L THUYT BO CH

I.L thuyt bo ch 1:
1.1.DUNG DCH THUC:
*nh ngha: - Theo DVN III, dung dch thuc l nhng ch phm lng
trong sut c iu ch bng cc ha tan 1 hay nhiu dc trong mt dung
mi hoc mt hn hp dung mi thix hp.
- Dung dch thuc c th dng trong hoc dng ngoi
*u nhc im:
- u im:
+ Hp th v gy tc dng nhanh hn thuc dng rn nh thuc vin, bt,
cm....
+ Mt s dc dng dd khi tip xc vi nim mc khng gy kch ng nh
khi dng di dng
rn
Th d: natri bromid, natri iodid, cloral hydrat....
- Nhc im:
+ Km bn, khng bo qun c lu
+ Bao gi cng knh, vn chuyn kh khn
* Ha tan: Ty theo tnh cht ca dc m chn pp ha tan thix hp:
- Ha tan nhit thng: p dng cho nhng dc d ha tan trong dung
mi
+ tin hnh: - Cho dc vo dung mi thix hp
- Khuy cho tan u
Th d: natri clorid, glucose...
- Ha tan nhit cao: p dng cho dc kh tan nhit thng . d tan
nhit cao
+ tin hnh: - Cho dc vo dung mi
- un nng, khuy hoc lc cho tan ht
Th d: acid boric, thy ngn II cloric ....0
* DD iod mnh 1% ( dd Lugol): PP to dn cht d tan
Iod
Kali iodid
Nc ct

1g
2g
v

100ml

- Cch lm:
+ Cn Kali iodid ha tan trong khong 2 -3 ml nc ct
+ Cn iod trn mt kn ng h v cho ngay iod vo dd m c kali iodid
va pha
+ Thm nc ct va th tch trn u
+ Lc trong qua bng
+ ng chai , dn nhn
1.2. Siro thuc:
* nh ngha: L dd nc ng (Saccarose ) m c, c cha cc dc hoc
dch chit dl v cc cht thm.Theo DVN III - 2002 siro phi cha ti thiu
60% ng trng RE
* 2 loi:
+ Siro n: thnh phn c saccarose ( ng knh) v nc. dng lm cht
dn. cht
iu v
+ Siro thuc: thnh phn c siro n v dc cht, c tc dng iu tr bnh
* c im:
- Siro n c hm lng ng cao nn c th bo qun c lu, c tc
dng dinh dng
- Siro n c t trng 20C l: 1,32 ; 1O5C l 1,26
- Nng ng l 64%
- Siro thuc gip che du mi v kh chu ca mt s hot cht, do rt
thch hp vi tr em
*K thut iu ch:
-PP iu ch siro n:
+ PP nng:
- u im: iu ch nhanh, hn ch kh nng nhim khun
- Nhc im: + Siro thu c c mu hi vng do ng b caramen ha
+ Do tip xc vi nhit ng saccarose c th b to ra
ng kh
+ PP ngui:
- u im: + Siro khng mu
+ ng saccarose khng to thnh ng kh(ng n)
- Nhc im: Thi gian ha tan lu
- PP iu ch siro thuc: 1 trong 2 cch sau:
+ Ha tan dc cht hoc dd dc cht vo siro n
+ Ha tan ng vo dd dc cht

Iu ch siro thuc bng cch ha tan dc cht hay dung dch dc

cht vo siro n
-p dng: Khi dc cht d tan trong siro n hoc khi cc dc cht kh tan
cn phi ha tan trong 1 dung mi thch hp, sau phi hp vi siro n
- Dc cht c th l:
+ Ha cht: natri bromid, acid citric...
+ Bn thnh phm nh cn thuc, cao thuc, dch chit m c

iu ch siro thuc bng cch ha tan ng vo dung dch dc cht:

- p dng: Khi c dc liu trong cng thc
- Tin hnh: ty tnh cht ca dc cha trong dl m ta em hm, sc. hm,
ngm kit ly dch chit ri thm ng theo t l siro iu ch theo pp
ngui
* Siro Iodotanic:
Cng thc:
Iod................................2g
Tanin............................4g
Nc ct.......................400ml
ng trng dc dng..600g
Tin hnh:
+ Ha tan tanin vo nc ct trong bnh cu ( bnh phn ng)
+ Thm iod nghin nh v khong 1/6 lng ng , y kn
+ un cch thy gn 60C , thnh thong lc
+ Khi iod tan ht v dung dch khng cn phn ng vi giy h tinh bt, cho
nt lng ng cn li vo bnh v tip tc un cch thy cho tan ht
ng
+ Lc ng chai, dn nhn thnh phm thng dng trong
1.3.Potio thuc:
* nh ngha: Potio l dng thuc nc, c v ngt, cha 1 hay nhiu dc
cht, thng c pha ch theo n, dng ung tng mung (10 - 15ml) ,
thi gian s dng ngn
* Phn loi:
+ Potio chnh tn ( potio dung dch)
+ Potio hn dch
+ Potio nh dch
* Potio iu ch vi ha cht:

- i vi ha cht d tan: Ha tan ha cht trong dung mi thch hp or dn

cht.Lc ri trn vo siro
- i vi ha cht rn khng tan:
+ Nghin mn ha cht trong ci, trn vi bt gm, thm siro t t, nghin
tht k
+ Thm t t cht dn, trn u
-i vi ha cht khng tan, iu ch nh nh tng
- i vi ha cht d bay hi cho vo sau cng, y kn, lc u
*Potio iu ch vi dc liu:
- Cn thuc, cao thuc ( cao lng): ly cn thuc, cao thuc cho vo siro trn
k trc khi cht dn v cc cht khc
- Lng cn thuc, cao thuc < 2g : c th ly theo ht
- Lng cn thuc, cao thuc > 2g : phi cn
- Cao mm, cao c: ha tan cao trong mt t siro n un nng hoc mt t
glyceric ri trn vi siro v cc cht khc
- Tinh du: nghin tinh du vi mt t ng, trn k vi siro, sau thm
cht dn v trn
- Du thc vt, ng vt: dng mt lng gm thch hp lm t dc nh
ha iu ch thnh nh dch
- i vi dc liu th:
+ Ty lng nc c trong cng thc , un nc si sc, hm ly dch
chit lm cht
+ Nu khng c ch dn c bit th t l dc liu v nc nh sau:

Dc liu l hoa, l: t l 2%

Dc liu l g, thn, r: 4%
1.4.Thuc tim:
*nh ngha: -Thuc tim l dng thuc lng ( dung dich,hn dch,nh tng)
v khun, dng tim vo m ca c th theo nhiu ng tim khc
nhau ( tim vo da, di da, bp tht, tnh ct sng khp...)
- Thuc tim c th dng bt v khun km theo mt cht lng thch
hp v khun v c thnh dd hay hn dch trc khi tim.
*u nhc im:
- u im:
+ Thuc tim c tim trc tip vo cc m, vo mu hoc
vo cc c quan ni tng
( tim, ty sng) gy ra nhng p ng sinh hc tc th, v vy s dng thch
hp cho
nhng trng hp cp cu
+Trnh c mt s tc dng ph khi ung nh gy vim lot, xut huyt
d dy ca
mt s thuc nh: vitamin C, diclofenac,
aspirin... i vi bnh nhn b au bao t

+ Thuc tim l dng thuc thch hp cho nhng dc cht b phn hy bi

acd ca dd
v cc men ng tiu ha nh: insulin, penicillin
+ Cho tc dng ti ch mong mun nh gy t, trong chun on ( test th
lao, th
sock...) trong iu tr ti ch nh: methtrexat c
tim trc tip vo ty sng
+ Rt c hiu qu v tin li khi s dng cho nhng bnh nhn b bt tinh,
hn m hoc
khng th ung c
+ C th nui dng c th bng cch tim truyn cc dung dch cung cp
nng lng
+ C th sn xut c vi m nh cng nghip, c bit c th t ng
ha sn xut
hng lot gip cho sn phm c cht lng cao
v gi c hp l
- Nhc im:
+ Bn thn bnh nhn kh c th t s dng c m phi nh ngi c
trnh
chuyn mn
+ C th gy nhng phn ng ti ch hay ton thn do c th khng chu
c thuc
+ Do c tc dng nhanh nn c th a n nhng hu qu nghim trng,
nht l i
vi cc dc cht c v mnh
+ Gy au n cho ngi bnh
+ K thut pha ch i hi mt s iu kin c bit v v trng nn thuc
tim thng
t hn so vi cc dng thuc khc
*Yu cu cht lng ca thuc tim:
DVN III qui nh thuc tim phi t cc tiu chun nh sau:
- trong:
+ i vi dung dich: pha trong sut, khng c tp cht c hc
+ i vi nh tng: khng thy du hiu ca s tch lp
+ i vi hn dch: hot cht phn tn ngay khi lc u v gi c s ng
u khi ly liu
thuc ra khi ng
+ i vi thuc tim bt, khi rn, xp: khi ha tan hoc phn tn vo dung
mi, cht dn th
phi t cc ch tiu ph hp vi trng thi ca thuc
tr khi tim
- Mu sc: khong mu hoc c mu do hot cht.a s thuc tim hn dch
v nh tng c mu trng c nh sa
- pH: ph hp (pH sinh l 7,35 - 7,45)
+ V khun: phi tuyt i v khun
+ Cht gy st: kong6 c c
+ Th tch: t theo qu nh ghi trn nhn

+ nh tnh: cha ng thnh phn ghi trn nhn

+ nh lng: nng , hm lng, khi lng phi t trong dung sai cho
php
*Cc cht ph:
- Cht lm tng tan:
Th d:
+ Natri benzoate gip cafein tan nhiu trong nc
+ Creatinin, Niacinamid v Lecithin lm tng tan ca Steroid dng alcol
t do
+ Cc cht chng oxy ha:
Cc mui natri sulfit 0,1 - 1%
Natri bisulfit
0,1 - 1%
Natri metabisulfit
0,1 - 1%
Cystein
0,1 - 0,5%
Mui dinatri EDTA ( etylen diamin tetra acetic) 0,01 - 0,05%
Tocoferol
0,05 - 0,075%
- Cc cht m pH: Nhm duy tr pH dung dch ti gi tr m thuc
tim bn vng.Ngoi ra cc cht pH cn c tc dng lm gim au, gim
kch ng hoi t ti ni tim, lm p ng sinh hc thuc
Mt s h m thng gp:
+ H m acetic /acetat
+ H m citric/citrat
+ H m phosphat
+ H m glutamat
- Cc cht bo qun:
+ Phenol
+ Alcol benzylic
+ Benzal konium clorid
+ Nipagin
+ Nipazol

pH 3,5 - 5,7
pH 2,5 - 6,0
pH 6,0 - 8,2
pH 8,2 - 10,2

nng 1 - 2%
nng 1 - 3%
nng 0,8 - 2%
nng 1 - 2%

0,5%
1%

0,01%
0,18%
0,02%

- Cc cht ng trng ha: Cc dung dch tim thng l cc dung dch

long c nng cht tan thp.Bi vy cn phi cho thm cc cht ph
ng trng ha dung dch. Cc cht thng dng : Natri clorid v dextrose
*Ni dung tm tt ca k thut v khun:

*Mt s thao tc cn ch :
- Ha tan hot cht v cht ph vo dung mi:
+Phi tin hnh nhanh hn ch n mc thp nht thi gian thuc tip
xc trc tip vi
khng kh
+ Ha tan trong bnh thy tinh hoc thp khng g c nh mc th tch
d dng iu chnh th tch va theo s lng thuc ghi trong cng
thc
- Lc trong:
+ Phi lc nhanh, trong , v khun ( tr nh tng, hn dch), chn vt liu
lc, pp , dng c lc cho thch hp, kim tra trong , nng
-ng ng:
+ Thuc tim sau khi lc s ng vo cc v ng thuc thch hp.Thuc
tim thng ng vo
ng thy tinh v hn kn.i vi thuc tim m
sn phm cui cng l bt kh khun s c
ng ng vo l thy tinh
sau tin hnh ong kh
- Hn ng: C 2 cch hn ng:
+ Hn ng bng ngn la n si lia theo phng nm ngang vi u ca dy
ng tim
( mc hn kn cha cao phi kim tra li)
+ Hn ng bng cch ko u ng ( mc hn kn tt hn)
=> Khi hn u ng cn ch : khng dd thuc dnh vo u ng, thuc
s b t chy v en u ng.Thng phi ra u ng tr khi hn nu ng
ng thuc = chn khng.Sau hn cn kt kn ca ng = pp thch hp
- Tit khun:
Thuc tim pha ch v ng chai l phi c tit khun ngay. tit khun
thuc tim c th p dng 1 trong 3 pp tit khun cn c vo mc bn
vng ca thuc, nhit kh, nhit m:
+ Lc tit khun: p dng khi cc thnh phn trong thuc tim khng bn
vng vi nhit
+ Tit khun bng nhit kh: ch yu dng tit khun v ng thuc,
dng c, t dng tit
khun thnh phm
+ Tit khun bng nhit m: thng tit khun bng autoclave 121C /
120'
- Dn nhn:

Nhn thuc tim c th c in trc tip ln v ng thuc, cng c th in

nhn ri sau dn ln chai ng thuc.Ni dung nhn phi ghi r tn c s
sn xut, hm lng thuc, th tch thuc, cng dng , liu dng, ng
tim thuc, l sn xut, hn dng
* 5 im khc nhau gia thuc tim v thuc tim truyn:

* Thuc tim truyn:

- nh ngha: L dung dch nc hoc nh tng du trong nc, v khun,
khng c cht st, khng c ni c t vi khun v thng ng trng vi
mu, khng cha cht bo qun tim vo tnh mch vi th tch ln, tc
chm
- Phn loi:
+ Cc dung dch cung cp nc, cht in gii:
Loi ny c tc dng b nc khi c th b mt nc v ri lon cht in
gii trong trng hp bnh nhn b st cao, i ma, tiu chy. thit lp
li cn bng sinh l bnh thng
Th d:

Natri cloric 0,9% ; Dung dch glucose 5% ( = Dextrose 5%)

Riger lactat

+ Dung dch cung cp cht dinh dng, cung cp nng lng:

Trong trng hp bnh nhn khng th tip nhn c nhu cu v cc cht
dinh dng cho c th, thc n qua ng tiu ha do nguyn nhn no
.Khi nhu cu v cc cht dinh dng cn thit nh carbonhydrat, cc
acid amin, cc acid bo, cc cht khong, cc nguyn t vi lng, cac
1vitamin, s c cung cp bng cch tim truyn cho bnh nhn cc dch
truyn c thnh phn dinh dng cn thit:
Th d:
Moriamin
Alvesil
Nutrisol 5%
Dextrose 5, 10, 20 , 30%
+Dung dich b sung th tch:
Khi c th ng bnh b mt mu do chn thng, do phu thut hoc do chy
mu ni tng.Ty thuc vo lng mu b mt m ng bnh c th b tt HA,
try tim v c th t vong nu th tch mu b mt khng c b p kp

thi.TRong trng hp khng c mu truyn c th b li th tch mu

mt bng cch truyn mt s dung dch ca cc cht phn t lng cao.
Th d:

DD gelafuldin ( gelafuldol) hay dd keo

DD dextran
+ DD chng ng v bo qun mu:
Khi c th b mt mu, vic truyn cc cht cao phn t nh dextran ch
mang tnh tm thi b sung tt huyt tng thiu ht cho c th, nhng
khng b sung c s lng tb mu mt.....tt nht l truyn mu cho bn.
Th d: A.C.D c dng chng ng v bo qun mu tr khi truyn mu
cho ng bnh
+ DD cn bng acid kim ca c th:
Huyt tng ng bnh thng c pH = 7,35 - 7,45 v c duy tr n nh trong
khong pH ny nh nhiu h m sinh l c sn trong c th.Nhng v 1
nguyn nhn no pH ca huyt tng < 7,35 nga l mu b nhim acid,
v ngc li pH > 7,45 ngha l mu b nhim kim.
Th d:

Dung dch natri hydrocarbonat 1,4%

DD natri lactat 2,14%, amoni cloric, acid glutamic

1.6.Thuc nh mt:
* nh ngha:
-Theo DVN III , thuc nh mt l dung dch nc, dd du
hoc hn dch v khun mt
hay nhiu dc cht nh vo
mt vi mc ch chn on hay iu tr bnh mt
- Thuc nh mt cng c th pha c bo ch di dng bt v khun v
c pha
vi mt cht v khun thch hp ngay trc khi dng
*Dc cht:
- Nhm iu tr nhim khun:
+ Cloramphenicol
+ Tetracyclin
+ Gentamycin
+ Neomycin
+ Tobramycin
+ Ofloxacin
- Nhm chng mn:
+ Ketoconazol
+ Nystatin

- Cc sulfamid:
+ Natri sulfacetamid
- Cc mui v c v hu c ca cc kl bc, km, thy ngn:
+ Km sulfat
+ Argyrol
- Chng vim ti ch:
+ Dexamethason 0,1%
+ Prednison 1%
+ Hydrocortison
+ Natri diclofenac
Nhm gy t b mt:
+ Tetracain hydroclodid
+ Cocain hydroclorid
*Quy trnh chung iu ch thuc nh mt:
Thuc nh mt l nhng ch phm v khun.V vy phi c pha ch theo
k tht v khun nh thuc tim v thuc tim truyn.
- Chun b:
+ Phng pha ch v trng phi t tiu chun nh pha thuc tim
+ Nguyn ph liu t tiu chun pha thuc tim, thuc nh mt ca D
+ Dng c pha ch, vt liu lc phi v khun
+ ng , l nt phi x l ng k thut v t tiu chun qui nh
+ Ng lm cng tc pha ch: thc hin ng qui nh pha ch theo K thut
pha ch v khun
- Tin hnh pha ch:
Quy trnh pha ch, sn xut dd thuc nh mt c th c tin hnh theo d

+ Ha tan: nu khng c yu cu ha tan c bit th nn ha tan cc cht

ph trc ri mi cho dc cht vo ha tan.C th tin hnh ha tan
nhit phng hoc un nng dung mi tr khi ha tan , ty theo tnh cht
cu cc cht
+ Lc dung dch: Qua vt liu thch hp

Dng phu thy tinh xp G, G

Mng lc c kch thc l xp khong t 0,8 m n 0,45m

i vi cc dd thuc nh mt, nu tit khun bng cch lc th dng mng
lc c kch thc l xp 0,22m

+Cc gii php tit khun thuc nh mt c th p dng :

Tit khun thuc trong ni hp nhit 121C/20 Pht

Tit khun thuc nhit 98 - 100C/ 30 pht

Tit khun thuc bng cch lc

1.8.PP ha tan chit xut:
*nh ngha:
- L mt qu trnh k thut dng dung mi ha tan v tch cc cht tan
ra khi dc
liu.Dung mi cha cht tan thu c gi l dch
chit.Phn c liu sau khi chit ly
dch chit gi l b.
- Qa trnh ha tan khng chit xut c gi l qu trnh ha tan
khng hon ton
- Cc cht c tc dng iu tr trong c liu gi l hot cht
(Alcaloid, glycosid, vitamin, tinh du)
- Cc cht khng c tc dng iu tr, cc cht gy kh khn trong qu
trnh bo qun c coi l tp cht ( ng, tinh bt, pectin, cht nhy,
nha....)
*Cc pp chit xut thng dng:
p dng
1.Ng
m
lnh
2.Ng
m
nng:
- Hm

DL c hot cht d b phn hy

do nhit (v cam, gng...) c
cht nha, cc cht chm ha
tan trong dung mi ( l hi,
cnh kin...)
DL c hot cht t tan nhit
thng, d b phn hy
nhit cao

- Hm DL mng manh ( hoa, l, ht,

n...) c hot cht d tan trong
thi gian ngn nhit cao.
iu ch dung dch thuc ung
- Sc

DL rn chc ( v, r, g, ht...)
v c hot cht t b phn hy

Dung mi v iu kin tin

hnh
Ngm dl nhit thng,
trong nhiu ngy
Dung mi: hn hp ethanol nc
Ngm dl nhit t 40 60C v gi nhit trong
nhiu gi
Dung mi: c nht cao
( du thc vt)
dung mi si vo dl
phn chia nh, trong 15 30 pht c khuy trn hoc
lc , sau gn p ly dch
chit.
Dung mi: nc
un si nh nhng dl vi
dung mi nc t 30 pht n

 nhit cao
iu ch dung dch thuc

hng gi
Dung mi: nc

*PP ngm kit ( ngm nh git)

PP ngm kit c in ( hay ngm kit thng)

- Ngm nh git hay ngm kit l pp chit xut hot cht bng cch cho
dung mi chy rt chm u n qua khi dl c phn chia thix hp
trong thit b c bit l bnh ngm kit.Trong qu trnh ngm kit khng
khuy trn
- Nguyn tc: dl lun c tip xc vi dung mi mi, lun to s chnh lch
nng hot cht cao, do c th chit kit hot cht
- Bnh ngm kit lm bng thp khng g, thy tinh, s, kim loi m thic
hoc trng men.Bnh ngm kit thng c hnh nn hoc hn tr, cho php
dung mi chy khng trn ln lp dch chit v chy u wa ton khi dl,
np v ly dl ra d dng
- K thut ngm nh git gm cc giai on:
+ Chun b dl v dung mi:

DL t tiu chun cht lng c phn chia mn thix hp v t

m theo yu cu

Dung mi c la chn t yu cu cht lng v thch hp chit

xut hot cht trong dl em chit
+ Lm m dl: Dl cn c lm m cho trng n, tr khi a wa bnh, trnh
s nn cht trong bnh chit, to cho dung mi ngm nhanh v u vo tng
tiu phn dl.Lng dung mi lm m khong 20 - 30% dl hoc nhiu
hn ty bn cht dl.Time lm m khong 2 - 4h v y kn nu l dung
mi bay hi
+ Ngm lnh:

Np dl vo bnh: Lt mt lp bng thm nc y bnh ngm kit

cb sn, sau t 1 khoanh giy lc ct va y bnh hoc vi gc hoc
tm kim loi c c l ln trn c bt dl khng lt xung vi ra, gy tc
bnh, khng ln vo dch chit

Cho dl c lm m vo bnh, san bng mt, nn cht v u tng

lp dl cho vo.Ch np lng dl chim khong 2/3 th tch ca
bnh

t mt khoang giy lc khc ln trn v nn cht v u bng cc

vin bi thy tinh, hoc nhng tm s, tm thp khng r c c l ln
trn trnh xo trn dl khi rt dung mi vo

