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1. Introduction
Heat transfer is that science which seeks to predict the energy transfer which may take place
between material bodies as a result of a temperature difference.
(state 1state 2)(process)
(conduction)
(convection)
(radiation)
State 1
Process
Q
Cold
Q
T2
State 2
Hot
Patm
Cold
T1
A
x
.
qgen =qAdx
Temperature
profile
qx
qx
qx+dx
X
Fig 1-1
Fig 1-2
T
x
Hot
-kA
T
x
+ qAdx =cA
dx A[k
dx
T
x
T
x
dx]
or
T
x
+ q = c
qy+dy
qz
X
Y
dy
qx+dx
dz
qx
qz+dz
dx
(b)
qy
(c)
T
x
+ y k y +
T
z
+ q =c
where the quantity = k/c is called the thermal diffusivity of the material.
1-2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
On the basis of this definition, experimental measurements may be made to determine the thermal
conductivity of different materials.
1-3 CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
It is well known that a hot plate of metal will cool faster when placed in front of a fan than when
exposed to still air. We say that the heat is convected away, and we call the process convection heat
transfer.
For example, we know that the velocity at which the air blows over the hot plate obviously
influences the heat-transfer rate. But does it influence the cooling in a linear way; i.e., if the velocity
is doubled, will the heat-transfer rate double?
The answer is that the temperature gradient is dependent on the rate at which the fluid carries the
heat away; a high velocity produces a large temperature gradient, and so on.
Newtons law of cooling:
q = hA(Tw - T)
Here the heat-transfer rate is related to the overall temperature difference between the wall and fluid
and the surface area A. the quantity h is called the convection heat-transfer coefficient. [natural, or
free, convectionas][forced convection].
1-4 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
in contrast to the mechanisms of conduction and convection, where energy transfer through a
material medium is involved, heat may also be transferred through regions where a perfect vacuum
exists. The mechanism in this case is electromagnetic radiation. We shall limit our discussion to
electromagnetic radiation which is propagated as a result of a temperature difference; thisis called
thermal radiation.
qemitted = AT4
Stefan-Boltzmann constant with the value of 5.669*10-8W/m2K4.
qnetexchange
T14 T24
A
q = FFGAT14 T24
where F is the emissivity function and FG is the geometric view factor function.
Example 1-1 CONDUCTION THROUGH COPPER PLATE. One face of a copper plate 3 cm
thick is maintained at 400, and the other face is maintained at 100. How much hear is
transferred through the plate?
Solution. From Appendix A the thermal conductivity for copper is 370 W/M at 250. From
Fouriers law
q
dT
= -k
dx
A
Integration gives
q
T
(370)(100 400)
= -k
=
= 3.7 MW/m2[1.173 106 Btu/hft2]
-2
x
A
3 10
Example 1-3 MULTIMODE HEAT TRANSFER. Assuming that the plate in Ex. 1-2 is made of
carbon steel (1%) 2 cm thick and that 300 W is lost from the plate surface by radiation, calculate the
inside plate temperature.
Solution. The heat conducted through the plate must be equal to the sum of convection and
radiation heat losses:
qcond = qconv + qrad
-kA
T
= 2.156 + 0.3 = 2.456 kW
x
(2456)(0.02)
T = (0.5)(0.75)(43) = -3.05[-5.49]
where the value of k is taken from Table 1-1. The inside plate temperature is therefore
Ti = 250 + 3.05 = 253.05
Example 1-5 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER. Two infinite black plates at 800 and 300
exchange heat by radiation. Calculate the heat transfer per unit area.
