Density Log

Balikpapan, 27 November 2012

Course Objectives
* Understand the basic theory of density log
* Able to understand log format of density log
* Able to interprete density log
* Able to determine porosity from density log

Outline
*Theorytical background
*Application
*Density log format
*Density log interpretation
*Porosity calculation
*Conclusions

Theoretical Background

Application
*Porosity log
*Mineral identification
*Gas detection
*Overburden pressure identification
*Evaluation of shaly sand

Density Log Format

Log Interpretation
Over pressure
identification

Gas
identification

Porosity Calculation

Neutron Log

Course Objectives
* Understand the basic theory of neutron log
* Able to understand log format of neutron log
* Able to interprete neutron log
* Able to determine porosity from neutron log

Outline
* Theorytical background
* Application
* Neutron log format
* Neutron log interpretation
* Porosity calculation
* Conclusions

Theorytical Background
*It measures hydrogen concentration in the formation
*Hydrogen is mostly in water, oil and gas.
*Neutron log can be recorded in cased or open hole
*Neutron log will record all of the hydrogen ion

Neutron Source
Two types of neutron sources are used in well logging:

* Chemical Source
* Electronic Source
Americium, berylium
Deutorium, tritium

Neutron Sources Comparison

Chemical (AmBe)
Simple and reliable
Always on
Low neutron output
Low energy (4-5 MeV)
Must be kept in a shield to protect personnel
Electronic (accelerator)
Complex design
Can be pulsed (turned on and off)
High neutron output (eight times more)
High energy (14 MeV)
No measurable radioactivity when turned off

From Ratio to Porosity

0.5
Sandstone
Limestone
Dolomite

Porosity (NPHI)

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

Ratio (TNRA)

Neutron Log Application

As a porosity log
Lithology identification
Gas identification

Neutron Log Format Display

Neutron Log Interpretation

The compensated neutron logging tool does NOT measure porosity. It measures a
hydrogen index. The hydrogen index is related to porosity, but is affected by lithology
and fluid properties.
The measurement is displayed as porosity.

Porosity is usually computed with limestone matrix.

After all borehole corrections, the measurement only represents true formation
porosity in a clean limestone formation filled with fresh water.

Neutron Log Interpretation

True Porosity for Indicated Matrix

Porosity vs. Matrix

25 p.u.
20 p.u.
17 p.u.

20 p.u.

Apparent Limestone Porosity (p.u.)

Schlumberger Chart Por-13b

Light Hydrocarbon Effect

Neutron porosity is calibrated assuming that the fluid in the pore

space is fresh water (hydrogen index equal to 1).
Gas has a very low hydrogen index: the amount of hydrogen per unit
volume is much less than in water.
In a gas-bearing reservoir, the neutron log sees much less hydrogen
than it would if the same reservoir were filled with water.

What effect does this have on inferred porosity?

The Excavation Effect

The two formations sketched below have exactly the same amount of hydrogen.

The neutron log, however, will show different porosities because of the different
amounts of matrix, which also contributes to the slowing down of neutrons.
Computing porosity using only the hydrogen index of the fluid will give a porosity
that is too low.

Matrix

Matrix

Water

Gas

Water