Daiwa plastics thng long joiventure com.

ltd
K8- khu cng nghip thng long - ng anh h ni
fax :84-48813900 tel : 84-48813888/999

Gio trnh o to
o to ni b
---------

k thut c phun

H ni thng 10-2005

Mc lc :
Trang
Tit
Phn 1 : hng dn c bn
Chng 1: Gii thiu v lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca
c.ty
1/2
Chng 2: An ton lao ng
1/2
Chng 3: Qun l ti liu, h s, vn bn k thut
1
3.1. Ti liu, vn bn k thut.
3.2. H s k thut
3.3. Biu mu k thut
Chng 4: Gii thiu v cng ngh c phun
4.1. Gii thiu v my c phun
2
4.2. Gii thiu v khun c phun
1
4.3. Gii thiu v nguyn liu c phun
1
4.4. Gii thiu v cc thit b ph
1/2
4.5. Con ngi
1/2
Chng 5 : Thao tc vn hnh my c c bn
2
Chng 6 :
Chun b cc iu kin chy my
2
Chng 7 : Khun c- Thao tc tho lp khun
1
Chng 8 : Hng dn s dng cc thit b ph tr
1
Kim tra giy (120 pht)
2
Phn 2 : hng dn nng cao
Chng 9 : t ch hot ng ca my
9.1. Lc ch hot ng ca my
2
9.2. t ch ng m khun
2
2

9.3. t ch cht y v core.

2
9.4. t ch phun
2
Chng 10: Cc yu t v khun c.
Chng 11 : Cc li ca sn phm c phun, cch xc nh
2
nguyn nhn v x l.
(Tham kho ti liu li Bayer)
Chng 12 : S dng cc thit b do
Chng 13 : Danh mc cc ti liu tham kho
Kim tra giy (120 pht)
2
Kim tra thc hnh t d liu c 1 loi sn phm

Phn 3 : Ti liu tham kho

TL1 : Mitsubishi catalog 550MGII. 650MMG
TL2 : Nissei FN1000, FN6000, FS8000, FS8300, FV9100 catalog.
TL3 : Sumitomo catalog.
TL4 : Multiplas catalog.
TL5 : Toshiba catalog FG, GS.
TL6 : SM450 catalog.
TL7 : Fanuc catalog 150D.
TL8 : Guide injection molding
TL9 : CD guide injection molding.
TL 10 : How to correction inferior.
.
1.Mc ch ca gio trnh:
Lm ti liu s dng cho o to cng nhn mi tuyn
dng v o to nng bc theo thi gian quy nh ca cng
ty.
3

2.Phm vi :
o to ni b trong cng ty DAIWA PLASTIC THANG LONG.
3. Ni dung :
Phn chia theo mc ph hp vi yu cu o to nng
bc
Ti a 7 bc ngh p phun.

Phn 1
hng dn c bn

1.Mc ch:
Lm ti liu s dng cho o to cng nhn mi tuyn
dng trong thi gian th vic tng ng bc 1 ngh p phun.
2.Phm vi :
o to ni b trong hp doanh DMC-DAIWA PLASTIC.
3. Ni dung :
o to c bn cng nhn mi tuyn dng c th thao
tc vn hnh my v kim tra sn phm

lc :
Chng 1
Gii thiu v lch s hnh thnh v
pht trin ca c.ty
1.1.Gii thiu chung v cng ty:
Cng ty Xe p xe my ng a H ni l mt trong cc
cng ty ngnh cng nghip nh thuc s qun l ca S cng
nghip ca thnh ph H ni.
Cng ty hin nm trn a bn Qun ng a Thnh Ph H
ni. Hin

Cng ty v mt s cng ty

khc ca ngnh nm

trong ch trng pht trin ngnh cng nghip ca thnh ph

H ni, ang trong giai on tng bc u t nng cp v m
rng nhm tn ti v pht trin, chun b cho qu trnh hi
nhp kinh t khu vc ng nam 2003-2006.
Lnh vc sn xut l cc ph tng chi tit cho xe p, xe
my, t, cung cp cho th trng v mt s cng ty lin doanh
sn xut xe my v t min Bc, xut khu nc ngoi v
khu ch xut cng nghip,ng thi tham gia sn xut cc sn
phm phc v cc lnh vc khc . Cc mt hng nh

dy

phanh, dy cngt mt, dy le, dy ga, dinamo xe p, n

hu, n pha xe p, chi tit nha cho v xe my, v nha cho
6

my in, cho thit b v sinh, cho thit b camera, phanh , bn

p, chn chng xe p
Khch hng:
Cng ty Honda Vit nam , Yamaha Vit Nam l cc cng ty
lin doanh sn xut xe my.
Cng ty Inax sn xut thit b v sinh ca Nht.
Cng ty Canon Vit Nam chuyn sn xut my in nh v my
in mu
Cng ty Machino Auto part , Chiuyi chuyn sn xut v lp
rp ph tng xe my.
Cng ty TOA sn xut thit b truyn thng cng cng.
V mt s cng ty khc, ng thi cc sn phm cung cp cho
th trng.
Cng ty nm trn din tch 15000m 2, vi s cng nhn 800
ngi
M hnh qun l sn xut kinh doanh ca cng ty chia thnh 3
khi
Khi ni a DMC l b phn sn xut kinh doanh chnh
ca cng ty.
Khi hp doanh DMC-FER l b phn hp doanh gp vn vi
tp on FER ca CHLB c sn xut cc ph tng thit b
chiu sng ca xe p, t.

Khi hp doanh DMC-DAIWA l b phn hp doanh gp vn

vi tp on DAIWA Nht u t sn xut cc sn phm nha
cao cp, cung cp cho lnh vc sn xut t, xemy, thit b
v sinh, my in ..v.v.v...
Theo ch trng ca thnh ph v vic di di cc cng ty sn
xut ra khu vc ngoi v vy nm.2005. Cng ty chuyn
n a im mi thuc L K8, KhuB, khu cng nghip Bc
Thng Long, ng Anh, H ni (khu vc pha Bc thnh ph),
din tch 16000m.

1.2.Gii thiu chung s c cu t chc ca cng ty

Hp doanh DMC-DAIWA:
Xng hp doanh sn xut nha DMC-DAIWA PLASTIC hnh
thnh t s hp tc v gp vn u t gia mt bn l Cng ty
Xe p Xe My ng a (DMC) v mt bn l tp on DAIWA

PLASTIC, hp doanh hnh thnh v bt u hot ng sn

xut kinnh doanh t 6/1997.
Lnh vc kinh doanh sn xut l cc sn phm nha cao cp
cung cp cho cc ngnh sn xut xe p xemy, t, my in,
thit b v sinh, thit b truyn thng cng cng,v.v.v
S t chc qun l ca xng hp doanh.
Khi di chuyn a im, theo tnh hnh u t, c cu t
chc thay i
S t chc qun l ca Cng ty lin doanh Daiwa Plastic
Thng Long

Tng gim
c

Tr l
Ph tng gim c th
nht
Ph tng gim c th hai

B phn
Nghip v

B phn
Qun l sn xut

B phn
Qun l k thut

B phn
Qun l cht lng

Ban ISO

T c,kim line
A

T c,kim line B

T c,kim line C

T c,kim line D

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Do c th sn xut ca hp doanh l sn xut cc sn
phm nha cao cp v vy phn ln trang thit b my mc
chnh ca cng ty ch yu l cc thit phc v cho cng ngh
c phun gia cng sn xut cc sn phm t nguyn liu
polyme cao phn t (nha), v rt nhiu cc thit b ph tr
khc phc v cho gia cng cc sn phm t nha.
Cng ngh gia cng p phun nh sau:
Cng ngh nha nhit do:

Nguyn
liu nha

Do ho
(Lm nng
chy)

p phun
vo khun

Lm ngui

Sn phm

Nguyn liu v Trang thit b cn thit cho cng ngh gia cng
nha nhit do cn thit nh sau:
+Nguyn liu gia cng
+My c phun
+Khun c phun
+H thng lm mt trung tm
+Thng sy v t sy nha
+My n nh nhit nng, lnh
+My nn kh
+My sy kh
+Robot, bng ti
Page 10 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
+My in
+My dn nng
+Cu trc.
+Cc thit b dng c o kim
Nguyn liu c phun:
Nguyn liu ch yu ca xng l nha (cc hp cht cao
phn t )
PP

PolyPropylene.

PE

Poly Etylen.

PMMA
ABS

Poly Menthyl Methacylate.

Poly Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

PA6,PA66,PA12 Poly Amide

POM

Poly Oxymetylen (Poly Acetal)

PS

Poly Styren

PC

Poly Cacbonat

v.v.v.
My c phun:
Nhim v lm do ho nha (lm nng chy v p phun
nha nng chy vo khun c phun hnh thnh sn phm
trong khun

Page 11 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
C 35 my t my c phun 15T n my p phun 850T
C th gia cng p phun cc sn phm nh c trng lng
0,1g n cc sn phm ln vi kg.
(Cng sut my c phun cn c vo lc kp khun
phn loi, lc kp khun tnh theo din tch b mt kp khun
ti a trn h thng kp khun)
Chu trnh hot ng chnh ca my c phun :
1 chu k
ng
Khun

Phun
nha vo
khun

Np
nha

M
khun

y
sn
phm

Lm
ngui
Khun p phun:
gia cng cc sn phm nha nhit do ngoi cc my c
phun th phn quan trng th hai l cc khun p phun. Khun
p phun l phn quan trng nht trong cng ngh p phun, l b
phn nh hnh cc sn phm nha theo hnh dng, kch thc
thit k ch to trong khun
Khun c c th t vi kg n hng Tn
Thit b n nh nhit khun: c tc ng gi nhit
khun p phun 1 nhit gia cng n nh nhm m bo
cht lng sn phm p phun t yu cu v hnh dng kch
thc, ngoi quan nh mong mun v rt ngn c thi gian gia
cng 1 sn phm, chi tit.

