DEFINITION OF SANCTUARY

The Big Four

Breeding
Selling
Buying (only to end an abusive situation, not buying babies)
Boarding
Written contract providing for abandonment/ownership
Guidelines
Acquisition of animals
Buying, selling or trading of animals or their parts
Acquisition shall be by surrender or rescue
Requires owner to surrender permits and right to buy again
Sanctuary must have resources to properly care for animal
In the best interest of the animal
Will not jeopardize animals at the sanctuary
Director prepares written policy for acquisitions
Acts that perpetuate the commercial trade in animals
The director has final authority in acquisitions
Laws and Permits
Obtain and maintain all permits required for each animal
Records
Maintained on each animal
Secure from fire, flood, damage or theft
Clearly defines organization as responsible for animal
History of animal and surrendering party
Transport of Animals
Meet or exceed USDA guidelines
Lifelong responsibility taken for each animal rescued
Sanctuaries assume lifelong care for each animal
May only transfer to a facility equally or better qualified
May only transfer to a facility meeting similar guidelines
Euthanasia
Must have a humane euthanasia policy
Must be carried out by a licensed veterinarian
Breeding
Breeding animals, intentionally or not
Animals are to be surgically sterilized
Animals are to be housed separately if not sterilized
Species specific birth control may be used
Separating during breeding cycles as method used

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If an animal arrives pregnant or nursing or there is some

legitimate reason, determined by the veterinarian to
contraindicate sterilization it may be done when the offspring are
weaned or the animal recovers
Commercial Activities
Animals shall not be used in any commercial activity
Handling
Only by or under supervision of appropriately trained staff
Abuse, dominance, food deprivation or negative reinforcement
shall not be used for training.
Shall not cause undo trauma, overheating, stress, physical harm
or discomfort
Restraint
Performed only by appropriately trained staff or vets
Animal restrained before handling for care or management
Chemical restraint to be performed only by veterinarian
Advocacy & Outreach Educational Programs
General
Policies shall be written
Directed & performed by trained staff
Evaluated annually for effectiveness and content
Animals shall not be removed from their primary cages
Program to be respectful and not portray animals as
handleable, leashable or as pets in any way
Tours
Must be escorted by trained staff
Tours must be educational
Groups must be manageable in size
Must not disturb the animals
Disposition
Policy for disposition of live and dead animals in writing
The director has final authority in dispositions
Acceptable reasons for disposition include:
Death of the animal
Release of releasable wildlife
Health or medical reasons that cannot be handled by the
sanctuary
Ability of another facility to provide better care
Closing of the sanctuary or financial insolvency
Governing Authority
Organizational
Non Profit 501 c 3
Registered in the state to solicit donations
Board of Directors
Other than family members
Members to include non employees
Minimum of 3 members
Bylaws
Governs the organization
Complies with state laws
Regular meetings

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Responsible for sound financial management and oversight

Appoints a Director to oversee the organization
Keeps the records up to date and safe
Consists of members with a wide range of skills
Written business plan
Code of ethics
Adopted by Board of Directors
Core values or integrity, professionalism, accountability
All personnel adheres to the code of ethics
Respectfully cooperate with other sanctuaries
Land and assets are owned or leased by the non profit
Written contngency plan for animals if land is lost
Property to be held in the name of the sanctuary
Business Planning
Written operating and strategic plan
One year operating and budget plan
Three to five year strategic plan
Including financial plan and budget
Facility
USDA licensed
State licensed
State, County or City approval
copies of all licenses and permits to be kept available
Member of The Association of Sanctuaries
Staffing
General
Written job descriptions, rolls and reporting duties
Sufficient number of staff and volunteers
Staff onsite 24 hours
Adequate supervision of staff and volunteers
Director is full time and available to staff at all times
Written staff security protocos for resident staff
Background checks on staff and volunteers
Manuals
Employee Manual
Staff signs receipt aknowledging manual received
Benefits, leaves, complaints, evaluations spelled out
Operation Manual
SOP available to all staff at all times
Updated as needed
Shall consist of:
daily routines
species specific animal care plans
emergency response procedures
first aid and safety
communications system
General Safe Handling Practices
At least 2 qualified staff involving dangerous animals
Staff discloses any condition that limits their ability
Follow animal care plans
Dangerous Animal Safety Procedures

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Written policies
Staff shall not enter exhibits with dangerous animals
Double gated entrances
Minimum of 2 staff in presence of dangerous animals
Animals not removed unless secured for transport
Employee Training Requirement
General Training
Employees trained and evaluated regularly
Suffient number trained in chemical restraint
Emergency Training
All personnel trained & evaluated in emergencies
Signed forms by staff stating they have been trained
Training records kept in staff's file
Regular drills
Firearm Training
Sufficient staff trained and proficient in firearms
Staff signed form acknowledging training in firearms
Alternate arrangement with agencies & officers trained
Zoonotic Disease Training
Staff trained in zoonotic diseases
Staff signs acknowledgement of zoonotic training
Staff is advised of any zoonotic outbreak
Authorities contacted when reportable diseases occur
Continuing Education
Written plans in place for continued education
Continuous in house training in every aspect of care &
management
Literature and training documents available to staff
Volunteer and Intern Programs
Written volunteer and intern programs
Volunteers & Interns to be overseen by staff
Community Service workers to be overseen by staff
Only fully trained caregivers to work with dangerous animals
Finance
Demonstrate Financial Stability
General
Written Financial and Strategic Plans
Annual operating budget
Financial Reports
Follows standard accounting practices
Accountant reviews and prepares all tax returns
Financial Reports
Generally accepted accounting principals used
IRS 990 and relevant documents shall be on file & available
Quarterly Financial Reports
Balance Sheet
Operating Statement
Statement of Cash Flow
Petty cash reconciliation
Annual audit by independent auditing firm
Banking responsibilities

