceo of he iad Cham facing the harbour of Touring, aod exdasve teal pivileps grated by Viewam, The French manda in the Cou of Hise tus explsined to Gitlong bow the Bei had begun in Indi and ia uber couse, dat to ay, to establish thenselvee commerslly Sst in 10 countries, afterwards they made themselves masters of the kings who had Sepeipenly por thesis Emperor Ging by net ine vr inetd ma the pit of Big ly cred toe se git to Bi. Robes arth sie tt Som now onward the Dri ae aoned ale with Vann onthe eal stings erry cnry wit bing pe of sy in “The note wt imi the eh apet wh th If the otey for Contam.» Let renin the ose talent Pench Vina. Tes moteworthy tats that alter the sod voyage made by “Copan Res, Commanding ofeer of the «Hey» = piste of Ho as eae by te Capain follows: The cy ata, ater tno yes, bree an inprng rear’ pe forest was ld up aftr Yaubuo mode. The Bape, fr te connerting with ware — found the appiction in te best Freak prs sf or Encycopedae which be ad and The conaucton rich was similar to the est works cari cut in Bure — rejoiced 4 great te Briperor; the fortress are in the ost bese and rule shape pared with thos bailey the Bris ia ada (Wil fares in Cals, ges fortes a Made). The city was built wp a and fetnd by the mals and the River sof 60 metre wide and 6 meters dep. Fach one of the fu fae tree Ioog and hole so gunners Thar the whole rampart eas 2,00 pi ‘mote than qoo0 guns from the capacity of 4 bs of bullet to 69 of bolle; all guns ae bronze-casted. The rampart armel with gues 24 t0 3 Ths, except 4 guns of 69 bs placed on the baton of Bonar Frater sumed tower of the Empere. The palice ie anther small for roundel by an inner wall and a moat; ia front of the gate of_palize isthe parade grouid, On the exteaat side of the most ae but the -garons that can lage 30700 ops within dhe inner wall isthe ground “of now square mses, covered by builiogs inhabited by the King and his fanuly ; the paces of te prin the mandains and. te Ambamadors are ated ouside of the jnnet wal. ete All scts are paved with and and provided. with tro roms of tees on both siden Hight ste ciom the cy and end ot shteen gues. Four | cana serve the iy so © ARMY AND NAVY vag his ceign, Ginong rade great etfrt to built up 2 really mighty arn force, By 1820, the National Army had 150,000 troops whic count col be double in ae of war and she Royal Navy had 30,00 feamen. Mot of the uonpe ze equipped and tained t Baropean tactics yet in ine of pease, exept he Roja Guard which comprised 30,000 men — the eoops weteasighed to the tae of pee wos rather thant miliary (dibs. Sul he ground army wa oninised ata segment, batalions and ompants ctc.-sand dhe itary dlcpie was scl enforced pon test “The coyl Navy, besides the acount made by Captain Bais, which fnecpoduced prevouy- obvious tit thr Land ease nor eal Coe was ame ae fitinent ofthe weliae of th mana, but to reinforcing the opal aso Piemsal and tiemal academic gompesons were setored with aim of recruting ew ficallom whore Knowledge was grounded en the Chiat ‘Chics. An nnovaon worth to be stentoned wat the competion fr Bachelor fan Maser degree of Maitry Ar; the crrslum comprised old fencing reo and sategy according to ve Chinese sstegy books Dut it acter ud x Western bearing, in pt of inclong’ application ofthe French Miliary tein hs Aveyond Navy, Ts ad est tach withthe changing weld tad hit Vatoam behind, Gidong pray not appricite that 4 new dio work wat arg in the West, bad apon 9 ew ook, ae | tecitques and new power; France extenbly represented tat world of which fe