Page 12 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
H thng lm mt trung tm:
Cung cp nc lm mt cho du thu lc ca cc my c
phun, v khun c
Thng sy v t sy nha
Sy kh nha, sy sn phm, sy cc sn phm sau khi in
My n nh nhit nng, lnh:
n nh nhit gia cng ca khun c phun mt gi
tr nht nh
My nn kh
Cung cp kh nn cho mt s thit b hot ng nh my in
pad, my dn nng, Robot, v sinh sn phm,v.v.v
My sy kh
Lc hi nc, v du c trong kh nn
Robot, bng ti
Thay th ngi vn hnh trong cng on ly sn phm ra
khi khun c phun, nhm nng cao nng sut v tng tnh n
nh gia cng
My in pad:
In trn cc sn phm nha.
My dn nng

Page 13 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Dn cc lp mng kim loi hay mng bt mu ln b mt sn
phm nha di p nn v nhit
Cu trc:
S dng trong vic tho v lp t cc khun p phun ln
cc my p phun, sa cha bo dng khun p phun v cc my
mc thit b p phun.
Cc thit b dng c o kim
Dng kim tra kch thc sn phm sau khi gia cng, theo bn
v thit k, gia cng, theo yu cu cht lng ca khch hng
Thit b o ba chiu, o hai chiu, my phng to, thc o
k thut s, my o cao,v.v.v

Chng 2
An ton lao ng

lc :

(Thc hin theo ni dung trong quy trnh an ton lao

ng c son tho v p dng ban hnh trong cng ty)
2.1. Cc tai nn c th xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut.

Tai nn my mc thit b gy ra.

Tai nn b thng do vt nng ri hoc va vo ngi..

Tai nn bng do thit b nhit ca my, nc nng, nha

nng.

Tai nn do in git
Page 14 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

Tai nn do ho cht
2.1.1. Tai nn do my mc thit b gy ra:
Do c th sn xut ca cng ty v vy c rt nhiu my
mc thit b ln, ngi cng nhn phi thng xuyn lm vic trc
tip v vn hnh my ngay ti my do vy rt d b tai nn nu
nh khng tun th ng cc cnh bo an ton vn hnh my v
thit b, V d : b kp tay chn do cc b phn chuyn ng
ca my gy ra, nh th b thng tch, nng c th dn n
cht ngi.
2.1.2. Tai nn b thng do vt nng ri hoc va vo ngi
Cc dng c c s dng cho my mc thit b ca xng rt
nng, c th ri vo chn hoc va p vo tay gy thng
tch
Cu trc, dng nng h cc khun v thit b nng trong
khi di

chuyn cc vt nng nu khng tun th cc hng

dn vn hnh an ton c th gy va p vo ngi v thit b

khc gy ra thng tch hay cht ngi v lm h hng my mc
thit b.
2.1.3. Tai nn bng do thit b nhit ca my, nc nng,
nha nng
Cc my, thit b trong cng ty c cc b phn c nhit
cao c th ln ti vi trm V d: cc vng nhit ca my t
200 n 300 C. Nc nng n nh nhit khun c
th ln ti 95 C hay cc thanh nhit ca t sy, thng sy.
2.1.4. Tai nn do in git
Page 15 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Cc h thng n chiu sng bn lm vic, cc my v thit
b u s dng in cao 200 V, 220 V, 380 V , cng nhn hu
ht khi lm vic thng xuyn tip xc vi my mc thit b nu
khng tun th cc yu cu an ton v in u c th b tai
nn in git.
2.1.5. Tai nn do ho cht
Cc ho cht c hi cho sc kho nh : dung mi, cht bo dng, bt mu trn m ngi cng nhn khng c thit b, trang
phc bo h
2.2. Cc yu cu m bo an ton v phng trnh tai
nn
2.2.1. Khi vn hnh my phi tun th tuyt i cc cnh bo
an ton dn ti cc v tr trn my, v cc hng dn ca ngi c
trch nhim ph trch v my , ngi qun l
2.2.2. Mang cc trang thit b bo h an ton trong qu trnh
lm vic.
2.2.3. Tun th cc quy nh v an ton ca cng ty.
2.2.4. Khi nhn thy s xy ra s c v an ton cn phi dng
my li v bo ngay cho ngi c trch nhim x l.

lc :
Chng 3
H thng ISO trong k thut c phun

Page 16 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
3.1. Ti liu, vn bn k thut.
Thc hin theo ti liu quy nh trong cc quy trnh ISO
ban hnh ti cng ty.
3.1.1. Vn bn ti liu trong QT ISO c lin quan k thut i vi
trng ca, ph ca, cng nhn.
3.1.2. Vn bn ti liu trong QT ISO c lin quan i vi nhn vin
k thut.

lc :
Chng 4
Khi nim chung v cng ngh c
phun

Page 17 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
M t cng ngh c phun so vi cc cng ngh gia cng cht
do khc:
Cng ngh c phun l cng ngh dng p lc nn khi nha
lng vo khoang khun. Sn phm c nh hnh trong khun,
v qu trnh l khng lin tc
Cc yu t to ra sn phm bng cng ngh c phum:
My c phun
Khun c phun
Nguyn liu c phun
Con ngi
4.1. My c phun
M t chu trnh hot ng chnh ca my c phun to sn
phm :
1 chu k
ng
Khun

Phun
nha vo
khun

Np
nha

M
khun

y
sn
phm

Lm
ngui

Cc b phn ca my v nguyn l lm vic:

Page 18 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

Cm kp khun
- Tm kp khun ng
- Tm kp khun tnh
- Ci kp khun
- C cu cht y.
- C cu core
- C cu chnh b khun

Cm phun:
- Nng phun, u phun
- Trc vt
- Vng nhit.
- B np

H thng iu khin

H thng thu lc

Cc thit b ph

4.1.1. Cm kp khun:
Gm cc b phn chnh: Tm kp khun ng v tnh, cht
y, core, b g khun, h thng kp ( trc khuu hoc ben
thu lc), cc thanh dn hng (tie bar)

Page 19 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
- Tm kp khun: c tc dng g lp khun c c nh
trn my
- B g khun: c tc dng gi cht khun trn tm kp
khun ng v tnh.
- B cht y: c tc dng y sn phm ra khi khun
- B core thu lc: thc hin chuyn ng cho core ca
khun
- Cc thanh tie bar: c tc dng dn hng chnh xc cho s
chuyn ng ca bn kp khun
-H thng kp (h trc khuu hoc ben thu lc) : Thc hin
chuyn ng ca bn kp ng v p cht hai na khun khi
phun nha
Trong qu trnh gia cng, lc ng khun lun phi ln hn
p sut phun nha lng
C 2 h thng kp khun
Kp khun bng khuu (tay n): Bn kp ng c
ni vi b kp qua mt h thng trc khuu. Khi pittong thu lc
chuyn ng th h thng cc trc khuu cng chuyn ng
(dui ra hoc co li) ng hoc m khun. Lc kp khun
c to ra nh p sut trong xylanh thu lc v ch c tc dng
dui thng khuu. i vi mi my thng c mt gi tr lc kp
khun ti a. Khong cch gia bn kp khun c nh v bn
kp khun di ng khi dui thng khuu c th c iu
chnh c nh b truyn ng bnh rng hoc truyn ng
xch t ng sau my.
Page 20 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Kp khun bng ben thu lc: Bn kp ng c ni
cng vi pittng ca ben kp, chuyn ng c nh chuyn
ng ca pittng. Lc kp khun l lc trc tip do pittng thu
lc to ra.
Hot ng ng m khun
4.1.2. Cm phun:
Gm cc b phn chnh: nng phun, u phun, trc vt,
m t thu lc, ben trc vt
Nng phun : L xy lanh bng thp, bn trong c trc vt, bn
ngoi c cc vng gia nhit, u nng phun c gn u phun
(nozzle )
u phun (Nozzle): L b phn tip xc vi l cung phun
ca khun. L u phun nn nh hn l cung phun khun. u
phun c nhiu loi, c th thay i v c vng nhit ring.
Trc vt:

Trc vt c nhiu dng tu yu cu cng ngh.

u trc vt c van 1 chiu Trc vt c bn c chia ra lm 3
vng

Page 21 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

u trc vt c van 1 chiu Trc vt c bn c chia ra lm 3

vng
Vng nhp liu: chim 1/2 chiu di trc vt, gn phu
nhp liu dng chuyn nguyn liu v pha trc, cui vng
ny nguyn liu mm v bt u nng chy
Vng nn p: gia trc vt, chim 1/4 chiu di trc vt,
c tc dng nn p nguyn liu, cui vng ny nguyn liu nng
chy hon ton.
Vng nh lng: chim 1/4 chiu di trc vt, trn v to
ng nht nguyn liu trc khi phun vo khun
Trn u trc vt c van 1 chiu nhm ngn khng cho nha
chy ngc v pha sau trc vt trong qu trnh phun
M t thu lc : Hot ng nh du thu lc gn cng vi
ui trc vt, truyn chuyn ng quay cho trc vt.

Page 22 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Ben trc vt : L ben thu lc, gn vi m t thu lc,
truyn chuyn ng tnh tin cho c cm m t thu lc v
trc vt.
4.1.3. H thng iu khin:
Gm cc b phn chnh: Bng nt iu khin v t iu
khin
Bng iu khin: c cc nt iu khin cc b phn ca
my hot ng c lp, iu khin bng tay, t cc thng s
cho my hot ng, t d liu c cho mt sn phm
T iu khin :x l cc s liu v iu khin hot ng
ca my theo d liu t
Cc sensor : Cm bin v tr cc chuyn ng ca cc b
phn trong my.

4.1.4. H thng thu lc

Bao gm: Moto bm du, cc ng dn du, cc van du v
ben thu lc
Chc nng: Cung cp du dch chuyn cc pittong thu
lc , lm quay ng c thu lc, thc hin cc chuyn ng ca
cc b phn theo s iu khin ca b iu khin.
e. Cc thit b ph:
Gm thng sy, my n nhit, my ht nha, v.v.v....
Page 23 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Thng sy c tc dng tch m ra khi nguyn liu nh dng
kh nng lu thng, ng thi ng vai tr l phu cha nguyn
liu
My n nhit c tc ng n nh nhit khun trong
gii hn tiu chun t bng dng nc tun hon. C 2 loi my
n nhit: My lm nng nc (my gia nhit ) v my lm lnh nc (
Chiller )
My ht nha c tc dng cp nha vo thng sy thay cho
sc con ngi.
4.2 . Khun c phun
L b phn to hnh dng sn phm
Cu to gm cc b phn chnh : Na khun Tnh, na khun
ng, vng nh v, cung phun, ng dn nha, cng bm
nha ( gate), cht y, h thng ng ng nc n nhit khun,
v.v.v...)
Lu ti cc khun c h thng core du, core xin, h thng
cht xin. Khi lp khun cn xem k cc hng dn c t
ra nhm bo v an ton cho khun c.
VD: Sau khi khun m th core m hoc sau khi kt thc
ng khun th core mi hot ng (FR)

4.3. Nguyn liu c phun

Page 24 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
4.3.1. Khi nim chung v cht do
Cht do l tp hp ca nhiu phn t c khi lung ln (hay
ni cch khc tp hp ca nhiu chui b li vi nhau, mi chui
ging nh mt dy xch, mi dy xch li c nhiu mt xch, v
mi mt xch uc cu to ging nhau gi l monome. tu theo
monome cu to khc nhau m ta c cc loi nha khc nhau nh
PP , ABS , PMMA, PA..)
Th no l cht do?
nh ngha:
Cht do l tp hp ca nhiu phn t khi lung ln (hay ni
cch khc tp hp ca nhiu chui b li vi nhau, mi chui ging
nh mt dy xch, mi dy xch li c nhiu mt xch, v mi
mt xch uc cu to ging nhau gi l mnme. tu theo
mnme cu to khc nhau m ta c cc loi nha khc nhau nh
PP , ABS . PMMA, PA..)
V d a bn
Ti sao cc chui dy xch khng b tch ri nhau ra?
Tr li: v cc chui xch xp xp ri nh a bn, tc
ri, v bn thn chng c lc ht.
v d si bao ti da khi x theo chiu dc rt d bi v.. v
minh ho.
Ti sao khi t nng chng li do ra v nu tip tc t
nng chng s chy ra nh nc.

