Magnetic

Fields
Dr.Hikmat Hamad
11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

Magnetic Poles
Every magnet, regardless of its shape, has two poles.
Called north and south poles
Poles exert forces on one another
Similar to the way electric charges exert forces on each other
Like poles repel each other
N-N or S-S

Unlike poles attract each other

N-S

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

Magnetic Poles, cont.

The force between two poles varies as the inverse
square of the distance between them.
A single magnetic pole has never been isolated.
In other words, magnetic poles are always found
in pairs.
All attempts so far to detect an isolated magnetic
pole has been unsuccessful.
No matter how many times a permanent magnetic is
cut in two, each piece always has a north and south
pole.

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

Magnetic Field Lines

Iron filings are used to show the pattern of the magnetic field lines.

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

Magnetic Fields and Forces

The direction of the magnetic field at any location is the
direction in which a compass needle points at that location.

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

Magnetic Forces
Properties of the magnetic force on a charged particle
moving in a magnetic field
We can define a magnetic field at some point in space in
terms of the magnetic force the field exerts on a charged
particle q moving with a velocity v , which we call the test
object.
We can summarize all the observations of the magnetic force
on a charged particle by writing the magnetic force in the
form

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

Magnetic Forces-Cont
The magnitude of the magnetic force on a char ged par ticle is

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

Force Direction: Right-Hand Rule

From the above Equation, we see that the

SI unit of magnetic field is the newton per
coulomb-meter per second, which is called
the tesla (T):

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

Quick Quiz
An electron moves in the plane of this paper toward the top
of the page. A magnetic field is also in the plane of the page
and directed toward the right. The direction of the magnetic
force on the electron is
(a) toward the top of the page,
(b) toward the bottom of the page,
(c) toward the left edge of the page,
(d) toward the right edge of the page,
(e) upward out of the page,
(f) downward into the page.

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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More About Magnitude of FB

The magnitude of the magnetic force on a
charged particle is FB = |q| v B sin .
is the smaller angle between v and B
FB is zero when the field and velocity are parallel
or antiparallel
= 0 or 180o

FB is a maximum when the field and velocity are

perpendicular
= 90o
11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Differences Between Electric and Magnetic Fields

Direction of force
The electric force acts along the direction of the electric field.
The magnetic force acts perpendicular to the magnetic field.

Motion
The electric force acts on a charged particle regardless of whether the
particle is moving or not.
The magnetic force acts on a charged particle only when the particle is in
motion.

Work and kinetic energy

The electric force does work in displacing a charged particle.
The magnetic force associated with a steady magnetic field does no work
when a particle is displaced.
This is because the force is perpendicular to the displacement of its
point of application.
The kinetic energy of a charged particle moving through a magnetic field
cannot be altered by the magnetic field alone.
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PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Notation Notes

When vectors are perpendicular to the page, dots and crosses are used.
The dots represent the arrows coming out of the page.
The crosses represent the arrows going into the page.
The same notation applies to other vectors.
11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field

Now consider the special case of a positively charged particle moving in a
uniform magnetic field with the initial velocity vector of the particle
perpendicular to the field.
Lets assume the direction of the magnetic field is into the page .
The particle moves in a circle because the
magnetic force
is perpendicular to
and
and has a constant magnitude qvB.

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Force on a Charged Particle

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Applications Involving Charged Particles

Moving in a Magnetic Field and Electric Field
A charge moving with a velocity
in the presence of both
an electric field
and a magnetic field experiences both
an electric force q and a magnetic force q x
The total force (called the Lorentz force) acting on the charge
is

Velocity Selector

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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The Mass Spectrometer

A mass spectrometer separates ions according

to their mass-to-charge ratio.

from which we can solve

for m / q, Knowing the charge (ionized
state) and the measured radius we can
find the mass of the particle

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Thomsons apparatus for measuring e/me.

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Thomsons apparatus for measuring e/me. Cont

Thompsons experiment was an exceptionally

clever combination of known electron acceleration
and magnetic steering.

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Thomsons e/m Experiment

The most precise value of e/m available as of this writing is

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Helix Motion
If a charged particle moves in a uniform magnetic field with its
velocity at some arbitrary angle with respect to B its path is a helix
Any component of the velocity of the charge parallel (or antiparallel)
to the magnetic field will not be affected and the charge will move in
a helix

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying Conductor

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Force on a Wire, equation

The magnetic force is exerted on each moving
charge in the wire.

=
F qv d B

The total force is the product of the force on

one charge and the number of charges.

In terms of the current, this becomes

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Force on a Wire, Arbitrary Shape

Consider a small segment of the wire, ds

The force exerted on this segment is

The total force is

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Example: Force on a Semicircular Conductor

A wire bent into a semicircle of radius R forms a closed circuit and carries a
current I. The wire lies in the xy plane, and a uniform magnetic field is directed
along the positive y axis as in Figure 29.20. Find the magnitude and direction of
the magnetic force acting on the straight portion of the wire and on the curved
straight portion

curved part

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Torque on a Current Loop

The rectangular loop carries a current I in a
uniform magnetic field.
No magnetic force acts on sides 1 & 3.
The wires are parallel to the field and

0
LB =
There is a force on sides 2 & 4 since they are
perpendicular to the field.
The magnitude of the magnetic force on these sides
will be:

F2 = F4 = I a B
The direction of F2 is out of the page.
The direction of F4 is into the page.

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Torque on a Current Loop, Equation

The forces are equal and in opposite
directions, but not along the same line of
action.
The forces produce a torque around point O.
The maximum torque is found by:

This maximum value occurs only when the

field is parallel to the plane of the loop.

11/27/2014

PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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Torque on a Current Loop, General

Assume the magnetic field makes an
angle of < 90o with a line
perpendicular to the plane of the
loop.
The net torque about point O will be
= IAB sin .

A is perpendicular to the plane of the loop

and has a magnitude equal to the area of
the loop.

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PHY201

Dr.Hikmat Hamad

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