Western Mindanao State University

College of Architecture

History of Architecture II

Research 101

Submitted by:
Amira-Czeekha M. Henil
BS Architecture-1D
Submitted to:
Arch. Mudzma Pajiji, UAP
Instructor

Architecture during the Growth of the European States

During the growth of European states, there are several reasons why architecture during this
period is considered and viewed as classical. First, much of the designs during this period are romaninspired and they exhibit characteristics such as beauty, splendor and magnificence that are common
depictions of being Roman; and knowing that roman culture is a very important contributor to the
classical period, having Roman-like characteristics makes the designs classical. The second is
reason is the prevalence of architectural structures like columns, buttresses in churches, temples and
castles, which for instance, are frequently made during the classical period. These are the very
reasons why the designs during this period are very classical in characteristics.
Moreover, the architecture during this period of growth has been a factor and a catalyst of progress
for European states. This is because aside from being classical, the architecture in the period is neoclassical as well. Neo-classicism, another term for romanticism, is described to be an antidote of
progress. In this case, being neo-classical in nature, architecture really does contribute to the
progress and growth of European states in this period.
Neo classicism artists do not make dreary reproductions of their creations- be it arts, sculpture
or poetry but makes something new and innovative every time. More than just creating something
entirely new, neoclassicism is a natural expression of a culture with all its elements and the finesse
with which an artist regains the lost elements that might have slipped into the oblivion is what makes
a neo classic artist successful and popular.
Neo classism was referred to as the antidote to progress and often also called as Louis XVI
style since it came forth during and after his reign. Neo classism aimed to regain for art and design a
purity of form and expression which felt like lacking in the Rococo style. They rejected the spirited and
rich ornament of Baroque style. Neo classism believed that the golden age of progress and
knowledge as from the age of Romans which ad peace, progression and harmony. Thus, they return
to it. Back to the basics with purity and simplicity.
Neoclassical structures are characterized by their walls rather than the decoration of it. Its
emphasis is on the planar characteristics and the building itself is symmetrical.
The architecture during the period of growth of European states, therefore, is something that is of
grandeur and an aspect which gave a meaningful contribution to what has been attributed as
advancement, progress and growth for European states.

Valre Castle in Sion, Switzerland, built

Built from the12th to 13th century.

Sicilian Baroque: San Benedetto in Catania.

Architecture in Colonial and Post-Colonial America

During the eighteenth century (1725-1775) buildings were erected which have been termed colonial
in style, corresponding to what is understood in England as Queen Anne or Georgian.
In the New England States wood was the material principally employed, and largely affected the
detail. Craigie House, Cambridge (1757), is typical of the symmetrical buildings. It has elongated Ionic
half-columns to its faade, shuttered sash windows the hipped roof and the dentil cornice of the
Queen Anne period; the internal fittings resembling those of Adam and Sheraton.
Economically and Socially the most advanced nation of the continent was the U.S.A., where a sense
of national identity had been reinforced by the war with Britain of 1812-14. By 1840 the countrys
trade was worth 250 million dollars per year, almost half being earned by New York. Cotton of
Louisana and extensive coal and iron resources of Pennsylvania.
Colonial ambitions and inequalities helped shape the architecture of housing, schools, civic and
corporate structures, factories, parks and tourist facilities. These patterns continue, with significant
changes, of course, in todays interconnected global worlda broad historical terrain often described
as postcolonial. A close analysis of colonial and postcolonial design helps us understand cities from
Lagos to Rio, Seoul, Beirut, Singapore and beyond, including New York and Paris. The colonial world
was defined above all by a overt exercise of power from the center and otherness, including active
resistance, from the margins. Every group battled over the meanings of words like modern,
authentic and improvements that are still contested today. Yet modernisms universalist ideals also
helped fuel nationalist demands. This seminar explored the architectural and urban design tactics of
European colonialism of the nineteenth to the twentieth century, as well as imperialist expansion by
Japan, the USSR, the US, even the religious power of Saudi Arabia from West Africa to Indonesia.
We considered shifts, breaks and continuities during the early decades of Third World independence
after WWII. The last part of the semester used this background to analyze significant new architecture
and new kinds of cities now emanating from former colonial nations.
The Colonial stage where in the people had arrived and new styles were here.
Post-Colonial (1790-1820)
Architecture of this period moved away from the English Georgian idiom which had become established along
the eastern seaboard of the country Neo-classic elements were introduced.

The Ripon buiding

The Old Court building

Architecture in The Industrial Revolution

The term Industrial Revolution signifies accelerated developments of the technology and
to the Industry of England. Supporting an unprecedented increase in industrial production, this
revolution reached its peaks, at the end of the 18 th century and mid 19th century. The key
development of the Industrial Revolution was the application of machine power to replace men and
animals. Favorable supplies of natural resources and the spur of population growth helped to produce
the first Industrial Revolution in Britain. Industrialization built on the commercial advantages Europe
enjoyed in the world trade network and the developments of the scientific revolution.
On the other hand, England had, in its territories, the necessary raw materials like coal and
iron ore. Englands overseas superiority also helped to a better
access and control of raw materials and a cheap labor besides the slaves in the overseas territories.
Beginning in the 18th century the Industrial Revolution made fundamental changes in agriculture,
manufacturing, transportation and housing. Architecture changed in response to the new industrial
landscape. Prior to the late 19th century, the weight of a multistory building had to be supported
principally by the strength of its walls. The taller the building, the more strain this placed on the lower
sections. Since there were clear engineering limits to the weight such load-bearing walls could
sustain, large designs meant massively thick walls on the ground floors, and definite limits on the
building's height.
Forged iron and milled steel began to replace wood, brick and stone as primary materials
for large buildings. This change is encapsulated in the Eiffel Towerbuilt in 1889. Standing on four
huge arched legs, the iron lattice tower rises narrowly to just over 1000 feet high. When I visited the
tower I was surprised to find a wooden railing at the top (supported by iron bars) and carved with
innumerable names! The Eiffel Tower not only became an icon for France but for industry itself
heralding a new age in materials, design and construction methods.
As you can observe, as the states progresses, the technology will also be developed.
Through the development of the technology, the states can easily produce and make materials
needed to construct a building.
In literature and arts, an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic
subjectivity. Realists has been chiefly concerned with the commonplaces of everyday life among the
middle and lower classes, where character is a product of social factors and environment is the
integral element in the dramatic complications.
Impressionism was a 19th century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based
artists who began publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. The name of the movement is derived from
Claude Monet's Impression, soleil levant. The influence of Impressionist thought spread beyond the
art world, leading to Impressionist music and
Impressionist literature. Characteristics of impressionist painting include visible brushstrokes, light
colors, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of
the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles.

EXAMPLES:

Crystal palace

Mining exchange building

Architecture at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century

This period is rich in style and texture as architects looked to the future with design innovations that
were optimistic and influenced by international trends. At the same time, they continued to draw
inspiration from the past and those traditional American styles that had become established in various
regions. From the International, Art Deco, and Moderne styles with their cosmopolitan flair and
Bauhaus roots to the traditional Colonial Revival styles in its various guises, American architecture
had something for everyone. During this period, architects and builders frequently borrowed stylistic
elements from various periods. In some respects its difficult to assign many homes any single style.
As a result, all this stylistic freewheeling is accurately called American Eclectic.
During this period, a lot o changes happen because of the influences of the new technology, and
because of the creativity of the people. As we go on, the more we become intelligent.
In the early 20th century, it marked a departure from the rigid rules of classical architecture allowing
form to follow function and aesthetics to emerge from the beauty of raw materials and good design.
Architectural historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock summarized it this way: No better name than
modern has yet been found for what has come to be the characteristic architecture of the twentieth
century.
For this period, people were actually followed a functional plan than aesthetic or as possible,
simultaneously do to make a plan for their buildings, etc