Page 25 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Tr li: khi t nng nhit s lm cho lc ht gia cc
phn t polymer gim i v chui xch tr ln linh ng (c
th di chuyn) hn v chng d dng trt ln nhau do d nha b
bin dng v chy lng ra.
Ti sao nha b m (ht nc)cn phi sy.
Tr li: cc chui xch xp xp ri to nn kt b rng do
hp th cc phn t nc, thm nc ging nh chn bng, vi..
Ti sao c cc loi nha khc nhau v cc tnh cht ca chng
khc nhau.
Tr li; v cc mt xch to nn chng khc nhau do
quyt nh n tnh cht ca cc loi nha.
S nhit ca cht do
Mm cao > do ho > chy nht > phn hu
Phn loi nha nha nhit do:
nha nhit do chia lm hai loi: Thu tinh v V nh hnh
Loi thu tinh: PE,PP, PA, POM,
Loi v nh hnh: ABS, PS-HI, PMMA,PC, PVC
So snh gia hai loi thu tinh v v nh hnh:
V nh hnh: khi nung nng th mm dn khi nhit
cng tng th cng mm cho n khi nho nh nc

Page 26 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Thu tinh(v d PA ) khi t nng nhit thp khng b
mm tip tc nung nng n nhit 180 th mi bt
u chy mm ra v n 220 th chy nht
VDH: nha trong TT: nha c
VDH cng nhng chng lo ho chng hng; TT; km cng nhng chng lo ho tt bn hn.
Phn loi da trn monomer
Homopolymer: chi mot loi monomer tao nn phn t
Copolymer: nhieu loi monomer cu to nn phn t polymer
Cht do c cc c tnh c trng sau: c kh nng to
hnh, bn c hc, cch in cao, bn vi nh sng, dn nhit
km...nhiu loi cht do d nhum mu, mt s li trong sut.
Ngoi ra trong thnh phn cht do cn c:
Cht ho do (lm mm): C tc dng lm cho cht do tr nn
mm do, bn vi thi tit
Cht n nh: Gip cho polyme khi b phn hu di tc
dng ca cht oxi ho, nhit v nh sng.
Cht n (thng l cht rn dng bt hoc dng si): Chng
lm cho cht do c bn c hc, bn nhit, cng hoc lm
gim gi thnh ca vt liu.
Cht phng lo: chng lo ho, tng bn thi gian cho cht
do
Cc ph gia khc : Tu theo yu cu s dng
Page 27 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
* Gii thiu v nha nhit do v nha nhit rn
Nha nhit do: Khi tng nhit s mm ra v nng chy,
khi h nhit s tr li trng thi cng ban u
Nha nhit rn: Ban u trng thi lng nht hoc dng
rn, b ho tan trong dung mi, khi tng nhit th nng chy ri
sau ho cng, khi h nhit khng tr li trng thi ban ,
khng nng chy v ho tan na.
* Cch nhn bit mt s loi cht do thng dng
a) Poly etylen (PE)
Khi chy cho ngn la, chy thnh dng, c mi nn
b) Poly propylen (PP)
Chy sng, chn ngn la mu xanh nht, cho mi cao su
chy.
c) Poly stylen (PS)
Chy vi ngn la sng rc, c mui, mi hc
d) Poly vinylclorit (PVC)
Chy vi ngn la xanh l cy sng. Ri ngn la ra th tt.
Mi kht hc.
e) Poly metyl metacrylat (PMMA)
Chy vi ngn la chi sng. Mi kht hc cng vi chua nng
f) Poly amit (PA)

Page 28 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Chy vi ngn la xanh nht nhng cnh vng. Mi sng chy
hoc xng chy.
g) Poly formadehit (VD: POM)
Chy nh cn, ngn la xanh, khng mui, c ting lp bp. Mi
hc v cay.

Nh
a
nhi
t do

Tnh kt tinh

PE,PP

Nha
ph
thng
Khng kt
tinh

Nh
a
4.3.2.Phn loi nha
Nh
a k
thu
t
cao

Nh
a
hn
hp

Nha k
thut
thng
dng

Nha k
thut
tnh
nng
cao

PS, PVC,
ABS, PMMA

Tnh
kt tinh

PA, POM,
PBT

Khng
kt tinh

PC, PPO

Tnh
kt tinh

Khng
kt tinh

PPS,
PTFE,
PEEK
PAR, PEI,
PAI

PPO/PS, PC/ABS, PA/PP....

Page 29 of 86
PE, UF, Oxy Este, PU, Silicone

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

Nh
a
nhi
t
rn

Nha thng dng:

Page 30 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
L loi c s dng vi mt lng ln. Bao gm nhng chng
loi nha: PE, PP, PS, ABS, PVC
Nha k thut:
L tn chung ca nhng loi nha m cht lng tri hn
nhiu so vi nha thng dng trong tnh cht c l nh bn
ko, khng nhit v c s dng sn xut cho cc chi tit
my v chi tit yu cu tnh nng cao. Chng c gia cng vi si
thu tinh, si carbontheo cng dng yu cu.
Nha hn hp:
L tn chung ca hn hp cc loi nha c phi hp vi nhau,
m chng kt hp cc tnh nng vt tri ca tng loi nha.
4.3.3.

nhn bit v phn bit nguyn liu trong sn

xut.
Theo tn ghi trn v bao
Theo chng loi ( grade, type )
Theo mu sc ( colour)
Theo hnh dng, kch thc, mu sc ht nha
Theo mi
v.v.v....
4.3.4. Sy nguyn liu
a s nguyn liu c c tnh hp th nc ( hoc hi m ).
Khi c nha nhit cao, lng m trong nguyn liu s ho

Page 31 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
hi, ln vi nha nng chy khi c phun vo khun, to nn li
bt kh hoc xc tia trn b mt sn phm, khng t yu cu
v ngoi quan sn phm. V vy trc khi c cn phi sy nha
tch m khi nguyn liu n hm lng m cho php.
V d cn sy nha theo bng tiu chun sau:

Vt liu nha

Thi gian sy

Nhit sy

(gi)

(C)

ABS

24

80-100

PA 6

24

80-100

POM

14

90-110

PC

24

120

PS

12

70-80

PVC

60-80

AES

85

PMMA

35

85-100

Lu :
hp th nc cao i vi nha c nhm phn cc nh PVC,
ABS, PMMA, PC, POM...
hp th nc thp th tt hn v hm lng nc hp th trong
nha cao lm mt s tnh cht c l km
Polyme khng phn cc nh PE, PP th khng hp th nc.

Page 32 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
c bit Nylon 6 (PA) rt d hp th nc v c phn cc
cao.
4.3.5. La chn s dng cc loi nha
Da theo tnh cht, cng dng ca loi nha, mc ch s
dng m mi loi sn phm c c t cc loi nha khc nhau:
V d:
Chi tit v xe my phn ln c c bng cc loi nha ABS.
L do cc chi tit ny cn sn v chu nhit, chu thi tit, v c
bn va p cao hn cc loi nha khc, t cong vnh.
Cc chi tit c lm t nha PP c tnh cht bn vi thi tit,
chu c va p, khng c v khng cn sn
Chi tit c lm t nha PMMA c tnh trong sut, bn c
hc.
Nha PA khi hp th nc n mc bo ho th n nh kch
thc nhit cao v mi trng m, chu mi mn nn hay c
s dng lm bnh rng, tay quay.
4.4. Cc thit b ph
Cc thit b ph bao gm: Cc my n nhit, thng sy, my
ht nha.
* Cc my n nhit bao gm :
- My Chiller lm lnh nc: Thng c s dng vi cc sn phm c
chu k chy nhanh. Nc c lm mt bng kh gas sau qua
my bm vo ng ng lm mt cho khun. Nc khi lnh s

Page 33 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
trao i nhit vi khun nng v lm h nhit khun xung
theo yu cu.
- My gia nhit: Ngc li vi my Chiller, my gia nhit c tc dng
lm nng khun ln.Tu tng sn phm c th m c th t nc
nng t 45-95 0C.
* Thng sy nha: Nha trong thng c sy kh nh khng
kh nng lu thng. Khng kh c ht vo thng qua qut gi v
c lm nng ln nh c cc cun dy gia nhit. Sau chng
thi sy u cc ht nha nh li chia gi.
* My ht nha: To p sut chn khng ht nha ln
bnh thay cho sc con ngi.
4.5. Con ngi
Trong quy trnh sn xut yu t con ngi l mt trong nhng
phn quan trng nht quyt nh n hiu qu trong sn sut,
nng sut v cht lng sn phm.
Yu t con ngi trong sn xut ch yu li l cc cng nhn trc
tip lm ra sn phm,nhng ngi cng nhn c kinh nghim, c
tay ngh, hiu bit v cng ngh, hiu bit v tiu chun cht
lng i vi sn phm mnh lm ra
Ngi cng nhn thao tc vn hnh my cn phi hiu v thc
hin theo c cc tiu chun iu kin c trong sut ca sn
xut.
Cc iu kin quan trng cn phi c kim sot tt th sn
phm mi c th n nh v cht lng c bit l cc sn
phm i hi chnh xc cao v kch thc
Page 34 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Nhit khun ng :
Nhit khun tnh :
Nhit du :
Nhit khun nh hng quyt nh n cht lng sn phm.
N nh hng c bit n cc tnh cht nh l ng sut ni, co
rt kch thc, trng lng v b mt sn phm. Thi gian lm
ngui c xc nh ch yu da vo nhit khun.
Ghi ch :Nhit khun, nhit du u lin quan trc tip
ti cc thng s d liu v p lc v tc t. Nu nh
khng kim sot c th cc thng s d liu trong bn d liu
c tiu chun khng cn gi tr
Tm li cht lng sn phm ti u khi cc yu t sau tng tc hiu
qu