wised wo remain igorant afer tlingadeaiage ofthe aries of the Fach vluner fo have coed down the eviatonry Taya 1 Herscrey duving the eeign of Gintoag, Nguyen, after his dip Toms mission in China in x8, wrote a monumental work + Katana. “cisa poem of yng verse the soot beni and ineptng Herary workin 1 was bseed upon Bad's aching, namely the ideal of rightosines and sc-dcpine whose asccasve stats being determined by preexiigvy KING QUANG-TRUNG (NGUYEN-HUB) By the mile of 18d centry, the country was ovetua BY dsordet and mit that orton the massof people In North-Vietam the Trt was ing 1 delve; in South-Viemam, shea under the rule ofthe Nguyen — a ‘uch Inger scheme of socal dacpaitaton created by wat and mandarinal ‘aption prevailed; The Neuyes ruler, Dinksywongarended the hove at 12 yet ld, the poner wat a the Band of the Regent, Tuongive-Lans. All, fe te county, from Nowth o Souththe breakup of 3 logatanding weit ‘rpnizstion may lead toa complete dirption of sdal fe; mass sting tno developing on a vist Se of abnormalie i dadiidaal demoraiton, sles soe otter soil stectze, mare auted fo the times wok pace with Tome vison of the ftir, Yee the county Bad to saderg another 50 years of ‘was Gl a Kind of rder could be eaublhed under che feudal regime of Ciba. (On ays was bora Neutea Hee, youngest tke of the Tyson dee Srother (Sguyer-Nhac, Ngsten-Lu). The boy was rowing wp in dark misery and ais, a millions ether peasats of the county duviag these dys of ‘yar and mandaviaal opprenion of the correpted feudal Ges Consequently toting wa kxow 20 to justfy the prediction and ris t immorsity the Ty who, by hi genius — flased for abit aad biliant moment befor the ror of Viet, aaiely he bd ovechrown the Neoyea, anatied he “rin, sven out the Manchas nd united Vietnam bythe end of 8 centry Pyscly arongly bully Nguyen‘Hue wae alleged fares aong fhe fee of sreagth for which he beesme noel he had a vole whose fooe was sey serene a8 the rng of dhe bell} the remarkable spa of is ejes wat sid mie of tht ofthe tiger in the derkner. Te wuld ave sermed cade peaant with arom horizon of knowing, il he wat 19allel upon to tle supreme, coat of get mater, Provided with robust chaser and. suring inligtoce, it mini too orignal t be ‘ibdued by tt mumoondings fousd much that vas stinatnng in the ‘woulous tines. Nguyen-He evestaly stead out a9 2 remarkable hiss ‘is gure from among okey, ay gre maa did fem any crowd. When ‘hoa th teacher ad sony predicted boat Npyen-Hee, seing bis sparking inligence and hin ited eer: «T hae the pesentinent tat “this boy wil some day stenih the country >The prdtion came tru, hen Nguyes-Hue ideatied bs peroral carer with the ance) frases "which want at for one quater of cena. ‘Te was said tat the three Tsj-son Bebshers were ealisted primarily ia the royal Army of the rule Nwjea dishing (es-r77) 5 thos Nguyen | Hue get some experience of oiiring diag the service, Doles, the | brates were Brave, but since the country wae pat by the wars and the eseral discontent ofthe people, ident wo = decaying mandirinte, the powerslding chiehesied by she wiely cxrspted Repent, ie Tey-sn tueoed cat fro revluionaty, ~ 4 (On x77, the Gib year of the rg of Neeyendah-visng — the aves year of theioterecne wars betwecs the Nguyen sd the Tess rey, TNguyen-Nbac and he two younger brothers, Nguyen-La and Nguyen-He cated into the cate; sevex years Later (1790) comping fom victory to vir, Neuen Nae pocsined himself Kieg Thane, For the fist tne te revolsiomry pesast came 19 ee autor, wal aow preserved to the ‘Kings snd coal