PF Detailed Product Information en

DIG
SILENT
I N T E G R AT E D P O W E R S Y S T E M A N A LY S I S S O F T W A R E
PowerFactory
DIgSILENT
PowerFactory 15.1
Detailed Product Information
T R A N S M I S S I O N | D I S T R I B U T I O N | I N D U S T R I A L | D I S T R I B U T E D G E N E R AT I O N | W I N D P O W E R
DIgSILENT PowerFactory
Version 15.1
Detailed Product Information
DIgSILENT GmbH
Gomaringen, Germany
August 2014
Publisher:
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Strae 9
72810 Gomaringen / Germany
Tel.: +49 (0) 7072-9168-0
Fax: +49 (0) 7072-9168-88
Please visit our homepage at:

http://www.digsilent.de
Copyright DIgSILENT GmbH

All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form without permission
of the publisher.
August 2014
r1424
CONTENTS
Contents
1 Introduction
2 PowerFactory Overview
2.1 Functional Integration and Applications
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 PowerFactory Software Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Network Models
3.1 Grid Representations and Power Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Built-in Calculation and Integrated Modelling Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Load and Generation Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Data Management
4.1 Standard Data Model
11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
4.1.1 Arrangement of Data in Project Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
4.1.2 Study Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
4.2 Data Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
5 Network Diagrams and Graphic Capabilities
13
6 Results and Reporting
16
6.1 Text Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
6.2 Spreadsheet Reports (Tabular Views) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
6.3 Reporting in Network Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
6.4 Result File Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
6.5 Plots and Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
6.6 Additional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
7 External Data Format Support
19
7.1 Standard Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
7.2 DIgSILENT Data Base Level Exchange (DGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
8 Scripting Languages- DIgSILENT Programming Language

8.1 DPL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DIgSILENT PowerFactory 15.1, Detailed Product Information
20
20
CONTENTS
8.2 Python Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 PowerFactory Modes of Operation
21
23
9.1 Standard Windowing Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
9.2 Engine and Hybrid Execution Mode
23
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 Power Flow Analysis
24
11 Fault Analysis
26
11.1 Supported Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
11.2 Complete Method/Multiple Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
11.3 DC Short Circuit Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
11.4 Fault Analysis Results (all Methods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
12 Network Reduction
29
12.1 General Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 Voltage Stability Analysis
13.1 PV Curves
29
30
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
13.2 Q-V Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
13.3 Eigenvalue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
14 Load Flow Sensitivities
31
15 Contingency Analysis
32
16 Overhead Line and Cable Parameter Calculation
34
16.1 Overhead Line Parameter Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
16.2 Cable Parameter Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
16.3 Automatic Cable Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
17 Distribution Network Functions
ii
36
17.1 Feeder Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
17.2 Low-Voltage Network Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
17.3 Stochastic Load Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
17.4 Cable Reinforcement optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
CONTENTS
17.5 Feeder Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18 Protection Functions
37
39
18.1 Protection Model Library and Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
18.2 Output and Graphical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
18.3 Overcurrent-Time Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
18.4 Distance Protection
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
18.5 Coordination Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
19 Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis
44
19.1 Supported Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
19.2 Results visualisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
20 Distribution Network optimisation
45
20.1 Optimal Capacitor Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
20.2 Open Tie optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
21 Harmonic and Power Quality Analysis
46
21.1 Harmonic Load Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
21.2 Frequency Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
21.3 Ripple Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
21.4 Filter Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
21.5 Power Quality Assessment according to D-A-CH-CZ Guideline . . . . . . . . . .
48
22 Optimal Power Flow (OPF)
49
22.1 AC optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
22.2 DC optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
23 Techno-Economical Calculation
52
24 Reliability Analysis Functions
53
24.1 Failure Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
24.2 State Enumeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
24.3 Failure Effect Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
24.4 System Indices and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
iii
CONTENTS
24.5 Special Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
24.5.1 High Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
24.5.2 Tracing of Individual Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
24.5.3 Powerful Output Tools for Result Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
24.5.4 Contribution to Reliability Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
24.5.5 Development of Indices over Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
24.6 Optimal Power Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
24.6.1 Optimal Power Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
25 State Estimation
59
26 Quasi Dynamic Simulation
60
27 Dynamic Modelling Flexibility (DSL)
61
28 Power System Dynamics
63
28.1 General Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
28.2 Stability Analysis Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
28.2.1 RMS Simulation with a-b-c Phase Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
28.2.2 Long-term Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
28.3 Electromagnetic Transients (EMT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
28.4 System Parameter Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
28.5 PowerFactory Real-Time Simulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
29 Small Signal Stability
69
30 Motor Starting
71
30.1 Static Motor Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
30.2 Transient Motor Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
31 PowerFactory Interfaces
iv
73
31.1 DGS Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
31.2 OPC Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
31.3 API (Application Programming Interface) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
CONTENTS
32 Interfacing PowerFactory
76
32.1 PowerFactory - GIS integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
32.2 PowerFactory - SCADA integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
32.3 PowerFactory - Simulation Interface (SIMULINK, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
32.4 PowerFactory - A/D Signal Interfacing Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
32.5 PowerFactory Monitoring System (PFM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
33 PowerFactory Installation Options
80
33.1 PowerFactory Workstation License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
33.2 PowerFactory Server License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
33.3 License Overview
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
33.4 Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
34 PowerFactory Function Definitions and Prices
88
34.1 PowerFactory Function Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
34.2 PowerFactory Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
35 The DIgSILENT Company
90
36 History of the DIgSILENT Software
91
CONTENTS
vi
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
DIgSILENT has set standards and trends in power system modeling, analysis and simulation
for more than 25 years. The proven advantages of the PowerFactory software are its overall
functional integration, its applicability to the modeling of generation-, transmission-, distributionand industrial grids, the analysis of these grids interactions and power restoration. Electrical
grids, planning processes and operation processes are becoming increasingly complex due to
market unbundling, expansion of interconnections and distributed generation. This increases
the demands on software tools in terms of data quality, flexibility and manageability. With PowerFactory Version 15, DIgSILENT presents a further step towards seamless integration of functionality and data management within a team working environment. The building and organising
of schemes, scenarios, versions and running arrangements is available for improved handling.
New Version 15 Key Features
Installation directory and workspace export/import functions
Automatic log on for single user work station and switch user function
Project archiving for decreasing the used database storage space and increase performance of large multi-user databases
Import of Integral files
Geographic Diagram concept
Improvements in colouring modes and annotation layers
Graphical representation of Protection Devices and neutral connections
DC short-circuit calculation
Quasi dynamic simulation
Time-Overcurrent plots and coordination assistant
Arithmetic post-processing in Virtual Instruments (VI)
Optimal manual restoration for distribution networks
New models for PV systems, impulse source, DC machine, DC battery and series RLC
filter
Python scripting language integration
DIgSILENT PowerFactory is the most economical solution, as data handling, modelling capabilities and overall functionality replace a set of other software systems, thereby minimising
project execution costs and training requirements. The all-in-one PowerFactory solution promotes highly-optimised workflow.
DIgSILENT PowerFactory is easy to use and caters for all standard power system analysis
needs, including high-end applications in new technologies such as wind power and distributed
generation and the handling of very large power systems. In addition to the stand-alone solution,
the PowerFactory engine can be smoothly integrated into GIS, DMS and EMS supporting open
system standards.
INTRODUCTION
Figure 1.1: DIgSILENT PowerFactory v15 integrated features overview
POWERFACTORY OVERVIEW
2 PowerFactory Overview
2.1
Functional Integration and Applications
Implemented as a single software solution allowing for fast walk around through the
database and execution environment
No need to reload modules and update, transfer and convert data and results between
different program applications
Vertically integrated power equipment model concept allowing models to be shared by all
analysis functions
Support of transmission-, distribution- and industrial system design and simulation
Modelling and simulation of railway systems
Simulation of any kind of wind turbines and wind parks
Smart Grid modelling including virtual power plants and distributed generation such as
PV-panels, micro turbines, battery storage, CHP, etc.
2.2 PowerFactory Software Concept

Single Database Concept
Optimal data organisation and project definitions for performing any type of calculation,
storage of settings, diagrams and visualisation options or software operation sequences.
No need for tedious organisation of several files for defining the various analysis aspects
and project execution workflows.
Database environment fully integrates all necessary data, such as that required for defining cases, scenarios, variants, single-line graphics, outputs, run conditions, calculation
options, graphics or user-defined models. Saving a project includes everything required
to rerun all defined cases at a later stage.
Access to all data via a comfortable and powerful data manager, object browser, plus
various types of diagrams and wizards.
Comprehensive, non-redundant data model supporting all calculation functions
User Roles
Access to user information through a user accounting system
Protection of data through different types of access rights
Folder sharing between users with read-only access. This is especially useful for libraries
and network base cases which should be administrated only by authorised personnel.
Multi-User Operation and Team working
Multi-user data administration supporting MS-SQL or ORACLE databases
Support of user accounting, access rights and data sharing, featuring the powerful option of allowing several users to work on the same project in a coordinated way. This
demonstrates the concept of non-redundant data management in PowerFactory ..
Management of multi-user data editing via the definition of a base project, project versions
and derived projects (virtual projects).
Support of version control including rollback functions and merge/compare tools.
Network Variations, Expansion Stages Management and Operational Scenarios
Support of time-stamped network variations.
Variation scheduler for easy handling of sub-projects
Activation of network stages according to study time. This automatically addresses the
handling of power system components according to their commissioning and de-commissioning
dates
Multi-Level Models
Data describing network models such as cables, machines, loads, transformers, etc., are
subdivided into element data and type data which point to libraries.
All data to be entered are grouped into basic data (data required for all calculations) and
function level data (data required only for executing specific calculations).
Data are simply entered in physical quantities rather than in per unit values, minimising
the need for manual recalculation and conversion of data.
Verification of input data, with detailed warning and error messages
Verification of input data, with detailed warning and error messages
Batch Mode, Engine Mode and Interfaces
Fully interactive windowing mode according to the latest, proven standards
Engine mode for background operation and parallel processing
Various communication features to exchange data with other applications such as GIS,
SCADA and real-time control systems via OPC, shared memory, DGS (CSV, ODBC), etc.
Hybrid operation switching between background and windowing mode according to users
needs
Data exchange via CIM, PSS/E, ENTSO-E and many other file formats
The Engine Manager component provides access to multiple PowerFactory Engines via
web services.
The built-in queuing and scheduling simplifies the Engine integration into other applications.
Business Process Automation
Support of ENTSO-E operation planning processes such as D2CF, DACF and IDCF (Intraday). The Intraday process runs as a fully-automated, parallelised process.
4
The ESB interface adapter features message-based data exchange such as load forecast, planned generator dispatch, day-ahead cross-border exchange programs, UCTEDEF/ENTSO-E files, EMS snapshots, dynamic line rating and market coupling data.
The combined MV/LV calculation for the distribution grid of a whole country (2000 MV
substations) has been automated using PowerFactory and bulk data GIS exports.
NETWORK MODELS
Network Models
3.1
Grid Representations and Power Equipment
Grid Models
Meshed and radial AC systems with 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-phases
Meshed and radial DC systems
Combined AC and DC system modelling
Model validity from LV up to ultra-high voltage
Phase Technologies
Single phase with/without neutral
Two-phase with/without neutral
Bi-phase with/without neutral
Three-phase with/without neutral
Substations
Simple terminal models to be used for node and branch representation, marshalling
panels, terminal blocks, terminal strips, clamping bars, joints and junctions.
Complex substation models with the provision of various standard busbar configurations
such as single- and double busbars with/without tie-breakers, bypass busbars, 1 busbar
systems and flexible busbar configurations according to user-specific needs.
Secondary Substation object which provides templates with a broad variety of predefined
secondary substation configurations.
Templates for holding any type of user-specific busbar configuration, including pre-configured
protection schemes.
Generators and Sources
Synchronous and asynchronous generator
Doubly-fed induction generator
Static generator (for PV, fuel cell, wind generator, battery storage, etc.)
External grid
AC voltage source
AC current source
2-terminal AC voltage source
PV system
NETWORK MODELS
Impulse source
Loads and Motors
General load model (for HV and MV-feeders)
Complex load model (for feeders with a large number of induction motors)
Low voltage load (can be assigned across line and cable sections)
Medium voltage load, representing a distribution transformer together with a reduced
load/generation model.
Synchronous and asynchronous motor load
Reactive Power Compensation
Static Var Compensator (SVC)
Shunt/Filter (RLC, RL, C, RLCRp, RLCCRp)
Series RLC filter
Branch models
Overhead line and cable models (PI-models and distributed parameter models)
Circuits and line sub-sections
Mutual data, line couplings, tower geometries
2-, 2-N-winding transformer and auto transformer
3-winding transformer, booster transformer
Series reactor, series capacitor and common impedance
DC Models
1-terminal and 2-terminal DC voltage source and DC current source
DC/DC converter
Inductive DC-coupling
DC machine
DC battery
Power Electronics Devices
Thyristor/Diode converter models
Self-commutated converter models (VSC-converter)
DC valve (for building individual converter topologies)
Softstarter
NETWORK MODELS
Switches and Substation Equipment

Circuit Breaker and Disconnector
Load-Break-Disconnector
Load-Switch
Grounding Switch
Fuse
NEC/NER, grounding devices
Surge arrester
Composite Models
Composite node models, e.g. representing complex substations
Composite branch models
Template library for handling composite models
Parameter characteristics
Time characteristics and discrete characteristics
Scalar, vector and matrix characteristics
File references and polygons
Continuous and discrete triggers
Frequency and time scales
Controllers
Station controller, secondary controller (SCO), virtual power plant
Tap controller, shunt controller
User-definable capability diagrams and controllers
Organisation and Grouping
Site, station, substation, area, zone
Feeder, branch, bay
Operator, owner
Boundaries
Operational Library
Substation running arrangements
8
NETWORK MODELS
CB ratings
Thermal ratings
Library of faults/contingencies
Library of (planned) outages
Others
Protection relays with over 30 basic protection function blocks
Manufacturer-specific relay library with relay models from all major manufacturers
CT, VT and various measurement transducers (P, Q, f, etc.)
Fourier source, harmonic source, FFT
Clock, sample and hold, sample and hold noise generator
PowerFactory supports several different objects for defining, organising and storing users grid
definitions and project settings. The above-listed objects are a summary of those most frequently used.
3.2
Built-in Calculation and Integrated Modelling Functions
PowerFactory provides a number of functions which assist users in entering data which may
have come from datasheets or product catalogues. Not only do these functions greatly simplify
data entry, but they also provide valuable output and results.
Identification of asynchronous machine parameters
Support of two different parameter input modes: (a) electrical parameters and (b) sliptorque/current characteristic
When entering electrical parameters, such as the rated mechanical power, stator resistance and reactance, magnetisation reactance, etc., all electrical parameters which precisely define and describe the asynchronous machine are then calculated. This includes
the determination of the torque-/speed characteristic.
The alternative definition via the slip-torque/current characteristic requires entering data
such as characteristics at nominal operation point, torque at stalling point, locked rotor
torque and other parameters typically available from manufacturer handbooks or test reports. This alternative data entering method will then determine the electrical machine
parameters.
Calculation of Overhead Line Parameters and Cable Parameters
Please refer to Section 16 (Overhead Line and Cable Parameter Calculation)
3.3
Load and Generation Profiles
Load and generator parameter characteristics can be defined on a per-element basis for
parametric studies. Parameter characteristics can be imposed on each input parameter.
They may be time-dependent, refer to predefined discrete cases, or result from external
sources.
NETWORK MODELS
The input data can be either manually inserted in a predefined table or by using external
data files (.csv or even customised formats). The recurrence base (daily, weekly, monthly,
yearly, none) and the time step (minutes or hours) can be easily changed.
All operational data (generation and demand patterns, switch positions, etc) can be saved
and maintained in distinct Operation Scenarios.
10
DATA MANAGEMENT
Data Management
4.1
4.1.1
Standard Data Model