The International Style and Modernism

In architecture, the term "International Style" describes a type of design that developed
mainly in Germany, Holland and France, during the 1920s, before spreading to America in the 1930s,
where it became the dominant tendency in American architecture during the middle decades of the
20th century. Although it never became fashionable for single-family residential buildings in the United
States - despite the efforts of William Lescaze (1896-1969), Edward Durrell Stone (1902-78), Richard
Neutra (1892-1970) - the International Style was especially suited to skyscraper architecture, where
its sleek "modern" look, absence of decoration and use of steel and glass, became synonymous with
corporate modernism during the period 1955-70. It also became the dominant style of 20th century
architecture for institutional and commercial buildings, and even superceded the traditional historical
styles for schools and churches.
The International Style emerged largely as a result of four factors that confronted
architects at the beginning of the 20th century: (1) Increasing dissatisfaction with building designs that
incorporated a mixture of decorative features from different architectural periods, especially where the
resulting design bore little or no relation to the function of the building; (2) The need to build large
numbers of commercial and civic buildings that served a rapidly industrializing society; (3) The
successful development of new construction techniques involving the use of steel, reinforced
concrete, and glass; and (4) A strong desire to create a "modern" style of architecture for "modern
man". This underlined the need for a neutral, functional style, without any of the decorative features of
(say) Romanesque, Gothic, or Renaissance architecture, all of which were old-fashioned, if not
obsolete.
Modernism describes a series of reforming cultural movementscultural movementsin in
artartand and architecturearchitecture, , musicmusic, , literatureliteratureand the and applied
artsapplied artswhich emerged in the three decades before 1914.

Embracing change and the present, modernism encompasses the works of thinkers who
rebelled against nineteenth century academic traditionstraditions, believing the "traditional"
forms of art, , architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization aarchitecture, and nd
daily life were becoming outdated;
They directly confronted the new economic, social and political aspects of an emerging fully
industrialized world.

One of the most visible changes of this period is the adoption of objects of modern production into
daily life.
Electricity, the telephone, the automobileElectricity, automobileand the need to work with
them, repair them and live with themthemcreated the need for new forms of manners, and
social life.
The speed of communication became part of family life.

The use of interior or symbolic landscape: the world is moved 'inside', ----as opposed to Realist
representations of the exterior world as a physical, historical, site of experience.
Time is moved into the interior as well: time becomes psychological time (time as inwardly
experienced) or symbolic time (time or measures of time as symbols), not the 'historical' time
of realism.

Time is used as well more complexly as a structuring device through a movement backwards
and forwards through time, the juxtaposing of events of different times, and so forth.

The Glass Palace, a celebration of transparency, in Heerlen, The Netherlands (1935)

860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments

(1948-51) Chicago. Designed by
Mies van der Rohe.

The Seagram Building (1954-8) NYC.

Designed by Mies van der Rohe and
Philip Johnson.

Bauhaus School, Dessau (1925)

Designed by Walter Gropius.

Zaha Hadid, Norpark Rail Station, Innsbruck, Austria. 2004-2007.

Bohlin Cywinski Jackson Architects, Ballard Branch, Seattle Public Library. 2005.

Renzo Piano, Tjibaou Cultural Center, New Caledonia. 1998.

Michael Graves, Portland Municipal Services Building, 1982, Portland, Oregon.

Contemporary Architecture
First, let us know what is Contemporary Architecture:
Contemporary architecture is definable broadly as the building style of the present day. Examples do
not necessarily have similar or easily recognizable features, however, because the "style" is really
quite varied and has a number of different influences. Even though a precise definition of the term is
difficult to articulate, contemporary homes typically include an irregular or unusually shaped frame, an
open floor plan, oversized windows, and the use of "green" and repurposed components. Such
homes also often have an organic design, fitting into the surrounding space and meeting an
immediate need in the area.
Today, we can see a lot of modernized buildings with different styles and concepts. So that is a
contemporary. Whatever is the building style of the present day, that would also an architect will
design or plan.
Prominent contemporary architects include Frank Gehry, who designed the Guggenheim Museum in
Bilbao; John Andrews, who designed the CN Tower in Montreal; and Jean Nouvel, who designed the
Quai Branly Museum in Paris.
Below are the examples of contemporary buildings:

REFERENCE:

https://www.google.com.ph/search?
biw=1252&bih=577&q=20th+century+architecture+history&revid=724239028&sa=X&psj=1&ei
=gt75VKy-OK
http://exyrex.blogspot.com/2011/04/american-colonial-and-pre-colonial.html
https://learn.canvas.net/courses/24/pages/m9-post-modern-and-contemporary-architecture?
module_item_id=44479
http://classroom.synonym.com/modern-architecture-20th-century-22873.html
Encarta premium
Wikipedia
www.slideshare.net/loveart2/20th-century-architecture