Arduino

Wiring[7] platform was complete, researchers worked to

make it lighter, less expensive, and available to the open
source community. The school eventually closed, but the
Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and softincluding David Cuartielles, promoted the
ware company, project and user community that designs researchers,
idea.[5]
and manufactures kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical
world.[1] Arduino boards may be purchased preassembled, or as do-it-yourself kits; at the same time, the hard- 2 Hardware
ware design information is available for those who would
like to assemble an Arduino from scratch.
For other uses, see Arduino (disambiguation).

The project is based on a family of microcontroller

board designs manufactured primarily by SmartProjects
in Italy,[2] and also by several other vendors, using various
8-bit Atmel AVR microcontrollers or 32-bit Atmel ARM
processors. These systems provide sets of digital and
analog I/O pins that can be interfaced to various extension boards and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communications interfaces, including USB on some models, for loading programs from personal computers. For
programming the microcontrollers, the Arduino platform
provides an integrated development environment (IDE)
based on the Processing project, which includes support
for C and C++ programming languages.
An ocial Arduino Uno with descriptions of the I/O locations

The rst Arduino was introduced in 2005. The project

leaders sought to provide an inexpensive and easy way
for hobbyists, students, and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors
and actuators. Common examples for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and motion detectors. Adafruit Industries estimated in mid-2011 that
over 300,000 ocial Arduinos had been commercially
produced,[3] and in 2013 that 700,000 ocial boards
were in users hands.[4]

History

Arduino started in 2005 as a project for students at the

Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy. At that
time program students used a "BASIC Stamp" at a cost of
$100, considered expensive for students. Massimo Banzi,
one of the founders, taught at Ivrea.[5] The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, where some of the
founders of the project used to meet. The bar itself was
named after Arduino, Margrave of Ivrea and King of Italy
from 1002 to 1014.[6]

An early Arduino board[8] with an RS-232 serial interface (upper

left) and an Atmel ATmega8 microcontroller chip (black, lower
right); the 14 digital I/O pins are located at the top and the six
analog input pins at the lower right.

An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-bit AVR

microcontroller with complementary components that facilitate programming and incorporation into other circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is its stanA hardware thesis was contributed for a wiring design dard connectors, which lets users connect the CPU board
by Colombian student Hernando Barragan. After the to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules known
1

2
as shields. Some shields communicate with the Arduino
board directly over various pins, but many shields are
individually addressable via an IC serial busso many
shields can be stacked and used in parallel. Ocial Arduinos have used the megaAVR series of chips, specifically the ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, and ATmega2560. A handful of other processors have been used by Arduino compatibles. Most
boards include a 5 volt linear regulator and a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator (or ceramic resonator in some variants),
although some designs such as the LilyPad run at 8 MHz
and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to
specic form-factor restrictions. An Arduinos microcontroller is also pre-programmed with a boot loader
that simplies uploading of programs to the on-chip ash
memory, compared with other devices that typically need
an external programmer. This makes using an Arduino
more straightforward by allowing the use of an ordinary
computer as the programmer.
At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino software
stack, all boards are programmed over an RS-232 serial
connection, but the way this is implemented varies by
hardware version. Serial Arduino boards contain a level
shifter circuit to convert between RS-232-level and TTLlevel signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed
via USB, implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips
such as the FTDI FT232. Some variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unocial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or
other methods. (When used with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR
ISP programming is used.)
The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontrollers
I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six
of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and
six analog inputs, which can also be used as six digital
I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.10-inch (2.5 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board
and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on
the underside of the board that can plug into solderless
breadboards.
There are many Arduino-compatible and Arduinoderived boards. Some are functionally equivalent to an
Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance
the basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use
in school-level education to simplify the construction of
buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent but change the form factorsometimes retaining
compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants
use completely dierent processors, with varying levels
of compatibility.