Solution. Equation (1-10) may be employed for this problem, so we find immediately
q/A = (T14 T24)
= (5.669 10-8)(10734-5734)
= 69.03 kW/m3[21,884 Btu/hft2]
kA
x
(T2-T1)
A
q
RA
RB
RC
q
A
q=
Temperature
profile
T1
T2
T3
T1 T 4
XA / kAA XB / kBA XC / kCA
Heat flow =
Toverall
Rth
T
q/ A
In( ro / ri )
2kL
q
r0
ri
dr
q
Ti
To
T4
Spheres
Example2-1 MULTILAYER CONDUCTION. An exterior wall of a house may be approximated
by a 4-in layer of common brick [k = 0.7 W/m] followed by a 1.5-in layer of gypsum plaster [k =
0.48 W/m]. What thickness of loosely packed rock-wool insulation [k = 0.065 W/m] should
be added to reduce the heat loss (or gain) through the wall by 80 percent?
Solution. The overall heat loss will be given by
q =
T
Rth
Because the heat loss with the rock-wool insulation will be only 20 percent (80 percent reduction)
of that before insulation
q with insulation
q without insulation
Rp=
x
( 4)(0.0254)
=
= 0.145 m2/W
k
0.7
x
(1.5)(0.0254)
=
= 0.079 m2/W
k
0.48
R with insulation =
0.224
= 1.122 m2/W
0 .2
and this represents the sum of our previous value and the resistance for the rock wool
1.122 = 0.224 + Rrw
Rrw = 0.898 =
so that
x
x
=
k
0.065
Stainless steel
T1 =600 C
r1
r2
r3
Asbestos
T2 =100 C
This heat flow may be used to calculate the interface temperature between the outside tube wall and
the insulation. We have
q
Ta T 2
= ln(r 3 / r 2) / 2ka = 680 W/m
L
qconv = hA(Tw-T )
qconv =
Tw T
1 / hA
TA TB
1 / h1 A x / kA 1 / h 2 A
q = UA Toverall
U=
TA
q
TA
T1
T2
h1
h2
Fluid B
q=
Fluid A
T1
T2
TB
(b)
1
1 / h1 x / k 1 / h2
TB
(a)
Common brick,k=0.69
Gypsum
sheath
1.9cm,k=0.96
9.21cm
1.9cm,k=0.96
40.6cm
Insulation,k=0.04
2x4 studs
Inside air convection
sheath
outside
insul
sheath
inside
Tair
Tair
outside
outside
R convection
R convection
inside
outside
R sheath
outside
R stud
R sheath
inside
1.Heat transfer through studs(A = 0.0413 m2 for unit depth). This heat flow occurs through six
themal resistances:
a. Convection resistance outside of brick
R=
= (15)(0.0413) = 1.614/W
hA
R = x / kA (0.69)(0.0413) 2.807 /W
c. Conduction resistance through outer sheet
x
0.019
R = kA (0.96)(0.0413) 0.48 /W
d. Conduction resistance through wood stud
R
x
0.0921
22.3 /W
kA (0.1)(0.0413)
x
0.0019
0.96 /W
kA (0.48)(0.0413)
1
1
3.23 /W
hA (7.5)(0.0413)
(a)
2.Insulation section (A = 0.406 0.0413 m2 for unit depth). Through the insulation section, five
of the materials are the same, but the resistances involve different area terms, i.e., 40.6 40.13 cm
instead of 4.13 cm so that each of the previous resistances must be multiplied by a factor of 4.13/
(40.6 4.13) = 0.113. The resistance through the insulation is
R
x
0.0921
6.31
kA (0.04)(0.406 0.0413)
1
5.947 /Wc
(1 / 31.39) (1 / 7.337)
T
Toverall
1
1
0.414W / m 2
RA (5.947)(0.406)
As we have seen, the R value is somewhat different from thermal resistance and is given by
Rvalue
1
1
2.414 m2/W
U 0.414
Comment. This example illustrates the relationships between the concepts of themal resistance, the
overall heat-transfer coefficient, and the R value. Note that the R value involves a unit area concept,
while the thermal resistance does not.
2L(Ti T )
ln(ro ri )
1
k
ro h
dq
k
0 , ro
dro
h
k 0.17
0.0567 m 5.67cm
h
3.0
105.7W / m
1
L ln(5.67 / 2.5)
0.17
(0.0567)(3.0)
q
h(2r )(Ti To ) (3.0)(2 )(0.025)(200 20) 84.8W / m
L
So, the addition of 3.17 cm (5.67-2.5) of insulation actually increases the heat transfer by 25
percent.