Nguyn
liu

My mc
Thit b

Sn phm

Con ngi

Cng ngh
Cc iu
kin lm
vic

Page 35 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

ng
khu
n

Khun v tr
ng

Thi gian
phun

T/g in
y

M
khun

Thi gian
cooling
Thi gian
np

Thi gian
duy tr p
sut

Biu th hin chu k c sn phm

theo thi gian

lc :
Chng 5
Thao tc vn hnh my C c bn

Page 36 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Hng dn ti my v cho tng cng nhn thc hnh, c kim tra
v nh gi kt qu sau khi hng dn
- Hng dn vn hnh my i loan 500T,180T,650T (DMC1,DMC2,
DMC3,M13,M14,M15,M2,M7,M6)
-

Hng

dn

vn

hnh

my

Mitsubishi

550T,450T,350T

(M1,M16,M17,M18)
- Hng dn vn hnh my Nissei 80T,280T(M3,M10,M11)
- Hng dn vn hnh my c khc
M t bng iu khin, cch b tr v nhn bit cc nt iu
khin theo biu tng

lc :

Page 37 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

Chng 6
Chun b cc iu kin chy my

Myg

Sy

? Sy
K
hoch

c sp
g ?

Khun
g?

Lp
khun

Nha

Sy

g ?
6.1. Chun b iu kin trc khi vn hnh
6.1.1. Chun b nha :
Nha phi c sy trc thi gian vn hnh = thi gian
sy kh 1 lng nha cn phi chun b trc
Nha c th sy trong thng sy ca my hoc trong t sy.
Nhit v thi gian sy i vi tng loi nha c th c
hng dn dn ngay ti t sy hay thng sy.
6.1.2. Chun b nhit nng phun :
Cn c vo nhit trong bn d liu c tiu chun
t nhit cho nng phun v bt nhit
i vi cc my Taiwan th nhit c bt trc t 30~45 pht.
i vi cc my Nht th nhit c bt trc t 45~60 pht.

Page 38 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Trc khi iu khin trc vt phi m bo nng phun nhit
v nha trong nng phun c nng chy hon ton (c bit l
khi nha pha trc trc vt do khng c phun ht ra khi nng
phun khi dng my tt nhit).
6.1.3. Chun b khun c :
Khun c c lp t trn my theo hng dn lp khun.
Nu tiu chun nhit khun c cao c s dng my n
nh nhit l my gia nhit th phi bt my n nhit
trc khi vn hnh khong 20 pht m bo nhit
khun nm trong khong nhit tiu chun.
Kim tra van c m ra trc khi bt my n nhit.
Kim tra r r nc trong khun v cc u kt ni, kim tra
ng nc khng b tc.
M khun, lm v sinh b mt phn khun bng gi cotton,
ch khng c lau vo b mt khoang c phn mt
nhm hay bng.
Kim tra di cht y, khng kt cht y,kim tra vt
l c trong khun v cc hin tng g khun, xc hay tnh
trng khc.
6.1.4.

Np nha :

Kim tra nhit tin hnh phun b 3 shot nha lu

trong nng phun v np nha chun b cho shot c u.
Tt p np (bach press) trc khi bt np i vi cc my Nht

Page 39 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Li vt (suck back) v v tr cc v tr np 10mm sau bt
np i vi cc y i loan trnh hin tng n nha ra
u phun.
Sau khi np nha phi bt li ch back press.
6.2. Cc li thng thng v cc x l :
Chuyn ch bn t ng khun khng ng.
Chuyn ch bn t ng khng phun nha.
Khng chuyn sang c ch bn t ng.
Khng ng c khun p cao.
ang chy ch bn t ng khun khng m ra.

Page 40 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

lc :
chng 7
khun c - thao tc tho lp khun
7.1. Gii thiu cu to khun p phun
Khun l b phn nh hnh sn phm . Khun c chia thnh
nhiu loi nh : khun 2 tm , khun 3 tm , khun c th c
mt hay nhiu khoang khun ( mi khoang khun ng vi mt sn
phm ) . ..
V c bn khun c phun gm cc b phn c bn sau
1. Vng nh v : l vng khp ni gia khun v bn kp
tnh my c, c tc dng xc nh v tr khun sao cho l
cung phun trn khun thng vi l u phun ca my
+/ C rt nhiu loi vng nh v c kch thc khc nhau v d
nh 90 120 , 40 120 , 60 120 , 80 100 . Cc thng s
y hiu nh sau v d 90 120 c ngha l ng knh trong
ca vng nh v l 90 (mm) ng knh ngoi l 120 (mm) .
ng knh
ngoi

ng knh
trong

Page 41 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
2. Cung phun : l b phn tip xc gia khun v u phun
.Cung phun c dng cn vi cn theo tiu chun. Thng
thng l u phun phi nh hn l cung phun . V tr
ca cung phun thng nm ti chnh gia tm khun
khun c g ln bn kp v tr gia bn kp, m
bo an ton vn hnh my.

3. ng chy nha (runner): l cc ng dn nha t cui

cung phun vo khoang khun . Tu tng khun c th c
hoc khng c ng chy nha.C 2 kiu ng chy nha
- ng chy nha nng (hot runner) : c gia nhit
bng cc vng nhit bn trong khun. Hot runner c
s dng khi khng th thit k ng chy nha nm
trn b mt phn khun, khi ng chy nha qu di
hoc khi cn tit kim lng nha ph .
- ng chy nha ngui : c s dng ph bin, khi ng chy nha khng qu di v nm trn b mt
phn khun. Nhiu trng hp ng chy nha qu di
nhng khng mun s ng hot runner th c th thit
k tm git cung
4. Khoang khun : l phn to hnh dng v kch thc sn
phm . Trong mi khun c th c mt hoc nhiu khoang
khun . Tu vo yu cu b mt ca sn phm m b mt
ca khoang khun c th l trn bng hoc nhm. i vi
b mt nhm yu cu i vi ngi v sinh khun cn ch

Page 42 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
l dng gi mm sch khng bm bi v sinh v khng t
mnh vo b mt nhm .
5. Cht dn hng : gm 4 cht di bn phn khun ng , c
tc dng dn hng chnh xc cho khun ng khp kht vi
khun tnh
6. H thng cht y : Nm bn khun ng, bao gm tm
y , cht hi, l xo hi v cc cht y ( pin y ). Ngoi
ra mt s khun khng c l xo hi nn khng t hi v c, khi ng khun cc cht hi t vo mt phn khun
tnh p cc cht y hi v .
7. H thng ng nc : l h thng cc ng ng nc
chy qua khun, lm mt khun.V nguyn tc lp h
thng ng lm mt khun th phn no ca khun b
nng nhiu nht th lp ng lm mt vo v phn
khun t b nng hn th lp ng lm mt ra

8. H thng core : L c cu dng to l hoc ch lm

trn sn phm c phng khng trng vi phng ng m
khun . Chuyn ng ca core thng theo phng vung
gc vi phng ng m khun
C hai loi core c dng l :

Core c :hot ng nh cc cht xin. Khi hai na

khun khp vo nhau th cc cht xin khp vi cc l trn

core trt lm cho cc core trt chuyn ng theo phng

Page 43 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
vung gc vi phng ng khun. Chiu chuyn ng ca
core c th ln hay xung , sang phi hay tri .

Core thu lc : hot ng di tc dng ca p sut du

thu lc . Ch

hot ng ca core thu lc c ci

t theo d liu c trn my.

7.2. trnh t tho lp khun
7.2.1. Tho lp khun i vi my c ben kp thng.
7.2.2. Tho lp khun i vi my c kp khuu.
7.2.3. Tho lp khun c cht y t hi v
1. Trc khi tho khun phi tho h thng ng lm mt bt
vo khun t ngun , dng sng hi xt ht nc trong ng ng , b mt khun phi kh ro .Sau dng cht bo
dng phun u trn ton b b mt khoang khun v ngi
tho lp khun c o to v s dng thnh tho v
cu. Dng ch moldset (ch tho lp khun ) khi
tho lp khun.
2. Sau lp h thng cu , cp vo khun . Lu tu vo
khi lng ca khun m dng dy cp ph hp , khi lp cp
cu khng dy b vn xon , dy chng ln nhau ,
dy cp cu cng va phi v nghing v pha phi sau
khi tho ht g kp khun v m tm khun bn ng ra
khun khng b vng ra rt nguy him .
3. Sau khi tho ht cc g khun ra cho m khun my ban
u chm ri cho m ra ht c v cho cu nng t t ra
khi my khun vo ni quy nh . Ly khun cn c
ra lp ln my .
Page 44 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
4. Trc khi lp khun mi cn kim tra li h thng cht y ,
vng nh v , h thng ng nc trn khun , khong
ng ti a ca my vi chiu dy khun nu dy
khun nh hn phi lp thm tm m , nu khun c s
dng h thng core thu lc chun b y dng c cn
thit . Khi lp cn khun ln my cho h thng khuu
thng sau cho b t t tin vo . Khi p cht khun
lp g kp khun . Lu khi lp g kp khun chn ca
g kp phi cho cao bng dy ca thnh khun kp .
Dng ng tup c di theo quy nh xit bulng vi
lc xit va phi , trnh hin tng dng lc xit qu ln gy
chn tot ren bulng v ren l bt bulng trn my .
5. Khi lp khun xong tho cp , cu. a dng c tho lp
khun vo ng ni quy nh v lp h thng nc lm mt
khun , nu c lp h thng core thu lc th phi kim
tra s hot ng ca chng .
7.2.4. tho lp khun c cht y hi v cng bc
i vi nhng khun khi hot ng cht y lui v cng bc v
d nh cc khun : COVER SIDE 3 (5SD), COVER SIDE 4(5SD) ,
CARRIAGE COVER do h thng cht y qu phc tp nn khng
c l xo hi th ch tho lp khun theo trnh t sau:
Cc bc 1 v 2 qu trnh tho lp ny ging nh qu
trnh trn .
3. Sau khi lp xong cp cu tin hnh tho ht g kp
khun bn phn khun ng cn phn bn tnh gi
nguyn ri cho khun m rt t t mt khong nh

Page 45 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
thao tc tho cht y ra thun tin sau khi tho cht
y xong li cho khun ng vo ht c theo ch
moldset (ch tho lp khun) ri tho ht g kp
khun phn khun bn tnh . Sau khi tho ht tt c
cc g khun ri m rng khun ra v cho cu nng khun
t t ra khi my.
4.