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Business checking account in organization's name

Personal business kept separate
Loans and relevant documents shall be signed and on file
Contributions recorded and deposited immediately
Board to determine check signing requirements
Financial Plan and Budget
In accordance with the strategic plan
Financial Plan should include the following
One year budget and operating expense detail
staffing and benefits
overhead expenses
supplies
capital improvements
adequate allowance for unanticipated expense
Three to Five year financial projection
Fundraising
Done with honesty, integrity in accordance with mission
Without emotionally manipulative content
Materials shall be accurate & reflect mission
Restricted funds will be used as required by donor
Shall conform to IRS and local charitable laws
Fundraising expenses shall not exceed The Association of Fund
Raising Professionals guidelines
Risk Management
A written risk management policy will be in place incl:
Identification of risks
Evaluation of risks
Reduction of risks to extent possible
Adequate insurance coverage
Reviewed and revised as needed
Director shall develop policies to protect finaces and public
Consultation with insurance experts on a regular basis
Directors and Officers Liability Insurance
General Liability Insurance
Physical Facilities
General
Facilities
Director shall insure a safe & healthful environment
Working conditions shall meet all health & safety regs
Practices will be in accordance with OSHA standards
Disposal facilities shall be provided to minimize infestation by
pests and shall be in accordance with all Federal, State and
local laws and regulations
Facility shall have access to ample water and power
An emergency power back up shall be provided
The boundaries of the property shall be known to all members
of the organization
Soil and water qualities shall be monitored and kept within
acceptable levels in accordance with all regulations
Location

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Sanctuary will not be in flood zones, on riverbeds, fault lines or

in areas prone to uncontrolled fires
The location shall take into consideration its impact on the
environment.
The location should not be in highly developed areas or areas
subjected to undue levels of pollution, noise and activity
Quarantine
General
Director and Vet shall establish a written quarantine protocol
Quarantine facilities shall be isolated from resident animals
Quarantine Facilities
Area should be easily cleaned and sanitized
Provides species appropriate environmental conditions
Appropriate shelters that are kept sanitary
Allows animals to be safely isolated from all activity
Secure, double locking gated system of entry
Protective clothing shall be worn
Cleaning utensils shall be kept clean and in this area to prevent
spread of infection to residents
Food Storage and Food Prep
General
Designated food prep and storage areas:
Protected from dampness, deterioration, contamination
Appropriate dry storage, refrigeration and freezers
Shall not store hazardous chemicals in same areas
All frozen food shall be handled and thawed in accordance to
USDA manual of SOP for the Handling Frozen/Thawed Meat &
Prey Items
Security Plan
The Director shall provide a written security plan
24 hours security measures in place for animal safety
Lighting
Adequate lighting shall be provided
Species specific lighting provided as needed
Hazardous Materials Handling
Handled according to OSHA standards
Material Safety Data Sheets shall be available in areas where
chemicals are stored
All persons handling chemicals shall be appropriately trained
Accumulations of trash shall be cleared regularly
Written emergency response procedures shall be in place
Animal Enclosures
General
Animal enclosures shall be built and maintained to prevent
escape and of materials that facilitate cleaning and of a size
and design to provide for the animal's physical, social and
psychological well-being.
Barriers
General

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Meets or exceeds all federal, state and local requirements

Adequate buffer zone between enclosures and perimeter
fence to deter unauthorized public access or danger
Gates and doors to be at least as strong and effective as the
rest of the barrier
Areas adjacent to barriers shall be kept free of foliage or
structures that would aid in escape, or prevent cleaning or
maintenance
Should be regularly inspected and maintained
Safety or warning signs should be clearly visible
Enclosures
Where fences are used to contain animals, they shall be
securely mounted & strong enough to contain the animal
Enclosures housing digging animals shall be designed to
prevent escape
Entrances into enclosures whall be secured by locking,
double gated system
Dry moats shall be designed in a way to prevent injury to the
animal and a means to climb back up into the enclosure.
Water barriers are a significant risk
All enclosures shall have a lock out area to safely contain the
animal during cleaning and maintenance
Perimeter
Must be at least 8 feet tall and of sufficient structure to keep
animal in and unauthorized public out
Shall discourage unauthorized entry
Shall safely contain an escaped animal
All exits shall be properly marked and kept clear
All exits should be kept closed when not in use
Maintenance and Inspections
Written schedule of maintenance
All equiptment and facilities to be maintained to work properly and
safely
Security and Safety
Emergency Plan
Adequate written policies covering animal escapes, serious staff
or animal injuries and natural disasters
All staff and volunteers sign that they have received a copy
Copy kept on site and staff knows where
Staff to be trained in every aspect of emergency plan
Consistentwith federal, state & local regulations
Protocols address 24/7 responses
Reviewed and revised as needed
Staff Emergency Evacuation Plan
Written policy covers communications, emergency procedures,
location of all exits are clearly identified and known by entire staff
Contact information is posted in designated locations
Maps are posted in designated locations and include exits