Arrangement of Data in Project Folders
All data required for grid modelling, project organisation and project execution are arranged
in project folders. Project data are structured into Libraries, Network Models, Operation
Scenarios and Study Cases.
Libraries
Libraries contain equipment types, special operation information, DPL scripts, templates
and user-defined models.
The Equipment Type Library can store manufacturer and standard data for cables, conductors, circuit breakers, transformers, motors, generators, protection devices, PV panels,
converters, wind turbines, etc.
Operational Libraries help organise standard settings and operational structures of grids.
Typical entries include specific device Mvar limits and capability curves, outages, fault
conditions and sequences, specific thermal ratings, running arrangements, etc.
Network Models
All network data are organised and stored in various folders such as grid- and area folders, folders for boundaries, circuits, feeders, routes, zones, etc.
Comprehensive network topology handling defining: Nodes, Substations, Sites, Boundaries, Circuits, Routes, Operators and Owners.
Graphical information such as overview diagrams, simplified single line diagrams and detailed single line diagrams are automatically organised in a separate diagram folder
Grid Variations are linked to the original grid data, allowing non-redundant grid variation
management.
Easy and non-redundant handling of grid expansion alternatives.
Planned grid expansions are organised by time-stamped Expansion Stages which are
considered depending on the selected Study Time.Expansion Stages are stored in Variations and handled via the Variation Scheduler.In other words, variations can be seen
as expansion plans composed of different stages which are activated chronologically.
Operation Scenarios
Definition of operation and dispatch conditions, grid loading, ambient temperature, daily
load variation pattern, etc
Organisation of characteristics to generate ranges of values such as daily load curves,
temperature dependencies, wind conditions, solar radiation pattern, etc
Definition of triggers for easy selection of certain conditions to be analysed
Comparison of Operation Scenarios
11
DATA MANAGEMENT
Study Cases
Grid configurations, operation conditions, trigger settings, calculation options, fault sequences, results and DPL scripts to be executed are all stored in Study Cases
Study Cases can be activated to reproduce any grid condition and its associated calculation results
4.1.2
Study Time
PowerFactory extends grid modelling into the dimension of time. The model may span a period
of months or years considering network expansions, planned outages and other system events.
The period of validity of a project therefore specifies the time span that the of the models validity.
The Study Time automatically determines which expansion stages of a variation will be
considered.
Selection of Study Time along with the operational conditions will automatically create
grid expansion scenarios
4.2
Data Organisation
Simultaneous use of grid data takes place when two different parties work with the same project.
This kind of situation occurs most frequently in larger companies where software-based teamworking capabilities are a basic requirement. Versioning
Project Versions constitute a snapshot of a project at a specific point in time
Project versions are under full control of owner rights
Rollback functions allow a controlled Undo of a projects execution steps, thereby rolling
back to a specific stage of the project
Reporting facilities for Derived Projects which depend on a certain version
Derived Projects
Master Projects can be published in a public area of the database
Derived Projects are virtual copies of a Version of a Master Project that can be developed
by any number of users simultaneously. Only the differences to the original version are
stored
Derived Projects are always linked to their original Master Project
The users will be automatically notified if a new version of their Master Project is available
Comprehensive tools for merging several derived projects and/or their versions into a new
project via the Merge Tool. This allows the consolidation of independent and parallel
model modifications introduced by different users.
12
NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHIC CAPABILITIES
Network Diagrams and Graphic Capabilities
Categories of Network Diagrams

Simplified Single Line Diagrams with various options for a schematic view of substation
topology and switching status
Detailed Single Line Diagrams showing all switches (circuit breakers and disconnectors)
Intelligent Overview Diagrams providing a node and branch representation of the network. Can be schematically, geographically or semi-geographically arranged
Visual representation of the network by using GPS coordinates to generate geographic
diagrams.
General Features
Handle mixed representations of Detailed Single Line Diagrams, Simplified Single Line
Diagrams and Overview Diagrams
Access equipment editing menus in the single line diagram via cursor selection of the
appropriate element, region or composite model
Zoom-in or zoom-out of area networks or composite model graphics
Initiate calculation events directly within the graphical environment, including circuit breaker
switching, fault implementation and other data changes
Option to immediately reflect any editing activity on the graphical level
Display any calculation results immediately in result boxes in single line diagrams. All program variables and signals can be displayed according to a highly flexible user definition
for various object categories and analysis functions
Display any calculation result to be defined on various functional levels and categories for
any object
Insert freely-configured result displays
Provision of auxiliary graphics editing for enhanced documentation
Perform copy/paste operation on single objects and groups
View and operate several graphic windows with different layers and grid sections simultaneously. utilise several graphical representations of the same system simultaneously.
Spread large diagrams over several pages
Support of pre-defined and user-defined graphical layers
Support the use of multiple layers, which can be reorder, hide and move offering a high
degree of flexibility. Import/export annotation layers is possible.
Graphical representation of protection devices and neutral conecctions.
Placement of user-definable icons as buttons for executing DPL scripts. This way users
can create custom panels of frequently-executed DPL-initiated commands.
Colouring of Network Diagrams
13
Provision of various colouring modes according to topology criteria such as areas, zones,
owners, operators, routes, station connectivity, energising status, boundaries/interior regions, isolated grids, etc.
Colouring options to display voltage levels, equipment loading and operation ranges
Define colouring based on AC/DC equipment category and phase technology
Display of grid modifications and variants, recording of expansion stage modifications,
missing grid connections
Provision of feeder colouring and path definitions
User-defined filters based on complex equations or DPL scripts
User-definable Symbols
Support of user-definable symbols based on standard graphical formats (.wmf,.bmp). E.g.
use your own symbols for wind turbines, PV panels, hydro units, etc.
Define specific graphical representations for transformers, shunts, circuit breakers, isolators to fit individual needs.
Composite Graphics
Elements can be grouped together and stored as Composite Graphics. Typical applications are standard busbar arrangements, switchboard configurations, HVDC structures,
PV panels, typical wind turbine configurations or complete wind parks.
Composite Graphics can be easily handled via the Template Manager. Templates can
be populated with type and element data. For drawing Composite Graphics, the Template
Manager is operated as Drawing Tool Box.
Virtual Instruments
DIgSILENT PowerFactory applies the concept of Virtual Instruments (VI) as a tool for displaying any calculated result or variable.
Results may be displayed in the form of bar graphs, plotted curves, or even tables of
values, with all of these representations being completely user-definable.
VIs are used to display protection curves, harmonics analysis results or to view electrical
variables from any location in the network single line diagram, and any model variable
during RMS and EMT simulations.
Many VIs provide additional built-in functionality such as curve labelling and measuring,
scaling, curve fitting, filtering and digitizer functions.
Typical Virtual Instruments Available
x-t, x-y and 2y axis plots
Bar diagrams, harmonic distortion diagram
Overcurrent-time-diagrams, distance-time diagrams
Vector and path diagram
14
Relay plots
Voltage sag diagram, waveform diagram
Eigenvalue, phasor diagram and FFT plot
Scales and measurement diagram
Bitmaps, buttons, DPL-command buttons, digital display
Curve-digitising diagram
Text label
15
RESULTS AND REPORTING
Results and Reporting
6.1
Text Reports
Automatic reports for calculation results, such as load flow, short-circuit, harmonic calculations,
contingency calculation, reliability analysis, etc.
Numerous predefined reports for all key calculation functions
Flexible selection of elements for reporting
Reports can be user-configured allowing user-definable formatting
Automatic reports for documentation of network components, such as transformers, lines, generators, relay settings, etc.
Flexible selection of network components for documentation
Flexible selection of calculation module, e.g. report only input data required for load flow
and short-circuit
6.2
Spreadsheet Reports (Tabular Views)
Numerous predefined spreadsheet reports for all key calculation functions via Flexible
Data Pages
User-definable setup of Flexible Data Pages. Tabular view of any combination of input
parameters/ calculation results
Several Flexible Data Page definitions (variable selections) may exist concurrently
Independent variable selections for every calculation
Sorting facilities for tabular views
Automatic statistical summaries for values in tables
Flexible filters for selecting elements for output
Output facilities to: Output window, clipboard and clipboard with column headers for use
in spreadsheet programs such as MS Excel
6.3
Reporting in Network Diagrams
Concept of result boxes in network diagrams to flexibly display any element/type parameter, as well as any calculation result
Easy-to-configure result box format on both component and calculation levels
16
6.4
Result File Management
More complex calculation results can be stored in Result Files, e.g. for calculations such as
transient stability results, harmonic analysis results, contingency results, etc.
Allows easy configuration of outputs (plots, reports, etc)
Accessible by post-processing through DPL
Export functionality to export result data to:
Output window
Clipboard (compatible with spreadsheet programs such as MS EXCEL)
Text file (compatible with spreadsheet programs such as MS EXCEL)
COMTRADE (for transient data)
PowerFactory measurement file (ASCII)
6.5
Plots and Diagrams
DIgSILENT PowerFactory applies the concept of Virtual Instruments (VI) as a tool for
visualising calculation results as plots and diagrams.
VIs are used to display (for example):
Results of RMS and EMT simulations (any pre-selected monitoring variable/signal)
Protection configurations and results (R-X diagrams, automatic time-distance diagrams, relay characteristics, etc)
Harmonic analysis results
Many VIs provide additional built-in functionality such as curve labelling and measuring,
scaling, curve fitting, filtering and digitizer functions.
Arithmetic Post-processing of the signals in VIs
Selected List of Most Common Virtual Instruments:
Plots for simulation results
Monitored variables/signals over time
Trajectories
Harmonics
Harmonic distortion diagram
FFT diagrams
Waveform plots
Protection
Time-overcurrent diagrams
Time-distance diagrams
Relay characteristic diagram
Additional diagrams for results of load flow, short circuit, harmonics, etc.:
17
Bar diagrams
Vector diagrams
Path diagram
x-y diagrams
Voltage sag diagram
Eigenvalue calculation
Eigenvalue diagram
Phasor diagrams and bar diagrams (controllability, observability, participation)
Measurement VIs
Digital display
Metering device (vertical/horizontal scales)
Combination of both
Picture box for displaying graphic files. Supported file formats are:
Windows metafiles (*.wmf)
AutoCAD graphic file (*.dxf)
Bitmaps (*.bmp)
Curve-digitising diagram
6.6
Additional Features
The PowerFactory graphic windows such as the single line graphic, plots, and block diagrams,
offer the following functionality:
Printing or plotting to any device supported by the Windows Print Manager to produce
high quality graphical documents from within the program.
Export to standard file formats such as:
Windows Metafile (*.wmf) with high precision coordinates
Bitmap (*.bmp)
Conversion of graphic files between several file formats such as *.png, *.dxf, *.gif, *.tiff,
*.eps, etc. This is achieved via an external tool which is shipped with PowerFactory
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EXTERNAL DATA FORMAT SUPPORT
External Data Format Support
7.1
Standard Data Formats
In many cases, migration of data from other power system software is required. PowerFactory
therefore supports foreign file Import of several versions from the following software packages:
PSS/E, PSS/U and PSS/Adept (Siemens)
DVG and UCTE/ENTSO-E (entsoe.eu)
NEPLAN (BCP) version 4 (*.mcb, *.ldb) and 5 (*.ndt, *.edt, *.cde)
ISU (SAP, billing data)
NETCAL (STZ Konstanz) and ReticMaster (Inspired Interfaces)
ELEKTRA
Integral 7
Foreign file Export is supported for PSS/E and UCTE/ENTSO-E. CIM object and format definitions are increasingly used for standardised data exchange. Although the CIM standards are
still under development, PowerFactory already supports CIM import and export:
CIM 61970 (CIM for Transmission) only ENTSO-E 2009 profile
7.2
DIgSILENT Data Base Level Exchange (DGS)
DGS is PowerFactory standard bi-directional interface specifically designed for bulk data exchange with other applications such as GIS and SCADA, and for example, for exporting calculation results to produce Crystal Reports, or to interchange data with any other power system
software. DGS (DGS=DIgSILENT-GIS-SCADA) does not feature the exchange of PowerFactory execution commands.
User-specific definition of objects and object parameters
Supported objects: elements, types and libraries, graphics and results
Import and export of complete network models as well as incremental data for updating
existing models
Database support for: Oracle, MS-SQL and ODBC System DSN
File formats supported: ASCII Text (CSV), XML, MS-Excel and MS Access
Available for PowerFactory Interactive Window Mode and PowerFactory Engine Mode
19
SCRIPTING LANGUAGES- DIGSILENT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Scripting Languages- DIgSILENT Programming Language
8.1
DPL
The DPL-Programming Language offers a flexible interface for automating PowerFactory execution tasks. The DPL scripting language adds a new dimension to PowerFactory software
by allowing the implementation of new calculation functions. Typical examples of user-specific
DPL-scripts are:
Parametric sweep calculations (e.g. sliding fault location, wind profile load flows)
Implementation of user-specific commands (e.g. transfer capability analysis, penalty factor
calculation)
Automatic protection coordination and device response checks
Specific voltage stability analysis via PV-/QV-curve analysis, etc.
Contingency screening according to user-specific needs
Verification of connection conditions
Data pre-processing including input/output handling
Equipment sizing and dimensioning
Report generation
The DPL object-oriented scripting language is intuitive and easy to learn. The basic set of
commands includes:
C++- like, object-oriented syntax
Flow commands such as if-then-else, do-while
Input/import, output/export and reporting routines
Mathematical expressions, support of vectors and matrices
Access to any PowerFactory object and parameter including graphical objects
Definition and execution of any PowerFactory command
Object filtering and batch execution
PowerFactory object procedure calls and DPL subroutine calls
New: Calling of external libraries (DLLs) for linking and executing other applications
Easy Development
DPLs basic syntax allows for the quick creation of simple high-level commands to automate
tasks. Such tasks may include renaming objects, search and replace, post-processing calculation results and creating specific reports.
Transparency
All parameters of all objects in the network models are accessible. DPL can be used to query
the entire database and to process all user-input and result parameters without restrictions.
20
standardising Commands
The DPL language can be used to create new standardised DPL commands that can be used
over and over again. DPL commands allow input parameters to be defined, and can be executed
for specific selections of objects. Proven DPL commands can be safely stored in DPL command
libraries and be used from there without the risk of damaging the scripts.
Control
DPL commands can configure and execute all PowerFactory commands. This includes not only
the load flow and short-circuits calculation commands, but also the commands for transient
simulation, harmonic analysis, reliability assessment, etc. New objects can be created by DPL
in the database, and existing objects can be copied, deleted and edited. New reports can be
defined and written to the output window; new graphs can be created and existing graphs can
be adjusted to reflect a user-defined selection or the current calculation results.
Modularity
A DPL command may contain other DPL commands as subroutines. This modular approach
allows the execution of subroutines as independent commands. Existing commands can be
combined to quickly create more complex commands.
8.2
Python Integration
PowerFactory offers support for the Python scripting language. Python can now be used for
various kinds of automation tasks within PowerFactory and integration tasks from external applications. Although the proprietary built-in scripting language will still be supported, there are
several good reasons to start using Python:
Non-proprietary, widely spread and very popular scripting language
Open source licensed
Extensive standard libraries and third party modules
Interfaces to external databases and MS-Office like applications
Web-services, etc.
Support for debugging
Can be compiled
PowerFactory Module in Python
The functionality of PowerFactory is offered in Python through a dynamic module with the name
powerfactory.pyd. Some facts about this module:
Dynamic module implemented in Boost.Python using the PowerFactory API
Offers access to
all objects
all attributes (element data, type data, results)
all commands (load flow calculation, etc.)
lots of special built-in functions (DPL functions)
21
Usable from
within PowerFactory through the new command ComPython
external (PowerFactory is started by the module as an engine)
Integration of a Python Script into PowerFactory
Every Python script file (*.py) is represented in PowerFactory by a ComPython object. A
ComPython object holds only the path, not the file itself. With the Open in external Editor
button it is possible to edit the file directly. The Execute button executes the script.
Python scripts (ComPython) objects can be executed like DPL scripts (ComDpl objects) and
interrupted with the Break button in the main toolbar.
22
POWERFACTORY MODES OF OPERATION
9 PowerFactory Modes of Operation

