You are on page 1of 6

Research, Development,

and Technology
Turner-FaIrbank Highway
Research Center
6300 Georgetown Pike
McLean, Virginia 22101

Report
No.
FHWA/RD-85/045

A
~

u.s. Department
of Transportation
Federal Highway
Administration

'P

Final
August

Report
1985

6L
sL
zL
0L
z9
6S
LS
SS
S
TS
Lv
vv
Zv

PU~Th3.~W

~!u!fi3.!A
ooSSoUUo.L

111

S~Xo.L
~~0')[~a

epeue~

aNV

pue

T~!3.0WoW

'ofiP!3.g

T~!3.0WoW
h3.owofi~uoW
.3.r

MoN
'oU~'I

'ofiP!3.g

UOST!M
9L

HS

'ofiP!3.g

pu~T')[~O

MO3.POOM
3.oAO

W~!TT!M
ooUU~Mns

3.oA!H
h~~od

~d~N

S~O3.3.~d

-O~S!~U~3.d

u~S

a.LaH~NO~-.LH~IaM.LH~I'I

U1 a~a~OUO~

tZ-I

o!')[~sxo~

UO~So3.d
~oA!H

'ofiP!3.g
'ofiP!3.g

h~g

sa~aIHg

ado~n3

q~nos

!3.nOss!w
~u~!s!nO'I
'ofiP!3.g
'h~uno~

')[3.0A
'ofip!3.g

~P!3.Td
~!U3.1!T~~
~!U~O1!T~~
~!U3.1!T~~
a~NaIHadXa

6(
S(
0(

sa6P1~g

dO

MaIAaH

sU01~eO1}10ads
~q61aM~q61~
}0 aSn

a~a~ouo~-~q61aM~q61~

}0

0(

u01~on~~SUO~
aL~

9I
SI
SI

3HaL dO 3aL~aLS

a~a~~uo~ ~qD1aM~qD1~ JO sa1~~ado~d


~1seg
~uawa~e1d P1a1d pue DU1uO1~~odo~d
a~a~~NO~ ~H~IaM~H~I~
dO SaI~~adO~d

sa1'~.Zado.zd

u1'~;)npo.zd

ET

SUO1'~~;)1'J1';)ads

a~~Da.zDDv

~qD1'a~~qfi1'~

Jo

h~1'T1'q~T1'~AV
u1'~~;)1'J1'ss~T:)

NOI~:)nGOHd

S~I

GNV

~~VD~HDDV

~HDlaM~HDI~

A"t{O.LSIH

NOI.L:)naOH.LNI

1\.

SaHn~Id

dO .LSI'I

a:5"":e""d

S.LN:3:.LNO:)

dO

:3:'IgV.L

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

MATERIAL

ECONOMICS

OF LIGHTWEIGHT

Single-Cell

Box

Steel

Girders

Plate

AASHTO I-Girders
Segmental
Box
Cable-Stayed
Reduction

in

CONCRETE

83

Girders

83
9O
96

Girders
Bridges
Steel
by

96
99

Using

Lightweight

Concrete

99

DISCUSSION
Advantages
of Lightweight
Concrete
Disadvantages
of Lightweight
Concrete
Adequacy of Specifications
Material
and Structural
Properties
of Lightweight
Aggregates
Prestressing
of Lightweight
Concrete
Cost Analysis

101
101
102
102

FINDINGS

107
107
109

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Findings
Recommendations
APPENDIXES
1. Rotary-Kiln
Lightweight-Aggregate
2. Structural
Lightweight-Concrete
Guide Specifications
3. Structural
Lightweight-Concrete
Field
Control
Procedures

Plants
Bridge

103
104
105

110
113

Bridge
122

REFERENCES

138

BIBLIOGRAPHY

142

iv

.~~oda~

aq~

10

pua

aq~

~~

&.
pa~s1t

sa~ua~a1a~

.uo1~~~ep1suo~
~u~~~odw1
e~oJe~eq~
~e~ot

s~1

u~ s1
s1 ~I

~.:IOda.:I
10

TZ

;;.~emwns
10

I~V
V

a.:I01a.:Iaq~
10
;;.q

;;.T1

~q1e~~q1t

u1

pue

.:Ia~~eT
a.:Ie

t~~n~~n~~s

a~e6a.:I66v
S1

q~1~

a~ew

a~oUap

10

~o

a~e~s
u1

pasn

a.:Ie

s~aqwnN.