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Drills held at least twice @ year, recorded results, reviewed and

revised as needed
Natural Disaster Response Plan
Written natural disaster plan is in place
Addresses issues such as relocating animals, securing
animals, identifying which animals are suitable for evacuation
from sanctuary
Specific info on staff, volunteer & public safety protocols
Animal Escape Plan
Written escaped animal emergency plan in place
Shared with locale emergency services such as animal control,
sheriff's department, fire and police departments
Escaped Animal Plan shall include:
Notification process and protocol
Detail staff's roles and persons qualified to utelize firearms,
chemical immobilization, etc.
Species specific emergency responses
All escapes to be documented & evaluated
Venomous Animal Bite
Written venomous animal bite emergency response plan
Appropriate supply of anti venom to be on hand
Two trained persons shall be present in the same area during any
procedure that involves venomous animals
Firearm Policy
Written firearm policy defining appropriate lethal dispatch
Identifies qualified personnel for use of firearms
Staff participates in training and practice of firearm use
Firearms, ammunition and darting equipment shall be
immediately available to only trained staff and shall be kept clean,
stocked and in working order, under lock & key
Emergency Chemical Immobilzation Plan
Written humane emergency chemical immobilization plan to be
developed by the director and veterinarian
Plan shall be carried out under the supervision of the vet
Plan shall include:
Training in the use of the drugs & equipment
Location of drugs & equipment and who has authorized access
List of persons qualified to administer the drugs
List of situations in which chemical immobilization used
Emergency response in case human is injured
Human First Aid
Written first aid plan is available & accessible to staff
Includes actions necessary to documentation and responding to
incidents requiring first aid
First aid stations shall be equipt and available according to OSHA
standards
Specific instructions shall be provided to incidents involving
potential zoonotic disease
Bio-safety

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Written bio-safety protocol outlining measures to prevent zoonotic

disease and emergency response when a potential exposure
occurs
For sanctuaries housing Macaques that plan shall include
measures necessary to prevent human exposure to Herpes B and
an emergency response in the event of potential exposure
Bio-safety Plan shall include:
Adequate methods of disposing of sewage, toxic/hazardous
materials, garbage and animal wastes
Use of protective gear including appropriate clothing, face
masks, eye protection & gloves
Reporting methods
Animal Care and Facilities
Types of animals covered
Carnivores
Primates
Hoofed Animals
Farmed Animals
Reptiles
Birds
Elephants
Sanctuaries shall only house animals for which they can provide
responsible, professional care
Transportation
Comply with local, state and federal law.
All required transport documents shall accompany the animal
when being transported
All transport containers shall comply with International Airline
Transportation Association (IATA) container specifications

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Transportation methods including but not limited to capture,

preparation for transport, crating or loading, transporting, and
unloading shall take account of the animal's temperament and
behavior in order to minimize injury and distress to the animal
and/or damage to the transport container
Whenever possible animals should be acclimated to and familiar
with the transport container prior to transport.
Designated personnel or agent shall escort animals where
possible during transport

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All animals shall be kept away from direct contact with persons
other than the designated personnel or agent during transport.
Animals shall not be transported while chemically immobilized.
Where appropriate, transportation requirements for specific
animal groups or species are identified
Census
Director shall ensure that census is conducted annually
The census shall include: a. total number of individuals by species,
gender and ID b. acquisitions of the year
c. dispositions of
the year
This report should be submitted to the accrediting body.

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Animal Identification
All identifiable animals shall be identified using at least one of the
following methods:
Microchip or Permanent Tattoo

Ear tag (if already present) Other means of easy identification,

such as distinguishing characteristic, marking, or unique
physical attribute.
All documentation shall clearly link the identification method with
a specific animal

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For animals maintained in colonies in which individual

identification is not possible, the sanctuary shall provide a
statement explaining how record keeping is maintained
Records
Storage & Security
Animal records shall be maintained current
Provision should be made for long-term archiving in a secure
format. Animal records, including health records, shall be
duplicated and a back-up copy stored in a separate location,
protected from fire, flood and other natural disaster.
Access and Inspection of records and property
Recommendation that all records are made available when
necessary to the accrediting body
Required Animal Records
Acquisition & Disposition Documents
Local, State and/or Federal Permits
Importation papers or other declaration forms where
applicable
Transport Records to and from the Sanctuary to include: date
of transportation, transfer, euthanasia or other disposition of
animal
Transfer of Ownership and other appropriate documents
establishing legal acquisition shall be maintained whenever
possible.
Local, State and/or Federal Certificate of Health Examination
(Health Certificate)
Medical Records

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Complete medical records shall be maintained for each

individual animal; for animals housed in colonies where
individual identification is not possible, then a group record
shall be maintained

Medical records shall include the following information:

1. Animal identification 2. Medical History 3. Clinical data
and medical treatment record 4. Nutrition/diet information 5.
Laboratory Reports 6. Anesthesia Records 7. Surgery
Reports 8. Pathology Reports
9. Necropsy Reports

Detailed daily logs shall be prepared and maintained by the

animal care staff and provided for each animal or animal
group, reviewed by the Director and the veterinarian, and
assessed on a daily basis
Daily logs shall record data on the behavior, activity, and
health of the animal or animal group

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These Inspection Reports shall be kept current:

i. USDA Inspection Reports
ii. Local and State Agency Inspection Reports
iii. Accrediting Organization Inspection Reports
iv. Sanctuary Facilities Inspection Report

Other Animal Documentation to be kept on file and current:

i. Police Reports pertaining to specific animal
ii. Public complaints pertaining to specific animal
iii. Incident Reports, Including: Animal Escape reports, Injury
reports and enclosure damage/maintenance
Standards of Care and Management
General Considerations

Animals shall be maintained at all times in secure enclosures

Animal enclosures shall meet or exceed the animal group

and/or species-specific standards outlined herein and shall
provide a diverse and complex vertical and horizontal
environment that encourages the expression of natural
behaviors observed in the wild for the species

Enclosure surfaces shall consist primarily of natural substrates

(e.g., soil, sand, grass) that provide good drainage and have an
area(s) that can be readily cleaned and sanitized for feeding
and resting.