9.1
Standard Windowing Mode
The standard execution of DIgSILENT PowerFactory is via the classical windowing mode operated via mouse and keyboard.
9.2
Engine and Hybrid Execution Mode
When operated in Engine Mode PowerFactory is executed as a background process featuring

a number of additional application options:
Bi-directional, high-speed exchange of data via DIgSILENT Shared Memory Interface or
via OPC (OLE for Process Control). When using OPC, PowerFactory is executed as an
OPC-Client.
Remote-execution of any PowerFactory command including activation of projects, modification of data, execution of analysis functions and DPL scripts, generation of output and
reports, etc.
Temporary activation/popup of the Windowing Mode featuring interactive windowing operation until the windowing mode is closed and the engine mode resumes (Hybrid Operation Mode).
In principle, a number of additional application features may be operated as background processes in situations where it is integrated into GIS/NIS or SCADA systems or linked with other
simulation tools such as Matlab/SIMULINK, ASPENTECHs process simulation tool or other
software systems requiring interaction with network analysis procedures. The engine mode
also features parallel processing with other PowerFactory processes. The Engine Mode permits the remote control of all PowerFactory functions with fast data and execution command
exchange. Hybrid operation mode is supported by activating the Windowing Operation mode
for combined operation.
23
10
10
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
Power Flow Analysis
Within the Load Flow analysis environment, the accurate representation of a variety of network
configurations and power system components is possible.
DIgSILENT PowerFactory offers a selection of calculation methods, including a full AC
Newton-Raphson technique (balanced and unbalanced) and a linear DC method. The
enhanced non-decoupled Newton-Raphson solution technique with current or power mismatch iterations, typically yields round-off errors below 1 kVA for all buses. The implemented algorithms exhibit excellent stability and convergence. Several iteration levels
guarantee convergence under all conditions, with optional automatic relaxation and modification of constraints. The DC load flow, solving for active power flows and voltage angles,
is extremely fast and robust (linear system; no iterations required).
Any combination of meshed 1-, 2-, and 3-phase AC and/or DC systems can be represented and solved simultaneously, from HV transmission systems, down to residential
and industrial loads at LV voltage levels. Neutral conductors can be modelled explicitly.
The Load Flow tool accurately represents unbalanced loads, generation, grids with variable neutral potentials, HVDC systems, DC loads, adjustable speed drives, SVSs and
FACTS devices, etc., for all AC and DC voltage levels.
DIgSILENT PowerFactory offers a new, intuitive and easy-to-use modelling technique which
avoids the definition of bus types such as SL, PV, PQ, PI, AS, etc. PowerFactory simply
provides the control mechanisms and device characteristics which are found in reality.
More Load Flow Analysis Features
Consideration of reactive power limits: detailed model for generator Mvar capability curves
(including voltage-dependency).
Practical station control features with various local and remote control modes for voltage
regulation and reactive power generation. Reactive power is automatically adjusted to
ensure that generator output remains within its capability limits.
Various active power control modes, e.g. as dispatched, according to secondary or primary control, or inertial response.
Supports device characteristics, such as voltage-dependent loads and asynchronous machines with saturation and slip dependency, etc.
Comprehensive area/network power exchange control features using Secondary Controllers (SCO) with flexible participation factors.
Transformer OLTC able to control local or remote bus voltages, reactive power flows and
voltage-drop compensation (LDC) within distribution systems. Special transformer controller model for parallel transformers. Transformer tap adjustment supports discrete and
continuous methods.
Device controllers for shunts, doubly-fed asynchronous machines and other power electronics elements such as self-commutated converters (VSC), thyristor/diode converters or
integrated FACTS devices.
Local and remote control mechanisms for SVCs. Automatic and continuous control of
TCR and TSC switching is performed within component ratings to hold the voltage at a
given value.
Correct representation of transformer vector groups and phase displacement.
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10
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
Shunts can be modelled to consist of a combination of series and/or parallel connected

capacitors, reactors and resistors. Shunts can be connected to busbars and feeders or to
the remote ends of cables and lines. Filters may consist of any number of shunt combinations, and automatic shunt switching can be included in the automatic voltage regulation.
Support of the Virtual Power Plant model for generator dispatch based on merit order
algorithm.
Feeder load scaling to control power flows at feeder entry point - including nested and
parallel feeders.
Full support of any parameter characteristic and scale to allow parametric studies or easy
definition of loading scenarios or load profiles.
All operational data (generation and demand patterns, switch positions, etc) can be saved
and maintained in distinct Operational Scenarios.
Further Special Functions
Analysis of system control conditions
Consideration of protection devices
Determination of Power at Risk
Calculation of Load Flow Sensitivities. Evaluation of expected active/reactive power flow
and voltage changes in the network based on the effect of demand/generation or transformer tap change.
Support of DPL scripts; e.g. to perform load balancing, determination of penalty factors or
any other parameter required.
Load Flow Results
Implicit calculation of a large number of individual result variables and summary figures
Display of any variable within the single line graphic, station diagram, and a tabular Flexible
Data Page
Various colouring modes for the single line graphic to visualise quantities such as calculated loading and/or voltage levels
Detailed analysis reporting, which can list overloaded system elements, unacceptable bus
voltages, system islands, out-of-service components, voltage levels, area summaries, and
more
Detailed textual output with pre-defined or user-defined filters and levels
DPL interactivity with all results
Result export to other software applications such as MS-EXCEL
25
11
FAULT ANALYSIS
11
Fault Analysis
DIgSILENT PowerFactory features fault calculation functionality based on international standards as well as the most accurate DIgSILENT General Fault Analysis (GFA) method.
The following features and options are supported by all implemented fault analysis methods:
Calculation of fault levels at all busbars.
Calculation of short-circuit quantities at a selected busbar or along a defined section of
line/cable, including all branch contributions and busbar voltages
Calculation of all symmetrical components as well as phase quantities.
User-definable fault impedance
Provision of specially designed graphs and diagrams including all quantities typically required by the protection engineer
Thermal overloads highlighted on the single line graphic for busbars and cables, with all
equipment overloads available in a summary text report
Calculation of Thevenin impedances as seen from the faulty node
Calculation of apparent phase impedances (magnitude and angle) at any location along a
transmission line/cable or busbar, for all branches, selected subsets thereof, or 1, 2 or 3
nodes from the faulted node
11.1
Supported Standards
IEC 60909 and VDE 0102/0103

PowerFactory provides a strict and complete implementation of the most frequently used standard for component design world-wide; the IEC 60909 and VDE 0102/0103 fault calculation
standard, according to the most recently published versions.
Calculation of the initial symmetrical peak current Ik and short-circuit power Sk, peak
short-circuit current ip, symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib, and thermal equivalent current Ith (IEC 60909-0 2001). Both minimum and maximum short-circuit currents
can also be calculated based on network voltage c-factors
Support of all fault types (three-phase, two-phase, two-phase to ground, single-phase to
ground)
Calculation of Ik with selectable Decaying Aperiodic Component
Selectable method for calculating the peak short-circuit current in meshed networks
User-definable fault impedance, conductor temperature and c-voltage factor.
Fault calculation can optionally include or exclude motor contribution to the fault current
Provision of specially designed graphs and diagrams required by the protection engineer
for protection coordination and design
26
11
FAULT ANALYSIS
IEEE 141 / ANSI e 37.5

PowerFactory provides a thorough implementation of the IEEE 141/ANSI e37.5 fault calculation
standard according to the latest published version. Special features are:
Transformer tap positions can be included in the fault current calculation
User-defined fault impedance and pre-fault voltage can be included in the fault current
calculation
Other Standards
G 74 and IEC 61363
11.2
Complete Method/Multiple Faults
DIgSILENT PowerFactory Complete Method is especially designed for protection coordination

purposes or for analysing observed system contingencies. It provides the required algorithms
and precision for determining the true or operational short-circuit currents without considering the simplifications or assumptions typically made in standard fault analysis. In addition to
the high precision network model, multiple faults which occur simultaneously in the system or
unusual fault conditions such as inter-circuit faults or single-phase interruptions can be analysed.
The Multiple Fault Analysis executes a complete network analysis based on subtransient
and transient representations of electrical machines taking into account all specified network devices with their full representation and pre-faulted load conditions.
Combination with IEC60909 principles for the calculation of aperiodic components and
peak short-circuit currents
Calculation of peak-break and break-RMS currents
Consideration of a complete multi-wire system representation. Applicable to single-phase
or two-phase networks.
Analysis of multiple fault conditions
Calculation of any asymmetrical, single or multiple fault condition with or without fault
impedance, including single- and double-phase line interruptions.
11.3
DC Short Circuit Calculation
PowerFactory offers the following DC Short Circuit Calculation options:

DC Short Circuit according to IEC 61660
DC Short Circuit according to ANSI/IEEE 946
The maximum and minimum short-circuit currents can be analysed from various DC based
models such as:
AC/DC converters (rectifier/inverter) in bridge connection (ElmRec and ElmRecMono)
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11
FAULT ANALYSIS
Smoothing capacitors (only for IEC 61660) (ElmShnt)

Batteries (ElmBattery)
DC motor/generator (ElmDcm)
The DC Short Circuit Calculation can be initialised using the results of a Load Flow Calculation
(optional). With this option selected, instead of taking a constant pre-fault voltage factor into
account, the Load Flow Calculation is used to determine the pre-fault voltages in the DC system.
Upon completion of the calculation, the user may access a complete set of result variables as
defined in the standards, among them:
Peak short-circuit current
Quasi-steady-state short circuit current
Time to peak
Rise & decay times, rate of rise
Equivalent system resistance and inductance, network time constant, etc.
11.4
Fault Analysis Results (all Methods)
PowerFactory offers many reporting options, including detailed reporting on all short-circuit levels for all faults, or alternatively, a specific report for a particular fault type. Special protection
reports can also be generated to include impedance, current and voltage information.
Display of any variable within the single line graphic, station diagram and Flexible Data
Page
Fully flexible filter mechanisms to display objects in colour mode
Detailed analysis reporting, which can list overloaded system elements, unacceptable bus
voltages, system islands, out-of-service components, voltage levels, area summaries and
more
Detailed text output with pre-defined or user-defined filters and levels
DPL interactivity with all results
Result export to other software applications such as MS-EXCEL or MS-ACCESS
28
12
12
NETWORK REDUCTION
Network Reduction
The typical application of the network reduction tool is a project where a specific network has to
be analysed but cannot be studied independently of a neighbouring network of the same or of a
higher or lower voltage level. In this case, one option is to model both networks in detail for the
calculation. However, there may be situations in which it is not desirable to perform studies with
the complete model; for example when the calculation time would increase significantly, or when
the data of the neighbouring network is confidential. In such cases it is good practise to provide
a representation of the neighbouring network which contains the interface nodes (connection
points) which may be connected by equivalent impedances and voltage sources.
The objective of Network Reduction is to calculate the parameters of a reduced AC equivalent of part of a network, as defined by a boundary. This boundary must completely split the
network into two parts. The equivalent network is valid for both load flow and short-circuit
calculations. ,Following this, a model variation can be optionally created in the PowerFactory
database, whereby the full representation of the portion of network that has been reduced is
replaced by the equivalent.
12.1
General Features
Flexible definition and maintenance of network boundaries. Various features such as

colouring of boundaries and topological checks
Network Reduction can be calculated at any appropriate boundary
Support of Standard Ward (PQ-equivalent), Extended Ward (PV-equivalent) and equivalent loads
Support of short-circuit equivalents for transient, subtransient, peak-make and peak-break
currents
The reduced network can be created in a network variation. This allows for simple comparison and swapping between reduced and non-reduced cases.
Robust reduction algorithms based on the sensitivity approach, i.e. reduced network
matches for the current operating point as well as for network sensitivities
Implicit result verification feature
29
13
VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS
13
Voltage Stability Analysis
13.1
PV Curves
PowerFactory supports the calculation of PV curves by applying specifically implemented scripts.

These scripts perform the calculation of voltage variations against:
Load variation in a selected area
Load shift across boundaries (keeping the total load constant)
Generator shift across boundaries (keeping the total generation constant)
PV curves can be calculated for a selected set of contingencies. Diagrams are automatically
created.
13.2
Q-V Analysis
For analysing the required reactive power reserve at individual busbars, PowerFactory provides
scripts for the calculation of Q-V curves.
13.3
Eigenvalue
PowerFactory includes eigenvalue calculation and analysis tools. A specify eigenvalue, for
which the stability behaviour (i.e. the eigenvectors and participation factors) is to be analysed,
can be selected.
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14
14
LOAD FLOW SENSITIVITIES
Load Flow Sensitivities
Supplementing PowerFactory voltage stability analysis suite is the Sensitivity Analysis tool. It
is often required to not only know the critical point of a system, but also how this critical point
is affected by changes in system conditions. PowerFactory Sensitivity Analysis tool performs a
static voltage stability calculation according to the following options:
Sensitivity to a single busbar (calculation of the voltage sensitivities of all busbars and
branch flow sensitivities according to variations in power (P and Q) at the selected
busbar).
Option to calculate sensitivities with respect to all busbars simultaneously.
Sensitivity to a transformer tap position change (calculation of the voltage sensitivities
of all busbars and branch flow sensitivities according to changes of a transformer/quad
booster tap).
Modal analysis
Identification of weak and strong parts of the network based on modal transformation of the v/Q sensitivity matrix.
Eigenvalue calculation on the v/Q sensitivity matrix, with a user-defined number of
eigenvalues to be calculated.
Results of eigenvalues are displayed (in descending order according to magnitude),
and branch/bus sensitivities can be displayed for each mode.
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15
15
CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS
Contingency Analysis
The new Contingency Analysis tool in DIgSILENT PowerFactory has been designed to offer a
high degree of flexibility in configuration, calculation methods and reporting options. Singleand multiple- time-phase contingency analyses are available, both of which offer automatic or
user-defined contingency creation based on events, and the consideration of controller time
constants and thermal (short-term) ratings.
Calculation Options for Contingency Analysis:
Support of three calculation methods:
AC load flow calculation
DC load flow calculation
Combined DC/AC calculation; i.e. full DC load flow calculation and automatic recalculation of critical contingencies by AC load flow
Single- and Multiple- Time-Phase calculations. Multiple time-phase contingency analysis
facilitates user-defined post-fault actions within discrete time periods.
Generator Effectiveness and Quad Booster Effectiveness calculation: This calculation feature assists the planner in defining appropriate measures for overstressed components in
critical contingency cases: During contingency analysis, the possible impact of individual
generator re-dispatch or transformer tap changes on overstressed lines is evaluated. Corresponding reports are available that list the generator and quad booster effectiveness on
a per-case basis.
Ultimate Performance via Grid Computing: Possibility to perform the contingency analysis
calculation in parallel (on multi-core machines and/or clustered PCs)
Management of Contingencies/Fault Cases:
User-friendly definition of contingencies (n-1, n-2, n-k, busbar) as Fault Cases supporting
user-defined events to model post-fault actions (re-switching, re-dispatching, tap adjustment, load shedding)
Clustering of Fault Cases into Fault Groups for efficient data management
Special Operational Libraries to manage Fault Cases and Fault Groups for future re-use
Automatic creation of contingency cases based on Fault Cases, considering current network topology
Result File Management:
Recording of results in (sparse) result file; accessible for any kind of export and/or customerspecific post-processing
Predefined and user-definable monitoring lists for recording of results; selection of individual components, component classes and their associated variables to be recorded.
Any available calculation result for a standard load flow calculation is accessible during
contingency analysis.
User-defined limits for recording of results (thermal loadings, voltage limits, voltage step
change)
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CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS
Reports:
A wide range of standard reports is available, facilitating summary views or the presentation of
results on a per-contingency basis:
Maximum Loadings Report
Loading Violations (per case) Report
Voltage Ranges Report
Voltage Violations (per case) Report
Generator and Quad Booster Effectiveness Report
Other key features:
Tracing Facilities: Use of the new Trace function to step through events in a multiple
time-phase contingency, while viewing updated results in the single-line graphic
Support of component-wise Short-Term Ratings based on pre-fault loading and post-fault
time
Special Contingency Analysis toolbar for user-friendly configuration, calculation and reporting
Parallel Computing Option: Calculation of contingencies in parallel represents an important
required computation time reduction depending on the number of cores being used.
Management of the parallel computation function
Dedicated settings for the execution of the contingency analysis
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16
OVERHEAD LINE AND CABLE PARAMETER CALCULATION
16
Overhead Line and Cable Parameter Calculation
DIgSILENT PowerFactory incorporates the automatic calculation of the electrical parameters of

any cable/overhead line configuration starting from layout and geometric characteristics which
are typically available in manufactures datasheets. The calculation is applicable over a wide
range of frequencies and supports the step-up process of highly accurate line and cable models
for harmonic analysis, frequency sweep and EMT-simulation among others. The supported
options are described below.
16.1
Overhead Line Parameter Calculation
Any combination of line circuits (1-, 2- and 3-ph), neutral conductors and earth wires,
with/without automatic reduction of earth wires
A flexible definition of tower types and tower geometries, including conductor sags, allowing a multiple combination of tower geometries and conductor types that avoids entry of
redundant data
A flexible definition of tower types and tower geometries, including conductor sags, allowing a multiple combination of tower geometries and conductor types that avoids entry of
redundant data
Solid and tubular conductor types, including sub-conductors for phase circuits and earth
wires
Skin effect
Equivalent impedance and admittance matrices in natural, reduced and symmetrical components
16.2
Cable Parameter Calculation
Multi-phase single core and pipe type cable systems

Flexible definition of cable layouts, including conducting, semi-conducting and insulating
layers
Compact and hollow core shapes, filling factor for stranded conductors
Consideration of skin effect
Calculation of layer impedances and admittances in natural, reduced and symmetrical components, including sheath and armour reduction, cross-bonding.
16.3
Automatic Cable Sizing
Automatic Cable Sizing optimisation in accordance with various international standards.