~1wouo~e

u1~w eq~

a.:Ie
.:IO

papuedx3

q.Jns

q.Jns

'S~1S0dap
.sa~eTs
'STe1.:Ia~ew

sa~e6a.:I66e
q~1~

.:IO au11
S1

apew

~q61a~
a~a.:I.JUO.J

.:IO as.:Ieo.J

a~a.:I.JUO.J

u1 a~a~~uo~

.:I1

~uasa.:Id
~sa.:Ia~u1

;;.TUOmwo.J
6u1~eoTq

'aTeqs

sTe1.:Ia~ew

se

;;.TTe.:In~eN

Te1.:I~snpu1

'q~oq

a~a.:I.JUO.J

~1a4~

aq~

';;.eT.J
se

.:IO a.J1wnd
6U1.:I.:In.J.J0

's~.Jnpo.:Id;;.q
;;.TTe.:Iaua6
~q61a~-TeW.:IOU

q.J1q~

6u1U1e~UO.J

Te.:In~.Jn.:I~S

aq~

a6P1.:Iq
u1

sTe1.:Ia~ew
pue

papuedxa

.e1.:I0.JS
sa~e6a.:I66e
pue

pa111sseT.J
as.:Ieo.J

~1

Jo uo1~~~~~~~

~q61a~~q61'I

;;.60TOU101.Ja~
u61sap

Te.:In~.Jn.:I~s

.~eaq

a~eTs

a.Jeu.:In1-~seTq

aWO.J
papuedxa
se

sa~e6a.:I66e
.:Ia~q61T

~q61a~~q61T

pue

I a~a.:I.JUO.J
aq~

sa~e6a.:I66e

.:IO 6eTs
Te1.:I~snpuI

;;.Tu1ew

'saTeqs

pue
u1

uaA16

.u01~.Jn.:I~SUO.J
a.:Ie

ad;;.~
paW.:I1

pa.:Ia~u1s
s~.Jnpo.:Id;;.q
WO.:I1

's;;.eT.J

;;.TTe.:In~eu
.pues

~q61a~

u1Sep

uo1~~npe~
~q1e~
e~eq~
se~n~~n~~s
u1 pesn At~sow
.( W/~ 09L'T) J~d STT ~noq~ s1 q~1q~
I ~q1e~
~1un

s1 e~e~~uo~

.(T)I1.a~a.:I.JUO~
ap1n~1I
aq~
aW1.:Id

sa~e6a.:I66e
6u1Puedxa
.qse
apnT.Ju1
.J1ue.JTOA
pue

6U1.:I.:In.J.J0
-~q61'I
ueq~
-a.:I66e

.sa~n~~n~~s

'sa~e6

~q61a~~q61'I

~461a~~461T

~o asn

aTq1ssod a4~ 6u1~ap1suo~ ua4~ a~ua1~adxa ~s~d uo uo1~~w~o~u1 Tn~asn


4~1~ s~au61sap
a6P1~q a4~ ap1AO~d PTno4s ~1 'a~1~~~~d
~o T~nu~w ~
aq o~ papua~u1 ~ou 46no4~TV
.asn a6P1~q ~O~ a~a~~uo~ ~461a~~461T
~o T~1~ua~od pu~ a~u~w~o~~ad a4~ a~~61~saAU1 o~ S1 asod~nd u1~w
s~I

.sa~n~~n~~s

a~a~~uo~

a6P1~q AT~~Tn~1~~~d

~461a~~461T

-~~~s1u1wPV

'sa~n~~n~~s

~o ~~~ a4~ ~o a~~~s

A~~461H T~~apad

o~ UO1~~~1Tdd~

a4~ Apn~s o~ '(VMHd)

a4~ ~O~ pa~~da~d

uaaq

s~4 ~~oda~

u1

uo1~
s14~

NOI.L:)OaOH.LNI

The

first

extensive

the

building

of

buildings,

masonry

at

blocks

the

industry.

iar

the

with

bridges

is

has
used

it

The

of
been

in

used

in

been

the

of

the

to

placement

in

the

There

also

been

performance

of

Although
bility

of

cerning
the

well

field,

is

it
as

the

no

does

have

a suitable
for

in
over

bridges.

concrete
industry
and

advantageous

concrete

the

used

in

members.

building

con-

are

it

the

buildings.
steel

famil-

where

it

is

concrete
have

the

specifications

and

the

been

has

of

a bridge.

