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Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

FLUID STATICS

MEHB334

Department of Mechanical Engineering


Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

MEHB334

Department of Mechanical Engineering


Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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Department of Mechanical Engineering


Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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By balancing the forces in the


vertical and horizontal directions : ~

Px = Pz = Pn

=> Pressure at a point is the same in all directions


=> PASCALs Law
=> The conclusion is also applicable if there is relative motion

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

In a closed system, due to Pascals


Law, the pressure change produced
at one point in the system will be
transmitted throughout the entire
system
Principle of the Hydraulic Lift

F1
F2
=
A1 A 2

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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A hydraulic jack has dimensions as shown. If one exerts a


force or 100N on the handle of the jack, what load F2, can
the jack support? Neglect lifter weight.

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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Department of Mechanical Engineering


Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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Balancing the force in s direction :dP


= g sin
ds

But sin = dz/dl, so :dP


= g
dz

For incompressible fluid, is constant :-

P + gz = Constant = Piezometric Pressure (Pascal)


P g + z = Constant

= Piezometric Head (meter)

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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If B > A which distribution is correct ?

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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P1 g + z1 = P2 g + z 2 = (P g + z )Datum
1
2
z1
3

z2
z3

datum

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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Ph = Pa + gh
Example : Case Involving 2 fluids.
Determine the gage pressure at the
bottom of the tank
The equation has to be applied to each
fluid separately

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Department of Mechanical Engineering


Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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dP
7 = g = Pg
dz

P = Po e

( z zo ) g

RT

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Function of Temperature

Troposphere :
T = To ( z zo )

Stratosphere :
T = Tcons

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RT

T (z zo )
P = Po o
To

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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Applying the equation from 1 to 2 : -

P1 + m gz1 = P2 + m gz 2
P1 = Patm ; z2-z1 = h ; P2 = Pvap << Patm : -

Patm = m gh

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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Pgage = f gh

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Department of Mechanical Engineering


Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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P4 = Patm + m gh f g
If f << m : P4 = Patm + m gh

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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P1 - P2 = ( m f )gh 2 f g(b a )
Static pressure
change from
A to B

Static pressure
change due to
the system

Static pressure change


due to difference in
elevation

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics

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The pressures are the same although the weight of the


liquids are obviously different

paradox

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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.

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Importance of Hydrostatic Force Calculations


Examples : -

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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- ,
.
Consider the magnitude of the
hydrostatic force on one side
of the plane

h
h

Area, A

dF=PdA
x
edge
view

centroid

elemental area

dA
normal
view

Atmospheric pressure is
ignored since both sides are
open to atmosphere

Fh = g h A = g y sin A

Hydrostatic Force = Pressure at the Centroid x Area

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces


- The resultant hydrostatic force acts through the CENTRE OF PRESSURE (COP)
- The slanted distance of COP from the centroid, ycp, is determined by : -

y cp =
h

I xx

yA

- And xcp, is given by : -

Fh
Area, A
centroid

CP

ycp

x cp =

I xy
_

yA

- If the shape is symmetrical about y


axis xcp is zero

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces


- Centroid and Second Moment of Area, Ixx of regular shapes : -

This is given in
Appendix . No
Need to Remember

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces


Example 1 : Find the magnitude of the hydrostatic force and its line
of action from the hinge. Calculate the force F applied at the middle
of the gate required to hold the gate in its vertical position
w

gh

F
hinge

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces


Example 2 : Find the magnitude of the force, P required to just start
opening the 2m wide gate. Neglect the weight of the gate.

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces


Example 3 : Find the magnitude of the force, G required to just start
opening the gate. Neglect the weight of the gate.

h
hinge

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces


Example 4 : An elliptical gate covers the end of a pipe 4m in
diameter. If the gate is hinged at the top, what normal force, F is
required to open the gate when water is 8m deep above the top of the
pipe and the pipe is open to atmosphere on the other side? Neglect
the weight of the gate.

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces


l
hv

dF=hdA

Cv
elemental area, dA

y
Area, A v

dF
dFx

dFy
ds

Vertical projection

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces


- Horizontal Component of the Force, Fx : _

Fx = g h V A V = P Centroid _ vert _ proj A vert _ proj


- Line of action of Fx : -

y cp _ v =

I xx _ v
_

hv Av

- Vertical Component of the Force, Fy : -

Fy = g above _ surface = Weight of Fluid Above Surface


- Line of action of Fy is through the centroid of the Fluid Above the
surface

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces


- The Resultant Hydrostatic Force, F is : -

F=

Fx + Fy

Centroid of
fluid above
surface

Cv

CP of vertical
projection

Fx

Fy

yCPv

Vertical projection

Note the Horizontal and Vertical Component of the Force Acts From Different Points

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces


- Water underneath the surface ?

Fy

Centroid of
imaginary fluid
above surface

Fy

- The force will be exactly of the same


magnitude but now acts in the opposite
direction.

CP of vertical
projection

- Need to use imaginary surface in order


to calculate vertical component

Fy = g imaginary
F

_ above _ surface

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces


Example 1 : Surface AB is a circular arc with radius of 2m and a depth of a
m into the paper. The distance EB is 4m. The fluid above surface AB is
water and atmospheric pressure prevails on the free surface of water and on
the bottom side of surface AB. Find the magnitude and line of action of the
hydrostatic force acting on surface AB.

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces


Example 2 : Determine the hydrostatic force acting on this gate ?
B

D
B

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces


Example 3 : What force must be exerted through the bolts to hold the
dome in place? The metal dome and pipe weigh 6 kN. The dome has

no bottom. Here = 80 cm.

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.9 Bouyancy
- Definition : Vertical Force on a body immersed in a stationary fluid.
It arises because the pressure varies with depth.
- Consider a body partly immersed in a fluid : Vol3
B

A
Vol2

Vol4
COG

Vol1

Mg

C
b

Mg = f g 1 = Fbouyancy
= Weight of displaced Vol
Archimedes Principle

- Act through the centroid of the displace volume => Centre of Bouyancy

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.9 Bouyancy
Example 1 :A metal part (2) is hanged by a thin cord from a floating
wood block (1). The wood block has a specific gravity of 0.3 and
dimension 50 x 50 x 10 mm. The metal part has volume 6600 mm3.
Find the mass m2 of the metal part and the tension in the cord.

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.9 Bouyancy
Example 2 : The partially submerged wood pole is attached to the
wall by a hinge as shown. The pole is in equilibrium under the action
of weight and buoyant forces. Determine the density of the wood?

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

3.9 Bouyancy
Hydrometry .. Hydrometer
is a device use to measure the
specific gravity of a liquid
Based on the buoyancy
principle
The depth of the hydrometer is
dependent on the specific
gravity of the liquid

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.10 Stability of Immersed Body


- Stability depends on the relative position of Centre of Gravity (COG) and
Centre of Bouyancy (COB)

- If COB > COG = > Stable


- If COB < COG = > Unstable

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

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3.11 Stability of Floating Body


- The previous rule is not applicable to floating body because the
COB of displaced volume will change as the object is displaced : -

- Thus more involve d analysis is needed .

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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static

End of Chapter 3

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