The Cable Sizing command can be executed on a network model, balanced or unbalanced,
with or without any cable types previously defined. PowerFactory will assign types and calculate
cable ratings according to the selected international standard, such as:
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16
OVERHEAD LINE AND CABLE PARAMETER CALCULATION
IEC 60364-5-52
BS 7671
NF C15-100
NF C13-200
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17
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FUNCTIONS
17
Distribution Network Functions
17.1
Feeder Analysis
Feeder Plots: Graphical display feature (Virtual Instrument, VI) to increase transparency
in grid loading and voltage profile analysis along the feeder. Displayed result variables are
freely configurable. Full interactivity is given via the VI to access all relevant data of the
components belonging to the feeder.
Schematic visualisation of Feeder: Automatic generation of single line diagram to visualise
components of the feeder with distance/index view.
Feeder Load Scaling: A load flow calculation feature that allows the automatic adjustment
of individual bus loads to match a specified total feeder load. The selection of loads which
are to participate in the feeder scaling procedure is user-defined. This method allows for
complex scaling scenarios with nested and parallel feeders.
Backbone Calculation: A calculation that allows the determination and visualisation of the
main connections between meshed feeders. Various methods are available to determine
backbones, ranging from purely topological criteria, and cross-section analysis, to more
sophisticated methods that score quality of power restoration.
17.2
Low-Voltage Network Analysis
Define loads in terms of numbers of customers connected to a line

Consider load diversity
Perform a load flow analysis that considers load diversity for calculating maximum voltage
drops and maximum branch current
Perform cable reinforcement optimisation to either automatically reinforce selected cables,
or to provide a report of recommendations
Perform voltage drop and cable loading analysis
Perform statistical calculations of neutral currents caused by unbalanced single-phase
loading and load diversity, to represent a realistic network
17.3
Stochastic Load Modelling
On the basis of defined customer units the user may specify a number of customers connected
to a line. Load flow options are provided to define the load per unit customer according to:
Power per customer unit
Power factor
Coincidence factor for an infinite number of loads (i.e. simultaneity factor)
In addition, the user may select one of two methods for considering the stochastic nature of
loads:
Stochastic evaluation (theoretical approach, also applicable to meshed networks)
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17
Maximum current estimation (application of stochastic rules for estimating maximum branch
flow and maximum voltage drops)
The Load Flow with stochastic load modelling then provides maximum currents for each branch
component, maximum voltage drops, and minimum voltages at every bus bar.. The usual variables for currents and voltages in this case represent average values of voltages and currents.
Losses are calculated based on average values; the maximum circuit loading is calculated using
maximum currents.
17.4
Cable Reinforcement optimisation
PowerFactory Cable Reinforcement optimisation determines the most cost-effective option for
upgrading overloaded cables in balanced and unbalanced networks. The objective function is
to minimise annual costs for reinforcing lines (i.e. investment, operational costs and insurance
fees). Constraints for the optimisation are the admissible voltage band and cable loading limits
for the planned network.
optimisation along pre-definable feeder
User-definable library of available cable/OHL types with costs that can be used for reinforcement
The analysis can be performed on a network model without any cable types previously
defined. Types are assigned from the selected library, with consideration to the specified
loading and voltage drop constraints
Consideration of:
Admissible voltage band limits
Maximum voltage drop limit at the end of the feeder
Maximum admissible Cable/OHL overloading
Various plausibility checks for final solution
Calculated results: report of the recommended new cable/overhead types for lines and
cost evaluation for the recommended upgrading
Report mode to propose cable/OHL type changes or automatic type replacement
Report on the short-circuit loading of lines and cables
17.5
Feeder Tools
The PowerFactory Feeder Tools comprise a set of tools for radial systems to change voltage
levels, phase technology or to optimise phasing from a particular point downwards.
Voltage and Phase Technology Change Tool
Automatic change of the voltage level and/or phase technology inside a pre-defined feeder
Automatic replacement of type data (for transformers, lines, loads and motors) according
to pre-configurable type mapping tables - including automatic creation of new compatible
types if necessary
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Auto-Balancing Tool
Automatic balancing of feeders such that voltage unbalance at terminals is minimised
Reconfiguration of phasing of loads, lines, or transformers and combinations thereof
Supports fixed phasing elements
Colouring modes to visualise phase technology before and after change
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18
PROTECTION FUNCTIONS
Protection Functions
The basic functional model library of DIgSILENT PowerFactory protection analysis tool has been
extended to include additional devices such as CTs, VTs, relays, fuses and more complex protection schemes including user-defined modelling capabilities. Additionally, there are specially
designed interactive VIs (Virtual Instruments) for displaying system quantities and, more importantly, for modifying protection settings in the graphical environment. This last feature is especially useful, as coordinated settings between different protection schemes can be modified via
the cursor in the graphical environment, following which the settings in both the database and
the simulation environment are also updated.
All protective devices are fully-functional under steady-state and transient conditions, allowing
device response assessment under all possible simulation modes, including load flow calculation, fault analysis, RMS and Instantaneous Values (EMT) simulation.
PowerFactory main protection features are:
Accurate steady-state relay checking via short-circuit and load flow (balanced and unbalanced)
Precise dynamic relay checking with RMS and EMT simulations
Consideration of current transformer saturation
Diagrams for overcurrent and distance coordination:
Time-overcurrent diagrams
R-X characteristic diagrams
Time distance diagrams
Automatic Protection Coordination Wizard for time-overcurrent protection schemes
Short Circuit Trace to examine the performance of a protection scheme in response to a
fault or combination of faults
18.1
Protection Model Library and Functionality
The DIgSILENT PowerFactory protection analysis tool contains a comprehensive protection device model library. All relays are modelled for steady-state calculations (short-circuit, load flow),
RMS and EMT simulation modes. The definition of relay types is highly flexible via block diagrams. For RMS and EMT simulation purposes, relays may be extended and adopted to cope
with user specific requirements via the PowerFactory DSL language The features of the protection model library are listed below.
Fuses are represented by their melting curves. It is possible to take minimum and maximum
melting curves into account.
Time-Overcurrent Relays for 1-phase, 3-phase, ground and negative sequence time overcurrents. Additionally, the relay characteristics can incorporate the following standards and
solution methods:
IEC 255-3, ANSI/IEEE and ANSI/IEEE squared
ABB/Westinghouse CO (Mdar)
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Linear approximation, Hermite-spline approximation

Analytical expressions via built-in formula editor and analyser (DSL)
Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays for 1- phase, 3-phase, ground and negative sequence time
over-currents.
Directional Relays for overcurrent, power, ground current, and any combination of time and
instantaneous overcurrent relays. Additionally, voltage and current polarisation is used for the
detection of negative and zero sequence components considering also dual polarisation. Optional: with voltage memory.
Distance Relays for phase, ground and zone distance protection. Provision is available for
incorporating overcurrent and under-impedance starting units (U-I or Z) as well as angle underimpedance. Different characteristics are available for distance relay zones including:
MHO, offset MHO
Polygonal, offset polygonal
Tomatoes, lens and circle
R/X Blinders and quadrilateral
Support of various polarisations such as:
Self-polarised
Cross polarised (90 connection)
Positive, negative sequence polarised
Optional: voltage memory
Zero sequence and parallel line compensation
Voltage Relays for under-voltage, instantaneous voltage, voltage balance and unbalance. Additional devices such as: Breaker Fail, Motor Protection, Generator Protection, Differential
Protection, Reclosing Relays, Low Voltage Circuit Breakers, and Out-of-Step Relays.
In addition to these protection functions and relays, DIgSILENT PowerFactory provides further
devices and characteristics for more detailed protection system modelling, such as:
Current and voltage transformers that include saturation effects
Conductor, cable damage curves, cable overload curves and inrush peak current modelling
Transformer damage curves (ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.109-1985) and inrush peak current modelling
Motor starting curves, cold and hot stall, in-rush peak current modelling, and any userdefined curves
All protection device models are implemented within the composite model frame environment.
This allows users to easily design and implement their own models, by utilising the graphical
user interface for constructing block diagrams.
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18.2
Output and Graphical Representation
Time-Overcurrent Diagrams
Overcurrent curve adjustment using drag and drop
Display of tripping curve tolerances during drag and drop
User-defined labels
Tripping times are automatically displayed for calculated currents in time-overcurrent diagrams
Display of an unlimited number of overcurrent curves in diagrams
Simple creation and addition of diagrams via single line graphics
Display of motor starting curves, conductor/cable and transformer damage curves
Balloon help showing name of relay, etc.
Double-click on curves to change relay settings
Additional axis for voltage levels
Display of single-line diagram paths in time-overcurrent diagrams
R-X Characteristic Diagrams
Display branch impedances with several options
Automatic display of calculated impedances
Adding relays with offset
Flexible display of zones (starting zones, etc.)
Time Distance Diagrams
Different methods for calculating curves: kilometrical or short-circuit sweep method
Forward and/or reverse diagram
Selectivity check of distance and overcurrent relays/fuses in same diagram
Separate overreach zone representation
Additional axis showing relay locations and busbars/terminals
Selectable x-axis scaling (length, impedance, reactance, 1/conductance)
Single Line Diagram
Colouring of switches according to relay locations, relay tripping times
Display of relay tripping times in result boxes
Additional text boxes for relay settings
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18
Relay Setting Report

Simplified ASCII reports generated in the output window
Tabular report command can be customised to deal with the structure of complex relay
models and for a protective device class
Relay Tripping Report
18.3
Overcurrent-Time Protection
The coordination of overcurrent-time protection is performed graphically using the current-time

diagram as the basis. Relay settings are modified using drag and drop to move characteristics.
Short-circuit currents calculated by the short-circuit command, are shown in the diagram as a
vertical line. In addition, the corresponding tripping times of the relays are displayed. Coordination between relays at different voltage levels is available. Therefore, currents are automatically
based on the leading voltage level, which can be selected by the user.
18.4
Distance Protection
For distance protection coordination, two powerful graphical features are integrated. The first
of these features is the R-X diagram for displaying the tripping zone of distance relays and
the line impedances. Several relays can be visualised in the same R-X diagram. This can
be useful for the comparison of two relays that are located at different ends of the same line.
The relay characteristics and the impedance characteristic of the connecting line will be shown
in the same R-X diagram. Following short-circuit calculations, the measured impedances are
visualised with a marker in the shape of a small arrow or cross. From the location of the marker
the user can see the tripped zone and its associated tripping time. For dynamic simulation,
measured impedances of the relays can be displayed, thereby visualising the functioning of
power swing blocking or out-of-step tripping relays.
The second powerful graphical feature is the time-distance diagram, which is used for checking
the selectivity between relays along a coordination path. The relays on a coordination path can
be displayed in diagrams for forward, reverse or for both directions. Consequently, it is very
easy to check the selectivity of the relays along a coordination path. Two different methods for
calculation of the tripping curves are provided. These are the kilometric and the short-circuit
method.
Kilometric method: The reach of the zones is calculated from the intersection of the given
positive sequence impedance of the lines, and the impedance characteristic of the relays.
Short-circuit method: This is the main method for checking the selectivity. Short-circuits
(user-defined fault type) are calculated along the coordination path. The tripping times for
the time-distance curve are determined using the calculated impedances. The starting
signal of a relay is also considered.
A special feature of the distance protection is the consideration of blocking signals or POTT (permissive over-reach transfer tripping), PUTT (permissive under-reach transfer tripping), which
are also taken into account. In addition to tripping curves of distance relays, the curves of overcurrent relays can be displayed and coordinated in the same diagram using the short-circuit
method. Both the kilometric and the short-circuit method consider breaker opening times in the
calculation of tripping times. The breaker opening time can be optionally ignored.
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18.5
Coordination Assistant
The coordination assistant helps the protection engineer to quickly find well structured and consistent network protection solutions and afterwards easily analyse, tune and implement the chosen settings in the protection devices. The algorithm is flexible, automated and comprehensive
featuring the following options:
User-definable coordination area (paths)
Automatic coordination of distance protection relays
Determination of relay protection zones
Reactive reach via zone-factors (independent, cumulative, ref. to line 1)
Resistive reach based on prospective fault/load resistance
Output options:
Tabular report
Time-distance diagram
Automatic update of protection devices
Time distance plots are automatically obtained after executing the algorithm
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19
ARC-FLASH HAZARD ANALYSIS
19
Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis
PowerFactory offers the possibility to perform calculations to determine Personal Protective