As an alternative, fiberglass having a thermal conductivity of 0.04 W/m might be employed as
the insulation material. Then, the critical radius would be
ro
k 0.04
0.0133m 1.33cm
h
3 .0
q 2
x C1 x C 2
2k
q =heat
x=0
To C 2
T To
q 2
x
2k
T To
x
( )2
Tw To
L
To
Tw
Tw
x
generated per
unit volume
2( kA
dT
] X L ) q A2 L
dx
qL2
To
Tw
2k
d 2 T 1 dT q
0
r dr k
dr 2
T Tw at r = R
q R 2 L k 2RL
dT
]r R
dr
dT
0 at r=0
dr
d 2 T dT
d
dT
(r
)
2
dr dr dr
dr
dT qr 2
r
C1
dr
2k
qr 2
T
C1 ln r C 2
4k
qR q R C1
dT
]r R
dr
2k
2k
R
C1=0
We could also note that C1 must be zero because at r=0 the logarithm function becomes infinite.
q R2
T Tw
C 2 at r = R
4k
so that
q R2
C 2 Tw
4k
q
T Tw
(R 2 r 2 )
4k
T Tw
r
1 ( )2
To T w
R
q R2
T0
Tw
4k
qr2
T
C1 ln r C 2
4k
q
r
T To
( ro2 r 2 ) C1 ln
4k
ro
T To q( ri 2 ro2 ) / 4k
C1 i
ln(ri / ro )
Example 2-6 HEAT SOURCE WITH CONVECTION. A current of 200 A is passed through a
stainless-steel wire [k = 19 W/m] 3 mm in diameter. The resistivity of the steel may be taken as
70 cm, and the length of the wire is 1 m. The wire is submerged in a liquid at 110 and
experiences a convection heat-transfer coefficient of 4 kW/m2. Calculate the center temperature
of the wire.
Solution. All the power generated in the wire must be dissipated by convection to the liquid:
P = I2R = q = hA(Tw-T)
The resistance of the wire is calculated from
R
L (70 10 6 )(100)
0.099
A
(0.15) 2
where is the resistivity of the wire. The surface area of the wire is dL, so from Eq.
( 200) 2 (0.099) 4000 (3 10 3 )(1)(Tw 110 ) 3960W
and
Tw = 215[419]
is calculated from
P q V q r 2 L
so that
3960
560.2 MW / m 3 [5.41*107 Btu/hft3]
(1.5 10 3 ) 2 (1)
qr2
(5.602 10 8 )(1.5 10 3 ) 2
To o Tw
215 231.6 [449]
4k
(4)(19)
qx+dx
q
dx
Base
dT
dx
dT
d 2T
dx 2
dx)
e mx
0 T0 T
d
0 at x = L
dx
0 C1 C 2
Thus
0 m(C1 e mL C 2 e mL )
e mL
e mL
2 mL
2 mL
0 1 e
cosh mL
1 e
sinh x
e x ex
2
cosh x
e x ex
2
tanh x
sinh x e x e x
cosh x e x e x
The solution for case 2 is more involved algebraically, and the result is
T T
cosh m( L x) (h / mk ) sinh m( L x)
T0 T
cosh mL (h / mk ) sinh mL
All of the heat lost by the fin must be conducted into the base at x = 0. Using the equations for the
temperature distribution, we can compute the heat loss from
q kA
dT
] x 0
dx
q hP (T T ) dx hPdx
0
In most cases, however, the first equation is easier to apply. For case 1,
q kA( m 0 e m ( 0 ) )
hPkA 0
For case 3,
1
1
q kA 0 m(
) hPkA 0 tanh mL
2 mL
1 e
1 e 2 mL
2-10 FINS
Fin efficiency =
sinh mL ( h / mk ) cosh mL
cosh mL (h / mk ) sinh mL
=f
hPL 0
mL
where z is the depth of the fin and t is the thickness. Now, if the fin is sufficiently deep, the term 2z
will be large compared with 2t, and
2hz
L
ktz
mL
2h
L
kt
mL
So that
mL
2h 3 / 2
L
kAm
A corrected length Lc is then used in all the equations which apply for the case of the fin with an
insulated tip.
Lc L
t
2
The error which results from this approximation will be less than 8 percent when
ht 1 / 2 1
)
2k
2
Lc L
d 2 / 4
Ld /4
d
Example 2-8 STRAIGHT ALUMINUM FIN. An aluminum fin [k = 200 W/m] 3.0 mm thick
and 7.5 cm long protrudes from a wall, as in Fig. 2-9. The base is maintained at 300, and the
ambient temperature is 50 with h = 10 W/m2. Calculate the heat loss from the fin per unit
depth of material.
Solution. We may use theapproximate method of solution by extending the fin a fictitious length t/2
and then computing the heat transfer from a fin with insulated tip as given by Eq. (2-36). We have
Lc L t / 2 7.5 0.15 7.65cm [3.01in]
h(2 z 2t ) 1 / 2
hP
[
] 5.774
kA
ktz
q (tanh mLc ) hPkA 0
A (1)(3 10 3 ) 3 10 3 m 2 [4.65in 2 ]
and
q = (5.774)(200)(3*10-3)(300-50)tanh[(5.774)(0.0765)] = 359 W/m [373.5 Btu/hft]
Example 2-9 CIRCUMFERENTIAL ALUMINUM FIN. Aluminum fins 1.5 cm wide and 1.0 mm
thick are placed on a 2.5-cm-diameter tube to dissipate the heat. The tube surface temperature is
170, and the ambient-fluid temperature is 25.Calculate the heat loss per fin for h = 130 W/m2
for aluminum.
Solution. For this example we can compute the heat transfer by using the fin-efficiency curves in
Fig.2-12. The parameters needed are
Lc = L + t / 2 = 1.5 + 0.05 = 1.55 cm
r1 = 2.5/2 = 1.25
r2c = r1 + Lc = 1.25 + 1.55 = 2.80 cm
r2c/ r1 = 2.80 / 1.25 = 2.24
h 1/ 2
130
)
(0.0155) 3 / 2 [
]1 / 2 0.396
kAm
(200)(1.55 10 5 )
From Fig. 2-12 f = 82 percent. The heat which would be transferred if the entire fin were at the
base temperature is (both sides of fin exchanging heat)
q max 2 (r22c r12 )h(T0 T ) 2 ( 2.8 2 1.25 2 )(10 4 )(130)(170 25) 74.35W [ 253.7 Btu / h]
The actual heat transfer is then the product of the heat flow and the fin efficiency:
q act (0.82)(74.35) 60.97W [208 Btu / h]
XA
(a)
XA
T
T1
T2A
T2B
T3
(b)
q kAA
T T3
T1 T2 A T2 A T2 B
k B A 2B
x A
1 / hC A
x B
or q
T1 T3
x A / k A A 1 / hc A x B / k B A
1/hcA is called the thermal contact resistance and hc is called the contact coefficient.
Example 2-11 INFLUENCE OF CONTACT CONDUCTANCE ON HEAT TRANSFER. Two
3.0-cm-diuameter 304 stainless-steel bars, 10 cm long, have ground surfaces and are exposed to air
with a surface roughness of about 1 m. If the surfaces are pressed together with a pressure of 50
atm and the two-bar combination is exposed to an overall temperature difference of 100,
calculate the axial heat flow and temperature drop across the contact surface.
Solution. The overall heat flow is subject to three thermal resistances, one conduction resistance for
each bar, and the contact resistance. For the bars
Rth
(0.1)(4)
x
8.679 /W
kA (16.3) (3 10 2 ) 2
(5.28 10 4 )(4)
1
0.747 /W
hc A
(3 10 2 ) 2
T
100
5.52W [18.83Btu / h]
Rth 18.105
The temperature drop across the contact is found by taking the ratio of the contact resistance to the
total thermal resistance:
Tc
Rc
(0.747)(100)
T
4.13 [39.43]
Rth
18.105
In this problem the contact resistance represents about 4 percent of the total resistance.
