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CIRCUIT THEORY
Exercise 69, Page 193
I3
1. Find currents
I4
and
I6
I1 I2 I3
i.e.
4=2+
I3
from which,
I3
I 3 I 4 I5
i.e.
2 + I4 = 1
from which,
I4 = 1 2 = - 1 A
I2 I 4 I6
i.e.
2 = -1 +
I6
from which,
I6
=42=2A
=2+1=3A
2. For the networks shown below, find the values of the currents marked.
(a)
(a)
I2
+3 =2
10 = 7 +
7+
I1
from which,
I1 I 2
i.e.
I3
i.e.
+2=
(b) 10 + 50 =
I1 I 2
(b)
I2
I2
=23=-1A
10 = 7 +
I1
-1
7+4+2=
I3
from which,
I1
from which,
= 10 - 7 + 1 = 4 A
I3
= 13 A
= 60 A
I1
100 I 2 100 60
= 40 A
100 + 20 = I 3 = 120 A
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115
I3
= 20 +
I4
I 4 I5 20
from which,
I4
I3
from which,
I5
= 20 -
- 20 = 120 20 = 100 A
I4
= 20 100 = - 80 A
I1
= 0.2 +
1-
I1
= 0.2
current
I1
= 0.8 A
I2
I2
Applying Kirchhoffs voltage law in the closed loop, moving clockwise gives:
10.5 = 5 I 2 +4(0.5 + I2 ) + 20(0.5 + I 2 - I1 )
10.5 = 5
I2
+2+4
I2
+ 10 + 20
I2
- 20
I1
10.5 = 29 I 2 + 12 - 20(0.8)
i.e.
29
I2
= 10.5 12 + 16
14.5
I
Hence, current 2 = 29 = 0.5 A
116
4. Use Kirchhoffs laws to find the current flowing in the 6 resistor in the circuit below and the
power dissipated in the 4 resistor.
40 =
5I1 4 I1 I 2
0=
6I 2 4 I1 I 2
9I1 4I 2 40
(1)
4I1 10I2 0
(2)
4 (1) gives:
(3)
9 (2) gives:
36I1 90I 2 0
(4)
and
and
74I 2 160
I2
160
74 = - 2.162 A
from which,
9I1 4(2.162) 40
I1
40 4(2.162)
9
= 5.405 A
117
P6
I I
= 1 2
R 3.243
= 42.07 W
5. Find the current flowing in the 3 resistor for the network shown below. Find also the p.d.
across the 10 and 2 resistors.
20 =
3I1 16I2
20 =
3I1 6 I1 I 2
Hence,
and
3 (1) gives:
(3) (2) gives:
3I1 16I 2 = 20
9I1 6I2
= 20
(2)
9I1 48I 2 60
(3)
54I2 40
I2
i.e.
Substituting in (1) gives:
and
(1)
40
54 = 0.741 A
3I1 16(0.741) 20
I1
20 16 0.741
3
= 2.715 A
118
I1 I2 2.715 0.741
Thus,
I1
= 1.974 A
= 2.715 A
I 2 (10)
= 0.741 10 = 7.410 V
I1 I 2 2 1.974 2 = 3.948 V
6. For the network shown below find: (a) the current in the battery, (b) the current in the 300 resistor, (c) the
current in the 90 resistor, and (d) the power dissipated in the 150 resistor.
from loop 1:
8 = 20
I1
I I
+ (60 + 90)( 1 - 2 )
8 = 20
I1
I
+ (300 + 150)( 2 )
I1
170
=8
(1)
and
20 I1 + 450 I2 = 8
(2)
I1
- 150
I2
i.e.
- 450
I2
510
= 24
(3)
530 I1
= 32
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119
32
I
from which, current in the battery, 1 = 530 = 0.0603774 A = 60.38 mA
(b) In equation (1),
from which,
10.26415 8 = 150
I2
I2
10.26415 8
150
=
= 0.015094 A = 15.09 mA
= 0.034156 W = 34.20 mW
From loop 1:
From loop 2:
6.6 3I A 2 I A I B
0=
4 2 I A 5I B 3I A
i.e.
5I A 2I B 6.6
(1)
and
7I A 5I B 8
(2)
25I A 10I B 33
(3)
5 (1) gives:
120
2 (2) gives:
(3) (4) gives:
14I A 10I B 16
39I A
= 49
IA
and
5(1.256) +
49
39 = 1.256 A
2I B 6.6
IB
from which,
Hence, correct to 2 decimal places,
(4)
I1
IA
I2
=2-
6.6 5(1.256)
2
= 0.160 A
= 1.26 A
IA
= 2 1.256 = 0.74 A
I 3 = IB = 0.16 A
I4
IA
IB
121
1. Use the superposition theorem to find currents I1 , I 2 and I3 of the circuit shown.
(a)
(b)
Initially the 8.5 V source is removed as shown in diagram (a). This simplifies to diagram (b) where
IA
4.5
1.4
= 3.214 A
2
3.214
2 0.5
= 2.571 A
IB
and
0.5
3.214
2 0.5
= 0.643 A
IC
122
Next, the 4.5 V source is removed as shown in diagram (c). This simplifies to diagram (d) where
ID
8.5
2 0.333 = 3.643 A
(c)
(d)
1
3.643
1 0.5
= 2.429 A
IE
0.5
3.643
1 0.5
= 1.214 A
IF
and
I1
IA IF
= 3.214 1.214 = 2 A
I 2 = ID IC = 3.643 0.643 = 3 A
I3
IB IE
= 2.571 + 2.429 = 5 A
2. Use the superposition theorem to find the current in the 8 resistor in the circuit shown.
8 1 8
1
9
Initially the 10 V source is removed as shown in diagram (a). 8 in parallel with 1 is given by
123
(a)
I1
30
8
2
9 = 10.385 A
1
10.385
1 8
= 1.154 A
I2
and
8 2
1.6
Next, the 30 V source is removed as shown in diagram (b). 8 in parallel with 2 is given by 8 2
(b)
From diagram (b),
I3
10
1 1.6 = 3.846 A
and
2
3.846
2 8
= 0.769 A
I4
I2 I4
3. Use the superposition theorem to find the current in each branch of the network shown.
124
(a)
(b)
Initially the 4 V source is removed as shown in diagram (a). This simplifies to diagram (b) where
I1
10
3 1.667 = 2.143 A
10
2.143
2 10
= 1.786 A
I2
and
2
2.143
2 10
= 0.357 A
I3
Next, the 10 V source is removed as shown in diagram (c). Diagram (d) is the same circuit as diagram (c) and
I4
4
2 2.3077 = 0.9286 A
125
(c)
(d)
(e)
10
0.9286
3 10
= 0.714 A
I5
and
3
0.9286
3 10
= 0.214 A
I6
I1 I5
I3 I 6
4. Use the superposition theorem to determine the current in each branch of the arrangement shown.
126
Initially the 52 V source is removed as shown in diagram (a). 20 in parallel with 6 is given by
20 6
4.615
20 6
(a)
I1
24
5 4.615 = 2.496 A
and
6
2.496
6 20
= 0.576 A
I2
and
20
2.496
6 20
= 1.920 A
I3
5 20
4
Next, the 24 V source is removed as shown in diagram (b). 5 in parallel with 20 is given by 5 20
(b)
From diagram (b),
52
6 4 = 5.20 A
I4
and
5
5.20
5 20
= 1.040 A
I5
127
and
20
5.20
5 20
= 4.160 A
I6
I 2 I5
current flowing from 52 V source = I 4 I3 = 5.20 1.920 = 3.280 A (i.e. battery is discharging)
Exercise 71, Page 203
1. Use Thevenins theorem to find the current flowing in the 14 resistor of the network shown
below. Find also the power dissipated in the 14 resistor.
(a)
(b)
1. Removing the resistors in the branch containing the 14 gives diagram (a).
5
15
5
5 4
3. Resistance looking in at break with source removed = 5 4 = 2.222 from diagram (b).
128
(c)
4. From the equivalent Thevenin circuit in diagram (c),
8.333
current in 14 resistor, I = 2.222 3 14 = 0.434 A
I 2 (14) 0.434 14
2
and
= 2.64 W
2. Use Thvenin's theorem to find the current flowing in the 6 resistor shown below and the power
dissipated in the 4 resistor.
(a)
(b)
1. Removing the resistors in the branch containing the 6 gives diagram (a).
4
40
2. Open circuit e.m.f., E = 4 5
= 17.778 V by voltage division
5 4
3. Resistance looking in at break with source removed = 5 4 = 2.222 from diagram (b).
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129
(c)
4. From the equivalent Thevenin circuit in diagram (c),
17.778
current in 6 resistor, I = 2.222 6 = 2.162 A
If 2.162 A is flowing through the 6 resistor of the circuit shown in the question, then the volt drop across
the 6 resistor is 2.162 6 = 12.972 V. This is the same voltage as across the 4 resistor. Hence, the
current in the 4 resistor is 12.972/4 = 3.243 A
Hence,
I 2 (4) 3.243
(a)
= 42.07 W
I1 I 2
I
, and 3 of the circuit shown.
(b)
1. Removing the 0.5 resistor gives diagram (a); diagram (b) is the same circuit as (a).
I1
8.5 4.5 4
A
2 1
3
130
4
2
Hence, open circuit e.m.f., E = 8.5 - 3
= 5.833 V
1 2 2
3. Removing the voltage sources, the resistance looking in at the break, r = 1 2 3
(see
diagram (c))
(c)
(d)
2.5 = 4.5 -
I1
(1)
from which,
I1 2 A
(e)
I2
2.5 = 8.5 -
(2)
from which,
8.5 2.5
I2
2
=
=3A
3. Q. 2 Exercise 70. Use Thevenins theorem to find the current in the 8 resistor in the circuit shown.
131
(a)
(b)
1. Removing the 8 resistor gives diagram (a); diagram (b) is the same circuit as (a).
I1
30 10 40
A
2 1
3
40
2
Hence, open circuit e.m.f., E = 30 - 3
= 3.333 V
1 2 2
3. Removing the voltage sources, the resistance looking in at the break, r = 1 2 3
(see
diagram (c))
(c)
(d)
3. Q. 3 Exercise 70. Use Thevenins theorem to find the current in each branch of the network
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis
132
shown.
(a)
(b)
I1
10 4 6
1.2 A
3 2 5
3 2 6
1.2
3. Removing the voltage sources, the resistance looking in at the break, r = 3 2 5
4. From the equivalent Thevenin circuit in diagram (b),
6.4
I
current in 10 resistor, 10 = 1.2 10 = 0.5714 A = 0.571 A, correct to 3 d.p.s
(c)
From diagram (c), V = 0.5714 10 = 5.714 V
133
5.714 = 10 -
IA
(3)
from which,
IA
10 5.71
3
=
= 1.429 A (i.e. the 10 V
source is discharging)
Similarly for the right hand source, 5.714 = 4 - IB (2)
4 5.714
IB
2
=
= - 0.857 A (i.e. the 4 V source is charging)
from which,
3. Q. 4 Exercise 70. Use Thevenins theorem to determine the current in each branch of the arrangement
shown.
(a)
(b)
1. Removing the 20 resistor gives diagram (a); diagram (b) is the same circuit as (a).
I1
52 24 28
A
56
11
28
6
Hence, open circuit e.m.f., E = 52 - 11
= 36.727 V
5 6
2.727
3. Removing the voltage sources, the resistance looking in at the break, r = 5 6
(see
diagram (c))
134
(c)
(d)
32.32 = 24 -
I1
(5)
from which,
I1 1.664 A
(e)
I2
32.32 = 52 -
(6)
from which,
52 32.32
I2
6
=
= 3.280 A
4. In the network shown below, the battery has negligible internal resistance. Find, using
Thevenins theorem, the current flowing in the 4 resistor.
135
(a)
(b)
1. The resistors in the branch containing the 4 resistor are removed as shown in diagram (a).
Diagram (b) is diagram (a) redrawn.
8
28
2. By voltage division, open circuit e.m.f., E = 6 8
= 16 V
(c)
(d)
3. Replacing the 28 V source with a short circuit, the resistance r looking in at the break is shown
8 6 48
in diagram (c). The equivalent circuit of (c) is shown in (d), where r = 8 6 14 = 3.429
(e)
4. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in diagram (e) where
current in 4 resistor,
I4
16
3.429 10 4 = 0.918 A
136
5. For the bridge network shown below, find the current in the 5 resistor, and its direction, by
using Thevenins theorem.
1. The 5 branch is open circuited as shown in diagram (a). Diagram (b) is diagram (a) redrawn.
3
6.6
3 2
= 3.96 V
VCA
2. In diagram (b),
Hence,
VA
VB
and
(a)
(b)
(c)
4
6.6
4 6
= 2.64 V
VCB
VBA
(d)
3. The 6.6 V source is short circuited as shown in diagram (c), which is then redrawn as shown in
diagram (d), where resistance looking in at break = resistance between points A and B, i.e.
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137
2 3 4 6 6 24
1.2 2.4
r = 2 3 4 6 5 10
= 3.6
(e)
4. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in diagram (e) where
1.32
current in 5 resistor, I = 3.6 5 = 0.153 A
which flows from point B to point A (since voltage at B is greater than the voltage at point A).
138
(a)
I1 I2
I
, and 3 of the circuit shown.
(b)
ISC I A IB
4.5 8.5
1
2 = 8.75 A
3. With the voltage sources removed, the resistance looking in at a break in the short circuit is
1 2 2
given by 1 in parallel with 2 , i.e. r = 1 2 3
4. The Norton equivalent circuit is shown in diagram (b), where
2
3 8.75
2
0.5
I
139
(a)
(b)
ISC I1 I 2
30 10
2 1 =5A
3. With the voltage sources removed, the resistance looking in at a break in the short circuit is
2 1 2
given by 2 in parallel with 1 , i.e. r = 2 1 3
4. The Norton equivalent circuit is shown in diagram (b), where
2
3
2 5
8
I8 3
the current in the 8 resistor, =
= 0.385 A
1. Q. 3 Exercise 70. Use Nortons theorem to find the current in each branch of the network shown.
ISC I A IB
10 4
1
5 A
3 2
3
140
(a)
(b)
3. With the voltage sources removed, the resistance looking in at a break in the short circuit is
3 2 6
1.2
given by 3 in parallel with 2 , i.e. r = 3 2 5
4. The Norton equivalent circuit is shown in diagram (b), where
1.2 1
5
1.2
10
3 = 0.571 A
=
(a)
(b)
ISC I1 I 2
24 52
5
6 = 13.467 A
3. With the voltage sources removed, the resistance looking in at a break in the short circuit is
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis
141
5 6
2.727
given by 5 in parallel with 6 , i.e. r = 5 6
4. The Norton equivalent circuit is shown in diagram (b), where
2.727
13.467
the current in the 20 resistor, I = 2.727 20
= 1.616 A
1. The branch containing the 14 resistor is short circuited as shown in diagram (a).
(a)
(b)
ISC
15
3.75 A
4
3. With the voltage source removed, the resistance looking in at a break in the short circuit is
5 4 20
2.2222
given by 5 in parallel with 4 , i.e. r = 5 4 9
(c)
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142
I14
2.2222
3.75
2.2222
14
=
= 0.434 A
I 2 (14) 0.434 14
2
= 2.64 W
2. Q. 2 Exercise 71. Use Nortons theorem to find the current flowing in the 6 resistor shown below and
the power dissipated in the 4 resistor.
1. The branch containing the 6 resistor is short circuited as shown in diagram (a).
(a)
(b)
ISC
40
8 A
5
3. With the voltage source removed, the resistance looking in at a break in the short circuit is
4 5 20
2.2222
given by 4 in parallel with 5 , i.e. r = 4 5 9
(c)
4. The Norton equivalent circuit is shown in diagram (c), where
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis
143
2.2222
8
I 6 2.2222 6
If 2.162 A is flowing through the 6 resistor of the circuit shown in the question, then the volt drop across
the 6 resistor is 2.162 6 = 12.972 V. This is the same voltage as across the 4 resistor. Hence, the
current in the 4 resistor is 12.972/4 = 3.243 A
Hence,
I 2 (4) 3.243
= 42.07 W
2. Q. 4 Exercise 71. In the network shown below, the battery has negligible internal resistance. Find, using
Nortons theorem, the current flowing in the 4 resistor.
1. The branch containing the 4 resistor is short circuited as shown in diagram (a).
(a)
(b)
10 8
4.444
2. Diagram (b) is equivalent to diagram (a). 10 in parallel with 8 is: 10 8
.
10.444 2
1.679
Then (4.444 + 6 ) in parallel with 2 is given by: 10.444 2
. Hence diagram (c) results.
IT
28
1.679 = 16.677 A
(c)
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis
144
16.677
2 6 4.444
= 2.680 A by current division
I1
8
2.680 1.191 A
8 10
by current division
ISC
3. With the voltage source removed, the resistance looking in at a break in the short circuit is
10
68
13.429
68
from diagram (d).
(d)
4. The Norton equivalent circuit is shown in diagram (e), where
13.429
1.191
the current in the 4 resistor, I 4 = 13.429 4
= 0.918 A
(e)
2. Q. 5 Exercise 71. For the bridge network shown below, find the current in the 5 resistor, and
its direction, by using Nortons theorem.
1. The branch containing the 5 resistor is short circuited as shown in diagram (a).
145
6.6
12 12
2. Diagrams (b) and (c) are equivalent to diagram (a). Current, I = 7 8 = 2.053 A
4
6
I3
I2
2.053 1.173 A
2.053 1.540 A
2
6
4 3
and
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
I2
3.6
0.367
3.6 5
= 0.154 A flowing from
I5
I3
3. Determine the current flowing in the 6 resistance of the network shown below by using
Nortons theorem.
146
(a)
(b)
(c)
10
6 5 mA
2 10
ISC
(d)
3. Open circuiting the 6 mA current source gives the circuit of diagram (c), which is equivalent to
12 12
diagram (d). Hence, resistance, r , is 12 in parallel with 12 giving r = 12 12 = 6
(e)
6
5
6 6
= 2.5 mA
I6
147
50
(a) If terminals in Figure (a) are short-circuited, the short-circuit current, ISC = 2 = 25 A
The resistance looking-in at the terminals is 2 . Hence the equivalent Norton network is as shown below.
10 103
5
(b) If terminals in Figure (b) are short-circuited, the short-circuit current, ISC =
= 2 mA
The resistance looking-in at the terminals is 5 . Hence the equivalent Norton network is as shown above.
148
(a) The open-circuit voltage E across the terminals in Figure (a) is given by:
E = (ISC)(r) = (5)(4) = 20 V
The resistance looking-in at the terminals is 4 . Hence the equivalent Thvenin circuit is as shown below.
(b) The open-circuit voltage E across the terminals in Figure (b) is given by:
E = (ISC)(r) = (4)(3) = 12 mV
The resistance looking-in at the terminals is 3 . Hence the equivalent Thvenin circuit is as shown above.
3. (a) Convert the network to the left of terminals AB in the diagram below to an equivalent
Thevenin circuit by initially converting to a Norton equivalent network.
(b) Determine the current flowing in the 1.8 resistance connected between A and B in the
circuit shown.
149
(a) Converting the two Thevenin branches to Norton equivalent circuits gives diagram (i) which is
equivalent to diagram (ii). The Thevenin circuit equivalent to diagram (ii) is shown in diagram
(iii), i.e. E = 18 V and r = 1.2
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
I1.8
18
1.2 1.8 = 6 A
150
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
1
1
1
I6 3
1 A
1 6 = 3
9
5. For the network shown below, convert each branch containing a voltage source to its Norton equivalent and
hence determine the current flowing in the 5 resistance.
151
The circuit shown below is equivalent to the circuit shown in the question.
1 1 1 1 7
and the total resistance is obtained from R 5 4 4 10 from which, R = 10/7 = 1.4286
Hence, the circuit reduces to the following:
1.4286
5.5
Current in 5 resistor, I = 1.4286 5
= 1.22 A
152
Current,
IL
20
22 = 5 A
RL
PL
IL 2R L 5
= 50 W
153
(a)
(b)
For the circuit to the left of terminals AB in diagram (a), using Thevenins theorem,
8
24 19.2 V
8
E=
28
and resistance looking in at AB when 24 V source is removed, r = 2 8 = 1.6 .
Hence the equivalent Thevenin circuit to the left of AB is shown in diagram (b).
For maximum power transfer,
Current,
IL
RL
= 1.6
19.2
2
2
1.6 1.6 = 6 A and power dissipated, PL = I L R L 6 1.6 = 57.6 W
3. A d.c. source having an open circuit voltage of 42 V and an internal resistance of 3 is connected to a
load of resistance
RL
154
42
Current, I = 3 3 = 7
Hence, maximum power dissipated in the load,
PL
I2 R L 7
= 147 W
4. A voltage source comprising six 2 V cells, each having an internal resistance of 0.2 , is
connected to a load resistance R. Determine the maximum power transferred to the load.
The circuit is shown below, where the source voltage is 6 2 = 12 V and the internal resistance,
r = 6 0.2 = 1.2
IL
12
1.2 1.2 = 5 A
PL I L 2 R 5 1.2
2
= 30 W
5. The maximum power dissipated in a 4 load is 100 W when connected to a d.c. voltage V
and internal resistance r. Calculate (a) the current in the load, (b) internal resistance r, and
(c) voltage V.
The circuit is shown below.
155
2
2
(a) Power in load, PL 100 W I L R L I L (4)
from which,
IL 2
100
4 = 25
and
load current, I L 25 = 5 A
IL
V
r RL
RL
=4
IL r R L 5 4 4
= 40 V
156