Equipment (PPE) requirements by means of the Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis tool:
Arc-Flash calculations can be performed using globally or individually specified circuitbreaker tripping times, or protection clearing times based on actual protection settings.
The calculation takes into account the arc resistance when determining protection clearing
times.
Incident Energy and PPE requirements can be displayed on the Single Line Graphic.
Easy preparation and use of Arc-Flash labels based on the calculation results.
19.1
Supported Standards
IEEE-1584 2002
NFPA 70E 2008
German Standard BGI/GUV-I 5188
With the first method, IEEE-1584 2002, the arcing current is calculated based on the equations
presented in the standard. Internally, PowerFactory calculates the arc resistance required to
limit the fault current to the calculated value. When the NFPA method is selected, the bolted
fault current is used for the calculation. For either method, when the user selects to use relay
tripping times, a second calculation is performed at a reduced fault current and the associated
clearing time. PowerFactory compares the results of these two cases and reports on the worst
case result.
19.2
Results visualisation
The Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis tool in PowerFactory offers different option to visualise results:
Result boxes and colouring mode in the Single Line Graphic
Arc-Flash reports dialogue to configure tabular result output
Arc-Flash labels to export a selected set of variables to Microsoft Excel
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20
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OPTIMISATION
Distribution Network optimisation
In order to reduce network unbalance and improve quality of supply, DIgSILENT PowerFactory
ncorporates features to assist the user in distribution network optimisation:
Optimal capacitor placement
Open tie optimisation
Cable reinforcement optimisation
Feeder tools for voltage/technology change
Auto-balancing to minimise voltage unbalance
20.1
Optimal Capacitor Placement
PowerFactory s Optimal Capacitor Placement determines the optimal locations, types and sizes
of capacitors to be installed in radial distribution networks. The economic benefits due to energy
loss reduction are weighted against the installation costs of the capacitors while keeping the
voltage profile within defined limits. This feature includes:
User-definable library of proposed capacitor candidates together with annual installation
costs
Consideration of:
Benefits due to loss reduction
Voltage limits
Maximum total investment costs
Support of load profiles
Calculated results: set of locations where capacitors should be installed, which type of
capacitor(s) should be installed at each site, and whether or not a switched capacitor is
proposed.
User-friendly presentation of results with fully-integrated post-processing features
20.2
Open Tie optimisation
PowerFactory s Open Tie optimisation finds a loss-minimal switch configuration of the network,
which results in a radial topology while maintaining all thermal limits. This feature includes:
Heuristic algorithm which explores all potential meshes in the grid to evaluate the optimal
tie-points to open
Consideration of loading limits
User-definable section of the network where optimal open tie-points should be determined
Report mode to propose switch status changes or automatic switch reconfiguration
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21
HARMONIC AND POWER QUALITY ANALYSIS
21
Harmonic and Power Quality Analysis
The harmonic analysis functionality is ideal for applications in transmission, distribution and
industrial networks for filter design, ripple control signal simulation or for the determination of
network resonance frequencies.
For analysing the impact of harmonics in power systems, DIgSILENT PowerFactory provides
two harmonic analysis functions.
21.1
Harmonic Load Flow
The DIgSILENT PowerFactory harmonic load flow features the calculation of harmonic voltage
and current distributions based on defined harmonic sources and grid characteristics. It allows
the modelling of any user-defined harmonic voltage or current source, both in magnitude and
phase including inter-harmonics. The harmonic sources can be located at any busbar in the
power system and may be implemented within any network topology.
Harmonic current sources can be associated with any load, SVC (TCR injection), rectifier or
inverter. Harmonic voltage sources can be modelled using the AC voltage source model or the
PWM AC/DC converter model. The built-in rectifier models inject the spectrum of ideal 6-pulse
rectifiers if no other injection has been defined.
DIgSILENT PowerFactory supports any type of characteristic harmonic, un-characteristic harmonic (even harmonics etc.) and non-integer (inter-) harmonics. Unbalanced harmonic sources
(e.g. single-phase rectifiers) are also fully-supported. The analysis of inter-harmonics or unbalanced harmonic sources is based on a complete abc-phase network model.
Because of the phase correct representation of harmonic sources and network elements, the
superposition of harmonic currents injected by 6-pulse rectifiers (via Y-Y and Y-D transformers
leading to a reduction in 5th, 7th, 17th, 19th etc. harmonic currents) is modelled correctly.
DIgSILENT PowerFactory calculates all symmetrical and asymmetrical harmonic indices for currents and voltages, as defined by relevant IEEE standards, including harmonic current indices
and harmonic losses, such as:
THD and HD ((Total) Harmonic Distortion)
TAD (Total Arithmetic Distortion)
IT product
Harmonic losses
Active and reactive power at any frequency
Total active and reactive power, displacement and power factor
Network impedances at selected buses
RMS values
Unbalance factors
Integer and non-integer harmonic order values
Flicker Assessment:
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21
Pst, Plt (Short-, and long-term Flicker Disturbance Factors; continuous and switching
operation)
Relative voltage change value
Results can be represented:
In the single line diagram (total harmonic indices)
As histograms (frequency domain)
As waveform (transformation into the time domain)
As profile (e.g. THD versus busbars)
The frequency dependent representation of network elements such as lines, cables, two- and
three-winding transformers, machines, loads, filter banks etc. for considering skin effects is
fully-supported.
21.2
Frequency Sweep
The frequency sweep performs a continuous analysis in the frequency domain. The most common application is the calculation of self- and mutual network impedances for identifying the
resonance points of the network and for supporting filter design.
All impedances are calculated simultaneously in the same run. Since DIgSILENT PowerFactory uses a variable step-size algorithm, the calculation time of frequency sweeps
is very low while the resolution around resonance points remains very high (typically 0.1
Hz).
Frequency sweeps can either be performed with the positive-sequence network model
(very fast) or the complete three-phase abc-network model.
Calculation of self- and mutual network impedances
Calculation of voltage amplification factors
Calculation of voltage amplification factors
In addition to common applications relating to harmonic distortion, PowerFactorys Frequency
Sweep function can also be used for subsynchronous resonance studies. The calculation of
damping and undamping torques is supported by special scripts.
Network Modelling
The skin effect is considered by associating frequency characteristics with line or transformer
resistances and inductances. These characteristics can be specified by either setting the parameters of a polynomial expression or by entering the characteristic point by point using tables.
DIgSILENT PowerFactory uses cubic splines or hermite polynoms for appropriate interpolation.
Lines are modelled either by approximate PI sections or by the highly-accurate distributed parameter line model that should always be used for long lines or high frequency
applications. The skin effect can be included in both line models.
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21
Filters can be specified by either layout parameters or design parameters. Layout

parameters are typically the rated reactive power, the resonance frequency and the quality
factor. Design parameters are the actual R, L, and C values.
In addition to the explicit specification of frequency dependent resistance or inductance via
parameter characteristics, overhead lines can be modelled by defining the tower geometry and
cables can be modelled by specifying the cable layout. In such cases, frequency dependent
effects, such as the skin effect or frequency dependent earth return, are automatically calculated
and considered by the model.
21.3
Ripple Control Signals
DIgSILENT PowerFactory provides full support for analysing and dimensioning ripple control
systems. Series and parallel coupling of ripple control systems can be modelled including all
necessary filter elements.
The level of the ripple control signal in the entire network is calculated and reported in the
single line diagram, the output window or the browser.
21.4
Filter Rating
DIgSILENT PowerFactory features a special, easy-to-use function for calculating the rating of
all components of a filter. All relevant voltages across all components are calculated and made
available in the Filter Sizing report.
21.5
Power Quality Assessment according to D-A-CH-CZ Guideline
The Connection Request Assessment Tool is a very useful feature for power quality calculations according to D-A-CH-CZ guideline Technical Rules for the Assessment of Network Disturbances as used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Czech Republic. A new Connection
Request Assessment command is available as well as the Connection Request element. This
element represents a new load installation which is to be connected to the grid.
Full assessment of the D-A-CH-CZ guideline is performed based on the following criteria:
Voltage Changes and Flicker
Voltage Unbalance
Harmonics
Commutation Notches
Interharmonic Voltages
Following the calculation, a detailed report and summary are made available for further analysis.
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22
OPTIMAL POWER FLOW (OPF)
Optimal Power Flow (OPF)
The PowerFactory Optimal Power Flow (OPF) serves as the ideal complement to the existing
load flow functions. Where the standard load flow calculates branch flows and busbar voltages
based on specified set points (active/reactive power generation, generator voltage, transformer
tap positions, etc.), the OPF also calculates the best possible values for optimising a userspecified objective function and a number of user-defined constraints. In this way, the OPF
adds intelligence and consequently improves efficiency and throughput of power system studies
significantly.
Building on the load flow calculation, PowerFactory offers two calculation methods:
AC optimisation based on a state-of-the-art interior-point algorithm
DC optimisation based on linear programming using simplex methods, also supporting
contingency constrained optimisation.
OPF in PowerFactory allows easy configuration of the optimisation task via the simple selection of an objective function, controls (i.e. system variables to be optimised), and constraints.
The optimal solution for the selected objective function is calculated under the consideration
of a number of possible constraints with which the final solution must comply. All controls and
constraints can be flexibly-defined on a component level.
22.1
AC optimisation
Supported Objective Functions:

minimisation of system losses
minimisation of costs (based on arbitrary (non-linear) cost curves for generators and load
tariffs for external grids)
minimisation of load shedding
Control Variables:
Generator active power dispatch
Generator reactive power dispatch
Transformer tap positions
Switchable shunts
Load consumption (for optimal load shedding)
Supported Constraints:
Branch flow limits (loading)
Voltage limits (min/max) for busbars/terminals
Active power limits of generators
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Reactive power limits of generators

Transformer tap changer limits
Adjustable shunt limits
Boundary flow limits (min/max limits for active and reactive power flow along any userdefinable boundary)
Since the OPF can dispatch the active power of generators considering reserve limits and considering fuel cost minimisation (which is based on non-linear fuel cost functions), the PowerFactory OPF is also a highly advanced economic dispatch function.
22.2
DC optimisation
The DC optimisation builds on a sensitivity-based linear programming approach. Most notably, it

allows a contingency constrained optimisation to be carried out for any predefined list of contingency cases. The optimisation simultaneously considers all contingency cases, and the solution
is globally optimal and guaranteed to be feasible over all contingency cases (i.e. not violating
any constraints in any of the contingencies).
Supported Objective Functions:
Feasibility check
minimisation of costs (based on arbitrary (non-linear) cost curves for generators and load
tariffs for external grids)
minimisation of generator dispatch change, i.e. finding a feasible solution with minimal
re-dispatching
minimisation of pre- to post-fault generator dispatch change (available for contingency
constrained optimisation only), i.e. finding optimal dispatch for the base case and each
contingency case such that the change between the base case and each contingency
case is minimal
minimisation of pre- to post-fault transformer tap change (available for contingency constrained optimisation only), i.e. finding optimal transformer tap settings for the base case
and each contingency case such that the change between the base case and each contingency case is minimal
Control Variables:
Generator active power dispatch - for base case and all contingency cases
Transformer tap positions - for base case and all contingency cases
Load consumption
Supported Constraints:
Branch flow limits (loading) - for base case and all contingency cases
Active power limits of generators - for base case and all contingency cases
Transformer tap changer limits - for base case and all contingency cases
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Boundary flow limits (min/max limits for active and reactive power flow along any userdefinable boundary) - for base case and all contingency cases
Maximum number of tap changes per contingency
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23
TECHNO-ECONOMICAL CALCULATION
23
Techno-Economical Calculation
Techno-economical calculations are used to perform an economic assessment and comparison

of network expansions (projects) through an analysis of:
The cost of electrical losses.
The economic impact of failure rates (reliability).
Investment costs (including initial costs, initial value, scrap value, and expected life span).
Project timing.
The output of the Techno-Economical Calculation is the Net Present Value (NPV) of the project
over the selected period. The command can optionally reconfigure the network at each step of
the calculation to minimise losses (using the Tie Open Point optimisation command).
Output results are:
Reference to the result object
Summary report of selected calculation options, and annual costs, total costs, and Net
Present Value (NPV) in the output window
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24
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS
Reliability Analysis Functions
Reliability calculations are essential for the evaluation and comparison of electrical power systems in terms of both design and operation. Although non-stochastic contingency analyses
(i.e. n-1) are able to highlight obviously unacceptable operational events, they cannot rank
these events in terms of either frequency or duration. The DIgSILENT PowerFactory Reliability
Analysis tool incorporates standard reliability assessment features together with sophisticated
modelling techniques that enable all forms of reliability assessment to be carried out.
Failure models are defined using mean yearly failure frequency and repair duration data. For
lines and cables, this data is entered in per-length terms. Detailed models are available for
generators that enable de-rated states to be represented, with maintenance and common mode
models also available.
Load forecast and growth curves can be imposed via time-varying load characteristics. Load
models are additionally available for hard-to-predict industrial situations, and each can be assigned its own interruption cost using one of the following cost functions: cost/customer/interruption,
cost/kW/interruption or cost/interruption.
All failure and load models can be represented either by the Markov method, where simple
mean repair durations are modelled, or by the sophisticated Weibull-Markov method, where
repair duration variance is additionally modelled. The Weibull-Markov model also has the unique
property that annual interruption cost indices such as load and process (industrial) interruption
costs can be calculated both analytically and quickly. Consequently, PowerFactory s Reliability
Analysis tool enables the comparison and justification of alternative investment proposals on a
financial basis.
The basic calculation method used is analytical state enumeration. This method is very efficient,
produces exact results and is flexible for addressing a wide range of reliability calculation problems. The network reliability analysis can be carried out on the basis of a simple connectivity
check (primarily intended for distribution networks) or on the basis of AC load flow calculations
which consider load curtailments due to overloading or voltage constraints (for bulk power system analysis).
The approach combines fast topological analysis for fault clearance, fault isolation and power
restoration, with AC load flow and optimisation techniques for addressing energy at risk, load
transfer and load shedding.
Finally, the results of all reliability assessments can be presented in text format, as user-defined
graphs, or within the single-line graphics environment.
24.1
Failure Models
The failure models for network reliability assessment include:

Failures of lines, cables, transformers, generators/external grids and busbars
Independent second failures (n-2)
Common mode failures
Double earth faults
Protection/circuit breaker malfunction
Transient fault model (for momentary interruption indices)
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In addition to the above-listed failure models, planned outages such as scheduled maintenance
can also be considered.
Special failure models can be used by various network components to share failure data. The
failure models hold stochastic failure information (mean yearly failure frequency for sustained,
transient and earth faults on a per km basis, as well as mean repair durations). PowerFactory s
user-interface allows for both an easy setup, as well as for simple modification of input data for
various studies.
The Maintenance feature simulates the effects of network reliability under predefined planned
outage scenarios. Maintenance of individual network components can be modelled on an hourly
basis.
24.2
State Enumeration
Based on the network model and the given failure data, the reliability analysis generates and
analyses the resulting contingency cases.
In addition, the user can model load forecast and growth curves by imposing time-varying load
characteristics. PowerFactory has a very efficient handling of the reliability assessment over
time with varying load data, through the use of the following techniques:
Clustering of load states in the state enumeration algorithm
Analysing load variation correlations, thereby reducing the overall number of load states
Using linear approximation techniques to improve performance in the case of large numbers of load states
24.3
Failure Effect Analysis
The Failure Effect Analysis (FEA) simulates both the automatic and manual reactions to faults
of installed protection and of the system operators during each reliability assessment. The
FEA can be checked and fine-tuned in an interactive way to exactly match the real system and
operator reactions.
The Failure Effect Analysis comprises:
Automatic fault clearance by protection devices
Automatic or manual fault isolation
Automatic or manual power restoration by network reconfiguration. This includes sophisticated sectionalising and strategic power restoration methods that operate in three distinct
phases:
Phase 1: sectionalising by remote controlled switch devices
Phase 2: Sub-sectionalising of strategic areas
Phase 3: Full system restoration
Overload alleviation by optimised generator re-dispatch, load transfer and load shedding,
under consideration of load priorities and the amount of load that is available for shedding.
Under-voltage load-shedding
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For classical bulk power system analysis, it is assumed that post-fault overloads may occur. A
full AC load flow, incorporating basic generator re-dispatch and automatic tap changing, is used
to analyse post-fault system conditions. Additional load transfer and/or load shedding will then
be simulated.
In cases where it can be assumed that system restoration will not lead to any overloading, the
overload alleviation can be omitted and a fast network connectivity analysis is sufficient.
24.4
System Indices and Results
PowerFactorys Network Reliability Assessment calculates all common reliability indices. Among
others, the following indices are available:
System indices (also available for user-defined feeders, zones, and areas):
SAIFI, System Average Interruption Frequency Index
CAIFI, Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index
SAIDI, System Average Interruption Duration Index
CAIDI, Customer Average Interruption Duration Index
ASIFI, Average System Interruption Frequency Index
ASIDI, Average System Interruption Duration Index
ASAI, Average Service Availability Index
ASUI, Average Service Unavailability Index
ENS, Energy Not Supplied
AENS, Average Energy Not Supplied
ACCI, Average Customer Curtailment Index
EIC, Expected Interruption Cost
IEAR, Interrupted Energy Assessment Rate
SES, System Energy Shed
LOLE, Loss of Load Expectancy
LOEE, Loss of Energy Expectation
LOLF, Loss of Load Frequency
LOLD, Loss of Load Duration
MAIFI, Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index
Load Indices:
AID, Average Interruption Duration
ACIF, Average Customer Interruption Frequency
ACIT, Average Customer Interruption Time
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LPIT, Load Point Interruption Time

LPIF, Load Point Interruption Frequency
LPENS, Load Point Energy Not Supplied
LPEIC, Load Point Expected Interruption Costs
LPCNS, Load Point Customers Not Supplied
LPPNS, Load Point Power Not Supplied
LPPS, Load Point Power Shed
LPES, Load Point Energy Shed
LPIC, Load Point Interruption Costs
TCIF, Total Customer Interruption Frequency
TCIT, Total Customer Interruption Time
Busbar Indices:
AID, Average Interruption Duration
LPIF, Yearly Interruption Frequency
LPIT, Yearly Interruption Time
24.5
Special Features
The Network Reliability Assessment is fully-integrated into PowerFactory , thus profiting from
the extremely flexible data management and data handling for setting up individual studies.
24.5.1
High Flexibility
Each contingency case is created and analysed based on events (i.e. switch events, load
shedding events, generator re-dispatch events). By default, the events are created automatically
by the reliability calculation algorithm. This allows the user to analyse, adjust and fine-tune the
individual cases in a very flexible manner. The reliability calculation will then consider the userdefined events for the FEA instead of creating them automatically.
24.5.2
Tracing of Individual Cases
The user can examine the results of a single fault by running the fault case of interest in the trace
mode, a step-by-step analysis that sweeps over the individual actions of the FEA. The switching
actions and load shedding/generator dispatch events created by the reliability calculation will
then be applied to the network and the results can be viewed and analysed after each time
step.
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24.5.3
Powerful Output Tools for Result Representation
Results can be viewed in a variety of ways:

Formatted reports
Tabular result views (integrated into the PowerFactory Data Manager)
Graphical result representations
Various colouring modes
24.5.4
Contribution to Reliability Indices
Post-processing tools allow the calculation of individual components contributions to system

indices. In this way the user can study the impact of certain network components (such as
lines/cables, transformers, etc) on the overall system indices. Likewise, loads can be grouped
into load classes (industrial, agricultural, domestic, etc) and their contribution to, for example,
energy indices can be evaluated.
24.5.5
Development of Indices over Years
Taking into account the evolution of the network model and the failure data over time, PowerFactory supports the calculation and visualisation of the reliability indices over years.
24.6
Optimal Power Restoration
PowerFactory offers Power Restoration tools for distribution networks incorporating Tie Open
Point optimisation methods to achieve an utmost level of resupply. I.e., PowerFactory is automatically evaluating as part of the Power Restoration strategy the benefits of any move of
tie open points in any neighboring feeder.
Additional Features
Unbalanced calculations
Handle of feeder constraints
Calculation of reliability indices
Use of load distribution states
Use of Time Tariffs and Energy Tariffs
24.6.1
Optimal Power Restoration
Optimal Power Restoration studies can be conducted for single case to obtain a Recovery
Scheme Report even in the case where no failure data is available for the network components. This function includes the feature to trace the stages of the restoration and view the
impacts of the restoration on the single line graphic.
Features
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Animated tracing of individual cases

Optimal Remote Control Switch (RCS) Placement
Optimal Manual Restoration
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STATE ESTIMATION
State Estimation
The PowerFactory State Estimator provides an accurate real-time analysis of the full operating
system based on the information provided by selectively monitored data, e.g. that of an installed SCADA system. The objective of the state estimator is to assess the generator and load
injections in a way such that the resulting load flow solution matches as closely as possible the
measured branch flows and busbar voltages. The features of PowerFactory s State Estimation
tool include:
Flexible definition of external measurement devices in the network model supporting the
following measurement types:
Active and reactive power branch flows

Branch current (magnitude)
Busbar voltage (magnitude)
Breaker status
Transformer tap position
User-definable selection of system states to be estimated/optimised:
Loads: Active and reactive power demand, or alternatively the scaling factor
Generators and static generators: Active and reactive power generation
Asynchronous machines: Active power generation
Static Var Systems: Reactive power injection
Transformers: Tap positions
High-precision estimation of full system state that minimises deviations from measurements
Fast-converging non-linear optimisation algorithms
Observability check based on a novel sensitivity analysis approach
Detection of unobservable system states
Grouping of unobservable states in equivalence classes
Detection of redundant measurement locations
Innovative patch strategies for unobservable areas; usage of automatically created pseudomeasurements
Bad data detection in the loop
Measurement plausibility checks as pre-processing, such as:
Node sum checks for active and reactive power

Check for consistent active power flow directions at each side of branch elements
Check for unrealistic branch losses and unrealistic branch loadings
Check for negative losses on passive branch elements
Check for large branch flows on open-ended branch elements
Statistical report and colouring modes to visualise measurement qualities

Fully featured, large scale AC/DC system representation
The PowerFactory State Estimator is supporting a variety of communication options such as
OPC (OLE for Process Control) or Shared Memory Interface for implementing data interchange
with any kind of SCADA system.
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QUASI DYNAMIC SIMULATION
Quasi Dynamic Simulation
PowerFactory offers the execution of medium to long term simulations thanks to the new Quasi
Dynamic Simulation engine. If simulation periods ranging from hours up to years are under
investigation, the Quasi Dynamic Simulation automates the entire simulation process. Multiple
Load Flow Calculations are carried out with user defined time step sizes between each simulation. The results from each calculation are stored and are available for post processing. The
tool is particularly suitable for planning studies in which long term load and generation profiles
are defined in parallel with multiple contingency scenarios, variations and expansion stages. In
terms of user handling, the tool is easy to use.
Additional Features
All Load Flow Calculation variables are available for storing and plotting
Statistical data for the variables
Results such as the maximum, minimum, average, variance, etc. are provided
Energy estimation for the studied time interval
Tabular reports for the most relevant results as loading/voltage ranges and non convergency cases
Export to HTML or Excel options
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DYNAMIC MODELLING FLEXIBILITY (DSL)
Dynamic Modelling Flexibility (DSL)
DIgSILENT PowerFactory features unmet flexibility in implementing user-specific modeling needs

for stability analysis (RMS and EMT) purposes. The fundamental level of flexibility level is provided by graphical object wiring diagrams called Composite Model Frames. They provide a
user-friendly means to configure functional block relations (Slots) using object signal connections.
Any existing PowerFactory object can be plugged into a Composite Model Frame Slot.
Frames can be lumped and nested to any degree of complexity.
Hundreds of objects such as power system components (e.g. busbars, generators, lines,
transformers, motors, voltage controllers, prime movers, power system stabilisers, motor
driver machines, relays, relay components, CTs, VTs, measurement files, FFT devices,
real time clock, RMS signal transducer, parameter identifiers, controllers, power plant control components, A/D converter, RPC links), result files or display objects are at the users
disposal.
In cases where additional functions are required which are not included in the built-in
model- and macros-library, these can be created using the DSL language.
DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL) main features:
Flexible definition of macros, functions and models, which is not limited to the use of
predefined blocks of a block-oriented simulation language (BOSL).
DSL is a Continuous System Simulation Language (CSSL) featuring a complete syntactical description of continuous linear and nonlinear as well as digital systems. DSL is
dedicated to common control and logic diagrams; it is a non-procedural language as the
sequence of elements can be chosen arbitrarily.
DSL syntax elements are algebraic and differential equations as well as intrinsic functions
such as signal limiting blocks, tables and curve approximation, delay, interrupt procedures,
logical blocks, etc.
Basic control elements such as PID, PTn or even complete physical subsystems such as
HVDC valve groups or excitation systems can be defined as macros or high-level functions.
Automatic calculation of initial conditions utilising various iterative procedures for initialising complex, nonlinear equations of coupled systems.
Provision of various formal procedures for error detection and testing purposes, e.g. algebraic loop detection, reporting of unused and undefined variables and missing initial
conditions.
DSL models are considered by the PowerFactory EMT/RMS simulation. Multi-level modelling is provided for the different steady-state descriptions and transient time domains
(short/mid-term, long-term and electromagnetic).
DSL models can be created by drawing a block diagram. Any block may contain another DSL model, a macro or any sequence of DSL syntax. The DSL-editor will then
generate the DSL description automatically and will also provide direct model testing functions such as eigenvalue analysis or step-response tests of the complete DSL model or of
sub-models only.
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DYNAMIC MODELLING FLEXIBILITY (DSL)
DSL Implementation
The DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL) is fully-integrated into the PowerFactory program
kernel via the graphical interface.
Signals: Specific input- and output signals defined for all PowerFactory objects as well
as any variable defined in a DSL model can be accessed in their corresponding read- or
write- mode.
Interrupts: Conditions derived by DSL models can cause interrupts to be sent to the simulation kernel where they are scheduled within the event queue.
Output and Monitoring: Conditions may trigger an output to be displayed in the output
window and stored in the simulation log file.
Advanced Features
DSL models feature the direct interaction with external processes such as DAQ interfaces, SIMULINK modules or other software systems via time-synchronised communication channels
Support of OPC Client and shared memory communication
Procedures ritten in C++ code can be directly linked via appropriate interface mechanisms
Encryption of DSL models to conceal confidential data
User-specific C++ Code
1. 1. User-defined intrinsic functions can be linked via external DLL for extending the already
broad range of DSL standard intrinsic functions such as: abs, sin, cos, exp, etc. and
DSL special functions such as lapprox, lim, limstate, delay, picdro, time, file,
flipflop, etc. User defined intrinsic functions are to be linked to PoerFactory via the DLL
digexfun.
2. 2. Complete user-defined models of any modelling level, linked via the DLL digexdyn is
supported for any discrete system. Typical applications are digital control systems which
are executed via clock-synchronised calls, simulation models being implemented via difference equations, or models which incl. their state variables and integration algorithms
internally.
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POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS
Power System Dynamics
28.1
General Capabilities
PowerFactorys high precision time-domain RMS- and EMT -simulation kernel, complemented
by a comprehensive model library and a user-definable, graphical modelling function (DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL)), provides a flexible and powerful platform for solving both,
system stability and electromagnetic simulation tasks.
Grid Modelling Capabilities
Simulation of radial and meshed 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-phase AC and/or DC systems
Modelling validity ranging from low-voltage (LV) up to ultra high-voltage (UHV)
Distributed generation modelling and simulation capabilities
High precision wind power models of various technologies
Balanced and unbalanced grid loading conditions
Simulation of railway systems
Advanced Simulation Models
High precision models for both solid and salient pole synchronous machines, asynchronous
machine model including a doubly-fed induction machine model with integrated or externally connected PWM converter.
VSD (Variable Speed Drives) systems, PWM converter and other power electronic elements such as the softstarter, inverter and rectifier. In general, all available power system
elements are also supported for stability simulations.
General load models where load inertia, bus voltage and frequency dependence is represented; a special lumped load model to accurately represent feeders containing a high
percentage of motor load (RMS only). The capability of modelling motor stall effects is
included, and was developed on the basis of comprehensive system tests.
Generic wind turbine models with doubly-fed induction generator, direct driven synchronous
generator and asynchronous generator with static compensation (STATCOM).
Manufacturer-specific high-precision wind turbine models are available upon request.
Large library of IEEE controller models covering prime movers, automatic voltage regulators (AVR) and power system stabilisers (PSS).
Support of the comprehensive DIgSILENT Protection Library in stability mode.
Based on a converged load flow, the calculation of initial conditions is carried out prior to the
start of a dynamic RMS- or EMT-simulation offering the following grid representation options:
RMS simulation only
Positive sequence only - the classical RMS representation for stability studies
RMS and EMT simulation
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a-b-c phase RMS representation supporting unbalanced grid loading initialised by a balanced or unbalanced load flow, featuring precise definition of any unbalanced grid fault
condition including single- and double-phase line interruptions. This system representation mode avoids tedious hand-calculations of equivalent fault impedance and allows
access to any a-b-c phase quantity for plotting or precise modelling purposes (e.g. protection devices).
RMS Simulation Algorithms
Highly accurate, fixed or variable step-size integration technique for solving AC and DC
network load flow and dynamic model equations. This is combined with a non-linear
electromechanical model representation to enable a high degree of solution accuracy,
algorithmic stability and time range validity.
A-stable simulation algorithm for the efficient handling of stiff systems. This is applicable to
all or any individually selected model featuring error-controlled automatic step-size adaptation, ranging from milliseconds up to minutes or even hours, including precise handling
of interrupts and discontinuities.
EMT Simulation Algorithms
The calculation of initial conditions is carried out prior to the EMT simulation, and is based
on a solved load flow (symmetrical or asymmetrical). Consequently, there is no need for
saving steady state conditions being reached after transients are damped out aiming in
simulation re-starting under steady state conditions.
Special numerical integration methods have been implemented in DIgSILENT PowerFactory in order to avoid numerical oscillations caused by switching devices and other nonlinear characteristics.
Highly accurate, fixed or variable step-size integration technique for solving AC and DC
network transients and dynamic model equations. This is combined with a non-linear
electromechanical model representation to enable a high degree of solution accuracy,
algorithmic stability and time range validity.
Simulation Scan
Allow to monitor network results and parameters during time-domain simulations.
Possibility to define multiple modules to monitor the same or different quantities.
If a defined limit is exceeded, an action to display an output message or a Stop Simulation event can be triggered.
Limits that can be monitored are as follows:
Frequency maximum and minimum limits.
Synchronous machine loss of synchronism.
User-selected parameter maximum and minimum limits.
Voltage maximum limit and maximum voltage violation time, and minimum limit and
minimum voltage violation time.
Voltage recovery and voltage recovery time.
Faults and Interrupt Handling
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The user can interrupt the simulation at any time, either manually, by a scheduled interrupt time or automatically via interrupt conditions. When the simulation is interrupted,
most PowerFactory commands such as displaying or printing power flow results, checking
the bus voltages, calculating eigenvalues or analysing the controller status, etc., can be
executed.
By activating predefined fault types, or by accessing and modifying PowerFactory variables, any type of fault can be implemented. Typical faults are:
Tripping of any power system element such lines, transformers, feeder loads or generators;
Application and clearing of faults at substations or along lines;
Opening and closing of circuit breakers - e.g. simulating load shedding, shunt switching,starting/tripping of synchronous and asynchronous machines, or when simulating
the synchronisation of isolated areas via synchro-check relays;
Opening and closing of circuit breakers - e.g. simulating load shedding, shunt switching,starting/tripping of synchronous and asynchronous machines, or when simulating
the synchronisation of isolated areas via synchro-check relays;
Definition and introduction of inter-circuit events;
Generation of message- and outage-events;
Modification of integration step sizes;
Event-driven modification of variables and signals either manually, via DSL models
or by reference to external measurement files.
Simulation Output Processing
Any PowerFactory variable, or any quantity identified in the transmission network, built-in
dynamic models or DSL models, may be selected for simulation observation or for later
plotting within x/t or x/y diagrams or any other VI (Virtual Instrument) provided. In addition to these variables, the DSL algebraic expression interpreter and logical expression
evaluator can be applied to generate further signals or any user-defined quantity.
Plotting files may be retained for re-plotting in comparison with subsequent runs.
Output window log of all simulation events, providing a detailed analysis of manually entered or automatically initiated events.
Simulation results are stored in a proprietary binary PowerFactory file format which can be
directly converted into COMTRADE files.
Special PowerFactory Stability Simulation Features
1-click simulation utilising PowerFactory project and study case definition
Real-time simulation mode with user-defined real-time synchronisation periods (RMS only)
Parallel and sequential synchronisation for integrated simulation, e.g. for simulation certain grid sections in RMS mode whilst others are simulated in EMT mode.
Real-time inter-process signal communication via OPC link
A/D and D/A interfacing capabilities (e.g. hardware-in-the-loop simulation)
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28.2
Stability Analysis Functions
28.2.1
RMS Simulation with a-b-c Phase Representation
The a-b-c phase, steady-state component representation of the power system, features the
fundamental frequency analysis of any asymmetrical grid operation condition.
initialisation via balanced or unbalanced power flow
Simulation of unbalanced loading conditions in 1-, 2- and 3-phase AC and DC systems
Simulation of any number and combination of unbalanced faults including single- and
double-phase line interruptions
The a-b-c phase system representation mode avoids tedious hand-calculations of equivalent fault impedance
The a-b-c phase system representation mode avoids tedious hand-calculations of equivalent fault impedance
28.2.2
Long-term Stability
In many cases stability calculations must be run for long periods thus taking into account effects
of slower control systems such as boiler control, network exchange control or transformer tapchanger control. Other applications are varying loads or applications of wind power where the
impact of wind speed fluctuations must be analysed. In such cases, short-term and mid-term
dynamics have already reached steady-state but slower transients are still being observed.
Long-term stability simulations based on adaptive step-size algorithms with accuracycontrolled step-size adaptation ranging from milliseconds to several minutes without any
decrease in precision or even manipulation of transient behaviour.
A-stable simulation algorithm which fully covers fast transients as well as slow, semi
steady-state dynamics with high-precision event handling (stiff systems).
Typical Applications
Voltage stability analysis considering effects of load variations, tap-changer control and
reactive power limits
Long-term flicker analysis in cases such as fluctuating renewable generation or varying
loads
Secondary control analysis and optimisation
28.3
Electromagnetic Transients (EMT)
DIgSILENT PowerFactory PowerFactory provides an EMT simulation kernel for solving power
system transient problems such as lightning, switching and temporary over-voltages, ferroresonance effects or sub-synchronous resonance problems. Together with a comprehensive
model library and a graphical, user-definable modelling system (DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL)), it provides an extremely flexible and powerful platform for solving power system
electromagnetic transient problems.
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Any combination of meshed 1-, 2-, and 3-phase AC and/or DC systems can be represented and
solved simultaneously, from HV transmission systems, down to residential and industrial loads
at LV distribution levels. Standard built-in models include:
Lumped and distributed parameter line/cable models; constant and frequency-dependent.
2- and 3-winding transformers and autotransformers for 1-, 2- or 3-phase systems, including stray capacitances, tap dependent impedance and saturation effects. Flexible
definition of non-linear magnetising reactance: two-slope, polynomial, flux-current values
Passive RLC branches, capacitor banks and filters of multiple layouts
Surge arresters, including calculation of energy absorption
Voltage and current, AC-, DC- sources
Impulse sources (to be modelled via DSL)
VT, CT and PT models, including saturation effects
Series capacitor, including MOV and bypass switches
Series capacitor, including MOV and bypass switches
HVDC valve groups (6- and 12-pulse Graetz bridge configurations) and other FACTS devices such as SVCs, UPFCs, TCSCs and STATCOMs
Synchronous and asynchronous machine, doubly-fed induction generator
Circuit breaker models (to be modelled via DSL)
Stochastic switching (procedures to be implemented via DPL scripts).
The package provides a powerful user-friendly graphical environment for the evaluation of simulation results characterised by:
User-customisable plots for waveform visualisation, including filtering options, scaling, etc.
Calculation of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Export capability to COMTRADE-Files, spreadsheet-format, CSV-files, WMF-files, etc.
28.4
System Parameter Identification
Built-in system identification and general optimisation procedures provide an easy and accurate
method to perform model parameter identification on the basis of system tests and field measurements. The PowerFactory Parameter Identification tool is suitable for parameter estimation
of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, which are described by any type of nonlinear DSL
model. The identification procedure is fully integrated into the graphical frame definition and
block diagram, and also features parameter estimation for integrated models (such as loads or
generators) which form part of a power system model.
The optimisation procedures provided are highly generic and can also be used for optimally
tuning parameters such as PSS settings according to defined model response functions.
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28.5 PowerFactory Real-Time Simulators