2T 2T
0
x 2
y 2
The solution to Eq. (3-1) will give the temperature in a two-dimensional body as a function of the
two independent space coordinates x and y.
q x kAx
T
x
q y kA y
T
y
1 d2X
1 d 2Y
X dx 2
Y dy 2
d2X
2 X 0
2
dx
d 2Y
2Y 0
dy 2
For 2 0
For 2 < 0
For 2 > 0
Now, it is possible to satisfy the sine-function boundary condition; so we shall attempt to satisfy the
other conditions. The algebra is somewhat easier to handle when the substitution
T T1
is made. The differential equation and the solution then retain the same form in the new variable ,
and we need only transform the boundary conditions. Thus
=0
at y = 0
=0
at x = 0
=0
at x = W
= Tm sin
x
at y = H
W
x
(C 9 cos x C10 sin x)(C11 e H C12 e H )
W
Accordingly,
C11 = - C12
C9 = 0
and
This requires that
SinW = 0
n
W
where the constants have been combined and the exponential terms converted to the hyperbolic
function. The final boundary condition may now be applied:
Tm sin
x
nx
nH
C n sin
sinh
W
W
W
n 1
sinh(y / W )
x
sin( ) T1
sinh(H / W )
W
at y = 0
at x = 0
at x = W
at y = H
T T1 C n sin
n 1
ny
nx
sinh
W
W
T2 T1 C n sin
n 1
nx
nH
sinh
W
W
This is a Fourier sine series, and the values of the Cn may be determined by expanding the constant
temperature difference T2 T1 in a Fourier series over the interval 0<x<W. This series is
T2 T1 (T2 T1 )
T T1
2
T2 T1
(1) n 1 1
nx
sin
n
W
( 1) n 1 1
nx sinh( ny / W )
sin
n
W sinh( nH / W )
n 1
For a three-dimensional wall, as in a furnace, separate shape factors are used to calculate the heat
flow through the edge and corner sections. When all the interior dimensions are greater than onefifth of the wall thickness,
S wall
A
L
Sedge = 0.54D
Scorner = 0.15L
Example 3-1 BURIED PIPE. A horizontal pipe 15 cm in diameter and 4 m long is bouried in the
earth at a depth of 20 cm. The pipe-wall temperature is 75, and the earth surface calculate the
heat lost by the pipe.
Solution. We may calculate the shape factor for this situation using the equation given in Table 3-1.
Since D < 3r.
S
2 ( 4)
2L
15.35m
1
cosh ( D / r ) cosh 1 (20 / 7.5)
A (0.5)(0.5)
2.5m
L
0 .1
m 1 / 2 , n
m 1 / 2 , n
Tm 1, n Tm , n
x
Tm , n Tm 1, n
x
2T
x 2
2T
y 2
If x = y, then
Tm 1, n Tm 1, n 2Tm , n
( x) 2
m, n
Tm , n 1 Tm , n 1 2Tm , n
( y ) 2
m, n
Tm+1,n+Tm-1,n+Tm,n+1+Tm,n-1-4Tm,n = 0
T j Ti
Rij
Tin 1 Tin
for all Ti
4. Unsteady-State Conduction
4-1 INTRODUCTION
T T1 4 1 [ n / 2 L ]2
nx
e
sin
I Ti T1 n 1 n
2L
n = 1, 3, 5
Example 4-1 STEEL BALL COOLING IN AIR. A steel ball [c = 0.46 kJ/kg, k = 35 W/m] 5.0 cm in
diameter and initially at a uniform temperature of 450 is suddenly placed in a controlled environment
in which the temperature is maintained at 100. The convection heat-transfer coefficient is 10 W/m2.
Calculate the time required for the ball to attain a temperature of 150.
Solution.
h(V / A) (10)[(4 / 3) (0.025) 3
0.0023 0.1
k
4 (0.025) 2 (35)
T = 150
T = 100
T0 = 450
(10) 4 (0.025) 2
hA
3.44 10 4 s 1
3
cV (7800)(460)(4 / 3)(0.025)
T T
e [ hA / cV ]
T0 T
4
150 100
e 3.34410
450 100
5819 s 1.62h
2
x
x
2
x / 2
e d
is a dummy variable
T ( x , ) T0
2
Ti T0
q0
x / 2
e d
kA(T0 Ti )
T Ti
x2
2q 0 /
exp
kA
4
q0 x
x
1 erf
kA
2
0.025
0.61
( 2)[(1.4 10 5 )(30)]1 / 2
erf
x
2
We have Ti = 35 and T0 = 250so the temperature at x = 2.5 cm is determined from Eq. (4-8) as
2
T ( x, ) T0 (Ti T0 )erf
For the constant-heat-flux case b, we make use of Eq. (4-13). Since qo/A is given as 3.2 105 W/m2, we
can insert the numerical values to give
T ( x, ) 35
(1 0.61164 ) 79.3
45
45
x 2.5cm, 30 s
For the constant-heat-flux case the surface temperature after 30s would be evaluated with x = 0 in Eq. (413). Thus
T ( x 0) 35
Example 4-3 HEAT REMOVAL FROM SEMI-INFINITE SOLID. A large slab of aluminum at a
uniform temperature of 200 suddenly has its surface temperature lowered to 70. What is the total
heat removed from the slab per unit surface area when the emperature at a depth 4.0 cm has dropped to
120
Solution. We first find the time required to attain the 120 temperature and then integrate Eq. (4-12) to
find the total heat removed during this time interval. For aluminum,
8.4 10 5 m 2 / s
The total heat removed at the surface is obtained by integrating Eq. (4-12):
q
k (T T )
Q0
0
i
0 d
d 2k (T0 Ti )
0
0
A
A
37.72
(2)(215)(70 200)
5
(8.4 10 )
1/ 2
hA(T T ) x 0 kA
T Ti
hx h
1 erfX exp
T Ti
k2
k
T
x
x 0
h
1 erf X
The most important cases are those dealing with (1) plates whose thickness is small in relation to the
other dimensions, (2) cylinders where the diameter is small compared to the length, and (3) spheres.
T ( x, ) T or T (r , ) T
i Ti T
0 T0 T
Qo cV (Ti T ) cV i
0.2
s2
0.615
T Ti
70 200
We therefore try values of and obtain readings of the temperature ratio from Fig. 4-5 until agreement
with Eq. (a) is reached. The iterations are listed below. Values of k and are obtained from Example 43.
T Ti
s
x
h
from Fig. 4-5
T Ti
2
k
1000
3000
4000
0.708
1.226
1.416
0.069
0.040
0.035
0.41
0.61
0.68
calculte the center temperature of the plate, using Fig. 4-7, and then use Fig. 4-10 to calculate the
temperature at the specified x position. From the conditions of the problem we have
i Ti T 200 70 130 8.4 10 5 m 2 / s [3.26 ft2/h]
2L = 5.0 cmL = 2.5cm
= 1 min 60s
2
k = 215 W/m [124 Btu/hft ]
h = 525 W/m2 [92.5 Btu/hft2]
x = 2.5 - 1.25 = 1.25 cm
Then
k
215
(8.4 10 5 )(60)
x 1.25
16.38
8.064
0.5
2
2
hL (525)(0.025)
L
2.5
L
(0.025)
k
215
(8.4 10 5 )(60)
x 1.25
16.38
8.064
0.5
2
2
hL (525)(0.025)
L
2.5
L
(0.025)
0
0.61 0 T0 T (0.61)(130) 79.3
i
x / L = 0.5
0.98
i
Q
h 2 (525) 2 (8.4 10 5 )(60)
hL (525)(0.025)
0.41
0
.
03
0
.
061
we need
Q0
k2
( 215) 2
k
215
c( 2 L ) i ( 2700)(900)(0.05)(130) 15.8 10 6 J / m 2
A
A
We compute
k
215
r
1.25
(8.4 10 5 )(60)
16.38
0.5
8
.
064
hr0
(525)(0.025)
r0
2.5
r02
(0.025) 2
0.98
0.38 and from Fig. 4-11 at r / r0 0.5
0
i
so that
(0.38)(0.98) 0.372
i i 0
and
T T (0.372)(130) 48.4
0.03 0
0.061
2
2
k
( 215)
k
215
2L 2
(b)
P(X)S(X 1 )
2L 1
(a)
2L 3
2L 2
(d)
S(X)P(X 1 )P(X 2 )
2L 2
(c)
C () S ( X )
C () P ( X )
2L
2r0
(f)
2r0
(e)
C ()
Q0
Q
Q0
total
Q
Q0
total
Q
Q0
Q
Q0
Q
Q0
Q
1
2
Q0
Q
1
2
Q0 1
Q0
1
Q
Q0
Q
1
1
Q0 2
Example 4-7 SEMI-INFINITE CYLINDER SUDDENLY EXPOSED TO CONVECTION. A semiinfinite aluminum cylinder 5 cm in diameter is initially at a uniform temperature of 200. It is suddenly
subjected to a convection boundary condition at 70 with h = 525 W / m 2 C .Calculate the
temperatures at the axis and surface of the cylinder 10 cm from the end 1 min after exposure to the
environment.
Solution. This problem requires a combination of solutions for the infinite cylinder and semi-infinite slab
in accordance with Fig. 4-18e. For the slab we have
x 10cm 8.4 10 5 m 2 / s k 215W / m C
k
215
x
2
0.1
1/ 2
1/ 2
0.173
0.704
semi-infinite slab
For the infinite cylinder we seek both the axis and surface-temperature ratios. The parameters for use with
Fig. 4-8 are
k
16.38 2 8.064 0 0.38
r0 2.5cm
hr0
r0
i
This is the axis-temperature ratio. To find the surface-temperature ratios, we enter Fig. 4-11, using
r
1.0
0.97
r0
0
Thus
0.38
at
C()
i (0.38)(0.97) 0.369
r 0
r r0
Combining the solutions for the semi-infinite slab and infinite cylinder, we have
semi-infinite slab
C () S ( X )
r 0
(0.38)(0.964) 0.366
at
r r0
(0.369)(0.964) 0.356
x 4.375
0.875
L
5
For aluminum
8.4 10 5 m 2 / s k 215W / m C
so hL (525)(0.05) 8.19 2
L
k
215
(8.4 10 5 )(60)
2.016
(0.05) 2
0.95
0.75
i
i
so that
i
(0.75)(0.95) 0.7125
plate
0.5
16.38
r0
2.5
hr0
(525)(0.025)
(8.4 10 5 )(60)
8.064
r02
(0.025) 2
and from Figs. 4-8 and 4-11, respectively,
0
0.98
0.38
0
i
so that
(0.38)(0.98) 0.3724
cy1
short cylinder
= (0.7125)(0.3724) = 0.265
Example 4-9 HEAT LOSS FOR FINITE-LENGTH CYLINDER. Calculate the heat loss for the short
cylinder in Example 4-8.
Solution. We first calculate the dimensionless heat-loss ratio for the infinite plate and infinite cylinder
which make up the multidimensional body. For the plate we have L = 5 cm = 0.05 m. Using the properties
of aluminum from Example 4-8, we calculate
hL (525)(0.05)
0.122
k
215
h 2 (525) 2 (8.4 10 5 )(60)
0.03
k2
( 215) 2
Q
) p 0.22
Qo
0.061
k
215
Q0
The specific heat of aluminum is 0.896 kJ/kg and the density is 2707 kg/m3, so we calculate Q0 as
Q0 cV i ( 2707)(0.896) (0.025) 2 (0.1)(200 70) 61.9kJ
The actual heat loss in the 1-min time is thus
Q (61.9kJ )(0.649) 40.2kJ