Pinot — of septng with poems of bot rulers Tri 8 Nguyen of ecacng bis will... oder the revolaaaary bans of the Tay-on, the mase of pesante plunged it the darkest misery, waesed the war wit eaerca in ce nie tion ofa pasinste wil ord che county of the plague of feudal wis. The ‘weaihy rural people stimulated by the reruns spr, supported efecively them with this stable meant. The circumstance that concur! prove the passion for Seelom Gor feudal bondage while the Tsy.zoa lo proved hee sual sk heir perfect marry ofthe comparavely sew sence of war and revlon and to pay the Boundless actvisy which was he mazesent, and undoing of thet oppenets; Thus the pasion of he mas not found dsllaioament, The revolutionary Amy was onganis and was eweling every pang dey a8 to tra he deepdscontent mass into negeic miliary anton; the Tayson's fit vicorie spread oat as pine- fie whch the hen legal author could nt top but Bale the revolutona- ty aae by base oppreon. On 2773, the Taysoa aleady were mater Es part of Quishoo, now the proviace of Binsin. Beside miltary Si he Tayaon were proved very able diplomas ey zled the Chinese ands of pitts to the revolutionary cause aad aegtoed withthe Queen ‘f Champa snd bad 2 feotold at Thach-Thash, the Chanpest terior, bse their cate of icediting both the Nguyen andthe Trinh rales by ecuncing 0 the sates hen vimial feudal wars, Thus ther power Was fh and tat with the intligent mind of NpusencNhac whose youngest bisier Nguyes-Hoe was undertaking the tk of second in comand. THE FIRST FEATS OF WAR OF THE TAY-SON 1 wat the frst victory over the Nguyen inthe capture of Quahon, the presage of the Tay-son's tue. NpuyeaNise wih his cpactes for owemanehip mingled with fngenacusnes and peremptcnes ia the practice of Gslmacy and of sraegy, was strongly helped by the remarkable sil f his brother Nguyen-Hue (who war phying but 2 miltary role, by that tie) fa malay a Comeqsemly they captaed Quinton orem by an neepil trick Afar the visor, the Tay-ton, ined by the Chinese frills leaders, Tap-inh and Ly.t-marched thir oops upon Qusee-ast Binhhusn, which province fll ander the geese of te Tassos sin (172). Ia ey the Tagan defeated the Nruyen ler who tok to flight to Sout: Vitam ‘The Toh coming fom North Vietnmn were leo msken off; but ‘Tayson eather made peace with the Trak thus mingled Da to tei noes, in ger to best down the Neuen. Date implementing thir aheme of aggrindixnent) on one side the td AIGA i the Taya Yeke a retin lesminigvasion in the gained provinces where they were welcomed ae bers tors. The apne of the mises of two-censiry fag oppeesed, misled aod divided Vier between the feudal eles of the Trinh snd Nave fuses, ad turned to them for championship. Te was in 1798, Neuyen-Nhse already peedsimed 3 Leader ofthe Tayson (King ofthe Taya, tral), set op his Cou, made hs brother Nguyen, second to Ngurenue who sess Conmanderis-Cae of the Tay.soa Forces From 1777 onward, the Tay-son pureed the Nguyen fist in the Southern pat of Cena-Vietsam, afernard ia he Very Sosth-Vitoam where the Nguyen ruler warerushed down, In 778, Nguyen-Nine geeclined Iinslf King Thad, while the Trish ler was stil song in the Now, andthe Nguyen rae, even weakened, yet il existed in the South By that tne, Nawyen- Hae, the ltary gens of the Toy-som, an matched Commander of the thre camps in theese contest, begs to ‘hw his heroic eli-cpsary inthe bate, The fens wari wae tightening ery elder who hopped to meet Metin the eld, which seve io Dylst suces and a romarlably high moral elle, aot ony ia Bi own ranks but