CNC

Upon completion of this topic, student should be to :

Understand

the concept and principles of computer

numerical control (CNC) system

INTRODUCTION
Numerical Control (NC) is one in which
the functions and motions of a machine
tool are controlled by means of a
prepared program containing coded
alphanumeric data.
Numerical control (NC) machines are
used in manufacturing tasks, such as
milling, turning, punching,drilling and
welding

NC OPERATION
CNC stands for Computer Numerical
Control
The functions of a CNC Controller are:

1. To read and store programme information.

2. To interpret the information in a logical
command sequence.
3. To control the motion of the machines
mechanical members.
4. To monitor the status of the machine.

An open-loop control system for a numerical-control machine

A closed-loop control system for a numerical-control machine

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
Metal Machining

Metal Forming

Assembly Joining

Finishing

Lathes of all types

Milling Machines of all
types
Drilling Machines
Jig borers
Electric Discharge
Machining (including wire
cut machines)
Laser cutting machines
Machining centres
Turning centres
All types of grinding
machines
Gear cutting machines

Punching and
nibbling
Guillotines
Flame cut and
profiling
Folding
Pipe bending
Metal spinning

Pick and place robots, Plating

spot and seam welding Painting
machines and robots,
riveting, looming of
wires and assembly of
components into
printed circuit boards

CNC AXIS

Milling
Turning/lathe
Linear Axes

Rotary Axes

Secondary Linear

Interpolation

NC MACHINE UNIT
machine tool

designed to cut away surplus material and leave a component of

the required shape and size
The function of machine tools can give the results in
consistence and reduced the machining time

Machine
control unit
(MCU)

to read and decode the part programme, and to provide the

decoded instructions to the control loops of the machine axes
of motion, and to control the machine tool operations
The main grouping of parts of a control could be considered to
be the Control Panel, the Tape Reader and The Processors

Machine
control system

two types of control systems :The point-to-point system and

the continuous-path system
The point-to-point controls were NC controls, while the
continuous path controls could be NC or CNC controls

NC PROGRAMMING
- Job Planning
Job Planning
Sketch the part

Add incremental or absolute dimensions

Ascertain featuring

Select fixtures which have minimal projections above

the part

Identify a set-up point

Locate the set-up point near:

1. A corner of the part
2. A spot above the fixture
Consider space requirements for:
1. Part loading and unloading
2. Tool change.

Plan operation sequence

Mark sequence pattern of sketch.

Test program data for accuracy

Record necessary data for each movement of

the table and tool on the program sheet.
Record instructions for the machine operator

Identify, specific:
1. Tools needed.
2. Speed and feed data
3. Tool change points
4. Console switch setting

PROGRAMMING CODES
A number of standard codes are used to
reduce the amount of programming effort
needed to command commonly used
machining operations, instructions and
conditions
G codes call up machining commands
M codes call up machine control activities
T codes call up tool selection
F codes call up feed rates
S codes call up speed

G codes
Sample G codes
G00 Rapid movement for position
G0I
Linear interpolation used for
straight-line feed
G02 Circular interpolation, clockwise
G03 Circular interpolartion,
counterclockwise
G04 Dwell, a programmed stop to the
tool movement
G17 Circular interpolation xy plane
G18 Circular interpolation xz plane
G19 Circular interpolation yz plane
G20 Inch units
G21 Millimetre units
G28 Return to home position
G29 Return from home position
G31 Reverses programmed direction of x
axis

G32 Reverses programmed direction of y

axis
G41 Tool radius compensation left
G42 Tool radius compensation right
G43 Tool length compensation-positive
direction
G44 Tool length compensation-negative
direction
G70 Imperial unit
G71 Metric units
G80 Cancel canned cycle
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Drilling cycle with dwell
G83 Deep hole drilling
G84 Tapping cycle
G85 89-boring cycles
G90 Absolute mode
G91 Incremental mode