Enclosure design and location shall take into consideration the

animal group specific tactile, visual, olfactory, and acoustic
sensitivities.
The enclosure shall provide protection from predators.

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Hazardous materials shall not be used in or around animal

enclosures, including but limited to:
i. Toxic Plants and plant materials (such as seeds, bark, fruits)
ii. Poisons
iii. Chemicals
iv. Enrichment items that can be harmful to the animal
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Enclosures shall be designed to meet the psychological and
social needs of the animal, including measures to allow for the
safe expression of species appropriate behaviors including but
not limited to: territoriality, dominance or hierarchical behavior

Animals shall be protected from environmental conditions

detrimental to their health. This shall include shelter from rain,
sun, heat, cold.

Any appliances or equipment (e.g. heat sources) within or

surrounding animal enclosures shall be installed and
maintained in such a way that they do not present a hazard to
animals, and their safe operation cannot be disrupted by the
animals.

Tools and other portable equipment shall not be left unattended

in places where they could cause animals harm, provide a
means of escape, or serve as projectiles.

Distance between enclosures and personnel shall be sufficient

to prevent physical injury and transmission of disease or
potential pathogens.
Social Considerations

Animals in the same enclosure shall be housed in animal group

specific functioning social groups. If properly managed, mixed
species social groups may be beneficial.

Enclosures shall be designed to meet the psychological and

social needs of the animal, including measures to allow for the
safe expression of species appropriate behaviors including but
not limited to: territoriality, dominance or hierarchical behavior.

Sanctuaries shall manage dangerous social interactions such

as persistent and/or dangerous aggression among animals.

The Director shall develop a plan for the introduction of any

new animal to an existing social group, or for the creation of a
new social group.
Compatible animals of different species, housed in the same
enclosure shall be monitored for persistent and/or interspecies
conflict.
All animals, especially the very young, old, sick or otherwise
compromised, shall be closely monitored and removed from
any social group as necessary for health and safety reasons in
consultation with the veterinarian.
Temperature and Humidity
Animals shall be provided with opportunities to avoid
temperature and/or humidity extremes
Light
Natural light shall be provided for all animals whenever possible
Where artificial light is used, it shall be appropriate for the
species housed in terms of intensity, spectrum and duration.
Water Areas
The Director shall develop a plan for ensuring that water quality
parameters are maintained for water features other than the
primary source of drinking water.
Waste water retainers or settlement ponds shall be located far
enough away from the animal enclosure or other sanctuary
facility and maintained to minimize odors and contamination of
the enclosures by insects, rodents, birds, or any other potential
animal vectors of disease.
Sanitation
The Director shall establish a plan for animal waste removal
and sanitation of enclosures to minimize health and disease
hazards and reduce odors. (see animal group specific
standards)

The animal waste removal and sanitation plan shall include the
areas to be cleaned, frequency of cleaning, the methods of
cleaning, and types of disinfectants utilized.
In enclosures that are being washed down, adequate measures
shall be taken to protect the animals (including shifting of
animals when possible) from being sprayed with water or any
contaminated material either directly or aerosolized by the
cleaning activity.
All food and water receptacles shall be cleaned and sanitized
daily.
Uneaten food shall be removed within a timeframe appropriate
for the type of foodstuff.
Feeds & Feeding
All food items shall be of a quality, quantity and composition
suitable for each animal's nutritional needs.
The food shall be wholesome, palatable, and free from
contamination.
Veterinarian or nutritionist shall review all aspects of animal
diet.
Food shall be prepared and presented with consideration for
the age and life stage, species, condition, size, and type of the
animal.
Written diet and feeding plan shall be developed for each
animal and made available to animal care staff.
Animals shall be fed at least once a day except as dictated by
hibernation, veterinary treatment, or normal fasts.
Feeding is an important social activity for many animals, and
therefore food shall be provided in a manner appropriate for the
species and number of animals housed.
Food based enrichment should be considered part of an
animal's daily nutritional needs and of nutritional value.
Fresh water shall be available at all times in a manner
appropriate for the species housed.
Physical, psychological, behavioral and social well-being
The welfare of each individual animal shall be the primary
consideration in all sanctuary actions.

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All animal enclosures shall be designed to enrich and enhance

the animals' quality of life. Additional enrichment programs shall
be designed to further maintain appropriate environmental
complexity and meet the psychological and social needs of the
animal.

Daily visual evaluation of all animals shall be performed to

assess physical, psychological, behavioral and social wellbeing. An assessment of general condition and behavior shall
be made and any unusual activities should be recorded in the
daily log at each inspection.

Sanctuaries shall have veterinary medical program ensuring 24

hour emergency response coverage under the supervision of a
licensed veterinarian who has training or experience in nondomestic animal medicine. The veterinarian will assist staff in
assessing the physical and psychological well-being of
individual animals.
Veterinary Program
General

The Director shall ensure that the sanctuary has a veterinary

medical program under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian
who has training or experience in non-domestic animal medicine.

One or more full-time veterinarians specifically concerned with the

animal health care program is highly recommended for facilities
whose budget will support the salaries of such trained personnel.

