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Introduction
From the perspective of
market applications and technology advancement, the development of light electric twowheeled vehicles is proceeding
considerably faster than that of
conventional pure-electric vehicles. In 2011, the global light
electric two-wheeled vehicle
market contained more than 3
million vehicles, and the Chinese
market had more than 2.5 million of these. Europe is now the
fastest-growing market for highvalue e-bikes.
The three keys to a successful LEV product are marketing, product design, and technology development. Because LEVs
are highly individualized transportation products, marketing
must reflect the living habits and
state of socioeconomic development in different countries and
areas. The chart shows differences between the Chinese, European, American, and Japanese
markets. In the Chinese market,
e-bikes are a virtual necessity.
In the initial period of economic
reform and market opening, most
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Mo-Hua Yang
General Manager, TD HiTech Energy Inc.
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addition, of the two systems, battery energy storage system technology development is the most
important aspect.
The LEV market currently
consists chiefly of e-bikes and
electric motorcycles. Battery
voltage specifications are chiefly
24V, 36V, and 48V, and storage
capacity ranges from 10Ah to
30Ah. The power of LEV motors ranges from 250W to 500W
in the case of e-bikes, and 500W
to 2000W in the case of electric
motorcycles. Apart from power
storage capacity, batteries must
have sufficiently high power
output in order to meet an LEVs
starting, acceleration, and hillclimbing performance needs. The
European market, more than 90%
of LEVs currently employ Li-ion
batteries. These batteries generally have voltages of 24V and
36V, capacity in the range of 250360wh, and the battery module
weighs 3-5kg. Lead-acid batteries still predominate in the Chinese LEV market, and are used
on more than 90% of all LEVs.
In contrast, Li-ion batteries can
be found on only a small number
of high-priced products. Chinese
Li-ion batteries generally have
voltages of 36V and 48V and
capacities ranging from 300wh
to 500wh. Furthermore, Li-ion
batteries in the Chinese market
are mostly inexpensive and have
fairly low safety and reliability;
price is still the decisive factor in
this market.
Most Li-ion batteries currently employed in electric ve74
in accordance with the specifications. It is now necessary to consider the optimal series-parallel
arrangement of the battery cells,
as well as the strength of the battery cell mounting supports and
outer shell. The support system
must enable the battery cells to
withstand vibration and loosening, ensuring the mechanical
strength and reliability of the
product. In addition, a modules
structural design must take the
batterys heat dissipation and waterproof seal into consideration.
Wi t h r e g a r d t o b a t t e r y
management system technology,
to maintain battery safety, the
parameters of temperature, current, and voltage must be monitored, and software and firmware
programs employed to perform
protective management of the
battery. The key technological
content of a battery management
system comprises the management systems circuit design
and the design of the protection
panel. Finally, battery module
electromechanical integration
technology includes integration
of mechanisms and electronics, circuit design, connectors
between battery and motor and
battery and charger, and the communications interface.
There are great differences
between battery management
system technologies. Systems
range from simple battery protection circuits to systems with complex functions such as battery
equalization, power output and
battery health monitoring, and
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