Cho khun mi vo my sau khi cn khun lp g kp

khun vo phn khun bn tnh ri lp cht y vo
khun khi cho ng khun theo ch moldset , tin
hnh lp cht y vo tm y ca my , sau lp cc
kp g vo phn khun bn ng .

5.

Khi lp khun xong tho cp , cu. a dng c tho lp

khun vo ng ni quy nh v lp h thng nc lm
mt khun . Sau m khun ra kim tra s lm vic ca
cht y nu cht y khng hi v bng mt khun cn
kim tra li vic lp cht y.

Page 46 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

lc :
chng 8
Hng dn s dng cc thit b ph tr
8.1. Hng dn s dng my Chiller
Trc khi s dng cn kim tra cc yu t sau :
- Cc ng ng cp v thot nc c b tc khng, c b
cm sai u khng.
- vn ng cc van theo ng hng dn cha.
- Sau bt in cp cho my. Nhn nt Start
- Bt bm nc. Vn nt Pump start
- Bt bnh gas hot ng. Vn Compressor Switch
Cn ch ti nhit thit t cn lm mt.
8.2. Hng dn s dng my gia nhit
Cn kim tra cc yu t sau:
- Ngun in vo c ng vi cc thng s ghi trn my hay
khng (ngun 220V-3 pha hay 380V-3 pha)
- Ngun in vo c ngc pha khng
- ng ng cp nc, van, cc u cm c thng, sch khng.
Cn kim tra ti nhit cn t cho my v cc u cm
khng b r r, trnh gy tai nn do nc nng gy ra.

Page 47 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

8.3. Hng dn s dng thng sy.

Sau khi ht nha ln thng, bt qut ht gi, bt nhit sy.
Ch ti nhit sy tu theo tng loi nha. Thng xuyn kim
tra nhit thc sy ca nha qua ng h o trn thng sy.
8.4. Hng dn s dng my ht nha
H thng my ht c ni vi thng sy nha bi 2 ng
ng. Mt ng ht nha ln bnh, mt ng ht chn khng. Trc khi ht nha cn kim tra thi sch nha c ra khi ng ng,
trnh trng hp ln nha.

Page 48 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

Phn 2
hng dn nng cao
Cc ti liu tham kho :

Guide injection molding

Guide injection molding CD

How to easy way to correct inferior

Bayer

Chuanlifa

Mitsubishi manual machine.

Union manual machine.

Multiplas manual machine.

Cht lng sn phm c phun ph thuc vo cc yu t

sau :
My v thit b

15%

Nguyn liu c 20%

K thut c
Khun c

15%
50%
Page 49 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

lc :
Chng 9
t ch hot ng ca my

Page 50 of 86

Gio trnh o to

B my
phnc
k thut
Lu 1 chu k hot ng ca

Tin
cm
phu
n

ng
khun
chm

ng
khun
nhanh

ng
khun
chm

Kp
p
cao

Li
cm
phu
n

Phun

Bo
p

Li
cm
phu
n

Np

Tch
khu
n

M
khun
chm

M
khun
nhanh

M
khun
chm

Cht
y
tin

Cht
y
li

Lm lnh
(lu ho)
Core
vo

Core
vo

Core
vo

Core
vo

Core
vo

Core
vo

Robot ly
sn
phm

Page 51 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
* Vn cht lng my mc thit b :
Yu cu n gin v cng l yu t quan trng trong k thut
c phun l phi nm r cch vn hnh my v thit b, nm r
cht lng my v thit b c th s dng c nhng loi sn
phm ph hp vi cht lng my v t cc d liu c cho tng
ng
- Chu trnh hot ng chnh ca my c phun :
1 chu k
ng
Khun

Phun
nha vo
khun

Np
nha

M
khun

y
sn
phm

Lm
ngui
9.1 t ch ng m khun
9.1.1.Hnh trnh ng/M khun:

lc :

My c h thng kp khun thng.

Hnh minh ho

Page 52 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

My c h thng kp khun khuu

Hnh minh ho

My c phun nh (80T):
Thng thng c:
3 bc ng khun
3 bc m khun

ng
khun
nhanh

M
khu
n
chm

ng
khun
tc chm
p thp

M khun
tc
nhanh

ng
khun
p cao

m
khu
n
ban
u

Page 53 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

V d My M3 Nissei 80T
CV
1

OV3

CV
2

CP
2

OV2

OV1

CP3

TM
CP3

My c phun ln (Mitsubishi 550T):

Thng thng c:
4 bc ng khun
4 bc m khun

ng
khun
chm

ng
khun
nhanh

M
khun
chm

M
khun
nhanh

ng
khun
chm
p
thp

ng
khun
p cao

M
khun
chm

Tc

tch
khu
n

Page 54 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

My c phun ln (JR 500T):

Thng thng c:
4 bc ng khun
4 bc m khun

ng
khun
nhanh
p thp

ng
khun
nhanh

M
khun
nhanh

M
khu
n
chm

ng
ng
khun
khu
chm
p thp n p

cao

M
khun
chm

Tc

tch
khu
n

Clamp Open/Close
Opn Stroke:

Cls 1

Cls 2

Prot

Hip
r

EndS

Opn 2

Opn 1

Str
S

0-No use

1-Use

Press
Speed
Posn

Press
Speed
Posn
Ult.Speed

Page 55 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

Hnh trnh m
khun
50m
m

M
khu
n
chm
V
tr
m
cui
Cch
v tr
m
ht
khun
50mm

50
mm

Tc

tch
khu
n
chm

M khun
nhanh

Khong
khun

rng

V tr
4 cht
dn
tch
khi l

V tr
core
dn
tch
khi l

Page 56 of 86

V
tr 2
na
khu
n
khp
kht
V tr
2 na
khun
tip
xc

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Hnh trnh ng
khun
50m
m

ng
khu
n
chm
V
tr
m
cu
i

rng

Cch
v tr
m
cui
50mm

ng
khu
n p
co
V
tr 2
na
khu
n
khp
kht
V tr
2 na
khun
tip
xc
khuu
cha
thng

ng
khu
n
chm

ng khun
nhanh

Khong
khun

V tr
4 cht
dn
chun
b
khp
vo l

V tr
core
dn
chun
b
khp
vo l
v

o
l

9.1.2. Nguyn tc t ch ng/M khun.

lc :

A- Qu trnh ng khun
i vi ch ng khun thng thng
Khong ng khun

t v tr m khun n khi cc

cht dn hng ca khun ng bt u khp vo l trn na

khun tnh
(do trong hnh trnh ny na khun ng chy t do, cn
tit kim thi gian ng khun).
Page 57 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Khong ng khun

t v tr cc cht dn hng bt u

khp l n khi hai na khun ng v tnh tip xc nhau

(hnh trnh ny c cc cht dn hng, cht dn core, cht
lui tm y tip xc vi phn khun tnh v vy cn phi
chuyn ng chm vi p lc thp, th p bng cch cho
cung nha vo phn khe gia 2 mt phn khun, nu khi
khun khp li, cung ch b bp 1/2 kch thc l t, nu
nh hn th phi gim p hnh trnh ny
Khong

ti v tr hai na khun tip xc nhau

(hnh trnh ny p lc kp khun cao tnh theo hnh

chiu

sn phm theo hng u phun ln b mt khun

ng, hoc tnh theo p lc sao cho khi p phun khng lm

tch khun gy via) .
Kp khun p cao khi v tr khun thc t nh hn gi tr
t v tr kp khun p cao ch ng khun chuyn
sang p lc kp khun cao.
(Trnh va p hai b mt khun cn c khe h gia 2 b
mt chuyn kp khun p cao, Bo v khun trong trng hp nu c vt l nm gia hai b mt khun, nu c
vt l hay chi tit sn phm git li lm cho v tr chuyn
p cao khng t c, nn khun ang ng giai on p
thp khng chuyn sang p cao v vy c th bo v
khun)

Page 58 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Ch : i vi my ng m khun bng khuu, kim tra gi tr
kp khun cao thc t so vi gi tr t bng cch c gi tr
trn ng h bo p thc t. T iu chnh li b khun
i vi ch ng khun my MITSUBISHI
Khong ng khun

t v tr m khun n v tr cch

50 mm
(Do trng lng khun ln, trng lng tm kp ln, lc qun
tnh ln nu tc ng khun nhanh t ngt s gy
chn rung my c th dn n gim tui th my, nh hng kt cu my)
Khong ng khun

t v tr ht khong ng khun

n v tr khi cc cht dn hng ca khun ng bt u

khp vo l trn na khun tnh
Khong ng khun

t v tr cc cht dn hng bt u

khp l n khi hai na khun ng v tnh tip xc nhau

Khong

ti v tr hai na khun tip xc nhau

B- Qu trnh m khun
i vi c ch m khun thng thng v my
Missubishi
Khong m khun

(tch khun ban u) t v tr hai na

khun khp kht nhau n khi cc cht core ca khun

tnh bt u tch khi l trn na khun ng. (Giai on
ny trong khun ang c sn phm v vy cn phi m
Page 59 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
khun chm trnh bin dng sn phm, m bo an
ton cc kt cu khun)
Khong m khun

t v tr

n v tr cc cht dn

hng bt u tch khi l

Khong

t v tr

n v tr na khun ng cn

khong 50 mm l m ht khun
(hnh trnh ny na khun ng chy t do)
Khong

t v tr

n v tr

m ht khun.