M Codes

M00
M02
M03
M04
M05
M06
M07
M08
M09
M30

Program stop
End of program
Spindle on, clockwise
Spindle on, counter clockwise
Spindle off
Tool change
Oil mist coolant on
Flood coolant on
Coolant off
End of tape

Coordinate system
Incremental
(G91)

Absolute
(G90)

movement with
respect to the
preceding point in a
prescribed sequence
of points

the next location

always in terms of its
relationship to the
fixed zero point

In incremental mode
all moves are with
respect to the last
position reached

All moves are

performed with
respect to the axes
zero

Incremental (G91)

Absolute (G90)

Linear Interpolation
Under this command the machine tool
will move in a straight line at a defined
feed rate
Ex:

G01 X200 F250

Meaning :
G01
Move in a straight line
X200.
A distance of 200mm
F250.
At a feed rate of 250mm/min

Circular Interpolation

G02 will cause the path to be transcribed in a clockwise direction

and G03 will cause counter-clockwise motion

Program Definition
Programme

A programmed is a series of instructions to the

machine, set out in sequence to -produce a complete
machining operation. A programmed is made up of a
series of blocks

Block

A block or programmed line is a set of instructions

to the machine that are carried out simultaneously. A
block is made up of one or more Words and is
terminated by an End of Block which is the Line
Feed Character

Word

A word is a specific instruction to the machine that

will affect a particular machine function. Every word
consists of a Letter Code and a Numerical value

Type of control system

point-to-point
Point-to-point systems are used
mainly in drilling, punching, and
straight milling operations

Contouring
used on lathes, milling machines,
grinders, welding machinery, and
machining centres

WRITING A PROGRAM

programming
N10 G71
N20 G00
N30 G00
N40 G01
N50 G03
N60
N70 G01
N80 G02
N90
N100 G01
N110
N120
N130 G00
N140 G00

G90 S1500 T1
X0 Y0
X70.0 Y-25.0 Z10.0
Z-5.0 F250
I-25.0 J0
X45.0 Y-50.0
X60.0 Y -50.0
I0 J-15.0
X49.393 Y-75.607
X38.787 Y-65.0
X15.0 Y-65.0
Z10.0
M00
X0 Y0

Description

NXX block number

Block No. 10 set machine to use metric unit, incremental
coordinate, spindle speed 1500 rpm, choose tool no. 1.
Block No. 20 rapid movement to centre point (C.P).
Block No. 30 - rapid movement to point 1 (P. 1), cutting tool
distance is
5.0 mm from the surface of the work piece.

Block No. 40 cutting tool cuts 10.00 mm deep, feed 250

mm/min
Block No. 50 circular interpolation, counter clockwise, radius
25.0 mm
Block No. 60 tool ends interpolation cutting at P. 4
Block No. 70 linear interpolation until P. 5

Block No. 80 - circular interpolation, clockwise, radius 15.0 mm

Block No. 90 - tool ends interpolation cutting at P. 6

Block No. 100 - linear interpolation until P. 7
Block No. 110 - linear interpolation until P. 8
Block No. 120 tool rises up 10.0 mm
Block No. 130 program stops

Block No. 140 - rapid return to centre point (C.P).

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER
NUMERICAL CONTROL
can be edited when the
machine is placed/located.
Editing, correction and
optimising; such as machine
tool operations, spindle
speeds and speeds; are usually
done in the test run of the
tape.

More versatility editing and

debugging programmes,
reprogramming, and plotting
and printing part shape are
simpler.

Programmes are stored on

the machine ready for use.

easily changes into metric

system if the programme is in
the imperial units.

Greater accuracy computers

have a higher sampling rate
and faster operation.

Programmes and data can be

modified on the machine.

It is widely used in industry. It

is easily adaptable in a
computerised industry system.

Increased flexibility the

machine can produce a
specific part, followed by
other parts with different
shapes, and at reduces cost.

Example 1 (use G90)

Example 2

Quiz (use G91)