HARDWARE

2.1 Ocial boards

Further information: List of Arduino boards and compatible systems
The original Arduino hardware is manufactured by
the Italian company Smart Projects.[9] Some Arduinobranded boards have been designed by the American
company SparkFun Electronics.[10] Sixteen versions of
the Arduino hardware have been commercially produced
to date.
Example Arduino boards
Arduino Diecimila in Stoicheia
Arduino Duemilanove (rev 2009b)
Arduino UNO
Arduino Leonardo
Arduino Mega
Arduino MEGA 2560 R3 (front side)
Arduino MEGA 2560 R3 (back side)
Arduino Nano
Arduino Due (ARM-based)
LilyPad Arduino (rev 2007)

2.2 Shields
Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use shields
printed circuit expansion boards that plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin-headers. Shields can provide
motor controls, GPS, ethernet, LCD, or breadboarding
(prototyping). A number of shields can also be made
DIY.[11][12][13]
Example Arduino shields
Multiple shields can be stacked. In this example the
top shield contains a solderless breadboard.
Screw-terminal breakout shield in a wing-type format
Adafruit Motor Shield with screw terminals for connection to motors
Adafruit Datalogging Shield with a Secure Digital
(SD) card slot and real-time clock (RTC) chip

Software

Upload to I/O board button in the IDE, a copy of the

code is written to a temporary le with an extra include
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) header at the top and a very simple main() function at the
is a cross-platform application written in Java, and derives bottom, to make it a valid C++ program.
from the IDE for the Processing programming language The Arduino IDE uses the GNU toolchain and AVR Libc
and the Wiring projects. It is designed to introduce pro- to compile programs, and uses avrdude to upload programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with grams to the board.
software development. It includes a code editor with feaAs the Arduino platform uses Atmel microcontrollers,
tures such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and auAtmels development environment, AVR Studio or the
tomatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and
newer Atmel Studio, may also be used to develop softuploading programs to the board with a single click. A
ware for the Arduino.[17][18]
program or code written for Arduino is called a sketch.[15]
Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino
IDE comes with a software library called "Wiring" from
4 Development
the original Wiring project, which makes many common
input/output operations much easier. Users only need dene two functions to make a runnable cyclic executive Arduino is open source hardware: the Arduino hardware
reference designs are distributed under a Creative Comprogram:
mons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino Web site. Layout and production
setup(): a function run once at the start of a program
les for some versions of the Arduino hardware are also
that can initialize settings
available. The source code for the IDE is available and
loop(): a function called repeatedly until the board released under the GNU General Public License, version
2.[19]
powers o
Although the hardware and software designs are freely
A typical rst program for a microcontroller simply blinks available under copyleft licenses, the developers have rean LED on and o. In the Arduino environment, the user quested that the name Arduino be exclusive to the ocial product and not be used for derivative works withmight write a program like this:[16]
out permission. The ocial policy document on the
use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is
open to incorporating work by others into the ocial
product.[20] Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the Arduino name by
using "-duino name variants.[21]

5 Applications
See also: List of open source hardware projects

Xoscillo: open-source oscilloscope[22]

The integrated pin 13 LED

Scientic equipment[23]

#dene LED_PIN 13 void setup () { pinMode

(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Enable pin 13 for digital
output } void loop () { digitalWrite (LED_PIN, HIGH);
// Turn on the LED delay (1000); // Wait one second
(1000 milliseconds) digitalWrite (LED_PIN, LOW); //
Turn o the LED delay (1000); // Wait one second }

Arduinome: a MIDI controller device that mimics

the Monome
OBDuino: a trip computer that uses the on-board
diagnostics interface found in most modern cars
Ardupilot: drone software / hardware

It is a feature of most Arduino boards that they have

an LED and load resistor connected between pin 13 and
ground; a convenient feature for many simple tests.[16]
The previous code would not be seen by a standard C++
compiler as a valid program, so when the user clicks the

ArduinoPhone[24]
GertDuino, an Arduino mate for the Raspberry Pi[25]
Water quality testing platform[26]

9 FURTHER READING

Reception

[19] The arduino source code. The arduino source code.

[20] Policy. Arduino.cc. Retrieved 2013-01-18.