lo op the mind of his enemien The Set vizory att om the const of Rguyen-Hve war the aml batle which tock pice st Can-io (Gowth-Vistsam) fm 278; the Nguyen’ forces were susted down and et tered Hint icc. On Jane ofthe same yet aay under the High Command of Nuje-Hue, Nguyen-Ash’s lores were soashed an Neuyen-Ank tok {0 fight wo Phu-quos In 178, upon the request of Kgujencnb, she Siamese foros were apached © South-Vietwam to rescue the Ngoyen ruler; once asia [Nguyen led his woops southwards and ified upoa the foreign Army bloody defen, NORTHWARD MARCH Tet tens pape a Radical Iside he Cours the fang caw 6 the mandarne managed 10 undo “Trinh-Caa snd replaced the lauer by Trinh-Ton tthe throne (78a). The amine was rpg inthe county, flloning the loses of the cop. At 1786, prople ded from starvation in grest number he mandarin corruption pe failed and brought thus the dicontnt of the masa to climax. Being free foom the South whete the Neuen sulee eq. NgspesAa ran away, Ngsyens ae took advantage of the Teia’s weakness, tuned is mighty fee “ anins the Norther Cour and eaptred. Phuuan (1786. Dutng that tine Nauyer-Hoe suceeded to smure she effective and efficent help of TNeuyeotut-Chinh, amas of lee full of eres, Huw-Chah wos paying fg some Kid of advan tothe great General Nguyen, 4n Se sume yer Nguyen Hue marched his tops to "Thanl-Hon and “Nehe-hn and captured both cles easly, soce che Trink's oops were icouagel and subbed on te bak bY the dicontestel ass, From no foaed tne remslable General was romping fom viciory to victory over “the Tesh and thus showed the self of whi be war made. For evry etry said wo hi aner he eeogpized the admininaion, put every thing back 19 order ; in thus doing, he leat to disribute bees ond tess to the smaadaring, im governing men. After the victory in his Nowe "ord acc, NgureoTe, andeed by Ngoye-huw-Chinh, the Inter was appointed Commodore f 4 Divison of the Tay-on’s Fleet, advanced his Navy towards Now-Vietum, agtns: Thangdong itl, He tok a calty restos to sve t the pexple his rocamatoa ab of eradictiog the Teupssr, amy te Trinh rien — in onder to uphold. the throne ofthe Le dynasy, The news ceached the Palce of the Trioh mules who were fasifed; te mas hastened tee away fom the capitals th ficial. = hn the mandarin of the Tish. Court wa bewileing, an confed the Sinai bre aguas the Ten’ force; Ngoyen-has-Chinh ed the vangiad Fleet ant caprred Nardin, wile Nyuyen-Hue headed the iki Fleet of x00 ves arong 9 the Red Rive. Thangoog fell; the “Tish el away. NowyeetHse sted the atc of precious sate, uch as bons sive, es. and dincbuted ham a Bis woops, alr ostpyiogthe Palace of the Trinh. The graves wete opened and. the vce wa alsa Astributed © the poor people Aer hat acton, Nguyen-He isied an order to his welldiipined woop uring them to pat order in the city aad is viiiy by poecting the bilan poplation against plunder and all ad of mideed ited by the deleted sees. Thus Nuyen Hue who vas swaref the dacoatent of the maze, wad concious of his le of pesce- sales and proator of she legate King Le. He wat ale o crows his vitro wih pace and oxder and added the reptaton of 2 Wplomat of fs smapnitid t that of General ting the camphige, some Trinh Prins wee hiled while overs ver cptured alive and beaded, Ly-cas-Quny one ofthe Trish Mandan Seite gue ie Fears Tian wall Sete eaten al Altes th fal of Thang-Long (end of 179), NeuyenHiue, assed by ~—NpwyeachueChinh, led Bis Ganerat St to the Court and greed. respecte ‘aly ing Lien-Toog who had bexa ever scce 2 pupet in he hands of the