The PowerFactory stability simulation (RMS mode) can be optionally executed in real-time offering a number of additional applications.
The Real-Time Training Simulator is integrated into existing SCADA systems to:
train operator personnel to precisely and efficiently respond to abnormal system conditions, thereby preventing further system deterioration;
locate and investigate insecure operating conditions and calculate required security margins;
facilitate the operator in understanding phenomena such as basic system dynamics, system control and stability and protection, which are typically too fast for the operator to
observe
Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing is often required to develop, analyse and tune control systems
for any kind of turbine, generator or superimposed control systems such as a Smart Grid Controller. Applications include:
Real-time simulation of typical grids, test systems or substations including generators,
their control systems and associated protection.
Communication with existing hardware such as controllers or relays via OPC, shared
memory or A/D systems.
Simulation of grid disturbance scenarios, sensitivity analysis on grid operating conditions, tuning
optimisation of controllers, investigation of control structures, etc.
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SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY
Small Signal Stability
The DIgSILENT PowerFactory modal analysis tool features small signal analysis of a dynamic
multi-machine system. System representation is identical to the time domain model. It covers all
network components such as generators, motors, loads, SVS, FACTS, or any other component
used in the system representation, including controllers and power plant models.
Analysis of eigenvalues and eigenvectors is appropriate for applications such as low-frequency
oscillatory stability studies, PSS tuning, determination of interconnection options and its basic
characteritics, and is a natural complement to the time domain simulation environment. It also
allows for the computation of modal sensitivities with respect to generator or power plant controllers, load characteristics, reactive compensation or any other dynamically-modelled equipment.
PowerFactory s Eigenvalue Analysis is very user-friendly, requiring minimal configuration of the
command. Its calculation steps are as follows:
Based on a converged and adjusted power flow, the modal analysis starts with the calculation of the system initial conditions. Alternatively, any interrupted status of a time domain
simulation could be used as the initial condition.
The system A-matrix is constructed automatically for the complete system (including generators, general loads, predefined system plant and controller models as well as DSL
devices).
System and model linearisation - including user-defined models - is performed by iterative
procedures. Limiting devices are disabled automatically. The representation of the network model is equivalent to the simulation model, allowing a direct comparison/validation
between time domain simulations and modal analysis results.
Support of QR- and QZ-algorithm as well as the Arnoldi-Lanczos method.
Calculation of all eigenvalues based on QR algorithm
Selective eigenvalue calculation:
* computation of a certain part of the eigenvalue spectrum: calculation of a userdefinable number of (closest) eigenvalues around a complex reference point
* based on the Arnoldi-Lanczos method
* recommended as a fast approach for higher order systems for which calculation
of all eigenvalues by QR algorithm is too time-consuming
* additional models such a ElmAsm, ElmVscmono, ElmVsc, StaSua, TypLodind,
ElmDcm, TypLne, ElmShnt, ElmValve are supported using the QZ method
Calculation results include eigenvalues (together with oscillation information such as damped
frequency, damping, damping ratio, damping time constant, etc) and left and right eigenvectors. From eigenvectors, the individual machines controllability, observability, and participation factors are derived with respect to each mode.
Powerful post-processing tools for result visualisation
Tabular result representation of:
* Eigenvalues (including all oscillation information such as damped frequency,
damping, damping ratio, damping time constant, etc)
* Eigenvectors (individual controllability, observability, participation of individual
machines for any selected mode)
Eigenvalue Plot
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SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY
* visualisation of calculated eigenvalues in the Gaussian plane

* Various filter and scaling options
* Automatic determination of stability border, highlighting of stable/unstable eigenvalues
* Plot has interactive features that facilitate detailed analysis of individual modes;
convenient creation of phasor plots/bar diagrams for each mode
Mode Bar Plot
* Bar diagram visualisation of controllability, observability and participation factors
of individual machines for a given mode
* Various filter options (e.g. restriction to minimum participation, and/or individual
generators)
Mode Phasor Plot
* Phasor diagram visualisation of controllability, observability and participation factors of individual machines for a given mode
* Various filter options
* Automatic detection and highlighting of clusters for convenient identification of
inter-area modes
Possibility to obtain MATLAB compatible output results and system matrices
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MOTOR STARTING
Motor Starting
PowerFactory s Transient Motor Starting functionality analyses motor starting scenarios where
the effect of a motor starting on the grid frequency is negligible. In such situations, the typical
questions to be answered are:
What is the maximum voltage sag? (This is typically not the initial voltage sag at t=0)
Will the motor be able to be started against the load torque?
What is the time required to reach nominal speed?
How will the supply grid be loaded and which starting options should be considered?
30.1
Static Motor Starting
The Static Motor Starting Simulation makes use of the load flow and static short-circuit calculation by executing a series of calculations to analyse the scenario.
Executes a load flow calculation when the motors are disconnected from the system
Then, it will execute a short-circuit calculation, using the complete method, simultaneously
with the occurrence of the motors being connected to the network
Finally, a load flow calculation will be executed after the motors have been connected to
the system.
30.2
Transient Motor Starting
The Transient Motor Starting function makes use of the PowerFactory stability module by providing a pre-configured shortcut for easy-to-use motor starting analysis. The motor starting is
initiated by selecting the respective motors within the single line diagram and initiating the motor
starting calculation.
A complete symmetrical or asymmetrical AC/DC load flow will be computed prior to the
motor starting event; pre-selected and pre-configured VIs are automatically created and
scaled with full flexibility for user-configuration.
Consideration of high-precision, complex motor models with built-in parameter estimation.
A comprehensive library of low voltage, medium voltage and high voltage motors is provided.
Typical motors supported are: single- and double cage asynchronous machines, squirrel
and slip-ring motors, double-fed induction machine, synchronous motors.
Typical motors supported are: single- and double cage asynchronous machines, squirrel
and slip-ring motors, double-fed induction machine, synchronous motors.
Support of various starting methods such as direct start, star-delta starting, variable rotor
resistor, thyristor softstarter, transformer softstarter, variable speed drives, etc.; start from
any rotational speed.
Full flexibility in considering starting sequences.
71
30
MOTOR STARTING
Completion of motor voltages before, during, and after starting. As well as successfully
motor staring assessment.
Full representation of generators with exciter/AVR model support on the basis of built-in models
(e.g. IEEE models) as well as user-defined models utilising the DSL approach; consideration of
protection devices such as under-voltage protection, over-current protection, automatic restarting relays (EMR) or transformer OLTC.
72
31 POWERFACTORY INTERFACES
31 PowerFactory Interfaces
PowerFactory offers a number of mechanisms and options for interfacing with external applications such as GIS and SCADA, or for a complete integration and background execution in
Engine Mode. Depending on the application, the user may choose from the options described
below.
31.1
DGS Interface
DGS (DIgSILENT-GIS-SCADA) is PowerFactory s standard bi-directional interface specifically

designed for bulk data exchange with other applications such as GIS and SCADA, and, for
example, for exporting calculation results to produce Crystal Reports, or to interchange data
with any other power system software. DGS does not support the exchange of PowerFactory
execution commands.
Available for PowerFactory Interactive Window Mode and PowerFactory Engine Mode
User-specific definition of objects and object parameters
Supported objects: elements, types and libraries, graphics and results
Import and export of complete network models
Import and export of incremental data for updating existing models
Databases supported: Oracle, MS-SQL and ODBC System DSN
File formats supported: ASCII Text (CSV), XML, MS-Excel and MS Access
31.2
OPC Interface
OPC (OLE for Process Control) is an asynchronous communication and data exchange mechanism used in process interaction and is widely applied in SCADA and control systems.PowerFactory
OPC-implementation assumes that the PowerFactory software is executed as an OPC-Client
while the OPC Server is controlled via the external source. OPC server libraries are available
from various manufacturers. An example of a freeware OPC-Server is that available from Matrikon (MatrikonOPC Simulation Server).
Supported of the PowerFactory Engine Mode
OPC-Client/Server exchange of any PowerFactory object parameter as well as any signal
PowerFactory listening mode to receive any data or signal from a registered OPC Server
PowerFactory sending mode to write back any data or signal to a registered OPC Server
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31.3
API (Application Programming Interface)
The DIgSILENT PowerFactory Application Programming interface (API) offers third party applications the possibility to embed PowerFactory s functionality into their own program. It offers
direct access to the PowerFactory data model and gives access to the varied calculations and
its results.
Based on one single dll, the idea is to keep the interface as small as possible while providing
all the necessary functions to manipulate objects and execute commands. Technically, the
interface is realised in C++ and provided as a DLL that can dynamically be linked to any external
application.
74
2.2 Physical Structure
digapl.dl
l
digadm.dl
l
digapi.dll
void Function1();
void Function2();
void Function3();
...
digcal.dl
l
dig*.dl
6"
Figure 31.1: API Physical Structure

E
%
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32
32
INTERFACING POWERFACTORY
Interfacing PowerFactory
Interfacing and integrating power system software with other applications such as GIS (Graphical Information Systems) and SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems is
an important requirement. utilising the implemented DGS, OLE and Shared Memory interfacing
techniques, DIgSILENT PowerFactory features great flexibility in supporting any level of interfacing and integration needs. The following sections summarise some typical examples.
32.1 PowerFactory - GIS integration

PowerFactory - GIS integration is preferably implemented via the DGS-interface. As object and
parameter definitions at the GIS side usually reflect user-specific needs, standarised interfacing
is only provided when a standard application module/standard process model provided by the
respective GIS manufacturer is in use. As soon as user-specific object and parameter definitions
are applied, individual object mapping will be required.
Implementation Options
Unidirectional GIS to PowerFactory data transfer via DGS format definitions (CSV or ODBC)
Bidirectional data transfer (e.g. via the PowerFactory shared memory interface) when running PowerFactory in Engine Mode or Hybrid Mode, which features full integration of
PowerFactory analysis functions and additional graphic display options in the GIS system
Characteristics
Incremental data exchange utilising PowerFactory s user accounting, project management and merge tools featuring GIS -to -PowerFactory team working
Combines and merges several data sources via PowerFactory s data handling capabilities, thereby avoiding any middleware requirement
Application Aspects
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Sharing of data sources, thereby avoiding duplication of data entry and maintenance
utilising key capabilities of PowerFactory and GIS while sharing data
Amalgamating data from various sources at the PowerFactory level
As most applications require the merging of additional data such as customer load consumption, dispersed generation infeeds and SCADA readings, PowerFactory - GIS integration is often
handled as a project implemented via clearly defined specification of data sources and overall
workflow.
32.2 PowerFactory - SCADA integration

Interfacing with SCADA gives direct access to dynamic and/or static SCADA data, allowing
both real-time system analysis and incident analysis from previous snapshots. As DIgSILENT
PowerFactory already integrates topology processing, interfacing can be done on a point-topoint basis using foreign database keys. In addition to the option of exchanging data between
SCADA applications and PowerFactory , a full SCADA integration of the PowerFactory engine is
supported when using PowerFactory OPC link features. Typical applications are operators access to calculations such as load flow, contingency analysis, etc., including real-time simulation
for operator training.
Support of PowerFactory Engine Mode and Hybrid Mode
SCADA - PowerFactory communication via OPC, executing PowerFactory as a client
Direct 1-to-1 relation between SCADA network objects due to full substation topology
support of PowerFactory
77
32
utilisation of SCADA manufacturers state estimation functions, or, if not present, PowerFactory s advanced state estimation features
Operators access to all PowerFactory functions such as load flow, contingency analysis,
optimal power flow, spinning reserve allocation
32.3 PowerFactory - Simulation Interface (SIMULINK, etc.)

Although PowerFactory offers great flexibility in controller modelling, some applications may require special control toolboxes from the Matlab/SIMULINK software package. The PowerFactory
- Matlab/SIMULINK interface is a flexible and fully synchronised link for distributed simulation of
linked models. The bi-directional communication link is easily implemented via the PowerFactory Frame and Slot technique with a built-in RPC interface block for Matlab/SIMULINK. A typical
application example might be the simulation of a large network with a number of conventionally
controlled generation units together with a fuzzy-controller implemented at a specific plant.
32.4 PowerFactory - A/D Signal Interfacing Capability

PowerFactorys Frame and Slot technique utilising the real-time capabilities of built-in blocks
for data acquisition has become the basis for the PowerFactory Monitoring system (PFM). The
portable or cabinet-mounted Control and Monitoring Units (CMU) along with different types of
high precision Signal Units (SU), is featuring the configuration of highly-flexible plant measurement and grid performance analysis systems. Typical application aspects of the PowerFactory
Monitor are system tests for simulation model validation, supervision of grid connection conditions, load parameter identification, fault recording, power quality observation analysis or system
stability supervision.
Due to the superior flexibility in software setup, there is almost no limit in defining measurement
and test applications including closed-loop operation with A/D-interfaced controllers, relays or
other simulators.
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32
32.5 PowerFactory Monitoring System (PFM)

The DIgSILENT PowerFactory Monitor provides an excellent overview on grid operation aspects. As an integrated Multifunctional data acquisition system, covers recording, monitoring
and analysis of signals in all relevant time frames. It is especially designed to cover all needs of
Transmission, Distribution and Generation on all voltage levels.
PFM fully integrates with DIgSILENT PowerFactory software featuring easy access of recorded
data, analysis of trends, verification of system upset responses and test results.
Applications
Dynamic System network Performance monitor (DSM)
Subsynchronous Oscillation Monitor (SOM)
Power Quality Monitor (PQM)
Power Plant Monitor (PPM)
Multifunctional Disturbance and Event Recorder
Grid Code Monitor (GCM)
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Configuration Options
Distributed Smart Signal Units (SSU)
Centrally Connected Signals Units (SU)
Portable PFM System
79
33 POWERFACTORY INSTALLATION OPTIONS
33 PowerFactory Installation Options

33.1 PowerFactory Workstation License
PowerFactory Workstation License is a standalone solution which is shipped with a free
single-user database and is preferably installed locally, on the users hardware. This is the
option with the fastest performance as database access is directly managed via fast local hard
disk I/O, thereby avoiding any LAN traffic.
Figure 33.1: Typical Single-User Workstation Installation with local single-user database
Although it is technically possible to store the PowerFactory database on any network drive, this
is not recommended as it requires high-speed LAN capabilities and might exhibit less reliability
regarding database integrity when the LAN connection is unexpectedly interrupted.
Figure 33.2: Typical Single-User Workstation Installation with remote single-user database
Multiple Single-User Licenses
DIgSILENT PowerFactory software offers a number of licensing mechanisms. The Workstation
80
License is a Single-User License and is operated via a local USB port hardlock. The hardlock
is programmed to include those functions licensed to the user. The locally attached hardlock is
only accessible by the locally installed Workstation License.
Figure 33.3: Typical multiple Single-User Workstation Installation