in

bridges

problems.
of

familiarity
opinions

it

of
mainly

Onlyoccasionally

members

there

construction

So far,
girders.

structural

Most

the

genof

the

concrete,

with
regarding

has

its

its

behavior.

the

occasional

material.

consensus

with

of

contractors

routinely

to

cast-in-place

in

concrete

conflicting

lightweight

experiences

material

to make
as

there

with

spread

building

precast

in

lightweight

especially

and

was

justified.

but

do

the

established

have

soon

basis,

both

of

lightweight

satisfactory,

use

production
in

is

designers

than

primary

have

poor

become

decks

problems

have

weight

lightweight

roadway

the

uses

erection

and

slower

performance

erally

and

functionally

acceptance

Its

members,

Building

or

I.

in

Other

concrete

material,

economically

used

structural

has

War

concrete

On a volume

buildings.

concrete

struction

been

mostly

transportation

Lightweight

The

present

lighter

lightweight

World

bridges.

for

The

structural

to

lightweight

precast.

of

during

then

are

include

for

ships

and

aggregates

use

of

opinion

concrete

for

its

performance,

sufficient
construction

concerning

bridge

record
material

structures,
it

of

should

successful
for

buildings

the

suita-

nor

con-

be noted

that

applications
and ships,

-ap

s~Tnsa~
.a~a~~uo~

aq~

pu~

o~ s~uaw~~~dap

~~oda~

s1q~

u1

'pa1pn~s

Du!sn

6u1~n~~~~nu~w

~qD1a~~qD1T

papu~dxa

'aT~qs

.~~oda~
'pazAT~u~

~qD!a~~qD!t

.S~U~Td

.a~a~~uo~

Jo

pa~1uo

Uo1~~~uasa~d
a~aM

s~~a~o~d

asn
a~~~s

aq~

u1

0 o~

o~

sa~ua1~adxa

pa~~aTas

~ wo~~

~noJ

s~aau!6ua

~o1

pa~~aTTo~

aDp!~q

a~~6a~66~-~q61a~~q1T

Jo

aDp1~q

.sa~~~s

padOTaA
~~~p

S~!S!A

s~1s1A

~1aq~

aq~
.

uo

o~ uo1~~~1AUI

a6P!~q

~o laA~ns

.
,~

.a~~fia~fifi~
Jo

AaA~nS

s~a~npo~d
e q~1~

aq~ u1 sTenp1A1pu1

UT1~-A~~~o~

~aq~afio~

Aa~ q~1~

aq~ papn1~u~

'AJ~snpu~
s~q

aq~

~JoJJa

w~JfioJd

'SJasn

asn

aq~

Teuos~ad

WOJJ ~~~p

uos~aJ
q~~~

UO~~~WJoJu~

pe~~eTes

TT~

eTq~T!~A~

a~~Ts

~o
pu~

pue

qfino~q~

'A~T~
sa~~~s

A~~snpu1
sa1~1nDuI

~O}

q~~Eas

o~

ap~w

u~ a~aJ~UO~
aq~

s~q~

e~~
U!

Jo

a~~~s

1nJasn

aq

O~

SUO!~~~!Tqnd

ueA!6

uodn

S!

pes~q

4~!4~

~~~J

pu~ u6!sep~oJ
S!

V.

.suo~~n~~~su~
~~aT1o~

.safip~Jq
~J~

~JodaJ

pe~uese~d
e4~

eTq~T!~A~
uo!~~n~~suo~

uo

aq~

~U~Aa1aJ
JOd

pu~

~snw

U!

.se~ue~eJe~

'SUO!~~~!Tqnd
.sesod~nd

s~~eds~

s~q~

sa~ua~Jadxa

ap~AoJd

e4~

~e4~O

Jo 4~nw

Jo

~uau!~~ad

uo~~~a110~-~~~p

~s~d

aTq~Jap~suo~

Jo

fiu~uJa~uo~

~u~~~odw!

~S!T

S!4~
S~!

u~1P~u~J

'suo1~n~1~su1

~~~~uo~

.a~n~E~a~!1

:fiu~~0110J
pu~
uaaq

~qfi~a~~qfi~1
aq~

.A4d~~6o!Tq!q
e~ue~eJe~
Jo

~~ode~
-~ed

U!

S!

e~u~~oJ

UO!~~w~oJU!

~ue!~!JJns

You might also like