Teoh sue, A few days Inter 4 Royal party wat extended ia the Passe Kinks ‘hisn in honor of Nauyen-Hue, The gest General atended the aguicet oral pty with is fall Staffy the outcome of the cit and eomporary etce testy between King Leen Tong and Nguyen-Hue was the appoint sent of Nguyen Hue as Commanders Cie, Fim Miniter Reent of the (Cott of he Le ‘ NGUYEN-HUE MARRIED PRINCESS NGOCHAN Since Npuyen-Hae wat detemined to pay the Alexander the Great, the tle Commander ia-Cief or Fiat Mitr Regent was antag ot hin she pear was aot Jor pe, be wat at wilieg to oveetow the Le, How ve, Ngayen-neu-Chinh, undemtaning aufieay ie tad aicod and bard temper to be plese, hurie 9 the Paice and aanged with the King ret General mood AA solution war rapidly found, King spoeae the 134 Lerien-Tong sonssted to ge his 200 daughter, Pines NgsoHan 12 Npuyertise for wife Prices Ngoe-Han was then 16 yet old; fer mother, Nguremtic yen was born ia Baoainh (Norhveman). Coming fom 2 low scl rite [Nguyen Hie was btered with the Prince?’ rank j her harm, her sce and her elegant dancin cptad ey the tue love of the Great waren ‘On her side thee was adnitton of hie genius, septiity aod comple tance of fete atte before Ais compelling fee. Several wets aftr the wed, Kish Cookthung. (Lehcrton) ied hi oth year of ge (by Asse #786. Dating bis 7 year) Leics Tong payed ue puppet le of the King while the efesive auboriy teas in the Hands of the Toiah rules, Prince Duy-ky secended the hone and took the te of Leshies-Thoag, Thur the wavering reign of the e's dynay outlived for severl mare yeas, instead of ending right spon te itorous marel of Ngsyen-Hue upon the sorhera sat and the fll ofthe ‘pil of the Nortere Cour. Ta the meantime, Npujen-Nhae who resided in QuicNbow and xtilled sonialy the whole Veta, wae jelous of che eapesedented cies of hs brother NpuptHu be was somewhat said ofthe inersing power of his brat, this made his way to the North under the pretense of stag ie rote in he awdhern conquest. Alera vevenody marchakead of shout 500 woops and soo eleplants, Nguyen-Nive arived at Thng-Long, "The new King, Le-chies-Thong-was finned 2 dent; the King Te hit Court to met NgujesNixo who tretd ian as an equal King, boning Dims King Thaidue However Nguyea-Nhse and Nguyen-Hue reamained only a few weeks fin ThangLong. Both ld thie nighty Ary back #9 Pauses, the, Capt of tie Tay-aon. NpeyenNhc den appointed Nguyen-Hue, Commanderia- hie for he Norterapasnon and Nguyen-La, Commnaner-Chie for the stern paicaton, Nauyea-Hse and Neoye-Lu set their Hesdqsasters espestvel t Quag-nsm and Giada wile QuicNhon wasunder thedrest Cota of NguyeaNbc, 135Arse withdrawal of te Toyo, King Lechin-Thosg sade appeal to al former mandais to serve his Court and bis Army the dntlienia fi te Norch was wavering, owing no side to make; they suppor the _youtig King hale-heartely wl the mas of people wis pged int. blackest ner. Famine war widespreating i the coustey where masder and plunder reviled. Under the meak and feble rue ofthe puppet King, the Court sigue, asus guhered clusters of mandvis 2 Genera who simmered with base compton, mainly while they were fully amare ofthe inharmonious Compson ofthe King's suppres. Whe de datsratingfatr provid witha dhe Cour, Teog-bong a releive of se Ite Trinh ralenreanpeaed Jn the pole scene. He gated s few hundsed dihsnde! too9s and ice posed once asia his auocity upon the King who, wo appease te siamese sien he Northen cunty-ade him Commandeia-Che of Ue Royal Arming ‘withthe tak of Pine of the Sate, Thus the Tih once again