The Arduino project received an honorary mention in the

Digital Communities category at the 2006 Prix Ars Elec- [21] Freeduino Open Designs. Freeduino.org. Retrieved
2008-03-03.
tronica.[27][28]

See also
List of Arduino boards and compatible systems
Comparison of single-board computers

References

[1] Arduino Project introduction

[2] http://arduino.cc/en/Main/FAQ
[3] How many Arduinos are in the wild?" About 300,000.
Adafruit Industries. May 15, 2011. Retrieved 2013-0526.
[4] Arduino FAQ With David Cuartielles. Malm University. April 5, 2013. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
[5] David Kushner (26 Oct 2011). The Making of Arduino.
IEEE Spectrum.
[6] Justin Lahart (27 November 2009). Taking an OpenSource Approach to Hardware. The Wall Street Journal.
Retrieved 7 September 2014.
[7] Rhizome - Interview with Casey Reas and Ben Fry.
2009-09-23. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
[8] Hardware Index. Arduino Project. Retrieved 2013-1210.
[9] Smart Projects
[10] Schmidt, M. ["Arduino: A Quick Start Guide"],
Pragmatic Bookshelf, January 22, 2011, Pg. 201
[11] Arduino breadboard shield: US$10 & 10 mins. todbot.com
[12] Igoe, Tom (April 4, 2006). Arduino Shields for Prototyping. tigoe.net
[13] Jonathan Oxer. Arduino Shield list. Retrieved 5 Nov
2013.
[14] Arduino Software Release Notes. Arduino Project. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
[15] Programming Arduino Getting Started with Sketches.
McGraw-Hill. Nov 8, 2011. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
[16] Blink Tutorial. Arduino.cc.

[22] xoscillo A software oscilloscope that acquires data using an arduino or a parallax (more platforms to come).
Google Project Hosting. Code.google.com. Retrieved
2013-01-18.
[23] Pearce, Joshua M. 2012. Building Research Equipment
with Free, Open-Source Hardware. Science 337 (6100):
13031304. (open access)
[24] ArduinoPhone. Instructables.com (2013-07-17).
trieved on 2013-08-04.

Re-

[25] Raspberry Pi Spy. Introducing The GertDuino Add-on

Board For Raspberry Pi. Retrieved on 2014-11-09.
[26] Bas Wijnen, G. C. Anzalone and Joshua M. Pearce, Opensource mobile water quality testing platform. Journal of
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 4(3) pp.
532537 (2014). doi:10.2166/washdev.2014.137 open
access
[27] Prix Ars Electronica 2006 Digital Communities ANERKENNUNGEN listing (in German). Retrieved
2009-02-18.
[28] Prix Ars Electronica 2006 Digital Communities
ANERKENNUNGEN description (in German). Retrieved 2009-02-18.

9 Further reading
Getting Started with Arduino; Massimo Banzi,
Michael Shiloh; 262 pages; 2014; ISBN 1-44936333-4.
Arduino For Dummies; John Nussey; 446 pages;
2013; ISBN 978-1118446379.
Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going Further
with Sketches; Simon Monk; 2013; ISBN 9780071830256.
Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry; Jeremy Blum; 384 pages; 2013;
ISBN 978-1118549360.
Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On Introduction with
65 Projects; John Boxall; 392 pages; 2013; ISBN
978-1593274481.
Beginning C for Arduino: Learn C Programming for
the Arduino and Compatible Microcontrollers; Jack
Purdum; 280 pages; 2012; ISBN 978-1430247760.

[17] Using Atmel Studio for Arduino development. Megunolink.com. Retrieved 2013-01-18.

Programming Arduino:
Getting Started With
Sketches; Monk Simon; 162 pages; 2011; ISBN
978-0071784221.

[18] Using AVR Studio for Arduino development. Engblaze.com. Retrieved 2013-01-18.

Make: Electronics (Learning by Discovery); Charles

Platt; 352 pages; 2009; ISBN 978-0596153748.

10

External links

Ocial website
Arduino The Documentary at the Internet Movie
Database, Vimeo
Documentary about Arduino, Wired Magazine (in
Italian/English)
How to install additional Arduino libraries?
Arduino Cheat Sheet
Online platform & collaboration platform for Arduino users
Arduino Projects, Examples of Arduino Projects
Arduino Board Pinout Diagrams: Due, Esplora,
Leonardo, Mega, Micro, Mini, Nano, Uno
Evolution tree for Arduino
Massimo Banzi interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network
Massimo Banzi interviewed on the TV show FLOSS
weekly on the TWiT.tv network
Arduino Stack Exchange a question and answer site

11

11
11.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Arduino Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino?oldid=646633136 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Caltrop, Ceaser, Hikari, Mahjongg,

Kku, Delirium, Darkwind, Kragen, Glenn, Scott, Donio, Mulad, Nv8200p, Taxman, Val42, Klaus Leiss, Scruss, Raeky, Knobunc, DocWatson42, BenFrantzDale, Ds13, Mcapdevila, Micru, Jorge Stol, Cmkpl, Halosix, Abdull, Thorwald, Imroy, Discospinster, ArnoldReinhold,
Duchamp, PutzfetzenORG, Jantangring, Bobo192, Smalljim, R. S. Shaw, Giraedata, Trevj, Jdabney, Nasukaren, Radical Mallard, Velella,
Marasmusine, Mindmatrix, Danmaz74, Pol098, Ruud Koot, Eyreland, SDC, CharlesC, DustyDingo, Sprague, Royan, Magister Mathematicae, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Patrick Gill, Salix alba, MZMcBride, Allen Moore, Intgr, Lmatt, Tedder, Chobot, ATH500, Remmelt, Hydrargyrum,
Bovineone, Geertivp, Tkbwik, Wrachelson, Venix, Warrenm, Elkman, Wknight94, Arthur Rubin, Dspradau, Red Jay, Back ache, JLaTondre, Snaxe920, Kingboyk, Mardus, Sbassi, Zlogic, Attilios, Lethalmonk, SmackBot, Gracehoper, Faisal.akeel, DMellis, InverseHypercube,
McGeddon, Misto, Arny, NickGarvey, Amatulic, Adamfeuer, JennyRad, Thumperward, Salvor, George Church, Randomskk, Chendy,
Dro Kulix, Frap, Alphathon, OrphanBot, JonHarder, Grhabyt, Stepho-wrs, Mwtoews, Salamurai, Pfhyper, RickO5, Ian Spackman, Toggio, IronGargoyle, TerryKing, Hu12, Courcelles, Sreeram shankar, Fabrice Florin, Amalas, Pfagerburg, Drinibot, Yaris678, Cydebot, Nick
Wilson, Gogo Dodo, SimenH, ShadowGuy, Neoforma, ClarkMills, Abqsteve, Surturz, Kozuch, Waveking, Thijs!bot, Pemboid, Potax,
MarshBot, Guy Macon, Jonathan Williams, JonOxer, Chrisjj3, JAnDbot, Viskr, CosineKitty, Khommel, H3llbringer, Magioladitis, David
Oliver, JamesBWatson, Oskay, Cadsuane Melaidhrin, Steven Walling, Jatkins, JMBryant, Gwern, Wimh, CommonsDelinker, Yannick56,
Minime72706, Aervanath, Gonzalo M. Garcia, Ajfweb, Lexein, TXiKiBoT, Moumouza, Calwiki, Chuckwolber, Exprice, Nexus501, Sgbirch, Seb az86556, Rajsite, Jamelan, Andy Dingley, Synthebot, Nave.notnilc, Userper, Kbrose, Yngvarr, Anilashanbhag, Yadoo86, Sav
vas, Mikebar, Yintan, Rob Prikanowski, Soler97, Bentogoa, Udawatabhimanyu4, Ali asin, Henryerinjones, Linuxrules1337, Vbscript2,
Misiu mp, Tintin192, Treekids, Kookish, ImageRemovalBot, Bsx, Shloimeborukh, ColorfulNumbers, GreenSpigot, VQuakr, Machee,
Gbarberi, Blanchardb, TjeerdVerhagen, Craigbic, Crazyburns, Awickert, Alexbot, Vancircuit, A Pirard, Jinlye, Chaosdruid, Apparition11,
DumZiBoT, Darkicebot, XLinkBot, H0dges, NobbiP, Cmr08, Cbenson1, Zodon, Fiskbil, Dsimic, Mortense, Johanroed, Jncraton, Tergenev, Cst17, Harviecz, MrOllie, Download, CUSENZA Mario, 84user, Jarble, Softy, Margin1522, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, ICSeater, Jim1138, JackieBot, Bjepson, Csigabi, Citation bot, Ghstwlf, LilHelpa, Xqbot, IslandMountain, PabloCastellano, JimVC3, Rvumbaca, GrouchoBot, Xan2, Mort42, SassoBot, Brunonar, Alainr345, Thomas-pluralvonglas, Robertelder, Rstuvw, JaadesA, W Nowicki,
Angmall, Idyllic press, JackStonePGD, FlyFire, Danhomer, DivineAlpha, Shiki2, Kristianpaul, Edderso, Joebigwheel, Jonesey95, Skyerise, Tehuglyscientist, SimonPStevens, E-Soter, Mibix, ActivExpression, , Cyb3rn0id, Trappist the monk, DixonDBot,
Michael9422, MakerShed, ErikvanB, MoreNet, Jluciani, RenaudBedard, Tbhotch, Julian dasilva, Obankston, Bernd.Brincken, Migaber,
Peapodamus, Mazurov, DASHBot, EmausBot, Rusfuture, Dead Horsey, WikitanvirBot, LordStDennis, Kronick, Bricoman55, RA0808,
Sukkin, Scgtrp, Tikitpok, Hscharler, ZroBot, Pbruins84, TLeek, , Ubarro, Lemio, Mowcius, Sbmeirow, Lorem Ip, Howetimothy, Palosirkka, John Garvin, Tronixstu, JohnBoxall, ChuispastonBot, Gandrewstone, Sudozero, Fargasch, Luckylarrycouk, Clay
Digger, ClueBot NG, 392236a, Phry, Braincricket, Danim, Tuxskar, CasualVisitor, Helpful Pixie Bot, Simonmonk2, Troy.hester, Se Ra
Bu Tan, BG19bot, Virtualerian, Techformeplease, Paradoxiality, Gbulmeruk, Barefoottech, Northamerica1000, PatrickCarbone, Frze,
Srcvale, Compfreak7, BKJanzen, Abishai Singh, Sn1per, Nungalpiriggal, Jjolla88, Udoklein, carusdaidalos, Ldsrc2008, Roguebhagman, Mfoulks3200, Shields Arduino, Laure f o, Khazar2, Riktw, Theoduino, Youdonotknow, Imheck, Dexbot, Roweboat14, Olonic,
MarkAStephenson, Vinnycordeiro, Luli17, Razvaniycdi, Theskuter37, MaharajaMD, MWikiOrg, Prestja, Edsfocci, Pdecalculus, Onorai, Dairhead, Kirstine Dupont, TobiasAD, Pabhilash, Samyulg, Ales9000, Borg4223, WikiEditingResearcher, RaphaelQS, Htbwmedia,
Ashishbuntybhaiya, Carafriez, Toastcoast, ScotXW, Snakomaniac, WAYNELYW, Brad Dyer, Lagoset, Cman21031, Scarlettail, Dsprc,
Darkness Fallss, Engr Wasim Khan, 329n8z7TeL, Karlsonx, Andhof-mt, Javiterr, Eudorina412, Gondi56 and Anonymous: 433

11.2

Images

File:Arduino316.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Arduino316.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: http://www.arduino.cc/ Original artist: Nicholas Zambetti
File:Arduino_Logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Arduino_Logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://arduino.cc Original artist: Unknown
File:Arduino_Uno_-_R3.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Arduino_Uno_-_R3.jpg License: CC BY
2.0 Contributors: Arduino Uno - R3 Original artist: SparkFun Electronics from Boulder, USA
File:Arduino_led-5.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Arduino_led-5.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: DustyDingo
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Free_Software_Portal_Logo.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Free_and_open-source_
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(FOSS Logo.svg): ViperSnake151
File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png License: LGPL
Contributors: http://icon-king.com Original artist: David Vignoni / ICON KING
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Symbol_list_class.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:UnoConnections.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/UnoConnections.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: 1sfoerster

11.3

11.3

Content license

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0