(Khun chun b dng do vy tc gim trnh tnh

trng dng t ngt gy chn ng rung my thng nh
sn xut t mc nh sn trong ch my, t gi
tr khong ny <=50mm)
9.2 . Thit t ch cht y v core
9.2.1. t ch cht y
Tu kt cu khun v sn phm cn t ch cht y
cho ph hp. i vi sn phm c kt cu phc tp cn y vi tc
chm. i vi sn phm nha c nhit mm thp cng
phi y chm v s dng thi gian tr trc khi y trnh
bin dng. Hnh trnh y va v c th t thi gian
dng sau khi y kp ly sn phm. i vi sn phm ri t
ng thng t s ln y t 2 n 3 ln m bo sn
phm ri khi khun, trnh xy ra dt sn phm khi kp khun
rt nguy him.
9.2.2. t ch core

Page 60 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
i vi cc core thu lc hot ng theo chng trnh d liu t
trn my th ch cch t nh sau:
Nu bn khun tnh c h thng core thu lc th ch
ci t cho core nh sau : Khi ng khun hon tt
th core vo. Sau khi c sn phm, core phi ra trc ri
khun m sau. Nu khi ng khun core hot ng trc
th khun ng khi khp vo s va vo core gy hng
khun, gy core.
Nu bn khun ng c h thng core thu lc th ch
ci t cho core nh sau: core hot ng trc ri mi
ng khun , v khi m khun hon ton th core mi c hot ng. Nu ch ng khun hot ng trc
th khi vo khun do core khng ng vo nn khun s
b ph hu .
Thi im hot ng core c xc nh theo v tr ca
khun. V d mun core hot ng trc khi ng khun v
sau khi m khun th t v tr hot ng core bng v
tr m khun cui cng.
9.3. t ch Phun

lc :

9.3.1. t ch np
Thut ng :
- Np nha = Charge hay plasticize
- Tc = Speed
- p sut = Pressure
- V tr np = End posn

( hay Stroke )
Page 61 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Khi nim v qu trnh np nha
Hnh minh ho

Np nha l qu trnh quay ca trc vt trong lng xi lanh lm

cho nha nguyn liu c chuyn dn ln pha u phun . Khi
nha c nng chy dn do nhit truyn vo t v xi lanh v
nhit ma st do trc vt quay, ng thi nha c khuy trn to
thnh khi nng chy ng nht.
V nha c chuyn ln pha u phun khi trc vt quay
nn to ra phn lc y trc vt li li pha sau. Do khi my
ang ch np, ta thy trc vt va quay va li
Trong qu trnh np ta thng s dng p nn liu ( p back
press ) v khi kt thc np ta thng dng suck back ( gim p
nn liu )
Hnh trnh np bt u t v tr phun cui ca shot trc ( v
tr cushion ) n v tr t lng nha np.

Page 62 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Nha

V tr lng nha
np
Cushion
0 ( V tr trc vt kch
u phun )

9.3.2. t lng nha np

t ch np cho mt sn phm, trc ht ta cn xc nh
lng nha np
Vic t lng nha ph thuc vo trng lng mi loi sn phm
v ln ca trc vt my c.
Gi tr lng nha t trn my c tnh theo n v
di hnh trnh lm vic ca trc vt. ( mm hay mt n v
my t quy nh )
Th tch mt shot phun i vi mt sn phm bng tit
din ngang trc vt nhn vi khong chy ca trc vt ( Lng
nha phun )
Lng nha phun = gi tr lng nha np lng nha d
(cushion)

Page 63 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

0
(v d )

Gi tr t trn my
10
End posn

60
Trc
vt

Lng nha d
( Cushion )

Tit din trc vt

Lng nha
np

Khong chy trc vt ( Lng nha

phun )

Sn phm phi c c trn cc my ph hp sao cho gi tr lng

nha phun nm trong khong ti u l t 1D n 3D (D l di
ng knh ca trc vt ).
Nu lng phun < 1D, my s kh thc hin vic phn chia
cc giai on khc nhau trong hnh trnh phun do qun
tnh, d dn n li trn sn phm. Mt khc do lng nha
phun mt shot nh nn thi gian nha phi lu trong nng xy
lanh

nhit cao qu lu lm nha d b phn hu

nhit, nh hng xu n cht lng sn phm.

Nu lng phun > 3D, nguyn liu nha s lu chuyn nhanh
t

D
1D

3D

4D

0
Khong t lng nha ti u

phu

Page 64 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
liu ti u phun, thi gian tc dng ca nhit t v xy lanh
s t i, nha c th khng c nng chy tt, khng c
khuy trn ng u tt, d ln bt kh, dn n li sn
phm ng thi gy hi cho trc vt. Ch c cc trng hp
c bit khng nh hng n sn phm hay my mc th
mi c th s dng lng nha ngoi khong 1D ~ 3D.

9.3.3. Cch thc t lng nha mt sn phm trong thc

t
Trng hp 1 : t lng phun cho mt sn phm bit
trng lng trn mt my c c th khi bit gi tr lng
phun v trng lng ca mt sn phm khc c trn
my , thng t trc mt gi tr tnh ton tng ng. V
d :
- Trng lng sn phm 1 = 80g
- Lng nha phun sn phm 1 = 50 mm
- Trng lng sn phm 2 = 100g

100 x 50
Page 65 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
=> Lng nha phun t cho sn phm 2 xp x =
--------------- ~ 60 mm
80
Sau c th sn phm v c th iu chnh tng hoc
gim lng nha sao cho

sn phm t v lng nha d (cushion)

va phi (= 2 ~5 mm tr cc trng hp c bit )

Trng hp 2 : Khi bit khi lng ca sn phm mi nhng
khng bit gi tr lng nha ca my, ta c th t mt lng phun bt k ri cho my phun ht lng nha ra ngoi.
Sau ta em cn s bit khi lng ng vi lng nha t,
t c th t lng nha cho sn phm nh trng hp 1.
Trng hp 3 : Khi khng bit khi lng ca sn phm mi
, ta t lng nha gi tr c chng tng i bng cch lin
h hnh dng vi cc sn phm tng ng. Khi c th ta
ch c php in nha dn dn vo khoang c n khi
sn phm.
Khi my ang hot ng, mn hnh khng bo gi tr lng phun
thc t m ch bo gi tr lng nha np thc t ( injection
stroke hay injection start ) v lng nha d thc t (cushion hay
injection end )
9.3.4. t tc v p sut np
Qu trnh np nha thng chia lm 3 giai on c gi tr tc
v p lc khc nhau. Giai on u v giai on cui thng np
vi tc, p thp trnh cho trc vt quay nhanh t ngt hoc
dng t ngt, m bo an ton cho hot ng ca my. Giai

0 cushio Cushio
n
n

Lng Page
Lng 66
np
np
-5 mm

of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
on np chnh c gi tr tc p ln v ph hp vi mi loi sn
phm . i vi mt s my th khng phn chia giai on np do
cu to ca b iu khin kiu c.

10
mm

Np
1
ch
m

5 mm3 mm

Np 2
nhanh

Np 3
chm

Suck
Back
Li
trc
vt

p sut np : L ng lc thc hin gi tr tc tng

ng.
Tc np : L tc quay ca trc vt.
i vi mi loi nha hay mi loi sn phm cn thc hin np nha
vi tc v p sut thch hp t c cht lng sn phm
tt nht.
Nu p, tc np nh :
Trc vt quay chm, nhit do ma st quay nh, nha c khuy
trn km dn n khng t c nng chy v ng
nht cn thit. Vi lng nha ln th tc, p np nh s dn n
thi gian np lu khng c li.
Nu p, tc np ln :
Trc vt quay nhanh, thi gian np nhanh, nhit ma st ln,
nha c nng chy v khuy trn ng nht tt. Tuy nhin
Page 67 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
nu nhit sinh ra ln qu s gy chy nha, nht l i vi loi
d chy nh PVC, to nhiu bt kh dn n li xc trng trn
sn phm. Mt khc khi trc vt quay nhanh d cun theo
nhiu khng kh vo cng vi nguyn liu cng dn n li xc
trng. Khi trc vt quay qu nhanh c th lm cho nha c
np khng u, cht lng sn phm khng n nh, nht l
i vi nha xay, ng thi gy hi cho my.
v d t tc, p np :
0
5
70
Cushio
n

15
80
Lng nha
np

Hnh
nha
Pressure
sut )
Speed
)
End posn
tr )

trnh np
#1
( p 60

#2
70

#3
60

( tc

35

50

35

15

70

80

Bng d liu np trn c hiu nh sau :

- Lng nha np t = 80
- Giai on np 1 : Bt u np t v tr cushion ( = 5 ) n
v tr 15 vi p 60, tc 35
- Giai on np 2 : Tip tc np t v tr 15 n v tr 70 vi
p 70, tc 50

Page 68 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
- Giai on np 3 : Np chm dn t v tr 70 n v tr cui
80 vi p 60, tc 35.
9.3.5. Back press ( p nn liu )
1.Th no l p back press
Khi trc vt quay trong qu trnh np , vt liu nha
nng chy nh ma st c y v pha trc ca u trc vt qua
van 1 chiu, lng nha b dn ln s y trc vt li li pha sau
mt cch t nhin .
Tuy nhin nu trc vt b y li mt cch t nhin nh
vy th phn nha np khng c nn p tt, cha nhiu bt
kh

( bao gm hi m, khng kh b cun theo nguyn liu v

kh chy do nha b phn hu nhit ), khi c phun vo khun s

gy ra li xc tia v mt s li khc.
khi nha np c ng nht v n nh v vy cn
thit phi t mt p sut vo pha sau trc vt theo hng ngc
li hn ch tc li ca trc vt, gi l p back press . Khi
p lc pha trc trc vt phi ln hn p lc back press th
trc vt b y li v, ngha l thi gian np tng ln. V tc
np ( tc quay ca trc vt ) khng i nn khi thi gian np
tng ln, khi lng nha np c s tng ln, ng thi nha nng
chy c khuy trn ng u hn. M v tr np khng i
ngha l th tch nha khng i trong khi khi lng tng ln,
do nn p ca nha c tng ln. Khi cc kh c trong
nha s b p ra ngoi v hng ui trc vt. Do p back
press cn c gi l p nn liu. Nh
a

