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Chapter 6 Exercise Key

Chapter 6 Exercise Key

Exercise 6.1 Kinetic and Potential Energy: For each of the following situations,
you are asked which pair has the higher energy. Explain your answer with reference to
the capacity of each to do work and say whether the energy that distinguishes them is
kinetic energy or potential energy.
a. Nitric acid molecules, HNO3, in the upper atmosphere decompose to form HO
molecules and NO2 molecules by breaking a bond between the nitrogen atom and one
of the oxygen atoms. Which has higher energy, a nitric acid molecule or the HO
molecule and NO2 molecule the come from its decomposition?
HNO3(g) HO(g) + NO2(g)
HO and NO2 have higher potential energy than HNO3. When a system shifts
to decrease the strengths or number of attractions between the systems
components, the potential energy in the system increases. Energy is required
to separate the nitrogen and oxygen atoms being held together by mutual
attraction in a chemical bond. The energy supplied goes to an increased
potential energy of the separate HO and NO2 compared to HNO3. If the bond
is reformed, the potential energy is converted into a form of energy that
could be used to do work.
b. Nitrogen oxides, NO(g) and NO2(g), are released into the atmosphere in the exhaust
of our cars. Which has higher energy, a NO2 molecule moving at 439 m/s or the same
NO2 molecule moving at 399 m/s. (These are the average velocities of NO2 molecules
at 80 C and 20 C.)
A nitrogen dioxide molecule with a velocity of 439 m/s has greater kinetic
energy than the same molecule with a velocity of 399 m/s. Any object in
motion can collide with another object and move it, so any object in motion
has the capacity to do work. This capacity to do work resulting from the
motion of an object is called kinetic energy, KE. The particle with the higher
velocity will move another object (like another molecule) farther, so it can do
more work. It must therefore have more energy.
c. Which has higher energy, a nitrogen monoxide molecule, NO, moving out your cars
tailpipe at 450 m/s or a nitrogen dioxide molecule, NO2, moving at the same velocity?
The more massive nitrogen dioxide molecule has greater kinetic energy than
the less massive nitrogen monoxide molecule with the same velocity. The
moving particle with the higher mass can move another object (like another
molecule) farther, so it can do more work. It must therefore have more
energy.

Copyright 2004 Mark Bishop

Chapter 6 Exercise Key

d. Liquid nitrogen is used for a number of purposes, including the freezing of warts.
Which has higher energy, liquid nitrogen or gaseous nitrogen? (Disregard the likely
difference in temperature, and assume that the two systems are at the same
temperature.)
Gaseous nitrogen has higher potential energy than liquid nitrogen. When a
system shifts to decrease the forces of attractions between the systems
components, the potential energy in the system increases. When nitrogen
goes from liquid to gas, the attractions that link the N2 molecules together are
broken. The energy that the nitrogen liquid must absorb to break these
attractions goes to an increased potential energy of the nitrogen gas. If the
nitrogen returns to the liquid form, attractions are reformed, and potential
energy is converted into a form of energy that could be used to do work.
e. Halons, like Halon-1301 (CF3Br) and halon-1211 (CF2ClBr), which have been used
as fire extinguishing agents, are a threat to our protective ozone layer. When released
into the atmosphere, they can migrate into the upper atmosphere where bromine
atoms are stripped from the molecules. These bromine atoms react with ozone
molecules to form BrO molecules, which can react with NO2 molecules to form
BrONO2. Which has higher energy, separate BrO and NO2 molecules or the BrONO2
that they form?
BrO(g) + NO2(g) BrONO2(g)
Separate BrO and NO2 molecules have a higher potential energy than the
BrONO2 molecule that they form. When a system shifts to increase the forces
of attractions between the systems components, the potential energy in the
system decreases. When BrO and NO2 are converted into BrONO2, a new
bond is formed, and some of the potential energy of the BrO and NO2 is
released. The energy could be used to do some work. For example, if some of
the potential energy is converted into increased kinetic energy of a molecule
like N2, the faster moving molecule could bump into something and move it
and therefore do work.
f. Alpha particles, which are released in alpha decay of large radioactive elements, like
uranium, are helium nuclei that contain two protons and two neutrons. Which has
higher energy, alpha particles that are close together or alpha particles that are farther
apart?
The positive charge of the alpha particles causes them to repel each other,
and the closer the charges are, the more repulsion there is between them.
Therefore, the alpha particles that are close together are less stable and
higher potential energy than alpha particles that are farther apart.
g. Which has higher energy, an uncharged helium atom or an alpha particle and two
separate electrons?
Decreasing the forces of attractions between particles in a system will
increase the potential energy of the system, so an alpha particle and two
separate electrons has higher potential energy than an uncharged helium
atom, which has two electrons attracted to its nucleus. The attraction
between the alpha particle and the electrons will pull them together, and as
they move together, they could bump into something, move it, and do work.

Copyright 2004 Mark Bishop

Chapter 6 Exercise Key

Exercise 6.2 H as a Conversion Factor: When 1.245 x 104 kJ of heat are evolved
from the combustion of ethane, what mass of water is formed?

6 mol H 2 O 18.0153 g H 2 O
? g H 2 O = 1.245 10 4 kJ
= 437 g H2O

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3.08 10 kJ 1 mol H 2 O
Exercise 6.3 H and Changing Coefficients:
equation?
14O2(g) 8CO2(g) +

4C2H6(g) +

What is the H for the following

12H2O(l)

2 (3.08 x 103 kJ) = 6.16 x 103 kJ

Exercise 6.4 H and reverse Reactions:
reaction?
4CO2(g) +

What is the H for the following

6H2O(l) 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g)

1 (3.08 x 103 kJ) = 3.08 x 103 kJ

Exercise 6.5 H and E:
Nitrogen dioxide gas reacts with liquid water to yield
liquid nitric acid and nitrogen monoxide gas. 23.84 kJ of heat is evolved when one mole
of NO2 reacts at constant volume and 25 C and 1 atm. What is the H for this reaction?
NO2(g) + 1/3H2O(l) 2/3HNO3(l) + 1/3NO(g)
H = E + (n)RT

H = 23.84 kJ + (1/3 1) mol

0.008314 kJ
298.15 K = 25.49 kJ
K mol

Exercise 6.6 H and E:

When 3.000 g of ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH(l), are burned
in a bomb calorimeter at 25.00 C, 88.90 kJ of heat are evolved. Calculate the molar E
and H for this reaction. (The reactions in a bomb calorimeter are run at constant
volume.)
C2H5OH(l) +

E =

3O2(g) 2CO2(g) +

3H2O(l)

46.069 g C 2 H 5 OH
88.90 kJ

= 1365 kJ/mol
3.000 g C 2 H 5 OH 1 mol C 2 H 5 OH

H = E + (n)RT

H = 1365 kJ + (2 3) mol

Copyright 2004 Mark Bishop

0.008314 kJ
298.15 K = 1367 kJ/mol
K mol

Chapter 6 Exercise Key

Exercise 6.7 Calculating H from Bomb Calorimeter Data: 3.200 g of ethyl

alcohol, C2H5OH(l), is burned in a bomb calorimeter. It contains 504.5 g of water. The
heat capacity of the calorimeter is 0.415 kJ/C. This is determined in an experiment
described in Exercise 6.8. The temperature rises from 20.15 C to 56.49 C. What is the
heat of combustion of ethyl alcohol?

0.00418 kJ
q v = Ccal +
m w T
g C

0.415 kJ 0.00418 kJ

=
+
504.5 g ( 56.49 20.15 ) C = 91.7 kJ
g C
C

E =

46.069 g C2 H5 OH
? kJ
91.7 kJ
kJ
3
=

= 1.32 x 10
mol H 2
3.200 g C2 H5 OH 1 mol C2 H5 OH
mol C2 H5 OH
C2H5OH(l) +

3O2(g) 2CO2(g) +

3H2O(l)

H = E + (n)RT

H = 1.32 x 103 kJ + (2 3) mol

0.008314 kJ
298.15 K
K mol

= 1.32 x 103 kJ/mol C2H5OH

Exercise 6.8 Calculating Heat capacity from Bomb Calorimeter Data: The heat
of combustion of benzene, C6H6(l), is 2066 kJ/mole. When 0.200 g of benzene is burned
in the bomb calorimeter mentioned in Exercise 6.7 which now contains 526.0 g of water,
the temperature rises from 22.56 C to 24.58 C. What is the heat capacity of the
calorimeter?
C6H6(l) +

15/2O2(g) 6CO2(g) +

3H2O(l)

E = H - (n)RT

0.008314 kJ
298.15 K = 2062 kJ
K mol
1 mol C6 H 6 2062 kJ
q v = 0.200 g C6 H 6

= 5.28 kJ
78.114 g C6 H 6 mol C6 H 6
E = 2066 kJ + (6 7.5) mol

0.00418 kJ
q v = Ccal +
m w T
g C

Ccal =
=

qv
0.00418 kJ

mw
T
g C
5.28 kJ
0.00418 kJ

526.0 g = 0.415 kJ/C

g C
( 24.58 22.56 ) C

Copyright 2004 Mark Bishop

Chapter 6 Exercise Key

Exercise 6.9 Law of Hess:

Given the following data,

Hcombustion C2H2(g) = 1301 kJ/mole

Hcombustion C2H6(g) = 1562 kJ/mole
H2O(l) H2(g) + 1/2O2(g)

H = 286 kJ

calculate the H for the following reaction.

1/2 C2H2(g) + H2(g) 1/2 C2H6(g)
1/2C2H2(g) + 5/4O2(g)

CO2(g) + 1/2H2O(l)

H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) H2O(l)

CO2(g) + 3/2H2O(l)

H2 = 1/2 (1301 kJ)

H2 = 1 (286 kJ)

1/2C2H6(g) + 7/4O2(g)

H3 = 1/2 (1562 kJ)

Hnet = H1 + H2 + H3 = 156 kJ

Exercise 6.10 Heats of Formation:

2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g)

Calculate the H for the following reaction.

2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)

Hrxn = 2 Hf ZnO(s) + 2 Hf SO2(g) 2 Hf ZnS(s)

= 2(347.98 kJ) + 2(296.06 kJ) 2(202.9 kJ) = 882.3 kJ

Copyright 2004 Mark Bishop