Facilities unable to employ a full-time veterinarian shall have a

contractual arrangement for the maximum anticipated time with a
part-time veterinarian with training and appropriate experience
with the species housed.
Facilities shall employ professional and supporting personnel
necessary to implement the veterinary medical program.
Staff
Veterinary coverage
The full-time chief veterinarian is responsible for the medical
and surgical care of the animals and shall be fully acquainted
all animals housed at the sanctuary.
Veterinary care shall be available 7 days per week and 24
hours per day for all sanctuaries.
The full-time chief veterinarian is responsible for the medical
and surgical care of the animals.
The veterinarian shall also develop and supervise long-term
preventive medicine programs.
Veterinarians shall establish disease surveillance and
containment procedures.
When the assigned veterinarian is unavailable, they shall
ensure the availability of other suitably experienced
veterinarians on call.
Support Staff

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Professional and supporting personnel shall be available to

implement appropriate portions of the veterinary medical
program.

A veterinary care program requires support staff to establish

and maintain the programs and facilities in the following areas:
Husbandry (animal keepers) and Technical (veterinary
technicians, or appropriately trained individuals)

A Staff member shall be trained to serve as the medical care

program director dealing with the emergencies until the
veterinarian arrives

They shall be able to direct the restraint of the animals, be

responsible for administration of post-surgical care, and be
skilled in maintaining appropriate medical records.

Ideally, this individual shall be a licensed veterinary

technician or an animal health technician who reports to or is
responsible to the veterinarian.
Veterinary Care
Overview
Veterinary care shall emphasize disease prevention.
All animals at the sanctuary shall be observed daily either by
the person in charge of animal care and management, or by
someone working under the direct supervision of this person.
All animal care staff shall be trained to recognize abnormal
behavior and clinical signs of illness.

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All animal care staff shall be knowledgeable concerning the

diets, husbandry, and restraint procedures for the animals
under their care.
Diseased, injured, or stressed animals shall be reported
promptly so that the animals can be provided with appropriate
medical care.
All procedures and treatments performed on animals shall
employ current professionally accepted methods of diagnosis
and treatment.
There shall be a standard operating policy of providing
appropriate medical care for sick and injured animals.
Medical & Surgical Treatments
Clinical Pathology

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Diagnostic laboratory services shall be available to assist

with the examination of animals and the diagnosis of disease.

Diagnostic capabilities shall include cytology, microbiology,

parasitology, complete blood count, blood chemstry,
urinalysis, serology and other appropriate laboratory
procedures.
These services can be performed by outside laboratories.
Surgical

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All Sanctuaries shall have access to surgical facilities (either

on-site or at a nearby veterinary hospital) that are clean, free
from excessive noise and unnecessary pedestrian traffic,
have adequate lighting, ventilation, and temperature controls,
and can be easily cleaned and disinfected.

Surgical facilities shall have access to gas anesthesia

equipment with a gas scavenging system and oxygen,
sterilized surgical packs, surgical preparation solutions,
intravenous fluids, fluid administration equipment, pulse
oximetry, heart monitoring equipment (e.g.
electrocardiogram, stethoscope), and emergency drugs.

Surgical equipment shall be maintained in good working

order and be on a program of routine preventive
maintenance.
For off-site aseptic surgical facilities, the availability of an onsite area that can be adapted for occasional or emergency
aseptic surgical use is recommended.
Only a licensed veterinarian can perform surgery.
The veterinarian shall use aseptic surgical procedures
whenever applicable.
Surgical techniques shall be performed using standard
operating procedures for domestic animals.

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The number of animals or budgetary constraints may

influence the location where such care is provided but shall
not prevent the provision of these minimum care standards.

Veterinarians and support personnel shall be compassionate

and knowledgeable about the humane aspects of animal
treatment, including the proper use of anesthetics,
analgesics, and tranquilizers.

A veterinary technician appropriately trained by the staff or

consulting veterinarian in states or provinces where such
action is permitted by veterinary practice acts can perform
surgical first aid.
Surgical incisions shall be observed daily, or as frequently as
possible while minimizing stress to the animals, for signs of
dehiscence or infection.
Analgesics shall be administered post-operatively when
appropriate.
Treatment
Medications shall be used in accordance with local, state,
and federal regulations and shall be administered in
accordance with the state veterinary practice act.
An area shall be set-aside at the Sanctuary which can be
used for minor surgical procedures.
Drugs used in Sanctuaries shall be administered In
compliance with the Food and Drug Administration.
All facilities shall have a pharmacy on-site where routinely
used drugs, such as emergency tranquilizers, etc. can be
maintained according to local, state and federal regulations.
All medications shall be distributed only by order of the
veterinarian.
When distributed to keepers, medications shall be properly
packaged, medical contents identified with instructions
attached for the amount, frequency and duration of
administration.
All medical treatments and drug prescriptions shall be
documented in the animal medical record.
Basic physical capture and restraint equipment to facilitate
medical treatment shall be available at the facility.

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Key personnel shall be properly trained to competently and

humanely use capture and restraint equipment and shall be
regularly instructed on such use.

Veterinary personnel shall be aware of the potential risk of

human exposure to dangerous drugs during any chemical
restraint procedure.

Staff shall be thoroughly versed on emergency treatment

procedures including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
that may be required in the event of an accidental injection of
a human with a hazardous drug.

Appropriate reversal drugs shall be available, labeled, and

stored with all immobilization drugs. All staff using dangerous
drugs shall be familiar with the location and use of all
reversal drugs.
Necropsy

The Sanctuary shall have a refrigerated area for holding

dead animals that is physically separate from live animal
holding, treatment, and surgery areas and from food supply
storage or preparation areas.

There shall be an isolated area on the grounds for

performing animal necropsies. Or, the carcass shall be
transported to a facility for a postmortem examination as
soon as possible and no longer than 24 hours after death.

It is important that a postmortem examination be performed

on all animals at the facility that die, and also on wild or feral
animals found dead on the grounds whenever possible.