Rt dung mi vo bnh v ngm lnh: M kha ng thot dch chit, rt

dung mi ln khi dl ti khi c dung mi chy ra thnh dng, khng cn bt
kh, ng thi bn trn dung mi ngp trn mt dl 2 - 3cm th ng kha
vi li.y np bnh tht kn v bt u tnh time ngm lnh.Thng time
ngm lnh thch hp khong 24 - 48h
+ Rt dch chit: Ht time ngm lnh, m kha cho dch chit chy tng
git vo bnh hng.Ch xuyn thm dung mi lun ngp mt dl 2
- 3cm.Tc rt dch chit ph thuc vo lng dl em ngm trong bnh
+ Kt thc dch chit: Khi chit th tch quy nh.Nu khng c quy
nh c bit th ngng rt dch chit khi wan st mu sc, nm th v or th
vi thuc th c hiu ca tng nhm hot cht
=> u im: + Chit kit c hot cht
+ Tn t dung mi
+ Dch chit u m c
+ Nu: iu ch cao lng , dch chit u c th ring, khng phi
c, trnh
tip xc vi nhit
-PP ngm kit c dng chit cc dl c hot cht c mnh
( Alcaloid, glycosid...) vi dung mi l ethanol - nc.i vi dl cha
nhiu tinh bt, cht nhy khng p dng pp ngm kit vi dung mi c nc
v cc cht ny c th trng n cho dung mi khng i wa dl
*u im ca ngm kit ci tin: tit kim dung mi hn m v chit
c tng i kit hot cht trong dl, nht l khi chit cc loi dl thng,
khng cha hot cht c mnh or khng phi l nguyn liu t tin v khi
chit xut quy m ln ngta p dng nhng pp ngm kit ci tin
*PP ngm kit phn on( cn gi l ti ngm kit): phn chia dl
lm m ra nhiu phn bng nhau hoc khng bng nhau v np dl vo cc
bnh ring l.USE cc dch chit long ca bnh tr lm dung mi chit dl
mi ca cc bnh sau.Nh vy s thu c cc dch u m c t cc bnh
ngm.
*PP ngm kit ngc dng: Nguyn tc chung l cho dung mi v dl di
chuyn ngc chu nhau.Ngha l dung mi mi c dng chit bnh dl
c chit nhu ln.Lng hot cht cn li trong dl cn li t.PP ngc dng

c th tin hnh gin on hoc lin tc nh h thng t ng ha vic di

chuyn cc lot bnh ngm.PP thix hp vi chit xut 1 khi lng ln dl v
ko di lin tc trong nhu thng quy m cng nghip
1.9.Cao thuc:
*nh ngha: L ch phm iu ch bng cch c c or sy n th cht
quy nh cc dch chit c t thc vt hay ng vt vi cc dung mi thch
hp
*K thut iu ch:
- iu ch dch chit:
+ Vi dung mi l nc: C th p dng pp ngm lnh hoc ngm nng:

PP ngm lnh: thng ngm phn on vi lng dung mi gp 8 - 12

ln so vi lng dl

PP ngm nng: Khi hm v sc cn dng c c v kim loi lt bn di

dl khng tip xc vi y ni, trnh b chy.Khi hm th cn dng c gi
nhit tt
+ Vi dung mi l cn: p dung pp ngm kit hoc pp ngm lnh:

PP ngm kit: pp ny hay c ng dng iu ch cao thuc v dch

chit u m c ring khng cn bc hi hoc time bc hi ngn nn
hn ch tc ng ca nhit ti hot cht.Thng dng dung mi l
cn.Lng dung mi dng trong pp ngm kit t hn pp ngm lnh.Lng
dung mi chit thng gp 6 - 7 ln lng dl. Lng dch chit u
thng = 80 - 100% lng dl em dng
_ Loi tp trong dl:
+ Tp cht tan trong nc: thng dng gm, cht nhy, pectin, tinh bt,
tanin...Cc tp c th loi = cch:

Dng nhit : tin hnh c nh la dch chit cn 1/2 - 1/4 th tch ban
u, lng or lnh 2 - 3 ngy , sau gn lc

Dng ethanol 90: c dch chit cn li t 1/2 - 1/4 th tch ban

u,thm ng th ethanol 90. khuy trn u, lng wa m, sau
gn, lc

Dng ch acetat kim loi gm , cht nhy, tanin,Ch loi ch d

bng Natri sulfit
+Tp cht tan trong ethanol: thng dng nha, cht bo.Cc tp ny c
th loi bng cch:

Dng Parafin : dch chit c c c cn li 1/2 - 1/4 th tch ban u,

sau thm parafin vo dch chit nng, khuy k v ngui.Parafin ng
c ko theo tp cht to thnh mt mng cng trn mt dch chit

Dng bt tacl: i vi trng hp tp cht l nha kh tan hoc t tch

lp.Cho bt tacl vo dch chit khuy trn k , yn, lc ly dch chit

Dng ether, cloroform: loi cht bo v cht nha ra khi chit nc

- C c, sy kh:
L giai on wan trong nh hng n hot cht v cht lng ca cao

iu ch cao lng v cao mm.Khi c c cn ch :

C nhit thp khng qu 50C

Time c ngn

C dch chit long tr, dch chit c sau

Khi c cn ch tin hnh khuy trn lin tc tng s bc hi dung

mi v trnh b chy, kht

i vi cao c: thng c cch thy n th c st

+ Cc pp c c:

C c p sut gim: dng cc thit b c c b phn to chn

khng.Ch mt s trng hp dch chit s si bt nhanh khi p sut ni
c gim

Sy kh: iu ch cao kh cn tip tc sy kh dch chit c

thnh cao lng hoc cao mm hm lng m trong cao kh ch cn <
5%

Thng dng cc thit b kh khc nhau, nhng tt nht vn l sy

kh di p sut gim v nhit < 50C.Khi sy dch chit c c
c tri thnh nhng lp mng trn cc khay thp khng g hoc st trng
men

C th tri cao thnh nhng lp mng trn giy polytylen vic ly

cao sy kh c d dng
- iu chnh cao thuc:
+ Trng hp ch phm c t l hot cht thp hn qui nh , ngta c th c
tip loi bt dung mi, hoc dng cao c t l hot cht cao hn iu
chnh
+ Trng hp ch phm cha t l phn trm hot cht cao hn qui nh ca
dc in ngta phi pha long.

*Cc cht pha long:

+ Cao lng phi thm dung mi chit
+ Cao mm , cao c dng cao dl thch hp glycerin
+ Cao kh c th dng tinh bt, lactose, glucose....
- i vi cao lng ung: thm cht hng v: siro n, menthol, tinh du
bc h vanilin
- Thm cc cht bo qun chng nm mc nh: glycerin, acid benzoid, natri
banzoic, nipagin, nipazol....

Cn thuc:
*nh ngha: - L nhng ch phm lng, c iu ch bng cch ngm
chit xut dl thc vt, ng vt hoc ha tan cao thuc hay dc theo t l qui
nh trong dung mi l ethanol cc mc khc nhau
- Cn thuc c iu ch t 1 nguyn liu gi l thuc n
- Cn thuc c iu ch t nhiu nguey6n liu khc nhau gi l cn
thuc kp

*K thut iu ch:
- PP ngm lnh:
+ DL v dung mi em ngm t 3 - 10 ngy trong 1 bnh y kn
nhit phng thnh thong lc, khuy trn
+ Gn lc dch ngm
+ p b, thu c dch p
+ Trn dch ngm vi dch p, lng t 2 n 4 ngy ni mt
+ Gn , lc ly dch trong

p dng iu ch cn thuc t dl khng cha dc cht c,

mnh v tan c trong cn nhit thng
+V d: cn ti, cn v cam, v qut, cn gng, cn hi....

cn thng dng : 60, 70, 80, 90

- PP ngm kit:
+ Dng nhng bnh ngm nh git c th tch thix hp vi khi lng dl em
chit

PP ngm kit thng c dng iu ch cn thuc c hot cht mnh,

c vi dung mi l cn 70 ( i vi dl c).T l qui nh l 1 phn dl
phi iu ch c 10 phn thnh phm v phi t hm lng hot
cht qui nh
- PP ha tan:

p dng pp khi dc l cao thuc( cao lng, cao c) tinh du v ha

cht tan c trong cn c cn thix hp
+ Cch tin hnh: ha tan dc vo cn c cn thix hp, sau khi tan hon
ton, lc ly dch trong
+ u im:

Cn thuc thu c s trong v do s bo qun lu hn

iu ch nhanh chng v thun li

+ Nhc im:

Cn thuc thu c c mi v khng hon ton c trng nh cn

thuc iu ch bng 2 pp trn
*Kim tra cht lng:
- Mu sc, mi v: phi c mu sc , mi v ca dl hoc ha dc dng
- T l cn kh: Cch xc nh cn kh: Ly 5ml cn thuc, bc hi n kh,
sy 100 - 105C trong 3h , ngui trong bnh ht m, cn tnh khi lng
% hay s gam cn trong 1 lt ch phm
- Xc nh t trng: dng t trng k.T trng ca cn thuc thng nm
trong khong 0,87 - 0 98
- nh tnh: dng phn ng c hiu cho tng laoi5 hot cht c trong cn
thuc
- nh lng: ty theo loi cn thuc m chn pp qui nh trong DVN III
- cn: Xc nh cn: cn thuc c cha mt lng cht ho tan nht
nh, nu dng alcol k xc nh cn th sai s s ln.V vy phi loi
cc cht ha tan bng pp ct, o xc nh cn v tnh ra t l ethanol c
trong cn thuc
*3 im khc nhau gia cn thuc v ru thuc:

2.0.Hn dch thuc:

*nh ngha: L h phn tn c hc vi d th, trobg c dc rn khng tan
c phn tn ong u di dng cc ht rt nh ( ng knh > 0,1m)

trong 1 cht lng gi l mi trng phn tn lng ( Nu hn dch dng

ung th gi l cht dn)

*u , nhc im:
+ u im:
C th ch cc dc rn khng tan hoc rt t tan thnh dng thuc
th lng v c th a thuc vo c th bng nhu ng hn ( ung, tim,
nh...) v tin dng tr em hn
Hn ch c , che du c mi v kh chu, kch ng nim mc
ng tiu ha ca mt s dc khi dng ng ung
Lm cho dc c tc dng chm hn v bn hn theo yu cu s dng
nh trong trng hp thuc tim hn dch
Khi cn hn ch s hp thu ti ch, ch trn mt da, khng c thm
su vo mu cn ch di dng hn dch.In hnh nh cc mui kim loi
rt d tan trong nc, c tnh st khun mnh v c

+ Nhc im:

Cc hn dch thuc u khng n nh.y l h phn tn c hc, d

th nn v mt dc ng hc h ny kh iu ch v khng bn vng, d
dng b ph hy v trng thi phn tn ng u

Phn liu kh chnh xc, nu pha ch v s dng khng thn trng s

d dng gy tc hi cho ng bnh.V vy,i vi thuc c bng A v B DVN
khng cho php pha thnh dng hn dch
*Thnh phn:
- Dc cht: DC chnh ca hn dch thuc l cc cht rn thc t khng tan
trong hoc rt t tan trong mi trng phn tn.Ngoi ra trong mi trng
phn tn cn c cc dc ha tan c tc dng hip ng vi dc rn khng tan
- Mi trng phn tn: Mi trng phn tn ca hn dch thuc c th l
nc ct, cc cht lng phn cc ( ethanol, glycerin....) hoc cc loi du
lng( khng phn cc khng c tc dng dc l or cc cht lng tng hp
or bn tng hp khc
- Cht gy thm: Trong trng hp dc rn khng tan c b mt khng
thm mooi6 trng phn tn th trong thnh phn hn dch cn phi c thm
thnh phn gy thm, cht gy thm c ngun gc, tnh cht, c ch, kh
nng gy thm.... khc nhau nhng khi tc dng u c th lm cho b mt
cc tiu phn d dng thm mi trng phn tn lm cho hn dch c n
nh nh mong mun
*K thut iu ch:

- PP phn tn c hc:
+ p dng: Khi dc rn khng tan trong cc loi mi trng lng nh nc,
ethanol, cc loi du.Quy m pha ch nh, thit b th s nh cc loi ci
chy
+ Quy trnh iu ch:

Nghin kh: Cc dc rn phi c nghin n mn ti a trong ci

chy.Nu khi lng dc tng i ln, sau khi c nghin mn, bt phi
c ry qua 2 c ry thix hp kch thch tiu phn cht rn ng u

Nghin t: y l bc quan trng nht, quyt nh cht lng ca

hn dch cn c vo mc thn mi trng ca dc rn c th chia thnh
hai trng hp:
+ Nu dc rn thn vi mi trng, d thm mi trng th thm mt lng
cht dn va ( khong 1/2 lng bt dc) to thnh khi bt nho c, tieo61
tc nghin k n khi c khi bt nho tht mn
+ Trng hp cn li l dc rn kh thm cht dn , th thm vo bt dc mt
lng dch th cht gy thm v mt lng cht dn va to thnh vi
khi bt mt khi bt nho c.Tip tc trn k cho n khi thu c khi
bt nho tht mn

Phn tn khi bt dc cht nho vo cht dn: Thm dn tng

lng nh cht dn khi bt mn nho cha dc rn, va thm va nghin
trn tht k v sau lng gn dn lng cht lng c cha cht rn khng
tan l lng vo chai ng.Tip tc lm nh vy n khi ko ht ton b khi
bt nho ban u vo chai, sau cng thm cht dn cho n th tch yu
cu
- PP ngng kt:
+p dng: pp ny thng c p dng iu ch cc hn dch thuc m
cc dc rn tiu phn tn trong cht dn s hnh thnh trong qu trnh iu
ch di dng kt ta mn

+ K thut iu ch:

Ngng kt do thay i dung mi: Mt s hn dch to ra do dc

cht trong cng thc khi hi hp vi cht dn th lng chnh l thay i dung
mi lm gim tan v b kt ta li

Tin hnh trn dd dc s kt ta vi dch th ca mt cht thn nc

nh siro, glycerin, dd ca mt cht keo thn nc, Tween 80...., ri phi hp
t t tng t mt hn hp ny vo ton b lng cht dn. c th to thn
nhng tiu phn kch thc nh , mn, trong qu trnh phi hp phi dng
lng nh, t t v lin tc khuy trn

Ngng kt do phn ng ha hc: Phn ng trao i gia cc cht

s to thnh cht mi l hot cht, khng ha tan trong cht dn c trong
n.Khi tin hnh pha ch nhng hn dch loi ny cn ch 2 bc:
+ BC 1: dng ti a lng cht dn trog n or cng thc pha hai cht
s l thnh phn tham gia phn ng trao i thnh hai dd tht long
+ BC 2: phi hp hai dd vi nhau t t tng t mt v va phi hp va
khuy trn lin tc m bo kch thc cc tiu phn cht kt ta ht sc
nh v ng thi c phn tn ng u nhm thu c hn dch mn t
yu cu

Nh tng thuc:
*nh ngha: L h phn tn c hc vi d th, c hnh thnh t hai cht
lng khng ng tan, trong mt cht lng l pha phn tn ( pha ni, pha
khng lin tc ) c phn tn vo cht lng th 2 l mi trng phn tn
( pha ngoi, pha lin tc) di dng cc tiu phn c hc c kch thc t
0,1 n hng chc micromet

*u , nhc im:
+ u im:
Nh tng cho php phi hp nhiu loi dc nht l cc dc rn c tnh
tan hon ton khc nhau: ch tan trong mt loi dung mi vo trong mt
dng thuc
Nh tng pht huy tc dng iu tr ca hot cht v phn tn cao,
ng nht lm tng din tch tip xc gia cc nh tng vi c th.Lm
tng cng hp thu v tc v nng to tc dng dc l nhanh, mnh,
pht huy iu tr
i vi dng thuc ung nh tng D/N or nh tng kp N/D/N u
im che du mi v kh chu, gim tc dng gy kch ng nim mc ng
tiu ha cua3 dc or gim cm gic bun nn i ma...
Nh tng dng ngoi khng nhng phi hp c nhiu dc khc nhau
vi cc t dc cn thit thu c nhng ch phm mm mn, tc dng
du vi da, t gy nhn, bn da, qun o kh git m ng thi....................
Cc dng thuc dt nh thuc n or thuc trng ch di cu trc
nh tng khng nhng d dng phi hp ng u cc dc v t dc thnh
khi vin c bn c hc cn thit m cn c th gip cc vin ny c
r nhanh phng thch dc lm cho c th hp thu tt pht huy tc dng mong
mun
+ Nhc im:

iu ch kh khn i hi nhng thit b dng c gy c lc phn

tn cn thit, i hi nhng cht h ha t dc thix hp, kh kim, t tin
v nhp ngoi

Phi nm vng k thut pha ch v tnh nang9 thit b

Nh tng bn thn l mt cu trc khng bn vng, d b ph hy,

khng n nh
*Thnh phn:
+ Tng du: bao gm cc cht lng khng phn cc nh du, tinh du,
cc cht ha tan trong du, khng tan trong nc ( cc vitamin tan A, D, E,
K) , cc cao thuc iu ch bng dung mi du...
+ Tng nc: Bao gm cc cht lng phn cc nh nc, cn glycerin, dch
chit tho mc chit bng dung mi nc cn, glycerin, cc cht tan trong
nc khng tan trong du, cc cao thuc, cn thuc...
+ Cht nh ha:

Nhm cht nh ha tan trong nc, to nh tng kiu Du trong Nc

(D/N) nh gm Arabic, Tween, gm Adragant, Gelatin, methylcellulose...

Cc cht nh ha tan trong du, to kiu nh tng nc trong du

( N/D) nh lanolin, sp ong, span,...

Nhm cht nh ha l cht rn c hc lp o c hc bap quanh cc

tiu phn cht phn tn: bentonit, magnesi oxyd, nhm oxyd...
*Cc kiu nh tng:
-Nh tng l mt h phn tn c hnh thnh t hai cht lng khng ng
tan.Theo qui c c gi l 2 tng : tng Du v tng Nc.
+ Tng du bao gm cc cht lng khng phn cc, khng tan trong nc
v
cc cht khc th rn, mm ch tan trong cc cht lng
khng phn cc, khng
tan trong nc
+ Tng nc bao gm tt c cc cht lng phn cc, tan trong nc v cc
cht
khc th rn hoc mm tan c trong cc cht lng phn cc

Khi tng Du phn tn trong mi trng tng Nc th ta c kiu

nh tng Du trong Nc ( D/N) v ngc li khi tng Nc phn tn trong
mi trng tng Du ta c kiu nh tng (D/N)
*PP xc nh kiu nh tng:
- PP pha long bng Du hoc Nc
- PP nhum mu bng cht mu tan trong Du hoc Nc
- PP o dn in

*PP keo kh:

- p dng: + khi dng cht nh ha l cht keo thn nc dng th bt
mn v qui m
iu ch nh vi dng c l ci chy
+ Tnh sn lng cht h ha v lng nc u dng cho ton b lng
cht
keo nh ha
- Qui trnh iu ch:
+ B1: iu ch bt kp cc cht keo thn nc ( l cht h ha) tin hnh
trong ci chy dung tch thix hp, thnh bt mn theo th t nghin mn
bt n cc cht rn, ri trn
thnh bt kp theo k thut iu ch thuc
bt
+ B2: cc c m ha tan cc cht tan trong Du vo tng ni l Du,
phi hp vo
ci, trn nhanh nh vi cc cht trong ci
+ B3: iu ch nh tng c: thm lng nc u ong sn vo ci
dng chy
nh nhanh, mnh, mt chu lin tc n khi hn hp lng
trong ci phn tn u ha
nhau thnh khi nho c qunh mu trng
c
+ B4: Pha long nh tng c: thm cc cht lng or dung dch cc cht
trong dung mi ng tan vi tng ngoi pha long tng ngoi.Tip
theo s thm t t cc cht c, nhng dung dch cht in gii or c
tnh cht ht nc mnh nh glycerin, ....v nu thm sm s nh hng n
tnh bn vng ca nh tng c .Cui cng thm nt lng cht lng tng
ngoi t th tch yu cu

*PP keo t:
- p dng: Thng dng trong trng hp khi lng tng Du ln ( nh
tng du thuc , du c tc dng dc l).Ngta thng dng phi hp
nhiu loi cht h ha v cht h ha thng dng dng dd th v cn c
lc gy phn tn mnh
- Qui trnh iu ch:
+ Chun b iu ch dch th cht nh ha ( ngm cho trng n, phi hp
cht bo qun, gia nhit nu cn...)
+ Iu ch nh tng c : nghin trn v lm bt kp cc cht dng bt,
thm pha Du cha cc cht thuc Du, thm ngay cht h ha dch th
cb sn, s dng lc phn tn mnh, dng chy nh nhanh, mt chu lin

tc, n khi hn hp tr thnh mt khi nho trng mn, ng nht v nge

m thanh lp nhp pht ra l thu c nh tng c
+ Pha long nh tng c bng ho nc ( siro, glycerin, cht in gii
mnh or nng cao,...) cn thn trong khu ny => V: nu khng pha
long vi nc tr, th cc cht ho nc s ht nc ca lp o cht h ha
hnh thnh, v s ph cu trc nh tng.Kt qu nh tng b tch lp Du
v Nc ring
PHN 2
2.1.Thuc m:
*nh ngha:L dng thuc c th cht mm, dng bi ln da hay nim mc
nhm bo v da hoc a thuc thm wa da.Thnh phn ca thuc m gm
mt hay nhiu hot cht c ha tan hoc phn tn di ng u trong
mt t dc hay hn hp t dc thix hp
*Phn loi:
- Thuc m mm ( Unguentum, Pommta) .Th cht mm gn ging nh m
ln hoc Vaselin.T dc dng trong dng ny l cc cht bo: du, m, sp
or cc hydrocarbon, cc silicon....
- Thuc m c hay bt nho bi da ( Pasta dermica) l dng thuc m c
hm lung cao cc dc rn ( 40%) c phn tn di dng ht mn
+ T dc thanh du nh: parafin, vaselin
+ T dc thn nuc: hn hp nc v glycerin
- Sp ( cera, unguentum cream) l dng thuc m c th cht do...c s
dng nh trong nghnh m phm
- Kem bi da ( creama dermica) l dng thuc m c th cht mm v rt
mn do trong thnh phn c hm lng ln cc cht lng ( t dc th lng
hoc hot cht trong du hoc nc)
- Gel: l dng thuc m c cu to bi cc cht lng c gel ha nh cc
tc nhn to gel thix hp
+ Gel thn du: t dc thng c cu to bi parafin lng c cho thm
polyethylen, du bo hoc c gel ha bi oxyd silic keo hay x phng
nhm hoc km
+ Gel thn nc: thng l nc, glycerin, propylen glycol c gel ha
bng cc tc nhn to gel nh gm adragant, tinh bt, dn xut ca
cellulose, carbopol...

* Phn loi theo mc ch s dng v iu tr:

- Thuc m bo v da v nim mc
- Thuc m gy tc dng iu tr ti ch ni bi thuc ..Chia lm hai
nhm:
+ Nhm thuc m trn da
+ Nhm thuc m dng tim trn nim mc ( mt, mi, tai , hu mn)
- Thuc m hp th hay thuc m tc dng ton thn:
+ Thuc m cha cc ni tit t : Progestogel ( ( progesteron)
+ Chng nn: cao dn Ariel ( cha scopolamin)
+ Tr cao HA, chng au tht ngc....
* Yu cu cht lng :
- Phi l hn hp hon ton ng nht gia hot cht v t dc , trong
hot cht pht phi t phn tn cng cao , cng tt
- Th cht mm, mn mng, ng nht, khng tan chy nhit thng v
d bm thnh lp mng khi bi trn da hoc nim mc
- Khng gy kch ng , d ng i vi da v nim mc
- Gy c hiu qu iu tr cao
- Khng gy bn o qun v d ra sch bng x phng v nc

*Phn loi:
- Nhm t dc thn du v khng tan trong nc:
+ Du, m, sp: L nhng cht bo c th cht lng hoc mm
Du lc: c dng tng tng thm, lm tng du trong cc
nh tng
du c: Cha 1 hm lng ln vitamin A v D...hay c dng thoa ln
vt bng, vt thng, vt lot
Du m: C tc dng lm du da v nim mc ,mnh nht trong cc
du thc vt
Du thu du:
Sp ong: l cht ly t t cc loi ong, ty trng bng nh nng mt
tri hoc bng than hot. phi hp vi cc t dc c chy thp
Lanolin: Sp lng cu..dng phi hp vi vaselin thuc m trn v
mn hn
Specmateti: cht mu trng, trng ng, ng nh ly t hc u cc
voi..gi l cht trng c vi...dng phi hp vi cc t dc lm thuc m
c v trn hn
+ Cc hydrocarbon:

Vaselin: Vaselin trung tnh ty mu bng acid hoc kim s c vaselin

trng....phi hp dc cht khng phn cc

Du parafin hay parafin lng: dng phi hp vi cc dc cht cng

nhm hay khc nhm th mm hoc rn iu ch th cht hoc d
nghin mn

Parafin rn: dng iu chnh th cht, tng c, cng ca mt

s t dc mm lng

+ u im:
C th ha tan hoc trn u vi nc theo bt k t l no
D bm thnh lp mng trn da v nim mc
Khng cn tr trao i bnh thng , khng gy kch ng, d ng da
Gii phng hot cht nhanh v hon ton
Khng trn, nhn, t gy bn da, d ra sch

+ Nhc im:

Km bn vng, d nhim vi khun, nm mc

D b kh cng
- Nhm t dc thn nc:
+ Tinh bt, thch alginat, gelatin
+ Dn cht celulose: methyl cellulose ( MC), carboxymethyl cellulose
+ ( CMC) , hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose ( HPMC)
+ Carbopol
+ Polyetylen glycol ( PEG)
* K thut iu ch:
- CB: ty theo tnh cht ca t c m phi hp cc t dc vi nhau
- Phi hp dc vo t dc:
L khu quan trng nht trong qui trnh iu ch thuc m v n quyt nh
mc ng u ca dc cht trong t dc
- PP trn u n gin:
p dng : iu ch thuc m:
+ Hot cht rn khng ha tan hoc phn tn rt t t dc hoc trong dung
mi tr
thng thng
+ Mt s hot cht rn cn gy tc dng ti ch hoc nhm hn ch s hp
thu mc d
d ha tan trong t dc
+ Cc thnh phn hot cht rn nu ha tan s tng l vi nhau
2.2.Thuc sol kh:

* nh ngha: Thuc phun m l dng thuc khi s dng thuc c phn tn

thnh nhng tiu phn rt nh th rn hoc th lng trong khng kh.DC c
th dng bt, dung dch, nh tng c ng trong mt k kn v c
y khi h ti ni iu tr nh p sut ca kh nn, kh ha lng
* u , nhc im:
- u im:
+ Gy tc dng iu tr cao v: gip dc trnh s phn hy cc men tiu ha,
trnh chuyn
ha qua gan
+ To kh ngn phi hp dc c tc dng hip ng gia nhng d tuong
k nhau nu
bo ch chung mt dng thuc
+Trong mt s trng hp c th thay dng thuc tim, thuc ung khi
dng thuc
ny dc chuyn ha khng tt v mt dc ng hc
+ Trong mt s trng hp khc c th trnh c v dng liu thao61 trn b
mt nim mc v gim kch ng
+ Tin s dng, d dng to c mt kiu thuc nhanh chng, chnh xc ,
m bo v
sinh nh c van nh liu
+ Thuc c n nh cao v c cha trong bnh kn, trnh tc dng ca
yu t mi
trng nh: m, khng kh, nh sng, vi sinh vt...
- Nhc im:
+ Mt s thuc sol kh dng ti ch , nu dng nhm xng ht vo ng h
hp s gy
nguy him cht ngi
+ Mt s thuc sol kh phi xng ht vo phi, nu khng c s phi hp ht
th theo ng yu cu, liu thuc s khng hp thu c y
+ K thut sn xut tng i phc tp, ngoi vic sy dng cng thc nh
cc dng bo ch cn phi nghin cu la chn nguyn liu to cc b
phn ph hp, t yu
cu cht lng
*Cc cht c dng pha ch di dng thuc sol kh:
- Hot cht tc dng st trng: menthol, thymol, clohexidin...
- Hot cht c tc dng gin ph qun, tr hen suyn : Salbutamol...
- Hot cht khng vim: corticoid, hydrocortison, beclomethson...
- Hot cht khng sinh: neomycin, fusafungin....
- Hot cht tc dng gy t gim au: lidocain, tetracain,...
- Hot cht khc: tr bng, lm lin so, bo v da, nui dng tc, h HA, co
mch, cung
cp calci, cc vitamin
- Dung mi: khng ch l dung mi ca hot cht m cn phi c tc dng
ha tan, lm tng v phn tn cc cht y..Dung mi thix hp nht:
ethanol, ....PEG, propyl glycol, ethyl acetat, hexylen glycol, aceton, glycol
ether, du khong, nc ct...

- Cht ph: cc cht in ha lm tng tan, lm tang tnh thm, cht

gy phn tn, lm cht nh ha....
*Bnh cha:
- Thnh phn thng dng l thy tinh, hoc kim loi hoc nha do chu p
sut
- Van phn liu: Van nh liu phun khng lin tc v van khng nh liu
phun lin tc
- Np bo qun
* Kh y:
- Kh tr: Carbonic, nito, nitooxyd
- Cc hydrocarbon v dn cht N- butan, propan, freon,
* Trong sol kh c 3 thnh phn:
- Hot cht, dung mi, cht ph
- Bnh cha
- Kh y
2.3.Thuc t:
* nh ngha: L nhng thuc phn liu , c hnh th, kch thc v khi
lng nht nh, c th rn nhit thng, khi t vo hc t nhin ca
c th th chy lng hoc ha tan tring nim dch gii phng hot cht
nhm gy tc dng ti ch hoc ton thn
*u , nhc im:
- u im:
+Thuc t c th c iu ch qui m nh v cng c th iu ch qui
m cng nghip vi k thut t ng hoc bn t ng
+ Thuc t thix hp cho nhng bnh nhn b tn thng ng tiu ha,
nn ma, bnh sau phu thut cn hn m khng s dng bng ng
ung
+Nhng bnh nhn qu tr, qu gi hoc nhng bnh nhn ri lon tm
thn dng thuc ng trc trng d hn ng ung
+Thuc n iu tr tt gim c ti 70% thuc qua gan v c hp thu
qua tnh mch trc trng
- Nhc im:
+ S hp thu t thuc n d9i6 khi chm v khng hon ton
+ S hp thu thay i nhu gia cc c th v ngay trong cng mt c th
+ S dng thuc n i khi gy vim trc trng

+ Kh m bo tui th ca thuc thix hp

+ Kh bo qun, cch dng bt tin
* hp thu thuc trc trng:
Do sinh l ring, trc trng c h tnh mch dy c c chia thnh 3
vng: tnh mch trc trng di, tnh mch trc trng gia v tnh mch trc
trng trn
Sau khi t thuc vo trc trng , vin thuc c chy lng hoc ha tan
trog nim dch, dc cht c gii phng v hp thu vo c th theo cc
ng sau:
- Theo tnh mch trc trng di v tnh mch trc trng gia qua tnh mch
ch di ri vo h tun hon chung khng qua gan
- Theo tnh mch trc trng trn vo tnh mch ca, qua gan ri vo h tun
hon chung .Mc hp thu ca thuc vo v tr vin thuc trong ng trc
trng
- Nu nh vin thuc c t vng tnh mch trc trng di th t l
dc cht c hp thu theo ng th nht l 70%, theo ng th hai l
30%
- Nu nh vin thuc c t vng tnh mch trc trng gia th t l
dc cht c hp thu theo mi ng l 50%
*Yu cu cht lng ca thuc t:
- Hnh dng , kch thc, khi lng ph hp ni t thuc
- Phi c bn c hc nht nh, gi c hnh dng trong qu trnh bo
qun, khi s dng c th dng tay t d dng
- Chy lng thn nhit hoc ha tan trong nim dch gii phng dc cht
- Du vi da v nim mc ni dt thuc v to c tc dng mong mun
- ng u v hm lng v khi lng vin
- Gii phng dc cht tt
* K thut iu ch:
- PP nn: l pp n gin nht, khng yu cu trang thit b phc tp, thng
p dng cho dc cht khng bn vng nhit cao
- PP p khun
- PP un chy khun:
Nguyn tc: dc c ha tan hoc phn tn trong t dc c
un chy, sau vo khun c th tch nht nh nhit thix hp

+ CB dng c: qui m nh s dng cc dng c:

Ci chy, dao lm nh t dc v nghin mn dc
Chn s cc loi un chy t c
Khun thuc cc loi bng ng nhm, cht d c hnh dng kch thc
thix hp.Khun c bi trn bng x phng hoc du parafin ty thuc t
dc thn du hay thn nc
qui m cng nghip:
+ Nguyn liu: m bo thnh phm t yu cu v hm lng, s lng
v s ng u khi tnh ton nguyn liu iu ch thuc t phi bng pp
un chy khun cn ch :
Phi tnh d 10% tr hao phn dnh dng c.Nu lng vin iu
ch t, c th tnh phna62 hao ht cao hn
Trong trng hp dc v t dc c t trng khc nhau v2a2 lng dc
trong vin ln h 0,05g th phi cn vo c vo h s thay th tnh chnh
xc lng t dc cn dng...
+ Phi hp dc cht vo t dc:
khun: khi thuc ngui n gn nhit ng c, khun
c tit khun, bi trn v lm lnh
Trong lc ngui khun phi khuy u trnh lng ng, c
bit l thuc c cu trc kiu hn dch
Phi y v cao hn mt khun 1 - 2 mm
Sau khi khun phi lm lnh vin thuc ngay thuc ng rn
hon ton, trnh tch lp .Khi khi thuc ng rn hon ton dng dao gt
phn tha pha trn , tho khun ly thuc
DVN III qui nh bo qun thuc t nhit 30C
2.4.Thuc bt:
*nh ngha:
- L dng thuc rn, gm cc ht nh, kh ti, c mn
xc nh, cha mt hay nhu hot cht
- Trong thuc bt cn c thm cc t dc nh: t dc n, t dc ht, t
dc iu hng, cht mu
- Trong y hc c truyn, thuc bt c gi l ' thuc tn'
*u , nhc im:
- u im:
+Bo ch n gin, d ng gi v vn chuyn
+ Tng i n nh trong qu trnh bo qun, tui th ko di
+ C tnh sinh kh dng cao hn cc dng thuc rn khc

- Nhc im:
+ Kh ung
+ Kh bo qun( d ht m)
*Tiu chun cht lng ca thuc bt:
- Thuc bt kh ti (ng nht )
- m khng qu 9%
- Phi t mn qui nh
ng u v hm lng v khi lng

Cc thuc bt thuc loi sau phi t tiu chun:

- Thuc bt pha tim: phi p ng cc tiu chun cht lng i vi thuc
tim, thuc tim truyn dng bt
- Thuc bt ung: phi t tan hay phn tn trong nc
- Thuc bt dng ngoi: phi t v khun, mn
*K thut bo ch thuc bt:
- Giai on nghin bt n:
+ DC c khi lng ln th nghin trc, sau xc ra khi ci ri nghin
nghin tp cc cht c kl t hn
+ DC c t trng ln cn phi nghin mn hn dc c t trng nh gim
khi lng ca tiu phn dc lm cho bt kp d trn thnh khi ng nht,
trnh hin tng phn lp
- Giai on trn bt kp:
+ DC c kl t nht vo trc, thm dn cc cht c khi lng nhu vo sau,
mi ln thm
vo bng vi kl bt c sn trong ci ( trn theo nguyn tc
ng lng)
+ DC c t trng nng cho vo trc, nh cho vo sau trnh bay bi gy
huem664
khng kh v hao ht bt dc
+ Thuc bt c cha dc c tnh cao thng thng c khi lng nh
trnh hao ht ngta lt 1 kl thuc khc

Mt s trng hp cn ch :
- DVN I qui nh i vi cht c c c tnh cao, nu lng trong n <
50mg phi dng bt pha long ( bt nng ).. .
+DC c liu dng hng miligam dng bt pha long 1%
+ Cht c dng liu hng centigam dng bt pha long 10%
+ T dc long thng thng l: lactose.
+ kt ng u ca khi bt, ngta dng cho thm vo thnh phn bt
pha long 0,25 - 1% cht mu ( thng dng carmin) khi pha ch cht
mu dng vi cht c

- Trong trng hp cht lng ( tinh du, du khong, glycerin, cn thuc, cao
lng) trong cng thc thuc bt th lng cht lng khng qu 10% so vi
lng cht rn
- Nu lng cht lng nhu phi thm bt tr c kh nng ht v phi ch
thix lng bt tr thm vo
- Nu cht lng l tinh du phi cho vo sau cng trnh bay
hi
- Thuc bt c khng sinh th dc cng tham gia vi khng sinh phi kh,
khng ht m v c iu ch , ng gi trong iu kin v khun
2.5.Thuc cm:
* nh ngha: l dng thuc rn, c iu ch t bt v t dc dnh , c
dng ht nh xp hay si ngn xp, thng dng ung bng cch ha vi
nc hay mt cht thch hp hoc pha thnh dung dch , hn dch hay siro
* Thnh phn:
- Dc cht: c th l ha cht, cao thuc hoc dch chit dc liu...
- T dc:
+ T dc dnh: siro, dung dch PVP, dung dch CMC,...
+ T dc n : bt saccarose, lactose,...
+ T dc iu hng v...
-> Nu l cm pha hn dch, c th dng thm t dc r gy thm, n nh
*PP xt wa ry:
- Trn bt kp: tin hnh trn bt kp cc dc hoc dc vi t dc rn theo
nguyn tc chung
- To khi m: trn bt kp vi t dc dnh lng to thnh khi bt do
ng nht
- Xt ht: bng tay hay bng my xt ht wa c ry thix hp
- Sy cm: nhit thch hp 30 - 60C cho ti kh ( m < 5%)
- Sa ht : sa ht wua ry qui nh loi b bt mn v cc vn
ng gi, bo qun
*PP phun sy: Thng dng bo ch cm ha tan, cm t dch chit dc
liu
* ng u khi lng khi ng gi: 5%
2.6.Vin nn:

* nh ngha: L dc phm rn , c hnh dng nht nh, mi vin cha

lng chnh xc ca mt hoc nhiu hot cht , c bo ch bng cch nn
khi ht thuc c t dc hoc khng trn my dp vin
*u , nhc im:
- u im:
+ D chia liu mt ln tng i chnh xc
+ Th tch gn nh, d vn chuyn, mang theo ngi
+ D che du mi v kh chu ca dc
+ DC n nh, tui tho di hn dng thuc lng
+ D du t sn xut ln do gi thnh gim
+ ng s dng rng: c th ung, trn vin nn thng c ch nhn
bit tn thuc
-Nhc im:
+ Khng phi tt c cc dc iu ch c thnh vin nn
+ Sau khi dp vin, din tch b mt tp xc ca dc vi mi trng ha tan
gim nhu , do vi dc t tan nu bo ch vin nn khng tt , SKD thuc
c th b gim kh nhu
+ SKD vin nn thay i tht thng do qu trnh bo ch , c rt nhu yu
t tc ng n n nh ca dc v kh nng gii phng dc ca vin nh:
m, t dc, lc nn...
*PP iu ch thuc vin nn:
- PP dp trc tip:
+ Mt s ha dc c cu trc tinh th vi liu lng theo yu cu c th
dp thng trn my m khng cn thm t dc...amino bromid, amoni
chlorid, kali bromid, kali clorid, natri tetraborat, km sulfat, ....
+ Khi bn thn hot cht khng th dp trc tip nhng khi thm t dc
n hoc t dc ci thin tnh dnh, r, trn,...th c th dp vin...Phi s
dng t dc a nng c tnh dnh, trn chy cao nh dicalciphosphat, cc
dn cht ca cellulose, dn cht tinh bt, lactose sy phun, ...
*PP xt ht :
+ Xt ht kh: thch hp cho loi cht km bn vi nhit , m nh cc
vitamin, natri hidrocarbonat, khng sinh, enzyme....PP xt ht kh t thng
dng, l la chn cui cng vi pl xt ht t v pp nn trc tip
+ Xt ht t: PP la chn hng u cho cc cht khng k nhit v m
ng thi c th p dng cho nhng hot cht n nh khng cao lm nh
vitamin, khng sinh, natri hydrocarbonat,...

+ Xt ht tng phn: Thch hp cho cng thc vin nn c nhu dc cht

vi n nh khc nhau hoc c dc ch c s lng nh........

*Cc loi t dc:

- T dc n:
+ Cn gi l t dc pha long nhm lm tng th tch, khi lng vin ti
mc thch hp to hnh km theo ci thin tnh chu nn, trn chy ca
hot cht
+ T dc n tan trong nc:
Lactose, lactose phun sy
Saccarose
Glucose
Manitol
Sorbitol
-

+T dc n khng tan trong nc:

Bt
tinh bt bin tnh
Cellulose
Cc mui v c: calci carbonat, calci sulfat, kaolin, natri hidrocarbonat,
natri carbonat, magnesi carbonat, calci hidrophosphat...
- T dc dnh:
+ to mi trng trung gian cho bt, ht thuc d lin kt thnh khi kh
nn vin t cng cn thit chu c lc tc ng khi bo qun , vn
chuyn
+ T dc dnh th lng:
H tinh bt
Dch th gelatin
Dch th PVP
Dn cht cellulose: + Methyl cellulose : dng dch th 1 - 5% trong
nc
+ Natri carboxymethyl cellulose : thng dng dch th 5 - 15% /nc
+ Ethyl cellulose : 2 - 10% trong cn
+ T dc dch th rn: bt ng, tinh bt bin tnh, cht cellulose, Avicel....
- T dc r:
+ gip vin thuc khi tip xc vi nc hoc dch th s chuyn t cu trc
rn sang dng phn tn thnh nhiu ht nh..R l qu trnh khi u ca
phng thch tan do c nh hng n SKD ca thuc.. r l tiu chun
c qui nh trong vin thng thng

Vin nn r theo c ch l ha bng cch trng n v ha tan

Vin nn r theo c ch ha hc bng phn ng to kh carbonic hoc
oxy
+ Cc loi t dc r:
Tinh bt v dn cht
Dn cht ca tinh bt : tinh bt thy phn, natri starch glycolate,...
Dn cht ca cellulose: cellulose vi tinh th, natri carboxy methyl
cellulose , calci carbonat , methyl cellulose cc dn cht ny khng tan trong
nc...lm t dc dnh , r do trng n mnh
Acid alginic v cc mui alginat
Magnese - nhm silicate: khng tan nhng trng n mnh trong nc
- T dc trn:
+ Chng ma st: gim ma st gia vin v thnh ci, gip cho vic y vin
ra khi ci c d dng hn
+Chng dnh: gim dnh vin vo b mt chy
+ iu ha s chy: tng cng trn chy ca bt hoc dp vin do gim
ma st lin
kt tiu phn, lm cho vin d ng nht v khi lng v
hm lng
+ Lm cho b mt vin bng p

+ Cc loi t dc hay dng:

Acid stearic v cc mui

Tacl

Aerosil
- Cc t dc khc: t dc mu, t dc ht, t dc m, cht lm thm,
cht n nh

* Tiu chun cht lng:

+ Tiu chun dc in:
r
ng u khi lng
ng u hm lng
nh lng
ha tan

+ Tiu chun nh sn xut:

cng

mi mn

2.7.Bao vin:
*nh ngha: l vin nn c bao bng mt hay nhiu lp mng ca hn
hp cc cht khc nhau( nha, gm, gelatin, t dc tr kong6 tan, ng,
cht ha do, alcol a chc, sp ong, cht mu v cc cht thm qui
nh..Cht dng iu ch bao ng c iu ch di dng dung dch
hoc hn dch trong qu trnh sn xut s bay hi dung mi to thnh lp
bao cho ra sn phm vin bao
*Mc ch ca vin bao:
- Che du mi, v , mu sc ca hot cht, nu cc yu t cm quan ny
km hp dn
- Bo v hot cht chng li cc yu t bt li ca mi trng ( m v
nh sng) gip cho hot cht n nh hn
- Cch ly hot cht, trn tc ng ca cc yu t bt li trong d dy, hoc
tc ng kch ng ca hot cht trn nim mc da dy
- Thay i s phng thch ca hot cht nh phng thch chm, phng thch
ko di
- Cch ly khc phc tng k nu c gia cc thnh phn: lp bao cha
hot cht, bao thuc ht, vi ht, bao cch lp..
* Phn loi:
- Theo vt liu v k thut bao:
+ Vin bao ng: Vt liu gm nhu tp khc nhau: kaolin, gelatin, gm
arabic nhng
ch yu l ng saccarose
+Vin bao phim: cn gi l vin bao mng mng: lp bao l mt lp rt
mng, thng khong 0.1m, to bi cc t dc c kh nng to mng
bn vng,nh: polyme hu c
thin nhin hoc tng hp
+ Vin bao bng cch nn: cn gi l vin nn kp...
- Theo chc nng ca lp bao:
+ Vin bao tan trong da dy: lp bao khng lm thay i c tnh r cu vin
nhn thng l loi r trong d dy, trong trng hp ny lp bao c chc
nng cch ly, bo v, che du mi v, hoc ci thin cm quan cho vin
+ Vin bao tan trong rut: vin c lp bao khng tan trong dch v d dy,
ch tan v phng thch hot cht trong rut
+ Vin bao phng thch ko di: lp bao c chc nng kim sot s phng
thch , thng lm hot cht phng thch t t hoc ko di
*Cc giai on bao ng:
- Bao cch ly nhn: +Bo v nhn khi b tc ng bt li l m trong
tin trnh bao nhn,
ng thi cng lm tng cng,
gim mi mn

+ Dch lng thng l t dc s nc, chng m : zein, cnh kin

shellac, gelatin
- Bao nn:
+nhm lm trn gc cnh ca vin v gim bt dy lp
bao...
+ Lp bao du vi siro n hoc siro cng vi t dc khc to lp bao nh
hnh cho vin thnh phm
+ Bao dung dich v rc bt kh: t dc dnh l dung dch ng trong nc
hoc ng v mt hoc nhiu t dc dnh khc ha tan trong dung mi
thch hp: gelatin, dch siro - gm arabic, h tinh bt - PVP...
- Bao hn dch: bt t dc c trn chung tronh dch ng to thnh
hn dch, ti u hn dch ny trn b mt vin, mi ln phi va
trnh dnh vin...
- Bao nhn: nhm lm cho b mt vin nhn cc bc sau cng ca quy
trnh to b mt tt hn, nh hng quan trong n hnh thc ca thnh
phm
- Bao mu: mu c chn l mu tan trong nc, hoc tt hn l mu
khng tan trong nc
- nh bng: + Hay dng t dc h tr lm bng nh: sp ong tinh ch,
parafin lng hoc rn, sp carnauba,....
*u, nhc im ca pp bao phim mng mng:
- u im:
+ Mng mng tng kl vin nh
+ Time ngn, qu trnh n gin
+ Vin nhn t b nh hng, vn gi c hnh dng vin ban u
- Nhc im:
*u , nhc im ca pp bao phim:
-Thit b v thao tc bao khng qu phc tp, c th dng ni bao ng
trin khai, c th t ng ha c
-Thit b phun v lu lng phun dch bao c ngha quyt nh trong quy
trnh bao, dch bao c th nn qua u phun hay sng phun theo kiu n
gin dng khng kh nn phn tch dch bao ngay u phun..hoc dng
thit b kiu h thng kn, nn kh p sut cao rn khi dch bao, p dch
qua u phun, h thng ny phc tp hn, nhng cht lng cung cp dch
bao tt hn

- Dung mi hu c kh t v nhiu c hi, nhim mi trng, c th ci

tin bng cch s dng dung mi nc, hoc hn hp cn nc, c th p
dng trn t dc ethyl cellulose hoc vi dn cht acid acrylic
- Vi ni bao ng c in nng sut trung bnh mi ln ch bao c
khong 15 - 75kg nhn,hao ht t dc quy trnh bao phim thng kh
nhu..Khc phc bng ni bao ci tin: nm nghing c c l xung quanh
thng kh, nhanh kh vin hoc t trong h thng kn d thu hi bi,
dung mi or kt hp sy bao chn khng
2.8.Thuc nang:
*nh ngha:
-L dng phn liu gm dc cht c cha trong mt lp
v rng gi l nang
(capsule). V nang c ch to t gelatin, tinh bt hoc dn cht
cellulose.
Thng dng nht hin nay l v nang gelatin.DC trong
nang c th dng rn,
lng hay mm
- Thuc nang ch yu dng ung , ngoi ra cn dng t
( trc trng, m o)
*u , nhc im:
- u im:
+ Chuyn dng lng thnh dng rn nn d ung hn v c s phn liu
chnh xc, nht l i vi cc dung dch du, l dng lng rt kh ung
+ SKD ca dng nang mm cao hn vin nn hoc vin nang cng do dc
cht c ha tan thnh dd hoc phn tn thnh hn dch trc khi ng
vo nang
+ Khi c nhng vn v SKD , c th iu chnh cng thc d dng bng
cch thay i
mi tng phn tn ( thanh nc hoc thn du), thay i
t ngt nht... v c th
to c di dng thuc p ng yu cu
iu tr d dng
- Nhc im:
+ Cc dc cht kch thch nim mc ng tiu ha th khng nn ng
nang v sau khi v nang r s tp trung nng thuc cao ti ni gii
phng thuc
*Phn bit:
- Thnh phn ca v nang cng:

+ Gelatin: gelatin dng lam v nag cng nn Bloom trong khong 150 280g
nht gelatin l mt yu t quan trng gip kim sot dy ca lp
gelatin trong k thut iu ch v nang cng. nht ca gelatin dng lm
v nang cng phi trong khong 30 - 60 milipoise. nht c xc nh
trn dd gelatin c nng 2(3) -6% (KL/KL)
+ Cht mu: Cht mu tan trong nc hoc khng tan trong nc u c th
c dng lm v nang cng..Thng dng nht l cc mu khng tan trong
nc nh oxid st
+ Cht to c: Chc nng l gip cho dc cht bn trong khng b tc
ng bi nh sng, thng dng nht l titan dioxid
+ Cht bo qun: thng dng cc dn xut ca paraben hoc cc sulfur
dioxid di dng natri metasulfit hoc natri sulfit
+ Nc: Nc kh khong c dng iu ch dd gelatin.V nang
cng c hm lng khong 12 - 16% Nc tc ng nh mt tc nhn ha
do cho nang cng .Nu hm m thp hn 12% v nang thng dn v d
v, khi hm lng nc cao, v nang b do v dnh vo nhau
*Cc pp iu ch nang mm:
- PP nhng khun:
+ Nguyn tc: cc khuon kim loi hnh qu trm nhng vo dd gelatin
un n nhit 45 - 50C..........Thao tc ng khun vo nang c thc
hin bng pipet, biret hoc mt bm tim phn liu....V nang c hng
kn bng cch nh 1 git geletin nng chy hoc dng mt m hn gia
nhit cho gelatin nng chy
- PP nh git: gm 5 cng on:
+ iu chnh dd gelatin
+ To hnh v nang v ng thuc vo nang
+ Lm lnh vin nang
+ Ra sch vin nang
+ Sy kh vin nang
- PP p trn khun c nh

Loi c dng nhu nht:

*Yu cu cht lng:

ng u hm lng
ng u khi lng
nh tnh, nh lng, tp cht
r

*Bo qun nhit khng qu 30C

2.9.Thuc y hc c truyn:
*Mc ch:
- Lm gim bt hoc loi b c tnh , tc dng ph ca thuc
VD: Ba u p b du, M tin nu vi gim
- Thay i tnh v ca thuc:
VD: a hong dng sng th tnh hn, gy tiu chy, nhng nu ch thnh
thc a c tnh m, tc dng b
- a thuc nhp kinh
VD: Si h, hng ph tm gim nhp kin can
- Lm tng hiu lc iu tr , to ra tc dng tr bnh mi
VD: Cam tho tm mt lm nhun ph, cm ho
- Phn chia v thuc n kch thc, hn dng hp l, tin li v ph hp vi
thi quen ca ngi s dng
VD: Mu l
- n nh v bo qun dl lu di v an ton
- Loi b c mi v kh chu
VD: Bch cng tm sao tru lm loi b mi v
- Loi tp v b phn khng c tc dng
VD: Ma hong b gc mt, hng ph b r con, ng cng b u ui
*PP thy ch: ch bin dl vi s tc ng ca mt cht lng thch hp
( nc , dm...) nhm:
- loi tp cht
- Gim c tnh
- c tnh nng, tc dng mun c
- d phn chia c liu
*PP thy ha ch:

- Chng: nhm thay i tnh nng, gim bt tc dng ph gip cho vic iu
tr tt hn
- : nhm dit men trong dl trnh thy phn hot cht , lm mm d
bo thi
*Thc a:
* Hng ph: -PP tm gim sao: nhm:
+ Gim kch thch ca v dl
+ Tng tc dng v a thuc vo kinh can
Dng dm n hay dd acid acetic 3 - 5% t 1000ml - 2000ml cho 10kg dc
liu
- PP tm nc tiu ng tin: nhm gy tc dng ging ha ( h nhit ) v
dn
thuc vo mu
- PP sao tn tnh( sao en , hc sao) nhit sao 100C, nhm:
+ Lm thay i tnh cht ca c liu
+ Tng tc dng tiu thc ca v thuc
Dng la mnh , cho cho tht nng, dc liu vo, o u , khi c khi
ln nhu rt la , y np ngui, kt bn ngoi dc liu chy en, b i
ming dl thy bn trong mu vng l c
*Hoa he:- PP sao chy: Dng nhit cao sao nhm lm tng tc dng
ch huyt
Dng la mnh t cho tht nng, dl vo, o u ti khi khi bc nhu
y np li, tt la, ngui.DL mt ngoi chy en ti 70% , bn trong
vng nu
-PP sao vng ( hong sao) dng nhit khong 70 - 80C nhm:
+ Lm thuc bt tnh hn
+ Lm thuc c mi thm
+ Dit cc loi nm mc, men c tring dl
Dng la nh, o u n khi dl c mi thm, mt ngoi dl hi vng, bn
trong dl vn nh c l c
*Thuc thang:
- nh ngha:
L mt trong nhng dng thuc ca y hc c truyn c cu to t cc
thuc c ch bin v phi ng theo pp y hc c truyn, n v c truyn,
on v liu l thang.y l dng pha ch theo n trong y hc c truyn

Thuc thang c bo ch bng cch sc vi nc sch nhit bng

hoc di 100C, ngoi ra cn c th ngm vi ru nhit thng, hoc
to bt , to hon

- u , nhc im:
+ u im:
n thuc c thay i linh hot, ph hp vi tng i tng iu tr
Thuc hp th nhanh , manh ( thng c ung nng ngay sau khi
va c sc xong)
D0 kt hp nhu v dl trong thuc thang nn co tc dng iu tr hip
ng v lu di
Dng c iu ch n gin v r tin

+ Nhc im:

Mi v kh chu, khng thch hp cho tr em

Thang thuc cng knh

Phi qua qu trnh sc mi dng c, gy phin phc cho ngi dng

- Cc phn ca thang thuc:
+ V Qun: ch dc, tr nguyn nhn sinh bnh ( bnh cn)
+ V Thn: ph dc, h tr cho v qun tr cc triu chng km theo
+ V T: gii quyt cc triu chng ph
+ V S: dn thuc vo kinh
- Sc thuc c tc dng pht tn: cha phong nhit, phong hn:
+C mc ch l ly kh ( tnh dng) cua thuc l chnh, v vy dng la to (
v ha) , sc
nhanh vi nc va ngp dl , sc 1 ln vi time un si
khong 20 - 30 pht khng
kh thot ra nhu
+ Sau khi sc xong cho bnh nhn ung trn gi lnh
- Sc thuc c tc dng bi b v cha cc bnh khc:
+ C mc ch l ly v ( tnh m) ca thuc l chnh..v vy lc u dng la
ln sau la nh ( vn ha) sc chm cht thuc c time ha trong nc,
do cn nhu nc ( nc ngp trn dl khong 2 -3 cm) sau khi si y
kn v rt nh la sao cho gi c nc si ln nh nhng v u n.Time
un si ln 1 khong 45 - 60 pht k t bt u si .Khi time , cht ly
dch ln 1 , ch nn dl lun lun ngp mt nc
+ Nu trong n thuc c ghi sc ln 2 hoc thy b thuc cn thm v cn
v th tin hnh sc ln 2. nc si vo m c sn dl cn nng, lng

nc t hn ln 1 nhng vn phi ngp dl.Thi gian un si u trong

khong 30 - 45 pht, gn ly dch 2.Gp 2 nc , khuy u chia 2 - 3 ln
*Tr thuc:
- nh ngha: L dng thuc c bit gm 1 hoc nhu dl c ch bin v
phn liu ki dng iu ch thnah2 dich hm thay nc ung tring mi
ngy...thng pha ch v s dng trong ngy...
- u , nhc im:
- u im:
+ iu ch n gin, c th sn xut hng lot qui m
nh
+ S dng thun tin, khc phc c nhc im phi un nng ca thang
thuc
- Nhc im: + Thng ch p dng cho cc dl c cu trc mng manh d
chit xut
nh hoa,l,...
+ Do nng hot cht thp nn dl tc dng iu tr hn ch trong mt
s trng hp nh cm mo, li tiu, gii kht,....
2.10.Tng k bo ch:
*nh ngha: L hin tng xy ra trong iu kin xc nh, do s tc ng
qua li gia:
- Cc loi hot cht vi nhau
- Hot cht vi t dc
- Hot cht hoc t dc vi vt liu bao b
- Hot cht vi c th khi s dng
Cc tc ng qua li coi l tng l nhau khi dn n s thay i t ngt
mt hay hon ton tnh cht l ha hoc dc l, l ch phm khng t yu
cu cht lng v ng nht, bn vng, gim hoc khng cn hiu lc
iu tr
*Nguyn nhn:
- Do s phi hp nhu thnh phn trong cng thc hay n thuc nhm mc
tiu iu
tr
- Pha ch khng ng k thut
*Hu qu:
- Khng gy c hiu qu iu tr nh d kin ca ngi k n hay ngi
thit k
cng thc
- Sn phm mi to ra c th gy hu qu xu, khng an ton cho ngi
bnh

*Phn loi tng k:

- Tng k vt l: L hin tng phi hp hai hay nhu cht vi nhau trong
cng mt n thuc, lm thay i trng thi ca dng thuc nhng ha tnh
khng i.Tng k vt l biu hin qua cc hin tng
1. Tng k vt l gy bin i th cht:

To thnh hn hp eutecti ( Methol + long no)

Khi phi hp 2 cht rn trong n thuc bt theo mt t l nht nh, c
trng hp im chy ca hn hp thp hn im chy ca mi thnh
phn.Nu im chy ny thp hn nhit ca mi trng th hn hp m,
mm hoc ha lng
Thng cc cht c cha nhm chc phenol, ceton, aldehyd khi phi hp vi
nhau theo t l nht nh c th to thnh hin tng eutecti
VD: + Phenol vi long no, acid salicylic, long no
+ Cloral hydrat vi acid salicylic , pyramidon...
- Khc phc:
+ Gi ring tng hot cht
+Bao hot cht bng bt tr nh lactose, kaolin, tinh bt..
VD:

Menthol................0,5g
Long no.............. 0,5g
Bt tacl.................10g

Menthol v long no phi hp vi nhau theo t l bng nhau nh trong n

s to hn hp c th cht lng
Khc phc: trn bt tacl vi tng cht ring, sau phi hp nh nhng 2
hn hp vi nhau

To thnh hn hp m nho:
Mt s dc cht kt tih, ngm nhu phn t nc nh: NaSO.10 H0
MgS0.7H0...,khi phi hp nhau trong dng thuc bt s c kh nng tch
cc phn t nc kt tinh trong qu trnh nghin , trn...v khi thuc s tr
nn m t.
- Khc phc:
+ Thay th cc mui ngm nc kt tnh bng cc mui khan, vi s lng
tng ng
+i khi i dng bo ch thn dng dd siro

 To thnh hn hp rn khi lu:

Do cc dc cht c tnh ht m mnh
Trong qu trnh nghin trn , bo qun, cc cht ho m t mi trng
VD: Natri hydrocarbonat + Bismut nitrat base + Magnesi oxyt +
Calccicarbonat
Lu hunh + Magnesi oxyt + Calccicarbonat + calci phosphat
- Khc phc:
+ Chng m
+ Khng lu
2. Tng k vt l gy kt ta v phn lp:
- Hot cht khng tan c trong dung mi c ghi:
Do phi hp dc cht vi dung mi khng ph hp:

Phi hp dc cht t tan hoc thc t khng tan trong dung mi nc

VD: tinh du, menthol, long no, diclofenac...

Phi hp dc cht rn tring dung mi phn cc vi cc dung mi

khng phn cc
VD: cc mui alcaloid vi dung mi l du

Dc cht tan c trong dung mi nhng nng dc cht vt qu

tan

Trong thnh phn c nhiu dc cht tan c trong dung mi nhng

tng lng dc cht tan vt qu nng bo ha
VD: Trong cc n potio thuc
- Khc phc:
+ Thay i, iu chnh dung mi
+ Thay bng dn cht d tan
+ Dng cht trung gian ha tan
+ Tng lng dung mi
+ Iu ch dng thuc khc
- Hai cht lng khng ng tan gy hin tng phn lp:
+ Khc phc:

Thay i dung mi

iu ch dng nh tng
VD1:
Metyl salicylat
DD du long no 10%

3g
50g

Cn 70
50ml
M.f.Sol
Metyl salicylat v long no tan c trong cn cao v du, nhng du
thc vt khng tan c trong cn( tr du thu du)
+ Khc phc: thay dung mi iu ch dd du hay dung dch cn
VD2:
Du thu du
Tinh du bc h
siro n
Nc ct

30g ( t tan/ khng tan trong nc)

3 git ( tan trong du thu du)
20g ( khng tan trong du)
100ml ( thm cht nh ha : gm arabic)

+ Khc phc: thm cht h ha v iu ch nh tng ung

- Thay i tan ca hot cht:
tan ca 1 dc cht c th thay i khi thm mt dung mi khc vo,
gy hin tng kt ta
+ Khc phc:

Trnh phi hp chung 2 dung mi

iu ch dng hn hp bng pp ngng kt

VD:
Cn kp opi - benzoic ( khong tan trong nc)
20g
Siro n
20g
Nc ct
100ml
M.f.Potio
Cn kp opi - benzoic vi nc s c ta do thnh phn chnh ca cn kp
khng tan trong nc
+ Khc phc: iu ch dng hn dch bng cch ha t t cn kp opibenzoic vo siro n to ta mn thanh nc d phn tn u trong nc
- Nh tng b ph hy:
Cc cht in gii mnh, cn cao , acid mnh...c th lm ph hy cu
trc nh tng
+ Khc phc: Trnh phi hp ci cht gy tng k
- ng vn dd keo:
Hin tng ny xy ra khi phi hp cc cht keo thn nc vi cc cht in
gi mnh, cn cao , acid mnh,...Cc cht keo gp trong bo ch nh bc
keo, gm, thch,...
+ Khc phc: Trnh phi hp cht gy tng k

3.Tng k vt l gy hp th:
Cc cht gy hp th mnh nh kaolin, nhm hydroxit, bentonit, than tho
mc, cc cht tng hp cao phn t...c th lm chm tc gii phng
hot cht v tc dng ca thuc b gim
*Tng k ha hc: Thng gp trong cc dng bo ch lng, phc tp hn,
a n nhiu hu qu hn v gy kh khn cho ngi pha ch
1.Tng k ha hc gy vn c, kt ta:
Do phn ng trao i
+ Mui ca kim loi kim th vi mt s amion nh carbonat, phosphat,
sulfat, salicylic
+ Mui ca acid hu c m gc l acid kh tan trong nc nh acid benzoic,
acid salicylic... vi cc acid v c ( HCL, HSO)
+ Cc mui alcaloid vi cc base mnh nh NaOH, KOH hay cc mui kim
nh natri carbonat, natri hydrocarbonat, mui natri ca barbituric...
- Khc phc:
+ Tng lng dung mi thch hp ha tan
+ Thay th mt trong s cc dc cht c th tham gia vo phn ng trao
i bng cc dc cht khc khng gy tng k c tc dng dc l tng
t
+ iu chnh mi trng hay pH mi trng thch hp
Do phn ng kt hp:
+ Tanin vi cc mui alcaloid , urotropin, novocain,...
+ Tanin vi mt s cht c bn cht protein nh gelatin, albumin...
+ Tanin vi cc mui kim loi kim th . kim loi nng nh Ca, Zn, Pb, Hg,
Fe,...
+ Iod v kali odid vi alcaloid
- Khc phc:
+ Acid ha nh mi trng lm tan ta
+ C th lm tan tanat alcaloid bng cn, glycerol hay hn hp hai dung mi
ny
+ Pha ch rin cc tc nhn gy tng k
Do phn ng thy phn:
Xy ra trong iu kin nht nh, c bit trong mi trng nc, hi nc,
nhit cao, pH acid hay kim , cc men..S thy phn hot cht hu c
c th lm hy cu trc ha hc ca hot cht.

+
+
+
+

Este: d b thy phn trong pH kim

Amid: thy phn trong mi trng acid hoc base
Lactam: thy phn trong pH acid
Ete: thy phn trong pH acid

- Khc phc:
+ Khng s dung hoc thay th tc nhn thay i pH
+ iu chnh pH, dng dung mi khan
+ ng gi ring
2.Tng k ha hc gy ta kh:
Khi gp acid, cc mui nh carbonat, hydro carbonat cho k C0, nitric ta
kh NO , sulfat gii phng kh S0
3.Tng k ha hc do phn ng oxy ha kh:
Qa trnh oxy ha kh a n kt qu l lm thay i tnh cht v tc dng
ca ch phm,Cc phn ng oxy ha kh xy ra gia:
- Cc cht c tnh oxy ha mh vi cc cht c tnh kh
- Cc cht c tnh kh mnh vi oxy trong dd hay trong khng kh:
Cc nhm c tnh kh mnh nh: phenol, catechol, ete, acid carboxylic,
aldehuyd
VD: vitamin C, adrenalin,....
- Khc phc:
+ Trnh s tip xc trc tip gia cc dc cht, t dc c tnh kh vi
dc cht v ngc li
+Thay th cc hp phn trong n thuc hoc trong cng thc c kh nng
gy tng k
+ Thm vo thnh phn ca ch phm cc cht ph khng c tc dng dc
l ring , trnh qu trnh oxy ha kh
* Tng k ha hc do phn ng to phc:
1.Tng k ha hc trong cc dng thuc rn:
Dng thuc rn phn ng chm hn so vi dng dd
2 Tng k dc l:
+ La chn ng s dng khng hp l
+ Phi hp cc hot cht khng hp l

+ Cc phi hp lm gim hay lm mt tc dng

+ Nhm ln cc hot cht c tn tng t nhng tc ng khc nhau
+Qa liu
+ Hot cht chng ch nh
2.11.Sinh dc hc:
*nh ngha:
- L mn hc nghin cu cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh hp thu dc
cht t mt ch phm bo ch vo trong c th ngi. l nhng yu t
thuc c v lnh vc dc hc l k thut bo ch thuc v thuc v sinh hc
l c th ngi dng.Nghin cu tc ng vo nhng yu t tng cng
s hp thu dc cht vo c th gy p u7ng1lam6 sng, nhm nng cao
hiu qu iu tr ca ch phm .
- Nghin cu SDH l nghin cu , tm ra nhng thuc tnh ca dc cht, tnh
cht ca ch phm, dng thuc, p dng vo c th ngi bnh vi mt lot
cc yu t sinh hc n gii tnh, la tui, ng dng thuc, ch ,
liu,...nhng im ph hp gy cn tr s hp thu vo c th ngi bnh
- Nhng kt qu s c ng dng trong vic xy dng cng thc, thit
k dng thuc, xy dng qyu trnh k thut nhm a ra mt dng bo ch
ti u, trong dc cht c hp thu ti a v pht huy cao nht tc
dng dc l
*Qa trnh sinh dc hc:
- Phng thch ( liberation) l bc m u cho qu trnh SDH.Nu dc cht
khng c phng thch ra khi dng thuc ca n th s khng ha tan v
khng th hp thu vo mu c.S phng thch dc cht ph thuc vo t
dc , vo k thut bo ch, vo mi trng phng thch...Do c tnh ring
v cu trc mt s dc cht ch c hp thu tt mt vng nht
nh..Nu dc cht khng c phng thch ti vng hp thu ti u th
lng c hp thu s b gim
- Giai on ha tan (dissolution) dc cht phi c ha tan trong mi
trng dc cht hp thi, th mi khuch tn qua mng vo h tun
hon c..Nh vy s hp thu dc cht ph thuc ph thuc vo s
phng thch v c im ca mi trng ha tan..Nu dc cht c
tan nh, kh tan th s hp thu cng rt hn ch..Mun hp thu dc
cht c t l cao th phi c bin php lm tng tan ca dc cht

- Tc v mc hp thu ph thuc vo qu trnh phng thch v

qu trinh2 ha tan ca dc cht ng thi cn ph thuc vo c tnh
hp thu ca dc cht v c im ca vng hp thu
*Sinh dc hc:
- nh ngha:
+ L i lng ch tc v mc hp thu dc cht t mt
ch phm bo ch vo tun hon chung mt cch nguyn vn v a
n ni tc dng.Ngi ta dng khi nim SKD nh gi qu trnh
SDH ca dng thuc...
+ Theo khi nim trn th lng dc cht trong dng thuc c
a trn vn vo mu s c coi l SKD 100%
+ Khi nim SKD u tin c p dng nh gi s hp thu
dc cht qua ng tiu ha t cc dng thuc rn dng ung nh
vin nn, nang cng, ....V sau, cc dng dng ti ch , thuc nh
mt ...ngta nh gi SKD bng cch xc nh tc v mc phng
thch dc cht khi dng thuc v a n b mt tc dng
+ nh ngha chnh xc v SKD " SKD l mn hc nghin cu cc
yu t nh hng m SKD v cc bin php nng cao SKD cho cc
dng thuc "
*Cc khi nim v tng ng:
=> mc ch: nhm tm c s khoa hc so snh gi tr cht lng
cc ch phm v chn dng iu tr
- Tng ng bo ch ( Pharmaceutical equivalence) ch hai hay nhiu
ch phm bo ch cng loi , cha cng mt lng dc cht t cc
tiu chun cht lng qui nh
- Th phm bo ch ( Pharmaceutical alternatives) ch hai hay nhiu
ch phm bo ch cha cng mt dc cht nhng khc nhau v dn
cht ha dc ( dng mui, ester,...) hoc v hm lng, v dng
thuc
- Tng ng sinh hc ( Bioequivalence) ch hai hay nhiu ch phm
bo ch ( tng ng bo ch hoc th phm bo ch) c tc v
mc hp thu c cht nh nhau ( ngha SKD ging nhau) trn cng
i tng v iu kin th

- SKD in vitro l cng c c bn xy dng cng thc, thit k dng

thuc trn c s coi t l ha tan dc cht l thng s cht lng ca
u ra t la chn c dng thuc v cng thc bo ch ti u
*Cc thng s nh gi SKD in vitro:
- Din tch di ng cong ( DTDC vit tt theo ting anh l AUC)
Biu th mc hp thu ca dc cht t ch phm v c th tch theo
pp tch phn
- Nng cc i (Cmax): Nng cc i th hin nng tc
dng ca thuc
Thuc c hp thu cng nhiu v cng nhanh th cng d t nng
cc i..Nng ny phi vt qua nng ti thiu c tc dng
th thuc mi th hin c p ng lm sng...
=> Tuy nhin nu nng cc i vt qu mc an ton ti thiu
th thuc d gy tc dng khng mong mun
- Thi gian t nng cc i ( tmax): Th hin tc dc cht t
dng thuc, tmax cng ngn l thuc c hp thu cng nhanh v
cng chng t nng iu tr...
=> Nhng thuc hp thu nhanh th s thi tr nhanh do => thi
gian iu tr khng di.