TRAINING SESSION ON

QUALITY & TESTING OF

TRANSFORMER
MODULE 1
TRANSFORMER TESTING
PRESENTED BY:
RAZA AFTAB & MOHAMMAD SHAFIQUE
SUPPORTED BY:
JAHANZEB AHMAD
SPECIAL THANKS:
HR DEPARTMENT

CONTENTS

Measurement of insulation resistance (Meggar)

Measurement of voltage ratio & check of phase displacement
Measurement of winding resistance
Measurement of capacitance & dissipation factor
Measurement of no-load loss
Measurement of acoustic sound level
Measurement of impedance voltage & load loss
Separate source withstand test
Induce over voltage withstand test
Partial discharge measurement
Lightning impulse test
Switching impulse test
Temperature Rise Test
Measurement of zero sequence impedance
Measurement of voltage & current harmonics
Tests on on-load tap changer
Dielectric tests on insulation oil
Familiarity with the testing equipment/instruments

WINDING RESISTANCE
THEOROTICAL BACKGROUND

Resistance: Property of a conductor to oppose the

flow of electric current in it.
Conductor: Material which allows the electric
current to pass easily.
Ohms Law: V=IR (Provided that the temperature
remains constant)
Winding: Copper
of Electricity

very good Conductor

Every Conductor has a resistance given as:

R = l/A
Resistance varies with the temperature
The winding resistance required to measured is the
DC resistance

WINDING RESISTANCE
NEED TO MEASURE THE WINDING RESISTANCE

To calculate I2R losses at known temperature

and than corrected to a standard reference
temperature
Provide basis to determine the change in
temperature, which helps in determining the
average winding temperature at the end of
heat run test
To assess the quality of internal connections

WINDING RESISTANCE
CONCEPT

Values are not the guaranteed values.

Needed in connection with the load loss
measurement when the load losses are
corrected to correspond to the reference
temperature (75C).
The resistance measurement will always
show whether the winding joints are
appropriate and the windings are correctly
connected.

WINDING RESISTANCE
CONCEPT

The winding resistances which vary with the

temperature strongly, are the ohmic/d.c. resistances of
a winding

According to IEC 60076-1, the corrected resistance to

a standard reference temperature is given by the
relation:
R2 = R1.235+t2 ;
235+t1
(for Copper)

R2 = R1.225+t2
225+t1
(for Aluminum)

Therefore whenever the winding resistances are

started, the temperature during the measurement must
be given.

WINDING RESISTANCE
MEASURING CIRCUIT

WINDING RESISTANCE
MEASURING METHOD

Resistance measurement by Volt-Ampere

Method
A DC source is used together with the
ammeter and voltmeter of proper ranges.
Temperature measurements of windings
should be taken while the resistance
measurement are made. The resistance of
each winding is than obtained from Ohms
law:
R = V/I

WINDING RESISTANCE
MEASURING INSTRUMENT (Megger Resistance Meter)

WINDING RESISTANCE
MEASURING METHOD

Resistance measurement by Transformer Ohmmeter

The leads of the instrument are connected to the
winding whose resistance is required. The meter is
charged, keeping it on the appropriate current range.
It applies a DC current through the transformer
winding and an internal standard shunt. Then it
measures the DC voltages across the winding and the
shunt. At the end it compares the two voltages and
display their ratio as resistance along with the proper
unit i.e. or m. Vdc = IR + Ldi/dt
Purpose of shunt is to stabilize the current source in
case of transformer with large inductance.

WINDING RESISTANCE
DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENT

Power ON
Line Input Socket
Line Voltage Selector
Current Control
Ready LED
Over Temperature LED
Current Indicator
Potential Input A
Current Output
Potential Input B
Current Selector
Range Selector A
Range Selector B
Display Selector
Display A
Display B
Resistance Range Table

WINDING RESISTANCE
TOLERANCE ALLOWED

No tolerance is specified in IEC 60076-1.

However, IEEE requires test system
accuracy of 5% for resistance
measurement and 1C for temperature
measurements.

WINDING RESISTANCE
PRECUATIONS DURING MEASUREMENT

The connecting leads should be tightly clamped.

Transformer Ohmmeter should not be disconnected
while the red warning light is on and current is flowing
in the winding.
Proper ventilation should be provided to the heat sink,
especially at high current setting and long duration.
Proper current selection and measuring range should be
selected.
Accidents of any kind should be reported immediately.

CAPACITANCE & DISSIPATION

FACTOR
THEOROTICAL BACKGROUND

Capacitance: Measure of charge required to

produce a given voltage
Insulator: Material that does not allow the
flow of electric current through it
Bushing: Insulator
Dissipation Factor: Energy which can be lost
in the insulating material with the passage of
AC current.

CAPACITANCE & DISSIPATION

FACTOR
NEED TO MEASURE THE CAPACITANCE &
DISSIPATION FACTOR

To asses the quality condition of

insulating material
Moisture & Dust

CAPACITANCE & DISSIPATION

FACTOR
CONCEPT

CAPACITANCE & DISSIPATION

FACTOR
CONCEPT

CAPACITANCE & DISSIPATION

FACTOR
MEASURING CIRCUIT

Connections for measuring CHL

CAPACITANCE & DISSIPATION

FACTOR
MEASURING CIRCUIT

Connections for measuring CHL

CAPACITANCE & DISSIPATION

FACTOR
MEASURING INSTRUMENT (DOBLE TEST SET)

CAPACITANCE & DISSIPATION

FACTOR
MEASURING METHOD

Measurement using Capacitance Bridge

In a two-winding transformer, there are three
measurements of capacitance: (1) HV to Ground (2)
LV to Ground and (3) HV to LV. All HV line
terminals are connected together labeled (H) and all
LV terminals are connected together labeled (L) and a
connection is made to a ground terminal, usually a
connection to transformer tank, which is labeled (G).
Leads from the measuring instrument or bridge are
connected to one or both terminals and ground. Either
grounded specimen measurements or grounded
measurements are possible so that all the capacitance
and dissipation factor values can be determined.

CAPACITANCE & DISSIPATION

FACTOR
DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENT

Power ON
Line Input Socket
Power, Processor & Heater LED
Safety Switches
Safety Strobe
Remote Sensor
Field Calibration reference II
Low Voltage Leads
High Voltage
Guard
Earth

CAPACITANCE & DISSIPATION

FACTOR
PRECUATIONS DURING MEASUREMENT

High voltage equipment should be

handled carefully

TOLERANCES

NIL

THANK
YOU