was cestored inthe Northen Court tly. Ab his ancesars, Teah-Bong wae busy 10 ring at mush dinster to the country at posible with bis comupible Now the feeble personage of Nguyen-huu-Chiah played ie fll sray_ Since Nauyen-Hue knew that he was a dovble-cross and twite-nan by bart, he dropped ion dows, whea be Jefe Thanploag with his brother Southward. Bet HusChios buried join Mn and was alowed w stay a Nghean 5 since thes Huu.Chinh carelessly planned out tpl agsoat {he Tay.soa, Now thatthe opportunity ccued, Hus-Chith, hued to the [Notdera Court eo support King Le againt the premute of Teinh-Boog Upon che arrival of that sid peromage, however, wader the Ibe of ‘supporting the Royal ease aaiat the usurp (he Tink) the stony of Tinh-oag cellar; the Inter ran aay, sod Has-Chinh,shamelesly ‘rcupied the Palace of the Tei ruler. Hie presige wis immense and ‘gate im he lead inthe Court, altgeter with the eeamble for base ‘weth and abusing turian autos. Siace hs personality was. diguing, is incompetence and eration added distr to the couse, which rented the sky, Ie was this te sitution in the Nor diag 2767 186 UN ew Nerreietinc gush x cay! es een Parra NothVieinam tw tack order. He appointed Veevas-Nbam, Comumander- inChisf, with fal authority a the expedon. By winter 1787, Van-Mhaa “arived at Thang-Long afer cuthing dow the sorters aemy on hi vie | ovous Marsh. Nguyen-hui-Chinh was caught alive beloe being Beheaded “he Hien carefully the semence pased by the Commandersa-Chief 10 Thos be agreed: «Thave acted so wecheroualy towards the Tay-t0 “(puer-iue) beauce of the creummanee that required such policy His ‘words ae realy worty 1 be wowghe of by the modern Nokiaveliss. [Bit a scon a VansNnm Seheaded Huv-Chnh and came to poms, “he sane habits f abusing the power was besa gaia ia every man hol “Gog power, Movever, Van-Nkam was soniadaw of Nujes-Nkac who as ating ha is brother, Nauyen Hue was uswrpator of bis mighty “owes ove the Northern par af the country. Thus Van-Nhas avid pon he sibesaiene between the Tay-oa Brothers © attempt t0 make hin elf independent fron Nguyen-Hie fom whom he owed the sutotg. UNawesHse inligent by bind = eine preentment aboot Vox ‘paNham, st he hal wwards Ngoyen-huu-Chinh. By summer 1788, guye- Hus marcel Ma woop, 5000, stoag.to Thing-Loag ; he foe! Van-Nbam and eened te ambisous maa without ti jecHlue set t0 the tak of ceoniting the whole Nonhera santy ‘i sified adminissative sytem ; he made an appeal to all vauble seve the couse, among them Ngo-thoi-Nhiem and Phan-buy- Tes pled lending part He sentoed the peace in he connty side, thos the upper f the masses the sew Admiaiseaton within a short time the sete ils. ‘Ase pattngeeryibgbiek wo de, os etn Nguyen We rete Phu.zuen the Capit of de Tay-aon. Npwsen-Hus appoated Ngo-toa Sy, ul, Cominander-ia.Casf in the Noth and other mating to the ree paracy-posa on tit pt of he eae. KING'LE-CHIEU-THONG SOUGHT THE MANCHU AID Aer the defeat of Nguyenhas.Chish by Vasran-Nam, te King toktole; be wandsced and tok rue sontembere i the arers porns ‘Tae events suceeded rapidly, the King had nowhere to go but took shelter ia the coumyalde with several uf mea of ee aibanded Court During it flight, the King was nfluensed bythe conviction tht Chins had been always his nasal protecoe io tine of misfortine, hice convedoa amid Sly is fat flowers, amely Le-duy-Daa, Nguyen-huy-Tue and Teananh- ‘Aa. ie mas thus pride ofa vat atheme of colonial stbion maid by ‘Bxpeoe Kin-Loop (736-2799) ofthe Manchu dynary. I wat als the lt renewal of war between Vietsam and Ching the ns and geste evrt of the uh century. The King = wells e above-mentioned mandaciae would have Dulsted to bring back the King 0 his tome by the foreign enor; ooaee quently they sppreaced Ue Governor of Kwaagtung and Kwang tei the cusped and sid penonaliy of the mame Sus-Kee fom whom they begged in the mame of the King. 2 Chinese iavasios wo so-alled-lbeate the ‘county fom the Tay-con rebels 05 the Nguyen thus called — By that sme ing Le-cies-Thong ad his family ence Lentheou and was put under the Chiaese proton. Upen the report of Sunabib-Kee onthe ston Viewam and the misfortne of King Le who came t© Chisa and sought ail fiom the Cees Cou, Emperor Kitnoag ited the onder as fo make a thorough invengaton of the milly sean in Vienae and to prepa or amilay exposition, i was evenly once, The Governor ofthe twin wate province moms finally a definite sopgeton a toad King Le pute posely for he further domiaation of Vietzam which was ow divided sn Premed weakened... FBmperr Kicrlong approved the suggestion; Sueshitee wes give five band 9 launch the exposition spin the Tay-mn. By wines 2788, the (Gove ye. Cartman CHE of hc een tsb ete al aed force ofthe 4 Chinese provinst oa the font of Vietnam, namely Eee reste oe ea a eh gm rc ‘hed his woop, 20.00 song, on: Thane, aftr laviag force the eatin outposts of the Tayaon an! cose the northern ovine of Tuyensing, (Csotang and Laneson in three alana, Thar the Governor undertook the ‘ampaign under the ibe of supporting King Le agrnst the Tay.so «rebels 138 moet isthe opie of welcome advertte. He iste orders to his teope epung his srategy in peneteating into a county where smal armies were entered on tt defene tines. But he did oot anticpate 2 satsined patriotic estance Fel by the great ela gens of Vieam ofthe 18th centry; fe eater would have thought that with hi raed Ary fly equipped, + fice baule would bring the Tayann to hia fr. OF eure Before the mighty tach ofthe Grand Army, the Tay. Conmander-in-Chitf at Thanglng, [Keovan-So-adopted a latory ttey, sme to ave the Armed forces in the Norther province fn bake 10 Thanks fr, in face of 209000 Chinese troupe what could she Taysnes army i but retested. And what Ainidey tft dicted poly came advise. As the Chinese Army pushed farther evexde Thanglog, peasants apd soldiers rer before i aod et he countryside alma empl. By the end of 2708, the Tay-on's army and Navy were repruped tecoeing to whee at Thanos; Commander So was wating cally for the ones coming from NgupesHue, while the Chinese ered wumphaniy the empty Thasglong and was flowed by King Le and his suit, The frst ‘otenttos conten by the Chinese Governor waist crown Lechieu-Thong, ‘King ofthe Kingdom of Aanam, stlite nate ofthe Eapie of the Mil. ewes on January 178, Thu t the mind of the Manchu. Mandsinshe specoclar action brought progrenively seater reaition the design of a whole cotinne under one suxerin, Kiet-ong. It aio Aad to be turned fata a power weapon with which to strike the Tayson in onder to ‘ipl the mort sacred and rihtous coe ofthe eadioal Le's dynasty. “The satelite aad puppet King Le wae of cxure obeliet and could be ful ano compliance, 8 he expected to be rest by de Chine potas tae; for Lechiea-Thong was also bent upon securing she former feeble Imandain's complicity in che compsin again Nguyer-Has, Tae dis flog behaviour of the King and his consort bowever arouses ication and hope, gp he par of the iteligena backed up by she mates ~ agains the Chines invaders ar well ab agaist the puppet aegine and. Sino- ‘ile men 19