Nha dn ln y li

Trc vt
quay

Back
press
Page 69 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

p back press tc dng trong sut qu trnh np

Back Press c iu chnh bng tay hay bng cch thit t s
liu trn mn hnh. Gi tr thit t tu theo tng trng hp c
th nhng thng thng vo khong 5-15 kg/cm2 ( nhn theo
ng h o p back pressure). Gi tr cc i c th t c l
50-60 kg/cm2. ( hay 5-6 MPa )
2. nh hng ca back press i vi qu trnh c
Khi Back press qu cao :
- Thi gian np qu di lm gim nng sut.
- Nha nng chy b nn p qu mnh lm tng nhit
nha, gy chy nha nhiu (nha b phn hu nhit ) sinh
nhiu kh chy, khi phun vo khun to li xc tia.
- V nn p ca nha cao nn khi m khun, nha nng
chy s trn qua u phun vo cung phun. Khi nha c
th ng cng li gy tc cung phun.
Khi back press qu thp :
- Nha khng nn p thot kh , sn phm d
b xc tia
- Thi gian np thp, mc ng u ca nguyn liu
km
Page 70 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
C khi back press qu cao hay qu thp, lng nha np u
khng n nh. V vy i vi mi loi nha, mi sn phm
c th cn xc nh mt gi tr Back press ph hp sao
cho ln thot kh tt trnh li xc tia, nguyn liu
nha nng chy t ng u cao nhng khng gy
chy nha, lng nha np c n nh .
9.3.5. Suck back ( decompress )
1- Ti sao cn suck back ( gim p )
V c back press, nguyn liu c nn p li pha trc u
trc vt. Khi m khun, u phun tr nn b h nn nha nng
chy c nn p cao s trn ra cung phun v c th ngui v
ng cng li gy tc cung phun. trnh hin tng ny m
vn m bo thot kh khi np nha, th sau khi trc vt
dng quay (kt thc np), trc vt cn c li li mt khong nh
gi l suck back tng th tch khi nha nng chy, qua
gim c p sut nn trong lng khi nha

(decompress ). Khi

nha nng chy s khng p sut trn ra ngoi u

phun na.
2- nh hng ca suck back n qu trnh c
Nu suck back t qu : th cha mc gim p,
nha vn c th b trn ra ngoi cung phun gy tc
cung.
Nu suck back nhiu qu : th s ht thm khng kh
vo, gy li xc tia sn phm.

Page 71 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Lng suck back phi thch hp i vi mi sn phm Tu
tng sn phm c th, lng suck back c th t t 0,5
n 5 mm.
9.4. Ch phun v bo p
9.4.1. Ch phun ( injection )

lc :

Thut ng :
- Phun nha = Injection
- Bo p = Turn Hold hay Holding pressure
- V tr phun = End Posn hay Stroke
- p sut phun : L ng lc thc hin phun nha
vo khun, c tnh theo n v kg/cm2 hoc % so vi p
sut ln nht ca my hay mt n v quy c theo b iu
khin ca my.
- Vn tc phun : L tc my thc hin phun nha vo
khun di tc dng ca p sut phun, c tnh theo n
v % tc ln nht hoc mt n v quy c ca my.
- Thi gian phun : L thi gian trc vt dch chuyn
t v tr bt u phun n v tr gii hn chuyn
sang giai on bo p.
1 - Thi gian phun gii hn ( = limit time ) : L thi gian gii
hn cho giai on phun. My c th thc hin phun vi thi
gian nh hn hoc bng limit time cn nu vt qu limit
time th my s t chuyn sang giai on bo p. Thng
t sao cho limit time ln hn thi gian phun thc t.

Page 72 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
2 - Thi gian phun thc t ( = Thi gian phun p cao,
thi gian PH, V=>P switch time ) : L thi gian phun
thc t m my thc hin theo gi tr tc , p sut
t.
Khi nim v qu trnh phun nha.
Di tc dng ca p sut phun, nha nng chy c phun qua h
cung phun v knh dn nha vo khoang khun c. Khi dng
nha chy n v tr no trong khoang khun, phn nha nng
chy tip xc vi b mt khun ngui s ng cng dn li theo
hnh dng ca b mt khun, trong khi gia dng nha vn
cn chy long. V vy cc phn nha sau tip tc chui qua
phn nha ng cng b mt v in y khoang khun.
Trong qu trnh dng nha lin tc b ngui v ng cng
dn

B mt
khun

Dng nha chy bn

trong

Cng
Phn nha tip
B
phun
xc vi b mt
mt
khun ng
khu
cng
n
Hnh trnh phun nha bt u t v tr lng nha np thc t
n v tr chuyn sang giai on bo p ( sao cho lng nha
phun va in y sn phm ).
0
70

10
18
82.5

V tr
chuyn
bo p

Cc giai on
trong
hnh trnh phun

Page 73 of 86

Lng
nha np

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut

V d v bng d liu phun :

Pressure

#6

#5

#4

#3

#2

#1

60

70

50

12

25

15

10

10

10

10

18

70

( p

sut)
Speed
( tc )
End posn ( v
tr )
Limit time

Bng d liu phun trn c hiu nh sau :

Bc phun 1 : Bt u phun t v tr lng nha np thc t
( = 82.5 ) n v tr 70 vi p 50, tc 15. y l giai on
phun qua cng gate
Bc phun 2 : Tip tc phun t v tr 70 n v tr 18 vi p
70, tc 25. y l giai on phun vo phn chnh ca sn
phm.
Bc phun 3 : Tip tc phun t v tr 18 n v tr 10 vi p
60, tc 12. y l giai on phun cui lm y sn phm
v chuyn sang qu trnh bo p vi v

Page 74 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
tr chuyn p l 10 ( v tr nh nht trn dng v tr phun )
Thi gian gii hn cho qu trnh phun ny l 8 giy
nh hng ca p sut, tc phun
n cht lng sn phm.
Tc v p sut phun nh hng rt ln n cc c tnh
cht lng sn phm, l cc thng s quan trng nht to
hnh sn phm.
9.4.2 nh hng ca p sut phun n cht lng sn phm
p sut phun to ra p sut ca dng nha chy trong khoang
khun. Tu tr lc ca h thng cung phun v knh dn nha, p
sut cn li ca dng nha s in nha nng chy vo phn th
tch rng trong khoang khun

Mc in y khoang khun :
Theo thi gian phun nha vo khun, dng nha nng
chy s ngui v ng cng dn. Cng v cui qu trnh
phun, nha cng ng cng nhiu. Nu p sut phun
khng ln phun nha vo khoang khun trong thi
gian cn thit th khi dng nha ng cng hon ton
nhng vn cha in y c khoang khun. Nh vy to ra li
thiu nha sn phm. V vy p sut phun phi ln
in y khoang khun trong thi gian ngn nha cha kp
ngui.

co ngt ca sn phm :

Page 75 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Khi dng nha nng chy c phun vo khun, phn
nha tip xc vi b mt khun ng cng trc, trong khi
gia lng dng nha vn cn chy mm nn ng sut ti
nh hn ng sut v tr dng nha ng cng. Khi
dng nha c xu hng co ngt v pha tm dng nha. Phn
sn phm cng dy th mc co ngt cng ln. Do
ti cc v tr c gn, cht, thnh dy mt sau ca sn
phm ta thng thy cc vt ngt lm. trnh co ngt, dng
nha chy phi c p sut ln hn ch s chnh lch
ng sut ni trn. Nh vy p sut phun cng ln th cng
hn ch c co ngt. Nhng khi cc phn khc ca sn
phm c th chu p sut qu cao dn n sn phm qu
cng to ra cc vt hn khng mong mun. V vy i vi
mi sn phm c th cn t mt p sut phun ph hp.

S to via sn phm :
Nu p sut phun qu cao, dng nha s b p vo cc
khe h trn khun to ra via. Cc khe h trn khun thng l
khe trn b mt phn khun, cc khe rnh thot kh, cc khe
h do cc mnh khun lp ghp khng kht.

9.4.3.

nh hng ca tc phun n cht lng sn

phm
Tc phun th hin qua thi gian phun tha t. Tc
phun nh hng n mt s vn chnh sau:

co ngt sn phm :
Theo nguyn l lu bin hc, dng chy c tc cng ln
th p sut tnh cng nh v ngc li, tc dng cng nh
Page 76 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
th p sut tnh cng ln. V vy khi tc phun nha
nh th t c p sut dng nha ln, sn phm t co
ngt hay ni cch khc l cng hn. Cn khi tc phun
ln th sn phm ngt nhiu hn.

Mc in y khun :
Nu tc phun qu chm, dng nha cha in y
khun m thi gian ng cng th khng th in
thm nha c na. Khi xy ra li thiu nha sn phm.
V vy tc phun phi ln in y khoang
khun trong thi gian cn thit.

S to via sn phm :
Nu tc phun qu nhanh qua cc v tr c khe h
trong khoang khun, dng nha lc cn chy long
cao s d dng len vo cc khe h to ra via trn sn phm.
V vy khi dng nha qua cc v tr c khe h nh vy phi
phun vi tc va phi trnh to via.

cong vnh v kch thc ca sn phm :

V tc phun lin quan n p sut dng nha,
ngha l lin quan n mt v s nh hng cc phn
t trong sn phm. Do nu tc phun khng thch
hp lm cho mt phn t khng ng u ( cng
ca sn phm khng u ) dn n sn phm b cong
vnh hoc kch thc khng chnh xc, nht l i vi cc
sn phm c dng phng.

Vt khp nha ( weld line ) :

Page 77 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
Ti v tr hai dng nha chy gp nhau bao gi cng
hnh thnh vt khp nha. Khi hai dng nha gp nhau,
nu nhit cc dng nha nng th s ho trn tt vi
nhau, vt khp nha s m, c th ti mc khng nhn
thy c. Nu nhit cc dng nha thp th s khng ho
trn tt c. Khi ta thy r vt khp nha, sn phm
khng t yu cu. Nu dng nha

c phun vi tc

nhanh khi qua cc v tr khp nha, nhit cc dng nha

cn cao do vt khp nha s m. Nu phun chm qua
cc v tr , dng nha b gim nhit nhiu nn to
vt khp nha r.

Vt chy :
i vi mt s loi nha d chy nh PVC, ABS,, khi phun
vi tc qu nhanh dng nha s b ma st vi cc im
nhn, gc cnh sc trong khun to ra vt chy dng vt
xc tia. Ngoi ra khi nha c phun vo khun s chim ch
ca khng kh trong khun, dn kh v pha cui ng chy
nha. Nu lng kh ny khng c thot ra ngoi s b dn
nn li to nhit rt cao gy chy nha. Thng thng ti
v tr cui ng chy nha u c thit k rnh thot kh.
Tuy nhin, nu tc phun qu nhanh hoc cc rnh thot
kh b kt bn th kh s khng kp thot v gy chy
nha. V vy cn v sinh sch s rnh thot kh v giai on
phun cui cn phun tc chm kh kp thot ra trnh
chy nha.

Vt dng nha chy :

Page 78 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
i vi mt s loi nha nhanh ng cng b mt nh PA,
PVC,nu dng nha c phun nhanh qua cc im g gh,
li lm trong khun, dng nha chy s b cun. Cc dng
nha chy cun khng ho trn tt vi nhau to ra cc vt
khp nha r nh cc khe, rnh nt trn sn phm. Khi gp trng hp nh vy cn gim tc phun.
9.4.4. Cch t p sut, tc phun cho mt sn phm.
Tu cu to ca mi loi my m qu trnh phun nha c
chia thnh t 1 n 10 giai on ( bc phun ), thng thng l 3 bc phun. S d nh vy l v mi sn phm cn c c phun
trong nhiu giai on vi p sut, tc khc nhau. Mi bc phun
tng ng vi mt phn trn sn phm. Gi tr p sut, tc mi
bc phun nh hng trc tip n c tnh cht lng ca phn
sn phm tng ng , ng thi cn nh hng lin quan n
nhau do qun tnh ca du thu lc v dng nha chy.
Bc phun u :
Tu cu to tng sn phm c th nhng nguyn tc
chung l thng phun vi tc chm trnh chy nha v
trnh ko theo vt nha kh. Sau mi shot phun, phn nha
u phun thng b ngui bt

( thng gi l nha kh ).

shot phun sau, nu tc phun u qu nhanh s ko

theo vt nha kh ny vo sn phm.
Cc bc phun gia :
Tu cu to sn phm c th m t p, tc phun cho
ph hp, tun theo cc c tnh nh hng ca p, tc phun
n cht lng sn phm v s nh hng ca cc yu t khc
Page 79 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
nh nhit nha, nhit khun, nhit du thu lc
Ni chung thng phun mc nhanh nht c th c tit
kim thi gian chu k c.
Bc phun cui :
t tc p phun ph hp cho tng sn phm c th, khng
qu chm in sn phm, khng qu nhanh
trnh chy nha .

iu quan trng l phn chia c cc phn sn

phm cn phun vi tc , p sut khc nhau t

cc bc phun ti cc v tr tng ng t trn my. iu
ny ch c th th nghim trn mi my c th vi mi
sn phm c th.
9.4.5. cc yu t nh hng n tc , p sut v thi
gian phun.
a. nh hng ca nhit du thu lc :
i vi cc my thu lc, ton b ng lc ca my l nh
p sut ca du thu lc qua h thng bm v ng ng. p
sut thu lc ph thuc vo chu nn ca du. chu
nn ca du ph thuc vo nht ca du. nht ca du
li ph thuc vo nhit ca du. Nh vy nhit ca du
nh hng n p sut ca du thu lc, ngha l nh hng
n mi qu trnh hot ng c hc ca my. V p sut
phun l ng lc thc hin tc phun, nn nhit du
nh hng n p sut phun th cng ng thi nh hng
n tc phun. Khi nhit du tng, nht ca du
tng, chu nn ca du gim i, ngha l p sut du
Page 80 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
thu lc gim, hay p sut v tc phun u gim i so
vi gi tr t trn my, lm thi gian phun thc t di hn.
Khi ta thng phi tng cc gi tr p hoc tc hoc c hai
t c gi tr p, tc thc t nh c. Ngc li, khi nhit
du gim, p sut v tc phun thc t u tng ln,
lm thi gian phun thc t ngn li. khi ta li phi gim
cc gi tr p, tc t trn my. Nh vy, my chy n
nh, ta cn khng ch nhit du thu lc trong mt
khong gi tr tiu chun cho php, thng 30~45 0C.
b. nh hng ca nhit khun :
Nhit khun khng nh hng trc tip n p sut
v tc phun m my thc hin, nhng nh hng n qu
trnh thc t dng nha c phun vo khun. Nu nhit
khun cao, mc ngui i ca dng nha nng chy chm,
dng nha chy trong khun d dng, thi gian phun thc t
ngn hn, tng ng vi khi ta tng p sut v tc phun,
lm thi gian phun thc t ngn hn. iu ny thng dn
n cc li sn phm do phun qu nhanh. Trong trng hp
ny sn phm vn t cht lng nh c, ta phi gim gi
tr p, tc phun t trn my. Ngc li khi nhit khun
thp, mc ngui i ca dng nha nng chy nhanh, thi
gian phun thc t di hn, tng ng vi khi ta gim p
sut, tc phun, lm thi gian phun thc t di hn. iu
ny thng dn n cc li sn phm do phun qu chm. Khi
ta thng phi tng gi tr p, tc t trn my. Nh vy
my chy n nh, ta cng phi khng ch nhit
khun trong khong tiu chun cho php.

Page 81 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
c. nh hng ca nht nha nng chy ( chy long
).
Tng t nh nh hng ca nhit khun n p sut,
tc phun, nht nha nng chy ( chy long ca
nha ) khng nh hng trc tip n p sut v tc phun
m my thc hin, m nh hng n kh nng dng nha
c phun nhanh hay chm. nht ca nha nng chy ph
thuc vo loi nguyn liu, nhit nha. Nhit nha li
ph thuc gi tr nhit v xy lanh, tc np nha, p
sut nn nha ( back press ). i vi mi loi nguyn liu,
nht ca nha ch cn ph thuc vo nhit nha, ngha
l ph thuc nhit xy lanh, tc np nha, p nn nha
v thi gian lu trong nng phun. Tc np nha , p nn
nha v thi gian lu cng cao th nhit nha cng cao,
lm cho nht ca nha cng cao. Ngc li nhit nha
cng thp th nht ca nha cng thp. nht ca nha
cao tng ng vi trng hp nhit khun cao. nht ca
nha thp tng ng vi trng hp nhit khun thp. Tuy
nhin i vi mi sn phm ng vi mt loi nha, ta thng gi
c nh nht ca nha, ngha l c nh nhit xy
lanh, tc np , p sut nn nha v gi thi gian lu ca
nha trong nng phun ng u, ngha l thi gian chu k
c ng u .
9.5. Ch bo p.
9.5.1. Khi nim v qu trnh bo p
Bo p l qu trnh duy tr p sut sau khi phun nha in y
khoang khun trnh co ngt khi nha ng cng dn trong

Page 82 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
khun. Ta bit trnh hin tng co ngt xy ra khi nha
ng cng trong khun, phi dng nha ng cng di p
sut ln. V chu tc dng ca p sut nn trong qu trnh
bo p, nha vn tip tc c nn vo khun n khi phn
cung nha ng cng hon ton. Tc bo p l tc
thc hin p sut bo p. Thi gian bo p l thi gian duy tr p
sut.
Qu trnh bo p cng c chia thnh t 1 n 4 giai on
tu cu to ca my. Qua ta c th thc hin duy tr p sut
trong nhiu giai on vi gi tr tc , p sut, v thi gian khc
nhau ph hp vi yu cu ca sn phm. Qu trnh bo p ch c
tc dng khi nha trong h thng cung phun, ng chy nha,
gate phun v trong lng sn phm cn mm, ngha l cn c
th nn thm nha vo.
Hnh trnh bo p bt u t v tr chuyn p n v tr
cui cng ca trc vt l v tr cushion
V d v bng ch bo p :

Pressure

#4

#3

#2

#1

( p

30

80

40

( tc

15

40

20

0.5

1.5

sut)
Speed
)
Time

( thi

gian)
Bng d liu trn c hiu nh sau :

Page 83 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
- Giai on bo p 1 : Thc hin vi p 40, tc 20 trong thi
gian 1.5 giy
- Giai on bo p 2 : Thc hin vi p 80, tc 40 trong thi
gian 3 giy
- Giai on bo p 3 : Thc hin vi p 30, tc 15 trong thi
gian 0.5 giy
- Giai on bo p 4 : Khng s dng
9.5.2. nh hng ca p sut, tc v thi gian bo p
n cht lng sn phm.

co ngt ca sn phm:
Tc , p sut v thi gian bo p t l vi cng ca

sn phm. Tu yu cu ca mi sn phm v c tnh co

ngt ca mi loi nha, ta cn s bc bo p v cc gi tr p,
tc, thi gian mi bc khc nhau, sao cho t c mc
cht lng theo yu cu. Thng thng i vi cc loi nha lu
ng cng nh PP, PVC ta phi duy tr bo p trong thi gian
di hn cc loi nha ng cng nhanh, sn phm dy phi
bo p lu hn sn phm mng. Nu p sut, tc , thi
gian bo p qu ln s dn n sn phm qu cng, c th to
ra cc vt hn khng mong mun.

S to via sn phm :
Nu p sut v tc bo p qu ln cng d to ra via

sn phm. Thng thng trong thc t ban u ta t trc

cc gi tr bo p nh, ri tng dn ln n khi sn phm
cng mc chp nhn c. Nu sn phm cng mc thp
Page 84 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
nht chp nhn c m to ra via th phi chp nhn via
trn sn phm v phi gt b theo yu cu ca sn phm.

Khi lng sn phm :

V trong qu trnh bo p nha lin tc c nn vo

khun n khi phn cung nha ng cng hon ton, nn

mc bo p trong thi gian t l vi khi lng sn
phm.

cong vnh v kch thc ca sn phm :

Tu gi tr p sut, tc , thi gian bo p mi giai

on bo p, sn phm t c c cng ng u hay

khng , ngha l c b cong vnh v kch thc sn phm c
chnh xc hay khng.
9.5.3. Cc y t nh hng n qu trnh bo p.
Thi gian bo p c th t trn my v c my thc hin
mt cch chnh xc, n ch ph thuc vo cc yu cu i vi
tng sn phm c th. Cn p sut v tc bo p ph thuc
vo mt s yu t sau :

Thi im chuyn t qu trnh phun sang qu

trnh bo p :
( V tr chuyn p ) .Vic xc nh thi im chuyn
ny l rt quan trng. Khi cha phun sn phm m
chuyn bo p th c th gy thiu nha nu p, tc bo p
khng ln p nha in y khoang khun. Nu
chuyn sang bo p qu mun, th tnh t lc in y
nha vo khun, tc, p phun cui ng vai tr bo p u,
Page 85 of 86

Gio trnh o to
B phn k thut
c th gy ra via hoc sn phm qu cng do p sut phun
thng ln hn p sut bo p. Mt khc hai iu ny cn
gy kh khn cho vic iu khin v qun l cc thng s
k thut. V vy cn xc nh ng thi im chuyn bo
p l lc sn phm va c in y khoang khun.

Cc yu t khc :
Tc v p sut bo p cng ph thuc v nhit

du thu lc, nhit khun, nht ca nha ging nh p

sut v tc phun.

Page 86 of 86