Histological examination of tissues from such animals is

required to evaluate mortality factors if the cause of death is
not evident on gross necropsy examination.
Disposition of dead animals and their parts shall meet all
legal restrictions.
Dead specimens shall be incinerated or disposed of as
deemed suitable by the veterinarian in accordance with local,
state and federal regulations.
Medical Records
Complete medical records shall be maintained on all animals.
The records shall indicate the nature of all treatments (types
of medication, dosage, duration), surgical procedures,
anesthetic procedures (type of agent, dosage, effect), results
of all laboratory tests (parasitologic, hematologic,
bacteriologic, etc.), plus immunization records with all
relevant dates.
Copies of these medical records shall accompany any animal
that is transferred to another facility.
Medical records shall be maintained under the direction of
the veterinarian.
Duplicate record sets shall be stored at another site, or in a
fire proof or theft proof safe on site.

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Statistics shall be tabulated regularly on the rates and nature

of illness and mortality in the facility.
All animals shall have some form of permanent identification
recorded in the medical record. Various methods of
identification, such as transponders, ear tags, wing tags,
neck chains, toe clipping, leg bands, tattoo, brands, ear
notching, horn branding and photography are available.
Controlled Substances
All controlled substances used at the sanctuary shall be
prescribed by the veterinarian.
All drug logs shall be kept up to date and comply with the
requirements of the Drug Enforcement Agency.
Preventive Medicine
Preventive medicine programs shall be established at every
Sanctuary.
These programs shall include quarantine, parasite
surveillance procedures and control, immunizations,
infectious diseases screening (e.g., using serology and
tuberculosis testing), dental prophylaxis, and periodic reviews
of diets, husbandry techniques and vermin control.
Quarantine & Isolation of Animals
The sanctuary shall have a quarantine policy that is
developed and enforced by the veterinary staff in
consultation with facility personnel.
Quarantine policy shall prevent nose to nose contact
between newly received animals and those already in the
facility until the health of the new animals can be evaluated,
to prevent introduction of new pathogens into the animals at
the facility.
Quarantine facilities shall be physically isolated from the rest
of the animals at the facility.

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Where separate facilities may not be available, the animal

shall be housed so as to minimize contact with other animals.
All personnel working in quarantine facilities shall observe
established protocols to prevent cross-contamination to other
animals in the facility, such as personal hygiene and
disinfecting of footwear, clothing, and equipment.
Additional facilities to provide for the isolation of animals that
are known to be or suspected of carrying disease may be
necessary.
A minimum of 30 days quarantine is recommended for most
mammals, birds, and most reptiles.
Minimum quarantine periods of 60 to 90 days are
recommended for primates and 90 days for snakes and other
species that are potential carriers of diseases along with
longer incubation periods for diseases (such as cervids and
others for Johne's disease).

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Any animal that is severely stressed by quarantine

procedures may require an earlier release or modification of
the facility to avoid stress.
Local, state, or federal regulations may also dictate
quarantine length and procedures.
During quarantine the following procedures shall be
considered: physical examination, clinical and laboratory
tests for disease (especially those considered
communicable); treatment for external and internal parasites;
immunization; evaluation of age, sex, and teeth; and marking
for permanent identification (tattoo, leg bands, transponders,
ear notches, etc.).
Parasite Control
Fecal examinations shall be conducted at least annually on
all individuals or group of animals with a preference toward
being performed 2-4 times annually depending upon the
species.
Fecal examination shall be repeated following treatment to
evaluate efficacy.
Routinely scheduled anthelmintic treatments may be required
to control persistent parasitic infestations.
Care shall be taken in movement of animals or cage furniture
from one exhibit to another in order to prevent exposure to
aberrant parasites which could cause a fatal infection.
Exhibits and cage furniture shall be disinfected prior to any
transfer.
Immunization
All susceptible species shall be immunized as recommended
by the veterinarian using currently recommended procedures
and products.
Schedules and products will be dictated by the disease
status of domestic and wild animals in the area surrounding
the facility.
The type, serial number, and source of product shall be
recorded in the individual animal's medical record.
Disease Surveillance
Specific routine serological screening protocols for diseases
will depend on the nature and prevalence of disease.
Upon arrival at the facility, and prior to shipping, tuberculosis
testing shall be performed on all animals in which the test
produces a valid and interpretable response (e.g., bovid,
cervid and primates).
Zoonotic Disease Program
A preventive health program shall be developed for
employees working with animals to minimize the possibility of
disease transmission between people and animals in each
facility.

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All potentially zoonotic diseases shall be identified for the

species residing at the facility. All employees will be trained in
proper hygiene and other precautions to prevent
transmission of disease between staff and animals.

Staff shall have tuberculin tests prior to employment and

annually thereafter. All attendants, handlers, and/or trainees
who have direct contact with elephants, primates and other
susceptible animals, shall be tested for tuberculosis on at
least an annual basis and be continually aware of the
potential threat.

A physician with expertise in infectious diseases shall be

consulted whenever an employee contracts an unusual
illness or is exposed to an animal diagnosed with a zoonotic
disease.

The facility's veterinarian shall be knowledgeable about

zoonotic diseases that may affect animals and staff at the
facility.

All potential or emerging diseases shall have emergency

procedures and a defined process to avoid transmission of
diseases through bites, scratches, body fluids, direct contact
with species and other means.
When a reportable disease is identified, all appropriate local,
state, and federal regulatory officials shall be contacted.

All areas in which the staff has direct contact with animals
shall have hand-washing facilities available in the immediate
vicinity (or an equivalent; e.g., bactericidal hand-wipes)

Human food consumption by the staff shall not occur in the

immediate area of animal contact, and staff members shall
maintain a routine of hand washing prior to eating, drinking,
or smoking.

Additional precautions may be necessary for staff classified

as having an increased risk of disease, including those that
are immuno-compromised.

Any skin lesions compatible with dermatomycosis

("ringworm") shall be carefully evaluated in order to prevent
transmission to those in direct contact with them.
Reptiles and Amphibians:
Procedures shall include diagnosis with reptiles for the
transmission of Salmonella sp. Salmonellosis using a
cloacal swab or other sample positive on culture for
salmonella. However, due to intermittent fecal shedding of
these organisms, false negative cultures frequently occur.
Therefore, all reptiles shall be treated as salmonella
carriers.
Birds:

Shall be free of chlamydiosis and zoonotic parasites (e.g.,

giardia). Chlamydiosis testing is appropriate for members
of the orders Psittaciformes, Galliformes, and
Columbiformes. As in reptiles, salmonellosis can be
present and difficult to diagnose and so, birds shall be
treated as suspects.
Mammals:

All mammals are considered at risk for infection with

rabies. Current rabies vaccines are licensed for use in only
six domestic species: dogs, cats, ferrets, sheep, horses,
and cows. For wild-caught animals of most species, a
three to six month quarantine is necessary to reduce the
risk that they are infected with the virus.

Primates: Unless extensive testing has been performed for

a variety of viral, parasitic, and bacterial diseases, all staff
contact with primates and vice versa shall be avoided.

All small ruminants; e.g., pygmy goats, sheep, dwarf cattle,

llamas, etc., that are greater than six months of age shall
be tested for tuberculosis, brucellosis, and leptospirosis.
Obviously, any animals with lesions compatible with
sarcoptic mange (mange mite = Sarcoptes scabeii) shall
be removed from contact. Any animals with lesions
compatible with contagious ecythema ("orf" in man) shall
be tested and removed from contact until proven negative.
Calves shall be checked and found free of Cryptosporidium
sp. and other infections with protozoa. Other diseases of a
potential zoonotic nature include infection with Coxiella
burneti (Q-fever) in endemic areas. Additionally, recent
reports indicate that infection with Johnes disease
(Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) may present zoonotic
concerns, primarily in goats.

Swine and other mammals shall be checked for

gastrointestinal infection with Balantidium sp. efforts made
to control this infection. Additionally, consideration shall be
given to regular vaccination for the bacterial disease,
Erysipelothrix rhusipathae ("diamond skin disease").
All carnivores shall be tested for and be free of zoonotic
species of roundworms such as Baylascaris
When there is contact with rodents and lagomorphs
consideration shall be given to the risk of bites, past
history, and exposure to hantavirus, salmonella, and
tularemia.
Due to the potential for infection with atypical mycobacteria,
Vibrio sp., Erysipelothrix rhusiopathae, and a variety of gramnegative bacteria, contact with fish shall also be followed by
hand washing.
Contraception

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Animals at the sanctuary shall not be allowed to reproduce.

All facilities shall adopt reproductive control programs
appropriate to the species.
Reproduction shall be prevented using any reliable means
including complete and fulltime separation of sexes, surgical
sterilization, chemical sterilization, contraceptive implants or
injections as prescribed by the veterinarian.
For animals pregnant upon arrival, the center shall utilize
reproductive control methods immediately after weaning.
Dental Prophylaxis
Dental examinations shall be conducted routinely on all
individuals with known dental problems and during physical
examinations of all animals.
Management Issues
Animal Transport
The veterinarian is responsible for preparing and signing the
health certificate.

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The consignor and consignee shall share in the responsibility

for health care prior to, during, and after shipment of animals.
The crates shall be in good condition and meet federal
and/or international standards.

Prior any transportation of animals, The Director shall ensure

that adequate facilities are available at the receiving end and
that food items that are familiar for the animal are available.

Pre-shipment health examinations shall ideally include a

complete physical exam with attention to parasite checks,
necessary vaccinations, and completion of any tests required
by regulations of the receiving state or country.

Health papers shall accompany the animal being transported

and shall include the health certificate, complete medical
records, diet and husbandry information.
Diet / Nutrition

The veterinarian in consultation with a nutritionist shall

conduct periodic reviews of the diets and husbandry
procedures.
The review shall include an analysis of the relationship of
diets to the frequency of disease problems and morbidity and
mortality rates.
Diets of individual animals shall be modified to match the
physiological state of the animal as it changes over time.
Sanitation
The Director shall establish a plan for animal waste removal
and sanitation of enclosures to minimize health and disease
hazards and reduce odors.
All cleaning chemicals used shall be first approved by the
veterinarian for safety.
Insect, Rodent & Other Unwanted Scavenger Control

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A formal insect and rodent control program shall be

supervised by the veterinarian.
Unwanted scavenger control shall be implemented in all
areas of the facility including storage areas for food items.
The program shall humanely prevent, control, or eliminate
unwanted scavengers with documentation of monitoring and
control techniques.
Pesticides shall be used in accordance with government
regulations.

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Whenever possible, less toxic or non-toxic agents such as

silica gel or insect growth regulator products shall be given
preference.

The veterinarian shall determine the degree of toxicity that

products in use may pose to animals, native wildlife and staff.
Euthanasia
The Director shall establish a policy on appropriate humane
euthanasia procedures.

Live animals shall be euthanized in accordance with the

"1993 Report of the American Veterinary Medical Association
(AVMA) Panel on Euthanasia"

The veterinarian or qualified personnel, under the guidance

of the veterinarian, that are knowledgeable and skilled in
performing the procedure in a compassionate and
professional manner shall perform euthanasia. It shall be
performed to minimize distress to the animal.
Specific methods for mammals and birds shall conform to the
AVMA Report on Euthanasia.
Restraint Protocol
Physical Restraint

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Basic physical capture and restraint equipment to facilitate

medical treatment shall be available at the facility.

Key personnel shall be able to competently use capture

and restraint equipment and shall be regularly instructed
on such use.

All physical restraint shall be performed in such a manner

to ensure the health, safety and well-being of the animals
and all personnel.
Chemical Restraint
Veterinary personnel shall be aware of the potential risk of
human exposure to dangerous drugs during any chemical
restraint procedure.
Staff shall be thoroughly versed on emergency treatment
procedures including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
that may be required in the event of an accidental injection
of a human with a hazardous drug.

Appropriate reversal drugs shall be available, labeled, and

stored with all immobilization drugs. All staff using
dangerous drugs shall be familiar with the location and use
of all reversal drugs.
Veterinary Facilities
Sanctuary Veterinary hospitals on-site or off-site shall have:
On-Site
All Sanctuaries shall have an on-site veterinary hospital
whenever possible.
The size of the facility and its components will depend
upon the size and type of animals housed.

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The veterinary hospital shall meet all local and state

building regulations and shall be constructed of durable,
moisture-proof and fire resistant materials.
Surfaces that animals can come in contact with shall be
nontoxic and be readily disinfected.

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The hospital shall be located away from areas of heavy

public use to minimize the noise levels for the hospitalized
animals.

The hospital shall have separate areas for examination

and treatment for: sterile surgery, necropsy, quarantine,
laboratory, radiology, pharmaceuticals storage including,
when necessary, a safe for narcotics that meets the
standards set by the Drug Enforcement Administration
(DEA), food preparation areas, storage areas, a staff
locker room with showers, and animal holding areas. The
hospital shall also have capture and restraint equipment,
utilize nonabsorbent & non-impact resistant surfaces, have
floors that slope downward toward drains, air handling
systems, holding cages, hospital cage furniture, wood
perches, and storage areas.
Off-Site
If the Sanctuary does not have an on-site hospital, the
Director shall ensure that the Sanctuary has a contract with
a nearby veterinary hospital.
The off-site veterinary hospital shall be located close to the
Sanctuary to minimize transit time for the animal.

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The hospital shall have a sterile surgical facility with

anesthetic equipment to include radiology equipment, a
laboratory, and pharmaceutical storage.

If necropsies are performed at the facility, there shall be a

separate area for necropsies and a separate storage
refrigerator for storage of carcasses.

Education
General
The Director shall establish an Education Plan which highlights
the importance of education in the mission of the sanctuary.
Messages of the educational program shall be consistent with the
mission and purpose of the organization.

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All actions of the organization and all staff shall be considered as

part of the educational messages of the organization.

The organization shall not engage in any activities in clear

contradiction to, or that may be misconstrued as conflicting with
the educational messages of the organization.
Policy

Sanctuaries that engage in educational programs shall have a

written education policy which outlines the goals of the program
and measures of program effectiveness.

All employees and volunteers shall be familiar with the

educational policy and shall be informed of any changes to the
education program or educational messages.
Tours

Whenever possible, organizations shall strive to incorporate

noninvasive educational techniques into their educational
program, including but not limited to live feed video, web-based
learning, and other forms of media.

Guided tours for educational purposes shall only be conducted if

they are part of the overall education program and are augmented
by other educational materials such as brochures, fact sheets,
etc.

If tours are part of the educational program they shall conducted

with the welfare of the animals in residence as the top priority.
Easily stressed animals shall not be part of any guided tour.
All animals shall have appropriate hide boxes or other means of
avoiding the tour shall they become stressed.
Tours shall be limited in duration and group size to prevent stress
to the animals.
Strict rules of conduct shall be in place and reviewed with all tour
participants prior to commencing any tour.
Tour participants shall only be allowed into areas that clearly
separate the public from the animals and shall keep behind
recommended safety barriers of at least 3 feet from the animal
enclosures and stand a minimum of 3 feet in height.
Interaction
Taking animal to schools
Using animals for commercials
For personal reasons (ie pets)
For performances or display to public
Diplaying photos of staff/volunteers in contact with animals
For care purposes (medical etc.)
In poses implying play or pet
Touching animals by guests
Class I
Class II
Class III
Feeding animals by guests
Self feeding
Guided feeding
Taking photos of animals

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By guests
By staff and volunteers
By professionals
For a fee
For publicity such as media
Taking photos of people in contact with animals
For a fee
As personal photos of guests, by guests; no fee
Using baby animals for photo opps
Education of visitors against pet trade and ownership
Respectful and illustrative that wild animals aren't pets
Measures of Program Effectiveness
The educational program shall be evaluated on an annual basis for
effectiveness. The program shall be revised as necessary to ensure
consistency of message and effectiveness of message delivery.
Other Program Actities
Advocacy
Sanctuaries shall work within the sanctuary community to be
advocates for animal protection and animal welfare.
Sanctuaries shall treat other sanctuaries with professionalism and
respect.
Sanctuaries shall collaborate with other organizations whenever
possible, keeping the animals' welfare as the first priority.
Community Relations
Sanctuaries shall develop guidelines on appropriate cultural and
political behavior when interacting with the community and ensure
employees, volunteers, and visitors follow these guidelines.
Sanctuaries shall be actively involved in community affairs.
Revised 8/8/07

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