If you have purchased several Workstation Licenses, the USB hardlock installation is required
on all computers where the Workstation License is to be used. Of course, if PowerFactory is
installed on more computers than there are USB hardlocks available, only those installations
can be used simultaneously where the USB hardlock is plugged-in at that point in time.
33.2 PowerFactory Server License

PowerFactory Server License comes with additional features which are not available with the
PowerFactory Workstation license:
1. Provision of a License Server which can be installed centrally managing any independent number of licensed functions. The License Server comes with only one single USB
hardlock holding all licensed functions. The License Server must be accessible for all
PowerFactory installations via a network IP-address.
2. Support of multi-user database operation, featuring the simultaneous access of all connected users to a single database. The Server License comes with database drivers
for both databases; MS-SQL and ORACLE (the database servers themselves are not
included).
3. Ability to work in Offline Mode when a network connection to the multiuser database server
and license server is unavailable.
4. The Server License can be executed in a Client-Server (Application Server) environment
such as MS Sever 2003/2005 or CITRIX, which has the advantage of centralised software
installation and maintenance - a typical requirement of modern IT infrastructures.
Multi-User License via License Server
The Multi-User License Server gives more flexibility than the single USB hardlock (holding all
licenses). This solution provides a license server which is to be installed as an MS Windows
Service on any computer in a network that is accessible from the users computers via an IP
address. This computer could be one of the users computers but is recommended to be a separate computer located in a secured room. Upon login, the PowerFactory software on the users
81
computer connects to the license server via a LAN to access the license. The license server
administrator assigns certain PowerFactory functions to each user when the login procedure is
executed. This facilitates the purchase of the optimal number of licenses depending on users
needs.
Figure 33.4: Typical Multi-User installation with License Server
An optional feature of the Multi-User License Server is the Floating License which allows the
temporary transfer of a user license from the license server to a local PC. This option is typically
required when a user is traveling with his/her laptop, thereby preventing him/her from accessing
the license server. When downloading the floating license to a local machine, the license will
disappear from the license server and will move to the local PC until the user reconnects to the
license server. The floating license is time-limited and, if not reconnected to the license server,
will automatically fly back to the license server after a defined time.
82
Figure 33.5: Typical Multi-User installation with License Server and Floating License Option
Note: A clear advantage of the License Server is its ability to host a different number of
licenses for certain functions. This allows a more economical solution which considers the
simultaneity of users. The allocation of functions is made upon user login and not upon the
execution of a certain PowerFactory command. This philosophy is based on the notion that
upon successful login and allocation of functions, those functions should be available to the
user throughout the entire PowerFactory session.
Multi-User Database
centralised data handling is supported by a multi-user database featuring the simultaneous
access of all connected users to a single data source. Currently, database drivers for MS-SQL
and ORACLE are available. This execution option is designed for PowerFactory installations with
a large number of users requiring access to the same project data and, who would benefit from
the PowerFactory team-working tools such as Master Project management, Project Versioning,
Project Deriving along with Project Compare- and Merge tools, which make concurrent model
building and data entry very easy.
83
Figure 33.6: Typical Multi-User installation with License Server and Multi-User Database
In the configuration shown above, the execution of the PowerFactory software will still take place
on the users local PC while the multi-user database resides on a special high-speed database
server.
For multi-user databases, project administration may be executed via a scheduled overnight
housekeeping task. In this way project purging, emptying of user recycle bins and deletion of
old projects can be automatised. This can let users activate projects more quickly and also
speed up quitting PowerFactory . Moreover, housekeeping moves heavy data processing to
off-peak periods, offering better performance for normal daytime users.
Application Server
A further step often required in large companies with tens or hundreds of users is the centralised installation and execution of the PowerFactory software, the database and the License
Server. This Application Server installation is currently supported for MS Server 2003/8 and
other server add-ons such as CITRIX. The figure below shows a typical example of such a
centralised installation environment.
84
Figure 33.7: Typical Application Server Installation with a multi-user database
Offline Mode
When a network connection to the database server is unavailable PowerFactory offers the option
to work in Offline Mode. This option requires project data to be cached to the users local
machine, which can then later be synchronised to the server database. Floating licenses are
generated which allow to work without a permanent connection to a License Server. Offline
Mode requires Multi-user database and Floating Licenses module.
85
Note: Offline Mode requires Multi-user database and Floating Licenses module.
section describes theINSTALLATION

installation and configuration
33ThisPOWERFACTORY
OPTIONS of the Offline Proxy Service , a software com-
ponent of PowerFactory to be used with the Offline Mode database driver on Microsoft Server 2008
R2. Figure 3.3.1 gives an overview over all components.
Figure 3.3.1: Offline Mode Components Overview
Figure 33.8: Offline Mode Components Overview

The installation procedure consists of the following steps:
33.3
License Overview
1. First a PowerFactory environment in normal (i.e. not-offline) mode has to be set up. It contains at
least a PowerFactory installation, a License Server , and a multi-user database server (Oracle
or SQL Server) (see section 3.3.1).
2. Installation of the Offline Proxy Service on an application server (see section 3.3.2).
Figure 33.9: pf License and Installation Options
33.4
Installation Requirements
PowerFactory requires no special hardware or additional software to guarantee good performance. However, taking into account that solving power system analysis tasks is far beyond
standard office applications, the following hardware is recommended:
Workstation Licenses:
17-23 monitor with min. 1280x1024 pixel resolution
Intel/AMD CPU with 2.0 GHz or higher
1 GB available hard disk space (*)
0.5 -3 GB main memory available for the PowerFactory process (**)
(*) Required hard disk space will heavily depend on the number of projects handled, number of objects (e.g. size of the network modelled), number of scenarios, etc. Total disk
space requirements are therefore determined individually.
(**) The required main memory capacity will heavily depend on the network size and the
type of calculations being performed. A typical memory requirement would be between
0.5-1.0 GB exclusively for executing PowerFactory unbalanced load flow, fault analysis
and stability for a 5000-bus system.
86
Supported operating systems are Windows 7 and Windows 8.

Application Server:
Application Server hardware requirements are similar to those defined for workstation installations, taking into account that main memory requirements will be duplicated according to the number of simultaneous users. In addition, the number of CPUs is correlated
with the number of simultaneous users.
Supported operating systems are MS Windows Server 2003/8 and CITRIX. Multi-User
database support is available for MS SQL 2005/2008 and Oracle Server 10.x and 11.x
with Client 11.1.
87
34 POWERFACTORY FUNCTION DEFINITIONS AND PRICES
34 PowerFactory Function Definitions and Prices

34.1 PowerFactory Function Definitions
PowerFactory function definitions refer to the latest issue of PowerFactory V15.1 Product Information to specify the content of the PowerFactory software delivery.
Item
PowerFactory Functions
PowerFactory Base Package
Overcurrent-Time Protection (only)

Protection Functions (Overcurrent-time &
Distance)
3
4
5
6
7
8
Arc-Flash Analysis
Cable Sizing
Distribution Network Functions
Harmonic and Power Quality Analysis
Optimal Power Flow I (Reactive Power optimisation)
10
11
Optimal Power Flow II (OPF I + Economic

Dispatch)
Reliability Analysis Functions
State Estimation (SE)
12
Stability Analysis Functions (RMS)
13
Electromagnetic Transients (EMT)
14
Motor Starting Functions
15
Small Signal Stability (Eigenvalue Analysis)
16
System Parameter Identification
17
18
19
20
21
22
DSL Crypting Function

PSS/E Export (*.raw, *.seq, *.dyn)
CIM Import and Export
OPC Interface (Ole for Process Control)
Floating License
Connection Request Assessment
88
Product Information Section Reference

Included: Section 3
Section 31.1
Not Included: Section 7.1
PSS/E export, CIM Import/Export
Included: Section 18.1-18.3
Included: Section 18
Not Included: Section 18.4
Included: Section 16.3
Active Power Controls disabled
Included: Section 27, DSL Crypt excluded
Section 28.1, EMT excluded
Section 28.2-30.2,28.5 and 32.3
Section 28.1, RMS excluded
Section 28.3
Section 30.2
Section 29
Section 28.4
Stability Analysis Functions required
Included: DSL Crypt Section 27
Reference: Section 7.1
34 POWERFACTORY FUNCTION DEFINITIONS AND PRICES
34.2 PowerFactory Prices

The integrated PowerFactory v15.1 software is offered as Base Package with optional functional
extensions allowing the user to configure the PowerFactory installation according to his specific
needs. The Base Package itself is covering a comprehensive collection of core functions for integrated analysis of transmission, distribution, and industrial systems, most modern generation
technologies (wind power, photovoltaic, microturbines, etc.) and Smart Grids.
Base Package
Edition
Workstation Edition
Server Edition
100 nodes
max.
e3.900,e5.070,-
250 nodes
max.
e6.100,e7.930,-
500 nodes
max.
e9.800,e12.740,-
unlimited no.
of nodes
e10.900,e14.170,-
Includes Multi-User Database Driver. Server Edition with local Database is also available
Indicated prices do not include any tax and shipping.

PowerFactory is a perpetual license with initial maintenance period of one year. Prices of functional extensions can be requested from DIgSILENT and respective International Representatives.
89
35
35
THE DIGSILENT COMPANY
The DIgSILENT Company
DIgSILENT GmbH is a consulting and software company providing specialised services in the
field of electrical power systems for transmission, distribution, generation and industrial plants.
DIgSILENT develops the leading integrated power system analysis software PowerFactory covering the full range from standard to highly sophisticated and advanced applications including
real-time simulation and performance monitoring systems for system testing and supervision.
DIgSILENT GmbH is staffed with experts of various disciplines relevant for performing research
activities, consulting services, user training and educational programs and software developments. Special expertise is available in many actual fields of electrical engineering for the
liberalised power markets and latest developments in power generation technologies such as
wind power and dispersed generation.
DIgSILENT GmbH founded in 1985 is a fully independent, privately owned company located in
Gomaringen, Germany where the new offices are in operation since early 2002. DIgSILENT
continued expansion by establishing offices in Australia, South Africa, Italy, Spain, Chile and
France allowing to better serve the world-wide increase in its software products and services.
DIgSILENT has established a strong partner network in many countries such as Mexico, Malaysia,
UK, Switzerland, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Oman, India, China,
Norway, Russia, Finland and Venezuela. DIgSILENT has software installations and conducted
services in more than 120 countries.
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Strasse 9
72810 Gomaringen / Germany
Phone: +49-7072-9168-0
Fax: +49-7072-9168-88
E-mail: mail@digsilent.de
90
36
36
HISTORY OF THE DIGSILENT SOFTWARE
History of the DIgSILENT Software
1986 First commercial product for UNIX operation systems (Version 1.0 - 6.0)
1989 First version for Personal Computer (Version 7.0, SAA standard)
1992 First version for Windows 3.1 and Windows NT (Version 9.0)
1993 Start of DIgSILENT re-design project using latest software technologies (C++, objectoriented data base, composite models, etc.)
1994 First fully integrated power system analysis software for Windows (Version 10.2) integrating: load flow, fault analysis, RMS stability, eigenvalue analysis, protection coordination,
harmonic analysis and optimal unit commitment
1995 Version 10.31 - for Windows 95 and Windows NT with high degree of compatibility to the
Windows standard (last release of the original DIgSILENT software).
1997 Release of the universal model kernel for mixed, arbitrarily meshed 1-,2- and 3-phase AC
systems and DC systems.
1998 First release of the new generation software Version 11: DIgSILENT PowerFactory integrating load flow, fault analysis, RMS/EMT stability, eigenvalue analysis, harmonic analysis, protection coordination, reliability.
1999 Presentation of the DIgSILENT PowerFactory Monitor (PFM/DSM) featuring: system monitoring and fault recording, load measurement and identification, supervision of connection
conditions, etc.
2000 Completion of re-implementation of the version 10.31 features (load flow, fault analysis,
RMS stability, electromagnetic transients, eigenvalue analysis, harmonic load flow, protection coordination, network reduction, optimisation, reliability, cable ampacity, distribution
features, etc.)
2001 Release of PowerFactory Version 12.0
2003 Release of PowerFactory Version 13
91
36
92
HISTORY OF THE DIGSILENT SOFTWARE
DIgSILENT
Company Profile
access to relay manuals, interfaces with

manufacturer specific relay settings and
integrates with PowerFactory software, allowing
powerful and easy-to-use settings coordination
studies.
PowerFactory Monitor is a flexible performance
recording and monitoring system that
copes easily and efficiently with the special
requirements for system test implementation,
DIgSILENT is a consulting and software company
DIgSILENT PowerFactory
system performance supervision and the
providing engineering services in the field
DIgSILENT develops the leading integrated
determination and supervision of connection
of electrical power systems for transmission,
power system analysis software PowerFactory,
characteristics. Numerous monitoring systems
distribution, generation and industrial plants.
which covers the full range of functionality from
installed at various grid locations can be
standard features to highly sophisticated and
integrated to a Wide-Area-Measurement-System
DIgSILENT was founded in 1985 and is a fully
advanced applications including wind power,
(WAMS). PowerFactory Monitor can be fully
independent, privately owned company located
distributed generation, real-time simulation
integrated with PowerFactory software.
in Gomaringen/Tbingen, Germany. DIgSILENT
and performance monitoring for system testing
continued expansion by establishing offices in
and supervision. For wind power applications,
DIgSILENT Consulting
Australia, South Africa, Italy, Chile, Spain and
PowerFactory has become the power industrys
DIgSILENT GmbH is staffed with experts of
France, thereby facilitating improved service
de-facto standard tool, due to PowerFactory
various disciplines relevant for performing
following the world-wide increase in usage of
models and algorithms providing unrivalled
consulting services, research activities, user
its software products and services. DIgSILENT
accuracy and performance.
training, educational programs and software
has established a strong partner network in
development. Highly specialised expertise is
many countries such as Mexico, Malaysia, UK,
DIgSILENT StationWare is a reliable central
available in many fields of electrical engineering
Switzerland, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, China
protection settings database and management
applicable to liberalised power markets and to
and India. DIgSILENT services and software
system, based on latest .NET technology.
the latest developments in power generation
installations have been conducted in more than
StationWare stores and records all settings in a
technologies such as wind power and distributed
120 countries.
central database, allows modelling of relevant
generation. DIgSILENT has provided expert
workflow sequences, provides quick
consulting services to several prominent windgrid integration studies.
DIgSILENT GmbH
72810 Gomaringen
T +49 7072 9168-0
mail@digsilent.de
Heinrich-Hertz-Strae 9
Germany
F +49 7072 9168-88
www.digsilent.de

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2.1 Functional Integration and Applications

2.2 PowerFactory Software Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1 Grid Representations and Power Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2 Built-in Calculation and Integrated Modelling Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3 Load and Generation Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.1 Arrangement of Data in Project Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.2 Study Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2 Data Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Network Diagrams and Graphic Capabilities

6 Results and Reporting

6.1 Text Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2 Spreadsheet Reports (Tabular Views) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.3 Reporting in Network Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.4 Result File Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.5 Plots and Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.6 Additional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 External Data Format Support

7.1 Standard Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.2 DIgSILENT Data Base Level Exchange (DGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 Scripting Languages- DIgSILENT Programming Language

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 15.1, Detailed Product Information

8.2 Python Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.1 Standard Windowing Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.2 Engine and Hybrid Execution Mode

10 Power Flow Analysis

11.1 Supported Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.2 Complete Method/Multiple Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.3 DC Short Circuit Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.4 Fault Analysis Results (all Methods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.1 General Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.2 Q-V Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 Load Flow Sensitivities

16 Overhead Line and Cable Parameter Calculation

16.1 Overhead Line Parameter Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.2 Cable Parameter Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.3 Automatic Cable Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 Distribution Network Functions

17.1 Feeder Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.2 Low-Voltage Network Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.3 Stochastic Load Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.4 Cable Reinforcement optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 15.1, Detailed Product Information

17.5 Feeder Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.1 Protection Model Library and Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.2 Output and Graphical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.3 Overcurrent-Time Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.4 Distance Protection

18.5 Coordination Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19 Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis

19.1 Supported Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.2 Results visualisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 Distribution Network optimisation

20.1 Optimal Capacitor Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.2 Open Tie optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 Harmonic and Power Quality Analysis

21.1 Harmonic Load Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.2 Frequency Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.3 Ripple Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .