CHAPTER 1

CONTOURING
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
A Contour is an imaginary line drawn joining the
various points of equal elevation in the group. It is a
line, which the surface of ground is intersected by a
level surface. The imaginary line on the map
represents a contour.
In our survey camp we obtain contours of two
types of terrains. They are
1. Plain terrain
2. Rolling terrain
1.2 THEORY:
The vertical between any two consecutive contours
is called contour interval. The contour interval is
kept constant for a contour plan. Otherwise the
general appearance of the map will be misleading.
The choice of proper contour interval appearance
depends upon the following consideration.
1. The Nature of the Ground
2. The scale of the map
3. The purpose and extent of survey
Two contour lines of different elevation cannot cross
each other. A closed contour line with one or more
higher ones inside it represents a hill. In general,
however the field of contouring may be divided into
two classes

1. Direct method
2. Indirect method
We carried out indirect method in which some
suitable guide points are selected and surveyed.
The guide have been serving as basis for the
interpolation of contours
1.3 INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
Dumpy level, Theodolite, Leveling staff, Chain,
Tape, Pegs
1.4 EXPERRIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1.4.1 PLAIN TERRAIN COUNTOURING:
To do the plain terrain contouring, we selected
the ground near Knowledge center as the region of
survey. We formed a square on the ground of size
nearly 360m2. By using dumpy level, we formed
grids of size 5m x 5m and then marked the base
line using lime powder for reference. The
instrument was then set up in the instrument
station and the initial adjustments were made. The
B.M. was taken. Then we started taking readings for
the continuous grids. The leveling staffs were held
at the corner of each grid and the readings are
taken. The observations and calculations are shown
in table 1. The details of the contour drawn are
shown in figure 1.
1.4.2 ROLLING TERREIN CONTOURING:
In rolling terrain contouring, the contour lines are
to be laid in radial manner. The center of the base

line was marked. The instrument is then setup in

the ground and the initial adjustments are made the
B.M. was taken the level was then rotated in
clockwise direction from 0 to 45 and the ranging
rod are adjusted in the direction in order to get that
radial lines and the value of levels are taken. The
procedure is repeated to from successive radial
lines by rotating the telescope.
GRID CONTOURING:
S.NO

B.S

01

1.250

02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

I.S

1.410
1.430
1.460
1.500
1.520
1.530
1.580
1.560
1.570
1.570
1.580
1.420
1.410
1.450
1.460
1.420
1.450
1.460

F.S

H.I

R.L

101.25
0

100.00

REMAR
KS
B.M

99.840
99.820
99.790
99.750
99.730
99.720
99.670
99.690
99.680
99.680
99.670
99.830
99.840
99.800
99.790
99.830
99.800
99.790

A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6

20
21
22
23
24
S.NO
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

B.S

1.460
1.490
1.500
1.520
1.480
I.S
1.490
1.500
1.510
1.510
1.470
1.450
1.480
1.450
1.500
1.500
1.480
1.460
1.530
1.600
1.570
1.580
1.540
1.450
1.410
1.400
1.390
1.480
1.550
1.550
1.500
1.520

F.S

H.I

99.790
99.760
99.750
99.730
99.770
R.L
99.760
99.750
99.740
99.740
99.780
99.800
99.770
99.800
99.750
99.750
99.770
99.790
99.720
99.650
99.680
99.670
99.710
99.800
99.840
99.850
99.860
99.770
99.700
99.700
99.750
99.730

B7
B8
B9
B10
C0
REMAR
KS
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
E0
E1
E2
E3
E4

51
52
53
54
55
S.NO

B.S

1.520
1.510
1.500
1.490
1.460
I.S

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

1.450
1.380
1.450
1.480
1.520
1.550
1.600
1.600
1.580
1.640
1.600
1.560
1.590
1.530
1.510
1.550
1.560
1.430
1.450
1.350
1.280
1.260

78

1.200

79

1.170

F.S

H.I

99.730
99.740
99.750
99.760
99.790
R.L
99.800
99.870
99.800
99.770
99.730
99.700
99.650
99.670
99.610
99.650
99.690
99.660
99.720
99.740
99.700
99.690
99.820
99.800
99.900
99.970
99.990
100.05
0
100.08
0
100.06

E5
E6
E7
E8
E9
REMAR
KS
E10
F0
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
F10
G0
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
G7
G8
G9
G10
H0

80

1.190

81
82
83
84
85
86
S.NO

1.180
1.310
1.340
1.350
1.340
1.400
I.S

B.S

87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

1.360
1.410
1.430
1.420
1.450
1.400
1.340
1.420
1.460
1.410
1.380
1.370
1.360
1.340

101
102
103
104
105
106
107

1.340
1.350
1.360
1.400
1.410
1.350
1.450

F.S

H.I

0
100.07
0
99.940
99.910
99.900
99.910
99.850
99.890
R.L
99.840
99.820
99.830
99.800
99.850
99.910
99.830
99.790
99.840
99.870
99.880
99.890
99.910
99.910
0
99.900
99.890
99.850
99.840
99.900
99.800
99.790

H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
REMAR
KS
H8
H9
H10
I0
I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
I6
I7
I8
I9
I10
J0
J1
J2
J3
J4
J5
J6

108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
S.NO
118
119
120
121
122
123

B.S

1.460
1.520
1.450
1.490
1.550
1.410
1.390
1.260
1.350
1.360
I.S

F.S

1.390
1.380
1.410
1.400
1.410
1.410

H.I

99.730
99.800
99.760
99.700
99.840
99.860
99.990
99.900
99.890
99.860
R.L
99.870
99.860
99.870
99.840
99.850
99.840

CHECK:
LAST RL-FIRST RL=B.S-F.S
99.840-100.00=1.250-1.410
-0.160=-0.160
Hence Ok.
RADIAL CONTOUR TABULATION:

J7
J8
J9
J10
K0
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
REMAR
KS
K6
K7
K8
K9
K10
-

S.NO

B.S

01

1.500

I.S

02

1.190

03

0.800

04

0.200

05

0.060

06

1.260

07

1.300

08

0.700

09

0.050

10

1.410

11

1.550

12

1.435

13

1.440

14

2.540

S.NO

B.S

I.S

15

2.280

16

1.610

17

1.530

18

1.660

F.S

F.S

H.I

R.L

101.5
00

100.0
0
100.3
10
100.7
00
100.3
00
101.4
40
101.2
40
101.2
00
101.8
00
102.4
50
101.0
90
100.9
50
101.0
65
101.0
60
99.96
0
R.L

H.I

100.2
20
100.8
90
100.9
70
100.8

REMAR
KS
B.M
A1
A2
A3
A4
B1
B2
B3
B4
C1
C2
C3
C4
D1
REMAR
KS
D2
D3
D4
E1

CHECK:
LAST RL-FIRST RL=B.S-F.S
100.260-100.00=1.500-1.240
0.260=0.260

1.5 RESULT:

Thus by using the reduced level we can draw the

contour.
CHAPTER 2
TRIANGULATION
2.1 INTRODUTION:
Triangulation is a part of geodetic surveying, where
the areas of given region if found out by forming
well defined triangles. It is based on the
trigonometrically propositions then if one side and
to angles of the triangle are known, the remaining
sides can be computed by the application of sine
rule. In this method, suitable points called the
triangulation stations are selected and established
through the area to be surveyed.
2.2 THEORY
The horizontal control is in geo tech survey is
established either triangulation or precise traverse.
In triangulation system a no of interconnected
triangle in which the length of only one line called
the base line and the triangles measured very
precisely. Knowing the length of one side to and two
angles, the length of the other two sides of each
triangle can be computed. The apexes of the
triangulation system or triangulation figure. The
defect of triangulation is that to accumulate errors
of length and azimuth, since the length and azimuth
of proceeding line. To control the accumulation of
errors, subsidiary bases are also selected. At a
certain stations, astronomical observations for

azimuth and longitude are also made. These

stations are subsidiary stations.

2.3 INSTRUMENT USED:

1. The Following are the instruments used in the
triangulation survey
2. Ranging rod,
3. Plumb bob
2.4 PROCEDURE:
The given plot is divided in to well condition
triangle. Calculate the area of triangle by using the
formula S= a+b+c/2, A= adding the all the area of
triangle to obtain the total area.
2.5 OBSERVATION:
S.NO
01
02
03
04
05
CALCULATION:
A= s ( sa ) ( sb )( sc )

LINE
AC
AD
CD
BD
BC

LENGTH(m)
44.60
33.00
30.00
33.00
44.60

S= a+b+c/2

S1=a1+b1+c1/2
Here a1=33m b1=44.60m c1=30m put the values in above
equation we get S1=53.80m
S2=a2+b2+c2/2

Here a2=33m b2=44.60m c2=30m put the values in above

equation we get S2=53.80m.
A1=495.00m2.
A2=495.00m2.
A=A1+A2
A=495.00+495.00
A=990.00m2.
CHECK:
(2n-4)90=1800
(2*3-4)90=1800
1800=1800
Hence ok.

2.6 RESULT:
The total area of the given plot by cross staff surveying
method.

Total area of the given plot by triangulation survey

method 990.00m2

CHAPTER-3
TRILATERATION
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
Trilateration is a plot of geodetic surveying
where the area of given region found out forming
well-defined triangles. Here the length of the sides
of the triangles is found out and finally and the sum
of area of all triangles will give the area of the given
region.
3.2 THEORY:
In trilateration process, the given region is
divided into a number of well-defined triangles. The
well-defined triangle is the one in which two of
these angles are well-defined that is not less than
30degree and not more than 120degree. Thus the
given region was divided into such triangle and
their sides were measured using tape. The welldefined triangle was set up using the theodolite.
The tripod stand was shifted to other points on
3.3 INSTRUMENTS USED:
1. Tape
2. Ranging rod
3. Theodolite
4. Cross staff

5. Arrows
6. Chain
7. Plumb bob
3.4 PROCEDURE:
The given plot is divided into no of triangle and
trapezium. Affixed the ranging rods at A,B,C,D,E
measure the base line AC by use of chain take
offsets from B,D,E on AC to F,G,H respectively. Also
measure the offset distances. Calculate the area of
triangle
and
trapezium
from
the
above
measurements. Thus the field or plot whose area is
to be found out, is divided into triangle and
trapezium total area of the plot is then worked out
by the following relations area of triangle = *
base * perpendicular offset
Area of trapezium = base * sum of perpendicular
offset/2
3.5 OBSERVATION:
S.NO
01
02
03
04
05

LINE
BC
BD
CD
AD
AC

CALCULATION:
Area of a total ABC

LENGTH(m)
50
30
40
30
50

A=1/2 B*H
A=1/2*60*40
A=1200m2.
3.6 RESULT:
The total area of the plot =1200m2.
CHAPTER 4
4. LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION:
Longitudinal section is the process of determine
the elevations of points at short intervals along a
fixed line such as the center line of railway,
highway, canal or sewer. The fixed line may be a
single straight line or may be composed of a
succession of the straight lines or of series of
straight lines connected by curves.
Cross sections are run at right angle to the
longitudinal profile and on either side of it.
4.2 THEOREY:
The longitudinal and cross section may be
worked together or separately. In the former case,
to additional columns are required in the level field
book to give the distance, left s and right of the
center line, as illustrated in table. To avoid
confusion, the bookings of each cross section
should be entered separately and clearly and full
information as to the number of the cross section,
whether on the left or right of the center line, with

any other matter which may be useful, should be

recorded.
4.3 INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
Dumpy level
Tripod stand
Leveling staff
Chain
Tape
Arrows
4.4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
LONGITUDINAL SECTION:
The level is setup on firm ground at suitable
portion. A back sight is than taken on the
benchmark entered in the back sight. The readings
are taken from the starting point A. 0m
Are entered in the I.S. the staff readings are taken
at the representative points when it is found
exceeding about 500m. the instrument is then
moved forward and setup on firm ground at the L or
before and setup on back sight in then take on the
change point just established to find the elevations
of new plane of collimation. They may be used as
change points whatever possible in order to check
the reduced level of the benchmark.
CROSS SECTION:
Cross section are the section at right angle of
the center line and are either side it for the purpose
for determine the later outline of the ground surface

for the purpose they are each 6m section on the

center line.
CROSS SECTIONING BY LEVELING:
To being with the line is set out first to and on either
side of the center line ,at the station on the and the
station on the center staff is than hard at each 10m
points and other points and other points in
appreciable change is slop have been previously on
the by means of whites. The reading are then with a
level and the distance of staff points measured with
the tap and right of the center section.
CALCULATION:
S.NO

B.S

01

1.230

I.S

02
03

1.270
1.200

04
05
06
07

1.410
1.410
1.450
1.210

08

1.190

09

1.160

10
11

1.310
1.320

F.S

H.I

R.L

101.23
0

100.00
0
99.960
100.03
0
99.820
99.820
99.780
100.02
0
100.04
0
100.07
0
99.920
99.910

REMAR
KS
0m
L1
L2
R1
R2
5m
L1
L2
R1
R2
10m

12

1.100

13

1.090

14

1.100

15
16
17

1.250
1.310
1.030

18

1.040

19

1.010

20

1.160

21
22

1.290
1.000

23

1.000

24

1.010

25

1.120

26

1.275

27

0.890

28

0.900

29

0.895

100.13
0
100.14
0
100.13
0
99.980
99.920
100.20
0
100.19
0
100.22
0
100.07
0
99.940
100.23
0
100.23
0
100.22
0
100.11
0
100.00
5
100.34
0
100.33
0
100.33

L1
L2
R1
R2
15m
L1
L2
R1
R2
20m
L1
L2
R1
R2
25m
L1
L2
R1

30
S.NO

1.015
B.S

I.S

31

0.960

32

0.780

33

0.830

34

0.870

35

0.920

36

0.985

37

0.700

38

0.760

39

0.830

40

0.840

41

1.000

42

0.605

43

0.660

44

0.715

F.S

H.I

5
100.21
5
R.L
100.27
0
100.45
0
100.40
0
100.36
0
100.31
0
100.24
5
100.53
0
100.47
0
100.40
0
100.39
0
100.23
0
100.62
5
100.57
0
100.51

R2
REMAR
KS
30m
L1
L2
R1
R2
35m
L1
L2
R1
R2
40m
L1
L2
R1

45

0.730

46

0.770

47

0.520

48

0.540

49

0.590

50

0.620

51

0.630

52

0.360

53

0.390

54

0.480

55

0.470

56

1.860

0.550

57

1.780

58

1.780

59

1.805

60

1.870

102.65

5
100.53
0
100.49
0
100.74
0
100.72
0
100.67
0
100.64
0
100.63
0
100.90
0
100.87
0
100.78
0
100.79
0
100.70
0
100.78
0
100.78
0
100.75
5
100.69

R2
45m
L1
L2
R1
R2
50m
L1
L2
R1
R2
55m
L1
L2
R1
R2

61
S.NO

1.840
B.S

I.S

62

1.720

63

1.750

64

1.745

65

1.780

66

1.740

67

1.670

68

1.700

69

1.645

70

1.720

71

1.680

72

1.615

73

1.670

74

1.630

75

1.690

F.S

H.I

0
100.72
0
R.L
100.84
0
100.81
0
100.81
5
100.78
0
100.82
0
100.89
0
100.86
0
100.91
5
100.84
0
100.88
0
100.94
5
100.89
0
100.93
0
100.87

60m
REMAR
KS
L1
L2
R1
R2
65m
L1
L2
R1
R2
70m
L1
L2
R1
R2

76

1.695

77

1.520

78

1.525

79

1.570

80

1.615

81

1.640

82

1.375

83

1.375

84

1.360

85

1.480

86

1.590

87

1.100

88

1.150

89

1.240

90

1.110

91

1.025

0
100.86
5
101.04
0
101.03
5
100.99
0
100.94
5
100.92
0
101.18
5
101.18
5
101.20
0
101.08
0
101.97
0
102.46
0
102.41
0
102.32
0
102.45
0
102.53

75m
L1
L2
R1
R2
80m
L1
L2
R1
R2
85m
L1
L2
R1
R2
90m

92
S.NO

0.890
B.S

I.S

93

0.910

94

1.040

95

0.880

96

0.805

97

0.650

98

0.735

99

0.910

100

0.620

101

0.600

102

0.500

103

0.600

104

0.745

105

0.450

106

F.S

0.420

H.I

5
102.67
0
R.L
102.65
0
102.52
0
102.68
0
102.75
5
102.91
0
102.82
5
102.65
0
102.94
0
102.96
0
103.06
0
102.96
0
102.81
5
102.11
0
102.12

L1
REMAR
KS
L2
R1
R2
95m
L1
L2
R1
R2
100m
L1
L2
R1
R2
-

0
CHECK:
B.S-F.S=LAST RL-FIRST RL
3.090-0.970=102.120-100.00
2.120=2.120
Hence ok.

4.6 RESULT:
By means of taking the RL reading longitudinal
and cross sections has drawn.
CHAPTER-5
AZIMUTH OBSERVATION OF THE SUN
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
The azimuth of a heavenly body is defined
as the angle between the observers meridian and
the vertical circle passing through the body.
5.2 THEORY:
The general procedure is the same as for a
sun. Apart from the correction due to fraction, the
parallax correction is also to be applied to the
observed altitude, since the sun is very close to the
earth. The required altitude and the horizontal
angles are with respect to the limbs simultaneously.
The opposite limbs are observed by changing the
face.

5.3 INSTRUMENTS USED:

The following are the surveying instruments,
they are
Theodolite
Tripod stand
Ranging rods
Arrows
Plump bop
5.4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
For every precise work, the altitude reading
should be corrected for the inclination. Set the
instrument over the station, mare and level it
accurately. Clamp both the plates to zero and sight
and reference mark, the telescope is turned towards
sun and the altitude and the horizontal angle with
the sun in I quadrant of the crosswire system is
measure. By the motion in azimuth is slow, and the
vertical hair is kept in contact by the upper slow
motions crew, the being allowed to make contact
with horizontal.
The time of observation is also noted. Using
the two tangents screws, as quickly as possible, the
sun into 3 quadrant of the crosswire and again read
the horizontal and vertical angle. Chronometer time
is also observed. Turn to the reference and mare the
face and take another sight on the reference mark.
Take two more observation the sun precisely in the
same way as performed in the same manner as the
corresponding star observation. The correct value of

the suns declination can be computed by knowing

the time of observation, by the method discussed
earlier, finally bisect the reference to see that the
reading is zero.
During the above 4 observation, the sun changes its
position consistory and accurate result cannot be
obtained by averaging the measured altitudes and
the times. However, the time taken between, 1, 2,
readings, with the sun in quadrants 3, and 1 vary
little and hence the measured altitudes and the
corresponding times can be average to get on value
of the azimuth. Similarly the altitudes and timings
of the last two reading, with the sun in quadrants 2,
3 can be averaged to get another value of the
azimuth. The two values of the azimuth so obtained
can be average to get the final value of the
azimuth.
5.5 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
Clockwise angle from reference line =17400010
Mean observed altitude of sun,
Determination of sun
Horizontal parallax
Altitude of perambalur
Corrected angle
Refraction correction

=1104000

=2104000
=000008.9
=1100000
=1104000+000008.9
=11 0408.9
=0000057cot110408.9
=00 00055.82

Corrected angle
Co-declination, ps
Co-altitude, pz
Co-latitude, zs

=1104000+000008.9
=11 0408.9
=900+2104000
=111 04000
=900-110408.9
=78 01956.1
=900-110
=790

By substituting the values of PS, ZS, PZ, we get

A=16205956.1
Azimuth of sun =10600000+11405222.5
=26805956.1
5.6Result:
The azimuth of the sun is=268 05956.1
CHAPTER-6
PLANE TABLE SURVEYING
6.1 INTRODUCTION:
Plane tabling is a graphical method of surveying
in which the fields work and plotting are done
simultaneously. It is most suitable for the filling in of
the details between the stations previously fixed by
the triangulation or theodolite traversing.
6.2 THEOREY:
It is particularly adapted for small scale or
medium scale mapping in which great accuracy in
detail is not required as for topographical surveys.
The plane table consists essentially of (1) a drawing
board mounted on a tripod (2) a straight edge

called an alidade. There are five methods of

surveying with plane table,
Radiation
Intersection
Traversing
6.3INSTRUMENTS USED:
A plane table with tripod stands
An alidade
Plumb bob
Ranging rods
Tape.

6.4 RADIATION
6.4.1 THEOREY:
In this method the point is located on plane by
drawing a ray from the plane table station to point,
and plotting to scale along the way the distance
measured from the station to the point. The method
is suitable for the survey of the small areas which
commanded from a single station.
It chiefly used for locating the details from
stations, which have been previously established by
other methods of surveying such triangulations or
transit tape traversing.
6.4.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Select a point P so that all points to be located are

visible from it. Set up the table at P and after
leveling it, clamp the board .Select a point P on the
sheet so that it is exactly over the station P on the
ground by the use of U frame. The point represents
on the sheet the instrument station P on the
ground. Mark the direction of the magnetic meridian
with the help of the compass in the top corner of
the sheet. Centering the altitude on P, sight the
various points A, B, C, etc., and draw rays along the
fiducially edge of the alidade lightly with the chisel
pointed pencil. Measure the distances PA, AB, AC,
etc., from P to the various points with the chain or
tape, or by stadia and plot them to the scale along
the corresponding to the rays. Joint the points a, b,
c, etc., to give out line of the surveyor. Care must
be taken to see that the alidade is touching the P
point p while the sights are being taken. To avoid
the confusion, the various rays should be
referenced the work can be checked by the
distances, AB, BC, CD, etc., and comparing them
with their plotted lengths a b, b c, cd, etc.,
6.4.3 CALCULATION:
S = a1 +b1 +c1 /2
A= S ( sa ) ( sb )( sc )
PAB:
S1=12+10.5+18.6/2
S1=20.55m
A1=58.68m2.

PBC:
S2=10.5+12.8+9.70/2
S2=16.5m.
A2=49.90m2.
PCD:
S3=9.70+10.90+9.60/2
S3=15.10m2.
A3=43.40m2.
PDE:
S4=10.90+15.15+11.70/2
S4=18.88m.
A4=63.52m2.
PEA:
S5=15.15+12+14.2/2
S5=20.675m.
A5=80.10m2.
Total area A=A1+A2+A3+A4+A5
A=58.68+49.90+43.40+63.52+80.10
A=295.60m2.

6.4.4 RESULT:
The total area of the given plot is 295.60m2

6.5 INTERSECTION METHOD

6.5.1 THEORY
In this method the point is fixed on plan by the
intersection of the rays drawn from instrument
station the line joining the station is called the base
line. The method requires only the linear
measurement of this line. The method is commonly
employed for locating, the detail, the distances and
inaccessible points they, broken boundaries, the
rivers and the points which may be used
subsequently as the instrument station it is suitable
when it is difficult or impossible to measure
distances assume the case of the survey of a
mountains country. It is also used for checking
distance object.
6.5.2PROCEDURE

Select two points P and Q in a commanding

position so that all points to be plotted are visible
from both P and Q. The line joining the station P and
Q is known as the base line. With the table set up
and leveled at P, select a suitable point p on paper
so that it is over the instrument station P on the
ground, and mark the direction of the magnetic
meridian by means of the compass. With the
alidade pivoted on the point p, sight the station Q
and the objects. A ,B, C, etc., to be located, and
draw rays along the fiducially edge of the alidade
towards Q, A, B, C, etc. measure the distance from P
and Q, accurately with the steel tape and set it off
to scale along the ray drawn to Q thus fixing the
position of q on the sheet. Shift the table and set it
up at Q. center the table so that the point q is
directly above the point Q on the ground and level
it. Place the alidade along qp, and after orienting
the table by back sighting on P, clamp it. With the
alidade touching q, sight the same object the same
objects and drawn from p determine the positions of
the objects A, B, C etc. on the sheet. Care should be
taken to avoid very acute or obtuse intersections.
The extreme limits for the angles of intersection
being 30 and 120.
6.5.3 CALCULATION:
S=a+b+c/2
A= s ( sa ) ( sb )( sc )

ABE:
S1=21+34.3+29.1/2
S1=42.20m.
A1=304.28m2.
BCE:
S2=15.7+30+34.3/2
S2=40m.
A2=235.38m2.
CDE:
S3=17.4+20.8+30/2
S3=34.10m.
A3=176.22m2.
Total area A=A1+A2+A3
A=304.28+235.38+176.22
A=715.88m2.

6.5.4 RESULT:
A new station is established by intersection
method
6.6 TRAVERSING

6.6.1 THEORY:
This method is similar to that of compass or
transit traversing. It is used for running survey lines
between stations it have been previously fixed by
other methods of surveying to locate the
topographical details. It is also suitable for the
survey of roads, rivers, etc.,
6.6.2 PROCEDURE:
Select the traverse station A, B, C, etc., setup
table at A. select the point a suitably on the sheet.
Center and level the table when the board is
clamped. Mark the direction of the magnetic
meridian on the sheet. Centering the alidade on a,
sight the ranging rod at B and draw a ray along the
beveled edge of the alidade. Measure the chain or
tape, and lay it off to scale on the ray drawn
towards B, thus fixing the position of b on the sheet,
which represents the station B on the ground.
Locate the surrounding detail by radiation or by
offsets taken in the usual way, and the distant

objects by intersection. Shift the instrument and set

it up at B. having centered and leveled the, orient it
by back sighting on A with the alidade along ba,
and clamp the board. With the alidade pivoted on b,
sight the station C and draw a ray along the
fiducially edge of the alidade. Measure the distance
BC with the chain or tape, and set it off to scale on
the ray drawn to C to fix the point c on the sheet.
The near-by detail is located as before. Continue the
process until all the remaining stations are plotted.
CALCULATION:
S=a+b+c/2
A= s ( sa ) ( sb )( sc )
BCD:
S1=20+24.45+38.3/2
S1=41.375m.
A1=214.54m2.
ABD:
S2=38.3+26.5+38.10/2
S2=51.45m.
A2=474.71m2.
AED:
S3=14+31.4+38.1/2
S3=41.75m.
A3=209.20m2.
Total area A=A1+A2+A3
A=214.54+474.71+209.20
A=898.45m2.

6.6.3 RESULT:
A new station is established by traversing
method

SUMMARY
The survey camp provided a good opportunity
for us, the building civil engineers to test our
theoretical learning to the real life problems. It has
kindled our skills and widens our knowledge. We
went local visit to elambalur and contouring has
been conducted. We calculated the area of the
playground by dividing the ground into various
triangles using triangulation. We also computed the
area using triangulation. The azimuth of the sun
and the star was and then determined using the
theodolite.

REFERENCE
1. Dr.B.Cpumina, (2004) Surveying (volume 1, 2,
3) , Lakshmi publication, new Delhi
2. Dr .S . C. Rangwala and P .C ..Rangawala ,
(1991)
Surveying
and
Levelling
.
CharoterPublishers , New delhi .
3. T .P .Kanetkar and prof .S .V .Kulkarni, (1991)
Surveying
and
Levelling
puneVidhyarthiGirhaPrakasam, Pune.
4. S .k .Duggal , (1996) Surveying Volume 1- Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi.
5. Y .R .Nagarj and Veraraghavan, (1999)
Surveying Volume 1-New Chand and Bros ,Roorkee.
6. A .M . Chandra Higher Surveying- New Age
International Private Ltd, publishers, New Delhi.